PART IV Introduction to Philosophy. Introduction to Ethics What is Ethics Morality & Ethics Moral Philosophy/Ethics Some Classic Moral Problems.

PART IV

Introduction to Philosophy

Introduction to Ethics

What is Ethics Morality & Ethics Moral Philosophy/Ethics Some Classic Moral Problems Some Moral Questions

Ethical Assessment & Value Focus of Ethical Assessment Value

Introduction to Ethics

Spectrum of Morality Introduction Absolutism Objectivism Relativism Subjectivism Moral Nihilism Moral Skepticism

Introduction to Ethics

IV Ethics & Other Normative Areas Introduction Ethics Religion Law/Rules Etiquette Aesthetics Distinct

Introduction to Ethics

Moral Theories Aretaic/Virtue Theory Cognitivism Cultural Relativism Divine Command Theory Deontology Ethical Egoism Ethical Relativism Emotivism Error Theory Hedonism

Introduction to Ethics

Intuitionism Moral Anti-Realism & Realism Moral Skepticism Natural Law Naturalism Prescriptivism Subjectivism Teleology

Utilitarianism

Introduction Defined Utility Relevant Beings Act & Rule Utilitarianism Proponents

Appeal Costs & Benefits Democracy Moral Intuitions

John stuart mill

Background Background Education Life Works

Utilitarianism

What Utilitarianism Is Foundation of Morals Ends

The Pig Objection The Objection Mill’s Reply Difference in quality of pleasures Basis of the difference in quality of pleasures Preference Higher Faculties Happiness & Contentment Objection Competent Judges

Utilitarianism

Standard, End & Scope Standard End & Scope

Proof of the Principle of Utility Questions of Ultimate Ends The Analogy All Possible Proof

John Stuart Mill

Objection People desire things other than happiness Virtue & Happiness Love of Money Love of Power & Fame Virtue contrasted with love of money, power or fame Happiness Proof of the Principle of Utlity

John Stewart Mill

Internal Problems Formulation Consequences Response

External Problems Unreasonable Expectations The Rights of Minorities Nothing is Forbidden Absurd Implications Integrity

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Deontology

Introduction Defined

Rule-Deontological Theories Defined Rules Proponents Appeal

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Kantian Ethics

Introduction Theoretical Reason Practical Reason Ethical Works Emphasis Rationalism

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Categorical imperative

The Good Will The Good Will & Qualities Worthiness of Happiness Virtues The Goodness of the Good Will

Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law Moral Worth The Good Law Example Determining the Good Duty

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Categorical imperative

The Categorical Imperative Law & Will Imperatives

Examples Suicide Lying Promises Rusting Talents Helping Others

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Categorical Imperative

Ends Rational Beings Objects of the Inclination Rational Beings Supreme Practical Principle Kingdom of Ends Rational Beings as Legislators

Three Postulates of Morality Introduction Freedom Immortality God

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Problems

Problems Duty Inflexibility Rationality Terrible Maxims seem to pass the test Kingdom of Ends

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Aesthetics

Aesthetics Defined Problems Questions Aestheticians, Critics & Artists

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Oscar Wilde

Background (1864-1900) Life Poetry Plays Prose

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New Aesthetics

First Part Vivian

Position Mirror

Cyril’s Challenge to Vivian Nature & life imitate art

Vivian’s Case Nature & Art

Change in London’s climate is due to a school of art. Nature is our creation

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New Aesthetics

Looking & Seeing Things are because we see them. The influence of the arts. Looking is different from seeing. One does not see anything until one sees its beauty Example: fog

Nature’s Imitation of Art Effects Nature Sunset Life Art

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New Aesthetics

What Art Expresses Cyril

Imitative instinct Art expresses

Temper of its age Spirit of its time Moral & social conditions

Vivian Art never expresses anything but itself Vanity Crowd Not so Art is not symbolic of any age Ages are the symbols of art.

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New Aesthetics

Imitative Art Vivian

The more imitative art is, the less it represents the spirit of the age.

Example The more abstract & ideal, the more it represents the spirit of the

age. Architecture or music

Cyril The spirit of the age. Arts of imitation reveal the spirit of the age.

Vivian: Middle Ages Imitative arts Middle Ages No great artist ever sees things as they really are.

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New Aesthetics

Vivian: Japan Japanese people as presented in art do not exist. No resemblance. Nothing extraordinary Japan is a pure invention. Painter See a Japanese effect At home

Vivian: Ancient Greeks Greek art Athenian women Art has never told us the truth

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New Aesthetics

Vivian: Doctrines of the New Aesthetics First Doctrine: Art never expresses anything but itself

Independent Age Opposes History Does not reproduce its age To pass from the art of a time to the time itself is the great mistake all historians

make. Second Doctrine: All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature and

elevating them into ideals. Life & nature Realism is a complete failure Avoid modernity The only beautiful things Hecuba Modern Romanticism

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New Aesthetics

Third Doctrine: Life Imitates Art for more than Art imitates life.

Fourth Doctrine: Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art.

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Political Philosophy

Introduction Social & Political Philosophy Classic problems in social philosophy Some questions in social philosophy

Liberty

Introduction Questions Liberty Positive & Negative Liberty Who/What Determines Liberty? Liberty & Security Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty

Benito Mussolini

Background Life

Fascism

Fascism Peace Only War Life

Fascism & Other Views Marxism & Fascism Fascism Denies Democracy & Fascism Predictions

Fascism

Foundation of Fascism Fascism The Fascist State Empire

Liberty

Goal & History of Liberty Mill’s Goal Liberty & Rulers Liberty as Limiting Power History of Limiting Power of Rulers

The Tyranny of the People The Will of the People The Tyranny of the Majority

Liberty

Limits. Rules & Principles The Limit of Legitimate Interference The Basis of Rules No Principle Mill’s Principle Rightful Exercise of Power Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of

Care Limit in Application: Barbarians

Liberty

Utility as the Foundation of Liberty Utility Punishment Compelling Accountability

Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty Sphere of Action 1st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of

consciousness 2nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits 3rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination

Liberty

Opposition Opposes Ancient Commonwealths Modern Commonwealths Tendencies Against Liberty

Emma Goldman

Background (1869-1940) Life Activities Works

Anarchism

Anarchism’s Opposition Objections to anarchism

Impractical Stands for violence & destruction

Reply to the First Objection Oscar Wilde Existing conditions True criterion Anarchism is more practical

Reply to Second Objection The most violent element in society is ignorance. Anarchism only destroys parasitic growths. Anarchism

Anarchism

Nature of Anarchism Anarchism

New social order All governments rest on violence.

Two elements: Individual & Social Instinct Not foreign Battled

Anarchism Only philosophy Anarchism

Anarchism

Pernicious Influences-Religion Liberator

Anarchism liberates War on pernicious influences

Strongholds of Enslavement Religion Property Government

Religion Dominates man’s mind Kingdom Anarchism Rid of dominion

Anarchism

Pernicious Influences-Property Property

Dominion of man’s needs Anarchism

Property is Robbery Proudhon Monopolizing Productivity exceeds demand Demand

Real Wealth Utility Gray & Hideous Things Anarchism Rid of dominion

Anarchism

Machine & Centralization Machine subservience Anarchism

Anarchism & Property Anarchism Oscar Wilde Perfect Personality Anarchism’s Ideal Economic Arrangements

Anarchism

Pernicious Influences: The State The Three

Religion Property State

Government Emerson Absolute subordination Thoreau Injustice Greatest offense

Ouida on the State Demands obeyed & treasury filled Clockwork Destroys State requires

Anarchism

Bakunin on the State The state State as protector of property & monopoly.

Law & Order Fatal Belief that the state

Rests on natural laws Maintains social order & harmony Diminishes crime Prevents the lazy from fleecing his fellows

Natural Law Natural law Machinery of government Obey Violence Blackstone

Anarchism

Order Order Terror Social harmony Society Authority responds Arsenal of government

Diminishing Crime Absurd apology State is greatest criminal Failed to destroy Crime is misdirected energy Wrong channels

Laziness Free Laziness Present system

Anarchism

Anarchism Strip labor Making work Government must be done away with Destroying government & laws Only in freedom

Human Nature Horrible crimes The greater the charlatan Cannot speak of human nature John Burroughs: experimental animals Freedom

Anarchism

Anarchism stands for Liberation of the mind Liberation of the human body Liberation from the shackles of government Social order Order

Methods Political Machinery

Anarchism opposes the use of political machinery Thoreau on voting History Laws

Anarchism

Representatives Representatives Corruption

Direct Action Stirner Anarchism Defiance Illegal Free

Anarchism

More on direct action Universal suffrage American independence John Brown Trade unions Direct action