Part iii fertilizer management en

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Part III: Fertilizer managementPart III: Fertilizer management

3.1. Why do we have to apply fertilizer?

3.2. Types of fertilizers

3.3. How to identify fertilizer amount annually?

3.4. The needs and time to apply chemical

fertilizer

3.5. The needs and time to apply organic

fertilizer

3.6. How to apply fertilizer?

3.7. Improve fertilizer efficiency

3.8. What kinds of fertilizers can be mixed?

3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms

3.10. Questions and exercises

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3.1. 3.1. Why do we have to apply fertilizerWhy do we have to apply fertilizer??

Growth

Product

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Advantages of organic fertilizers• They have all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg,…)

• Coffee leaves and branches cut through pruning can be used for producing fertilizer. • Chemical fertilizer application decreased.

• Make the soil more fertile.• Soil can remains more nutrients and water. • Good for soil erosion control.

Organic fertilizer

• Coffee leaves and branches cut through

prunings.

• Manure (from buffaloes, cows, pigs,

chickens…).

• Organic compost.

3.2. Types of fertilizers3.2. Types of fertilizers

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Chemical fertilizer

• Single fertilizer (there is only one main kind of nutrient in the bag)

For example: KCl, Urea, SA, …

Fused Phosphate

• Mixed fertilizer (the fertilizer is colorful)

For example: NPK 16:8:16

Đầu trâu (buffalo head logo) NPK

3.2. Types of fertilizers (cont.)3.2. Types of fertilizers (cont.)

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NamePercentage of pure fertilizer in finished fertilizer

N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO S

Urea 46 - - - - -

SA 21 - - - - 23

Fused phosphate - 14 - 16 - 28 - 30 18 -

Super phosphate - 15 - 18 - - - 13

KCl - - 60 - - -

NPK (16:16:8) 16 16 8 - - -

NPK (15:5:15) 15 5 15 - - -

NPK (16:8:16) 16 8 16 - - -

NPK (16:8:14:13S) 16 8 14 - - 13

NPK (14:7:14) 14 7 14 - - -

For example: There is 46 kg of pure N in 100 kg of Urea

3.2. Types of fertilizers (cont.)3.2. Types of fertilizers (cont.)

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3.3. How to identify fertilizer amount annually?3.3. How to identify fertilizer amount annually?

Fertilizer is lost because of permeating deeply or being swept away

Product

Input

Tree age

Tree uptakes

Inorganic fertilizer

Organic fertilizer

The soil is fertile or not, basin is

prepared or not?

Fertilizer is lost due to evaporation

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Nutrient uptake of a coffee trees

1 tons of dried coffee berries (moisture: 13%, percentage of beans: 60%) obtained:

52 kg of Urea27 kg of fused phosphate43 kg of KCl

When applying fertilizer:• A coffee tree can only obtain 30-40 kg of Urea out of 100kg • A coffee tree can only obtain 30-40 kg of Phosphate out of 100kg • A coffee tree can only obtain 40-45 kg of Potassium out of 100kg

Therefore: The fertilizer amount should be applied 2-3 times the fertilizer amount the coffee beans could obtain to meet the fertilizer needs of the coffee trees

Sản phẩmProduct

3.3. How to identify fertilizer amount annually?3.3. How to identify fertilizer amount annually?

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3.4. The needs and time to apply chemical fertilizer3.4. The needs and time to apply chemical fertilizer

Coffee ageSA Urea

Văn điển

Phosphate

KCl

Year 1 (new planting) - 13 40 5

Year 2 (or stumping for rejuvenation in year 1)

8 22 50 17

Year 3 (or stumping for rejuvenation in year 2 )

10 28 60 28

From year 4 onwards (3.5 - 4 tons of coffee beans)

20 52 70 50

Note: If coffee production is increased or decreased 100kg of coffee beans/1000m2, apply more or less than 15kg of urea + 10 kg of Văn Điển phosphate + 13 kg of KCl

The amount of SA, Urea, Văn điển Phosphate, KCl

Applied for 1.000m2 of coffee per year

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Apply chemical fertilizers for the coffee(The fertilizer amounts for 1.000m2)

Coffee in the year 1:

Apply 4 kg of urea + 40kg of Văn điển phosphate + 15kg of KCl in May or June

Apply 5 kg of urea + 1.5kg of KCl in July or August

Apply 4 kg of urea + 2kg of KCl in September or October

Coffee in the year 2(or stumping for rejuvenation in year 1):

Apply 8 kg of S.A in the 2nd irrigation


Apply 8 kg of urea + 25kg Văn điển phosphate + 6kg of KCl in July or August


3.4. The needs and time to apply chemical fertilizer (cont.)3.4. The needs and time to apply chemical fertilizer (cont.)

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Apply chemical fertilizers for the coffee(The fertilizer amounts for 1.000m2)

Coffee in year 3 (or stumping for rejuvenation in year 2):



Apply 10 kg of urea + 30kg of Văn điển phosphate + 10kg of KCl in July or August


Coffee from year 4 onward (or stumping for rejuvenation in year 3):

Apply 20 kg of S.A in 2nd irrigation


Apply 18 kg of urea + 35kg of Văn điển phosphate + 17kg of KCl in July or August



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Apply NPK for productive coffee

Apply NPK for the coffee if not using urea, phosphate and potassium:

Coffee from year 4 onward (or stumping for rejuvenation in year 3):


Apply 60 kg of NPK (16.8.16) in May or June

Apply 70 kg of NPK (16.8.16) in July or August

Apply 60 kg of NPK (16.8.16) in September or October

Note: If coffee production is increased or decreased 100kg of coffee beans/1000m2, apply more or less than 15kg of NPK


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3.5. The needs and time to apply organic fertilizer 3.5. The needs and time to apply organic fertilizer

- Apply 5 - 7 kg of decomposed manure per tree for newly-planted coffee

- In the next years, apply 8 - 9 kg of decomposed manure per tree in every 2 years

- Apply 1.5 - 2 kg of organic compost per tree if there is no decomposed manure

- Coffee branches, leaves, weed and litter should be berried to be disintegrated as humus for the soil

Note: - Manure and coffee husks must be decomposed before application.

- If manure is applied, no need to apply compost

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3.6. How to apply fertilizer?3.6. How to apply fertilizer?

Apply fertilizer when planting coffee

• Mix phosphate and manure for basal application.

• Apply Urea and KCl for top dressing.

* How to apply

• Make a ditch 15-20 cm from the tree

• Apply mixed fertilizer 3 - 5 cm deep

• Cover soil after application.

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Apply chemical fertilizer

(from the year 2 onward)

• Spread fertilizer to the basin in a circle or on the edge of the basin

• Mix the fertilizer with top soil

• Cover with soil if it does not rain

• Mix N & K and apply on the ground after doing the weeding.

• Apply phosphate separately

3.6. How to apply fertilizer? (cont.)3.6. How to apply fertilizer? (cont.)

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Organic fertilizer

• Make the ditch in the edge of the

canopy.

+ Size: 0.3 – 0.4 m deep.

0.3 m wide.

1.0 – 1.5 m long.

• Apply organic matters and phosphate in the ditches.

• Cover the soil.

• Manure must be decomposed to avoid attack by ants.

3.6. How to apply fertilizer? (cont.)3.6. How to apply fertilizer? (cont.)

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3.7. Improve fertilizer application effect3.7. Improve fertilizer application effect

20kg of S.A, 50kg of Urea, 70kg of phosphate and 50kg of potassium can be saved if the following things can be done:

Cut suckers and deficient branches. Cover soil after application to avoid the evaporation of fertilizer. Intercrop with leguminous plants, wind-beak and shade trees such as acacia, … Make use of organic matters in the plantation (berried dry branches, leaves, weed… ) to apply for the soil.

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3.8. What kinds of fertilizers can be mixed?3.8. What kinds of fertilizers can be mixed?

The fertilizers can be mixed up

SA fertilizer can be mixed with: Urea, DAP and KCl

Urea can be mixed with: SA, super phosphate, DAP

Super phosphate can be mixed with: Urea, manure

Văn Điển phosphate can be mixed with: Lime, ash, manure

DAP can be mixed with: SA, Urea, KCl

Potassium KCl can be mixed with: SA, DAP, manure

Manure can be mixed with: Văn điển phosphate, super phosphate, potassium KCl

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Fertilizers can be mixed but has to be applied immediately

SA fertilizer can be mixed with: Super phosphate, Văn điển phosphate,

manure

Urea can be mixed with: Văn điển phosphate, kali KCl, manure

Super phosphate can be mixed with: Văn điển phosphate, DAP

Văn điển phosphate can be mixed with: SA, urea, super phosphate, KCl

DAP can be mixed with: super phosphate

Potassium KCl can be mixed with: super phosphate and Văn điển

phosphate

Manure can be mixed with: SA and urea

3.8. What kinds of fertilizers can be mixed (cont.)3.8. What kinds of fertilizers can be mixed (cont.)

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3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (macro-element)(macro-element)

Function of N

• Make the leave green and healthy

• Facilitate the growth of leaves and buds

• Increase the number of berries/branch

Deficiency of N • Easy to recognize in the young organs in the trees

• Leaves become light yellow and leave blades are thin.

• Old leaves turn to yellow drop (often in the fruitful branches)

• Yellow leaves near the stem, then the others become yellow.

• Yellow leaves in the lower layer, then yellow leaves in upper layer.

• Slow development of leaves and branches, the tree may die (if serious deficiency)

Deficiency of nitrogen (N)

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Function of P

• Forming of flowers and fruits

• Improve bean quality

• Improve the growth and root nutrient uptake

• Make branches and leaves healthy

• Limit pest and disease

Phosphate deficiency

• Root growth decreased

• Weak in forming timber

• On fruitful branches, old leaves become light yellow dark red ( in leave tip)

•Leaves become dry, hard and drop

Deficiency of phosphate (P)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (macro-element) (cont.)(macro-element) (cont.)

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Function of K• Improve nutrient circulation

• Improve fruit setting

• Decrease defective fruits (one bean fruit)

• Increase quality and bulk-density

• Improve the disease and drought resistance

Deficiency of K• Yellow on the mature leaf margins and leaf ends are yellow streaks dark brown.

• Mottled leaves, leave edges curl and wither from the leaf tip to leaf margins and along the main veins.

• Not much present in young leaves

• Leaves and fruits drop, dry branches (serious potassium deficiency)

Deficiency of Potassium (K)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (macro-element) (cont.)(macro-element) (cont.)

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Function of Ca

• Essential for rôt development

• Essential for forming tissues

• Detoxify for the tree

Deficiency of Calcium

• Leaves turn to yellow from edge to inside leaves

• Along the mains veins are dark green

• Leaf tips curl inwards

• The shoots are underdeveloped.

Deficiency of Calcium (Ca)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (meso-element)(meso-element)

Source: www.fao.org

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Function of Mg

• Make tree greener

• Green = healthy

• Generate energy

Deficiency of Mg

• Appear when Ca is redundant.

• Leave blades are blackish green, becoming olive green streaks fade yellow.

• The main veins turn to yellow from middle to leaf margins.

• Olive color copper, the leaf veins remain green normally (serious deficiency)

• Fishbone structure

Deficiency of Magnesium (Mg)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (meso-element) cont.)(meso-element) cont.)

Source: www.fao.org

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Function of S

• Essential to make tree greener

• Green = healthy

• Generate energy

• Respiration

Deficiency of S• Young leaves and the stem segment near the tip are whitish yellow.

• Thin leaves, leaf veins and blades are yellow.

• Leave edges cupped downward (easy to be torn).

• The whole plant is whitish yellow (seriously deficiency)

Deficiency of Sulphur (S)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (meso-element) cont.)(meso-element) cont.)

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Function of Fe

• Essential to make tree greener

• Green = healthy

Deficiency of Fe

• Initial sign is the appearance white or yellow spots in the veins of young leaves

• Leaves appear withered spots.

Deficiency of Iron (Fe)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (micro-element) (micro-element)

Trong vườn

ươm

Source: www.fao.org

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Deficiency of Zn

• Leaves distorted and narrow • Leaves curl and are knife-shaped

• All the leaves are yellow or yellow striped along the main veins

• Buds and tip growth are underdeveloped

• Short internodes

Deficiency of Zinc (Zn)Function of Zn

• Essential for tree metabolism

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (micro-element) (cont.)(micro-element) (cont.)

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Function of Mn

• Essential to make the tree verdant

• Green = Healthy

• Create an energy source

• Respiration

Deficiency of Mn

• Tree stunted growth

• Leaf fall

• Withered

Deficiency of manganese (Mn)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (micro-element) (cont.) (micro-element) (cont.)

Source: www.fao.org

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Function of B

• Essential for tree metabolism

Deficiency of Bo

• The shoot stumps are withered

• Leaves develop abnormally.

• Upper leave part is olive green and green-yellow

Deficiency of Boron (B)

3.9. 3.9. Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms Coffee nutrient deficiency symptoms (micro-element) (cont.) (micro-element) (cont.)

Source: www.fao.org

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3.10. Questions and exercises3.10. Questions and exercises

1. In order to produce 3.5 - 4 tons of coffee bean/ha, how much fertilizer is needed for the coffee tree?

2. How to reduce the risk of low production for the next crop?

3. 3 nutrient elements and their functions?

4. How to know the tree have sulphur, zinc and potassium deficiency?

5. When does the coffee tree need phosphate and why?

6. State the importance of timely fertilizer application.

7. What kinds of organic fertilizers? What are their advantages and what is the best technique to apply organic fertilizer?

8. Data given: the coffee plantation is 3 years old, production of 3 tons of coffee beans/ha, how much SA, KCl, Urea & Văn điển phosphate to be bought for 1 year?

9. How to improve the fertilizer efficiency?

Part iii fertilizer management en

Documents

fertilizer management

fertilizer efficiency

chemical fertilizer

percentage of pure fertilizer

coffeethe fertilizer

000m2 of coffee

000m2 coffee

coffee beans