Part I Building a Human Resources System That Maximizes ... · 1 Reform of the Human Resource System ... 1 Development of Human Resources Capable of leadership in Diverse Fields .....

Contents

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Feature 1 Recovery and Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake through Science

and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 The Current Situation of Recovery and Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the

Efforts of the Japanese Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Examples of Efforts toward Recovery and Reconstruction through Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . 6

Feature 2 Science and Technology Development toward the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic

Games in 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1 The Society Japan Aims to Realize by 2020: Roles Played by Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2 Projects That Will Expand Frontiers and Yield Results when the Olympic and Paralympic Games are

Held in 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 Science and Technology That Support Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4 Japan’s Choice for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Part I Building a Human Resources System That Maximizes Potential: TowardsMaking Japan "the Most Innovation-friendly Country in the World"

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 1 Basic Direction in Human Resource Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Section 1 Socioeconomic Changes and Science, Technology and Innovation Activities . . . . . . . . . . . 47

1 Demographic Aging with a Declining Birthrate, and the Maturation of Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2 Progress in globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3 Progress in Our Knowledge-based Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Section 2 The Current Situation Regarding Human Resources in Science, Technology and Innovation . . 50

1 Overall Situation (Number and Age Breakdown of Researchers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

(1) The number of researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

(2) The number of doctoral degrees awarded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

(3) Postdoc and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

(4) Age breakdown of researchers at universities and public research institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

(5) Independent situations of researchers at universities and public research institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2 Mobility of Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

(1) Mobility under the current employment system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

(2) Mobility within the country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

(3) Global mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

(4) Mobility of human resources across research areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3 Career Paths for Young Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

(1) Career Paths for doctoral graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

(2) Career Paths for postdocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

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(3) Current situation regarding the employment of doctoral graduates by private companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

(4) Employment situation regarding young researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

(5) Doctoral students in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4 Opportunities for Diverse Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

(1) Female researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

(2) Foreign researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

(3) Research administrators in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

5 Current Situation and Issues Regarding Human Resources in Science, Technology and Innovation . . . 81

(1) Summary of the current situation regarding human resources in science, technology and innovation . . . . . . . . . . 81

(2) Future issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Section 3 The Desired Human Resource System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

1 Reform of the Human Resource System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

(1) Building a system of highly mobile human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

(2) Improvement of the research environment so that diverse human resources can play active roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

(3) Building platforms for the co-creation of new knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

2 Initiatives toward the Promotion of Fair and Honest Research Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

(1) On research misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

(2) Approaches toward the promotion of honest research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 2 Efforts and a Future Direction toward Securing Human Resources for Science,

Technology and Innovation and Promoting Their Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Section 1 The establishment of a human resources system that affords high mobility: eliminating

the “intergenerational gap in mobility” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

1 A Strategy for Improving the Mobility of All Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

(1) Promoting mobility of researchers by improving research environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

(2) Incentives for promoting mobility improvements of researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

(3) Construction of a Sustainable System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

(4) Efforts of universities and incorporated administrative agencies toward mobility improvements of researchers . . 96

2 The Promotion of Active Participation by Doctoral Degree Holders in Various Arenas of Society . . . 97

(1) Reform of doctoral education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

(2) The promotion of active participation in private companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

(3) Diversification of career paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

3 A New System That Contributes to the Promotion of Mobility and Career Paths of Researchers . . . 107

Section 2 Improvement of Environments for Increasing Opportunities for Diverse Human

Resources to Play Active Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

1 Improvement of Environments toward Helping Female Researchers to Become More Active . . . . . . 110

(1) Current situation regarding female researchers, and issues that need to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

(2) Situation regarding female students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

(3) Future directions of efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

(4) Specific projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

(5) Future efforts that are hoped for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

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2 Improvement of Research Environments for Young Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

(1) Encouraging young researchers to autonomously and actively play roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

(2) Fostering scientists who play active roles globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

3 Improvement of Working Conditions for International Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

(1) International researchers at universities and research institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

(2) Importance of international researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

(3) Perceptions held by international researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161


(5) Specific projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

4 Increasing Research Support Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

(1) Present circumstances of research administrators in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

(2) Clarifying the skills of research administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

(3) Toward the establishment of career paths for research administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Section 3 Building platform for the co-creation of new knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

1 The Importance of a Platform for Co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(1) Changes in the creation of knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(2) The concept of platforms for co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(3) Human resources required for platforms for co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

2 Approaches to Building Platforms for Co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

3 Utilization of Research and Development (R&D) Institutions as Platforms for Co-creation . . . . . . . . 192

Conclusion: Toward Making Japan into “the Most Innovation-friendly Country in the World” . . . . . 194

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(3) Current situation regarding the employment of doctoral graduates by private companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

(4) Employment situation regarding young researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

(5) Doctoral students in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4 Opportunities for Diverse Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

(1) Female researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

(2) Foreign researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

(3) Research administrators in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

5 Current Situation and Issues Regarding Human Resources in Science, Technology and Innovation . . . 81

(1) Summary of the current situation regarding human resources in science, technology and innovation . . . . . . . . . . 81

(2) Future issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Section 3 The Desired Human Resource System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

1 Reform of the Human Resource System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

(1) Building a system of highly mobile human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

(2) Improvement of the research environment so that diverse human resources can play active roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

(3) Building platforms for the co-creation of new knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

2 Initiatives toward the Promotion of Fair and Honest Research Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

(1) On research misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

(2) Approaches toward the promotion of honest research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 2 Efforts and a Future Direction toward Securing Human Resources for Science,

Technology and Innovation and Promoting Their Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Section 1 The establishment of a human resources system that affords high mobility: eliminating

the “intergenerational gap in mobility” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

1 A Strategy for Improving the Mobility of All Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

(1) Promoting mobility of researchers by improving research environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

(2) Incentives for promoting mobility improvements of researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

(3) Construction of a Sustainable System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

(4) Efforts of universities and incorporated administrative agencies toward mobility improvements of researchers . . 96

2 The Promotion of Active Participation by Doctoral Degree Holders in Various Arenas of Society . . . 97

(1) Reform of doctoral education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

(2) The promotion of active participation in private companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

(3) Diversification of career paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

3 A New System That Contributes to the Promotion of Mobility and Career Paths of Researchers . . . 107

Section 2 Improvement of Environments for Increasing Opportunities for Diverse Human

Resources to Play Active Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

1 Improvement of Environments toward Helping Female Researchers to Become More Active . . . . . . 110

(1) Current situation regarding female researchers, and issues that need to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

(2) Situation regarding female students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120


(4) Specific projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

(5) Future efforts that are hoped for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

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2 Improvement of Research Environments for Young Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

(1) Encouraging young researchers to autonomously and actively play roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

(2) Fostering scientists who play active roles globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

3 Improvement of Working Conditions for International Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

(1) International researchers at universities and research institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

(2) Importance of international researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

(3) Perceptions held by international researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161


(5) Specific projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

4 Increasing Research Support Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

(1) Present circumstances of research administrators in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

(2) Clarifying the skills of research administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

(3) Toward the establishment of career paths for research administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Section 3 Building platform for the co-creation of new knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

1 The Importance of a Platform for Co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(1) Changes in the creation of knowledge and value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(2) The concept of platforms for co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

(3) Human resources required for platforms for co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

2 Approaches to Building Platforms for Co-creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

3 Utilization of Research and Development (R&D) Institutions as Platforms for Co-creation . . . . . . . . 192

Conclusion: Toward Making Japan into “the Most Innovation-friendly Country in the World” . . . . . 194

iii

Contents

iv

Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science and Technology

Chapter 1 Development of Science and Technology Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 1 The Science and Technology Basic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 2 Council for Science and Technology Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

1 Major Efforts of the CSTP, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

2 Strategic Prioritization in Science and Technology -related Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

3 Comprehensive Promotion of Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

4 Major Points Deliberated by the Expert Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Section 3 The Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Section 4 Administrative Structure and Budget for Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 207

1 Administrative Structure for Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

2 Science and Technology-related Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Chapter 2 Realization of Sustainable Growth and Societal Development into the Future . . . . 214

Section 1 Realization of Restoration and Recovery from the Earthquake Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

1 Promotion of Measures to Accomplish the Most Important Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

2 System Reform for Restoration and Recovery from Earthquake Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Section 2 Promotion of Green Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

1 Promoting Measures to Accomplish the Important Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

2 System Reforms for Promotion of Green Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Section 3 Promotion of Life Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

1 Promotion of Measures to Accomplish Critical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

2 System Reform for Life Innovation Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Section 4 System Reform toward Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . 260

1 System Reform toward Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

2 Construction of a New System for Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Chapter 3 Response to Critical Issues Facing Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Section 1 Promotion of Measures for Solving Critical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

1 Assuring Safety, Affluence and High Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

2 The strengthening of Japan's Industrial Competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

3 Contributions to Solutions to Global Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

4 Foundations of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

5 Improvement and Enhancement of Common Science and Technology Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Section 2 System Reforms toward Solution-oriented R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

1 System Reforms for Promoting Solution-oriented R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

2 The Establishment of Systems for Promoting R&D That Should be Led by the Government . . . . . . 316

Section 3 Strategic Development of Global Activities in an International Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Contents

v

1 Promotion of R&D Toward Solutions to Common Issues in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

2 New Developments in Science and Technology Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chapter 4 Enhancement of Basic Research and Human Resources Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Section 1 Radical Enhancement of Basic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

1 Enhancement of Diverse and Creative Basic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

2 Enhancement of Research Capacity at Universities; Creation of the World's Most Advanced Research Centers 335

Section 2 Development of Human Resources capable of Active Roles in Science and Technology Research . . . 337

1 Development of Human Resources Capable of leadership in Diverse Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

2 Development of Top level, Creative Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

3 Development of Leading Science and Technology Human Resources of the Next Generation . . . . . 342

Section 3 Establishment of a World-Class Research Environment and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . 347

1 Improvement of R&D Environments at Universities and Public Research Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

2 Enhancement of Intellectual Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

3 Enhancement of Research Information Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Chapter 5 Development and Promotion of Policy in Collaboration with Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Section 1 Deepening Relations between Society and Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . 355

1 Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies from the Public Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

2 Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation Communication Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Section 2 Promotion of Effective Science, Technology and Innovation policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

1 Strengthening of Planning and Promotion of Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

2 Enhancement of Assessment and Allocation Functions in the Research-fund Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

3 Enhancement of R&D Implementation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

4 Establishment of the PDCA Cycle in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Section 3 Expansion of Research and Development Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

iv

Contents

iv

Part II Measures Implemented to Promote Science and Technology

Chapter 1 Development of Science and Technology Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 1 The Science and Technology Basic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 2 Council for Science and Technology Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

1 Major Efforts of the CSTP, FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

2 Strategic Prioritization in Science and Technology -related Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

3 Comprehensive Promotion of Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

4 Major Points Deliberated by the Expert Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Section 3 The Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Section 4 Administrative Structure and Budget for Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 207

1 Administrative Structure for Science and Technology Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

2 Science and Technology-related Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Chapter 2 Realization of Sustainable Growth and Societal Development into the Future . . . . 214

Section 1 Realization of Restoration and Recovery from the Earthquake Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

1 Promotion of Measures to Accomplish the Most Important Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

2 System Reform for Restoration and Recovery from Earthquake Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Section 2 Promotion of Green Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

1 Promoting Measures to Accomplish the Important Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

2 System Reforms for Promotion of Green Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Section 3 Promotion of Life Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

1 Promotion of Measures to Accomplish Critical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

2 System Reform for Life Innovation Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Section 4 System Reform toward Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . 260

1 System Reform toward Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

2 Construction of a New System for Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Chapter 3 Response to Critical Issues Facing Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Section 1 Promotion of Measures for Solving Critical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

1 Assuring Safety, Affluence and High Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

2 The strengthening of Japan's Industrial Competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

3 Contributions to Solutions to Global Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

4 Foundations of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

5 Improvement and Enhancement of Common Science and Technology Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Section 2 System Reforms toward Solution-oriented R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

1 System Reforms for Promoting Solution-oriented R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

2 The Establishment of Systems for Promoting R&D That Should be Led by the Government . . . . . . 316

Section 3 Strategic Development of Global Activities in an International Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Contents

v

1 Promotion of R&D Toward Solutions to Common Issues in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

2 New Developments in Science and Technology Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chapter 4 Enhancement of Basic Research and Human Resources Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Section 1 Radical Enhancement of Basic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

1 Enhancement of Diverse and Creative Basic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

2 Enhancement of Research Capacity at Universities; Creation of the World's Most Advanced Research Centers 335

Section 2 Development of Human Resources capable of Active Roles in Science and Technology Research . . . 337

1 Development of Human Resources Capable of leadership in Diverse Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

2 Development of Top level, Creative Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

3 Development of Leading Science and Technology Human Resources of the Next Generation . . . . . 342

Section 3 Establishment of a World-Class Research Environment and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . 347

1 Improvement of R&D Environments at Universities and Public Research Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

2 Enhancement of Intellectual Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

3 Enhancement of Research Information Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Chapter 5 Development and Promotion of Policy in Collaboration with Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Section 1 Deepening Relations between Society and Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . 355

1 Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies from the Public Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

2 Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation Communication Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Section 2 Promotion of Effective Science, Technology and Innovation policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

1 Strengthening of Planning and Promotion of Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

2 Enhancement of Assessment and Allocation Functions in the Research-fund Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

3 Enhancement of R&D Implementation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

4 Establishment of the PDCA Cycle in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Section 3 Expansion of Research and Development Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

v

Contents

vi

List of Figures and Tables

Feature

Figure 1 Boarding Gate with a Built-in Explosives-Detection Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 2 Driving Support Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 3 “Ultra Compact Means of Mobility” or Ultra Compact Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 4 HAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 5 A beautiful Prosthetic Leg that Goes Beyond Compensating for a Lost Body Part . . . 27

Figure 6 Outdoor AR system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 7 “Omotenashi” Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 8 Holograms in the City, Watching Sports in the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 9 Changes in the National Share of Total Computing Power of The Top 500

Supercomputewrs, Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 10 Nanomachine for Transmitting Internal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Part I

Figure 1-1-1 Areas of Importance which will Increase with Socioeconomic Changes . . . . . . . 49

Figure 1-1-2 Overview of the Human Resources in Science, Technology and Innovation . . . 50

Figure 1-1-3 Changes in the Number of Researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Figure 1-1-4 Changes in the Number of Doctoral Degrees Awarded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Figure 1-1-5 Doctoral Degrees Awarded per Million Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 1-1-6 Graduate School Enrollment Rate by Age in Japan and the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 1-1-7 The Number of Postdocs and Their Affiliations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Figure 1-1-8 Experience in Working as a Postdoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Figure 1-1-9 Changes in Key Faculty Members of Universities Broken Down by Age . . . . . . 55

Table 1-1-10 Young Researchers at Independent Administrative Institutions:

Numbers and Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 1-1-11 Degree of Independent situations of Researchers by Position Classification . . 56

Figure 1-1-12 Researchers at Universities and Independent Administrative Institutions Who

are Employed under a Fixed-term Appointment System, Broken Down by Age 57

Figure 1-1-13 Current Situation Regarding Performance Evaluations Given to Researchers . 57

Figure 1-1-14 Awareness and Implementation of Measures for the Initiating of Changes of

Position for Researchers with Poor Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Figure 1-1-15 Awareness of Incentives Provided to Researchers on the Basis of Performance

Evaluations (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 1-1-16 Changes in the Percentage of Researchers Who Report Having Moved to a

Different Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 1-1-17 Mobility between Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Figure 1-1-18 Researchers’ Perceptions of Human Resource Mobility in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Figure 1-1-19 Mobility of Key Faculty Members at Universities, Broken Down by Age . . . . . 61

Contents

vii

Figure 1-1-20 Frequency of Change in Position, Broken Down by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 1-1-21 Changes in the Number of Japanese Students Studying Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 1-1-22 The Number of Students Studying Abroad by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 1-1-23 Changes in the Number of Japanese Researchers Sent Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 1-1-24 Experience of Having Worked as a Paid Research Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 1-1-25 International Flows of Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 1-1-26 Trends in the Number of Papers Published Worldwide and

Internationally Co-authored Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Figure 1-1-27 Changes in the Share of Each Research Area in IEEE Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 1-1-28 The Percentage of Positions Taken by Doctoral Graduates by Industry . . . . . . 67

Figure 1-1-29 Positions Taken by Postdocs When They Made a Career Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 1-1-30 Percentages of Private Companies that Employed Researchers for R&D . . . . . . 69

Figure 1-1-31 Percentage of Corporate Researchers with Doctoral Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Figure 1-1-32 Reasons Why Private Companies Do Not Employ Doctoral Graduates as

Corporate R&D Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Figure 1-1-33 Changes in the Number of Doctoral Graduates and in the Number of Newly

Employed Key Faculty Members in the Fields of Science, Engineering,

Agriculture and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Table 1-1-34 Term of Office of the Postdocs and the Like after Making a Career Change . . 71

Figure 1-1-35 Rates of Total Applicants to Successful Applicants for Tenured Positions . . . . . 72

Figure 1-1-36 Age Distribution of Postdocs Employed as Key Faculty Members (FY2009) . . 73

Figure 1-1-37 The Number of Postdoc Positions Held by Each Researcher under Fixed-term

Contracts, and the Total Years under Fixed-term Contracts by Age . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Figure 1-1-38 Changes in the Number and Percentage of Students Majoring in Natural

Science Who Took a Doctoral Course after Completing a Master’s Course . . . 75

Figure 1-1-39 Reasons Why Students Did Not Choose to Pursue Doctoral Studies . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 1-1-40 How do you think the Students Who Have Desired Capabilities Tend to Take

a Doctoral Course? (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 1-1-41 Changes in the Number and Percentage of Female Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 1-1-42 Percentage of Female Researchers by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 1-1-43 Changes in the Percentage of Foreign Faculty Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 1-1-44 Changes in Foreign Researchers as a Share of All Researchers at Independent

Administrative Institutions Specializing in R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Figure 1-1-45 Changes in the Number of Support Personnel in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 1-1-46 The Number of Research Administrators in Major Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 1-1-47 The Current Situation Regarding Human Resources in Science, Technology and

Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Table 1-1-48 Summary of Issues Pertaining to Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Figure 1-1-49 Changes in the Average Number of Authors per Scientific Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Figure 1-1-50 Breakdown of R&D Projects by Participant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

vi

Contents

vi

List of Figures and Tables

Feature

Figure 1 Boarding Gate with a Built-in Explosives-Detection Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 2 Driving Support Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 3 “Ultra Compact Means of Mobility” or Ultra Compact Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 4 HAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 5 A beautiful Prosthetic Leg that Goes Beyond Compensating for a Lost Body Part . . . 27

Figure 6 Outdoor AR system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 7 “Omotenashi” Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 8 Holograms in the City, Watching Sports in the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 9 Changes in the National Share of Total Computing Power of The Top 500

Supercomputewrs, Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 10 Nanomachine for Transmitting Internal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Part I

Figure 1-1-1 Areas of Importance which will Increase with Socioeconomic Changes . . . . . . . 49

Figure 1-1-2 Overview of the Human Resources in Science, Technology and Innovation . . . 50

Figure 1-1-3 Changes in the Number of Researchers in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Figure 1-1-4 Changes in the Number of Doctoral Degrees Awarded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Figure 1-1-5 Doctoral Degrees Awarded per Million Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 1-1-6 Graduate School Enrollment Rate by Age in Japan and the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Figure 1-1-7 The Number of Postdocs and Their Affiliations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Figure 1-1-8 Experience in Working as a Postdoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Figure 1-1-9 Changes in Key Faculty Members of Universities Broken Down by Age . . . . . . 55

Table 1-1-10 Young Researchers at Independent Administrative Institutions:

Numbers and Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 1-1-11 Degree of Independent situations of Researchers by Position Classification . . 56

Figure 1-1-12 Researchers at Universities and Independent Administrative Institutions Who

are Employed under a Fixed-term Appointment System, Broken Down by Age 57

Figure 1-1-13 Current Situation Regarding Performance Evaluations Given to Researchers . 57

Figure 1-1-14 Awareness and Implementation of Measures for the Initiating of Changes of

Position for Researchers with Poor Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Figure 1-1-15 Awareness of Incentives Provided to Researchers on the Basis of Performance

Evaluations (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 1-1-16 Changes in the Percentage of Researchers Who Report Having Moved to a

Different Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 1-1-17 Mobility between Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Figure 1-1-18 Researchers’ Perceptions of Human Resource Mobility in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Figure 1-1-19 Mobility of Key Faculty Members at Universities, Broken Down by Age . . . . . 61

Contents

vii

Figure 1-1-20 Frequency of Change in Position, Broken Down by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 1-1-21 Changes in the Number of Japanese Students Studying Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 1-1-22 The Number of Students Studying Abroad by Country of Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 1-1-23 Changes in the Number of Japanese Researchers Sent Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 1-1-24 Experience of Having Worked as a Paid Research Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 1-1-25 International Flows of Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 1-1-26 Trends in the Number of Papers Published Worldwide and

Internationally Co-authored Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Figure 1-1-27 Changes in the Share of Each Research Area in IEEE Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 1-1-28 The Percentage of Positions Taken by Doctoral Graduates by Industry . . . . . . 67

Figure 1-1-29 Positions Taken by Postdocs When They Made a Career Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 1-1-30 Percentages of Private Companies that Employed Researchers for R&D . . . . . . 69

Figure 1-1-31 Percentage of Corporate Researchers with Doctoral Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Figure 1-1-32 Reasons Why Private Companies Do Not Employ Doctoral Graduates as

Corporate R&D Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Figure 1-1-33 Changes in the Number of Doctoral Graduates and in the Number of Newly

Employed Key Faculty Members in the Fields of Science, Engineering,

Agriculture and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Table 1-1-34 Term of Office of the Postdocs and the Like after Making a Career Change . . 71

Figure 1-1-35 Rates of Total Applicants to Successful Applicants for Tenured Positions . . . . . 72

Figure 1-1-36 Age Distribution of Postdocs Employed as Key Faculty Members (FY2009) . . 73

Figure 1-1-37 The Number of Postdoc Positions Held by Each Researcher under Fixed-term

Contracts, and the Total Years under Fixed-term Contracts by Age . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Figure 1-1-38 Changes in the Number and Percentage of Students Majoring in Natural

Science Who Took a Doctoral Course after Completing a Master’s Course . . . 75

Figure 1-1-39 Reasons Why Students Did Not Choose to Pursue Doctoral Studies . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 1-1-40 How do you think the Students Who Have Desired Capabilities Tend to Take

a Doctoral Course? (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 1-1-41 Changes in the Number and Percentage of Female Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77


Figure 1-1-43 Changes in the Percentage of Foreign Faculty Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 1-1-44 Changes in Foreign Researchers as a Share of All Researchers at Independent

Administrative Institutions Specializing in R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Figure 1-1-45 Changes in the Number of Support Personnel in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 1-1-46 The Number of Research Administrators in Major Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 1-1-47 The Current Situation Regarding Human Resources in Science, Technology and

Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Table 1-1-48 Summary of Issues Pertaining to Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Figure 1-1-49 Changes in the Average Number of Authors per Scientific Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Figure 1-1-50 Breakdown of R&D Projects by Participant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

vii

Contents

viii

Table 1-2-1 Main R&D Corporations and Universities that Have Introduced an Annual

Salary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 1-2-2 Status of Performance Evaluations for Researchers (Expert Survey Results) . . 93

Table 1-2-3 Average Annual Incomes of Faculty Members (Professors): Japan vs. the USA 95

Figure 1-2-4 Efforts at Improving Research Environments Such That Graduates with

Doctoral Degrees Have Various Choices of Career Paths (Expert Survey

Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 1-2-5 Careers within and beyond Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 1-2-6 Schematic of a Leading Graduate School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Figure 1-2-7 Employment Record of Postdocs and the Like (during the past 5 years) and the

Recruitment Intentions of Private Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 1-2-8 Job Performance Growth for Doctoral Degree Holders: Actual vs. That Expected

by the Employer before Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 1-2-9 The Expectations of Students Pursuing Master's or Doctoral Degrees . . . . . . 102

Figure 1-2-10 Internship Experience at Private Companies and Application for Employment at Private Companies Viewed in Light of Attitudes toward Working at

Private Companies 103

Figure 1-2-11 Status of Mutual Understanding between Universities/Incorporated

Administrative Agencies and Private Companies toward Human Resource

Development (Results of an Attitude Survey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Figure 1-2-12 Schematic of the Program for Establishing a System of Medium- to Long-Term

Research Personnel Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figure 1-2-13 Schematic of the Program for Enhancing the Development of Global

Entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Figure 1-2-14 Schematic of the AIST School of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Figure 1-2-15 Number of Doctoral Students Who Continued to Work during Their Doctoral

Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Figure 1-2-16 Schematic of the Consortium for Science and Technology Human Resources 108

Figure 1-2-17 Changes in the Share of Female Researchers, Broken Down by Affiliation . . . . 111

Figure 1-2-18 Affiliations of Male/Female Researchers: Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Figure 1-2-19 Shares of Male and Female Faculty Members: Japan and the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Figure 1-2-20 Why Not Many Female Researchers Hold Leadership Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Figure 1-2-21 Women as a Share of All Faculty Members, Broken Down by Academic

Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 1-2-22 Women as a Share of Newly Employed Faculty Members and as a Share of

Doctoral Course Students, Broken Down by Academic Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 1-2-23 Breakdown of Female Doctoral Graduates by Academic Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 1-2-24 Reasons Why Women Account for Only a Small Share of Researchers . . . . . . . 116

Figure 1-2-25 Requirements for Work-family Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Figure 1-2-26 Improvement of Work Environments for Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Figure 1-2-27 Changes in the Percentage of National Universities with Childcare Facilities 119

Contents

ix

Figure 1-2-28 Changes in Women as a Share of Students Who Have Completed Courses

in the Natural Sciences (i.e., Science, Engineering, Agriculture and Health

Science) in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Figure 1-2-29 Women as a Share of Undergraduates, Students in Master’s Courses and Doctoral

Students in the Natural Sciences, by Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Figure 1-2-30 Reasons Why Female Students Major in the Natural Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Figure 1-2-31 Courses That Parents Hope Their Children Will Take in High School and at

University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Figure 1-2-32 Percentage of SSH Students Majoring in Sciences at University, by Gender . 123

Figure 1-2-33 Publications and External Research Funds: Female Researchers Supported

by Research Administrators vs. Other Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Figure 1-2-34 Changes in the Number of Female Researchers Leaving Their Jobs, Broken

Down by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Figure 1-2-35 Level of Interest in the Latest Discoveries in Science and Technology,

Broken Down by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Figure 1-2-36 People’s Image of Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Figure 1-2-37 Young Researchers as a Share of All Authors and First Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 1-2-38 Relationship Between the Likelihood of Postdoc Participation in Research

Projects and the Citation Time Lag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 1-2-39 Researchers’ Awareness of Changes in the Number of Young and Mid-career

Researchers Conducting Independent Research (in comparison with the number

for 2005; by university group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Figure 1-2-40 Obstacles to Autonomous Research by Young and Mid-career Researchers . . 139

Figure 1-2-41 Universities’ Perception of Changes in the Number of Young Researchers

(in comparison with the number in 2005; by university group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Figure 1-2-42 Major Sources of Funding for Research Expenses (Including Travel Costs)

and for Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Figure 1-2-43 Changes in the Breakdown of Ordinary Revenue at 90 National University

Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Figure 1-2-44 Learning of Research Skills, and the Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Figure 1-2-45 Recognition of the Situation Regarding the Number of Young Researchers

Studying or Working Overseas (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 1-2-46 Researchers with Experience of Working Full-time Overseas, and Number

of Published Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 1-2-47 Comparison of Research Productivity from the Viewpoint of Researcher

Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Figure 1-2-48 Highly Cited Japanese Researchers’ Experience of Working Abroad, and the Age

at Which They Worked Abroad for the First Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Figure 1-2-49 Willingness of Researchers at Japanese Universities and Public Research

Institutions Specializing in Natural Sciences to Work Overseas (FY2008) . . . . 153

viii

Contents

viii

Table 1-2-1 Main R&D Corporations and Universities that Have Introduced an Annual

Salary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 1-2-2 Status of Performance Evaluations for Researchers (Expert Survey Results) . . 93

Table 1-2-3 Average Annual Incomes of Faculty Members (Professors): Japan vs. the USA 95

Figure 1-2-4 Efforts at Improving Research Environments Such That Graduates with

Doctoral Degrees Have Various Choices of Career Paths (Expert Survey

Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 1-2-5 Careers within and beyond Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 1-2-6 Schematic of a Leading Graduate School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Figure 1-2-7 Employment Record of Postdocs and the Like (during the past 5 years) and the

Recruitment Intentions of Private Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 1-2-8 Job Performance Growth for Doctoral Degree Holders: Actual vs. That Expected

by the Employer before Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Figure 1-2-9 The Expectations of Students Pursuing Master's or Doctoral Degrees . . . . . . 102

Figure 1-2-10 Internship Experience at Private Companies and Application for Employment at Private Companies Viewed in Light of Attitudes toward Working at

Private Companies 103

Figure 1-2-11 Status of Mutual Understanding between Universities/Incorporated

Administrative Agencies and Private Companies toward Human Resource

Development (Results of an Attitude Survey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Figure 1-2-12 Schematic of the Program for Establishing a System of Medium- to Long-Term

Research Personnel Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Figure 1-2-13 Schematic of the Program for Enhancing the Development of Global

Entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Figure 1-2-14 Schematic of the AIST School of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Figure 1-2-15 Number of Doctoral Students Who Continued to Work during Their Doctoral

Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Figure 1-2-16 Schematic of the Consortium for Science and Technology Human Resources 108

Figure 1-2-17 Changes in the Share of Female Researchers, Broken Down by Affiliation . . . . 111

Figure 1-2-18 Affiliations of Male/Female Researchers: Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Figure 1-2-19 Shares of Male and Female Faculty Members: Japan and the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Figure 1-2-20 Why Not Many Female Researchers Hold Leadership Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Figure 1-2-21 Women as a Share of All Faculty Members, Broken Down by Academic

Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 1-2-22 Women as a Share of Newly Employed Faculty Members and as a Share of

Doctoral Course Students, Broken Down by Academic Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 1-2-23 Breakdown of Female Doctoral Graduates by Academic Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 1-2-24 Reasons Why Women Account for Only a Small Share of Researchers . . . . . . . 116

Figure 1-2-25 Requirements for Work-family Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Figure 1-2-26 Improvement of Work Environments for Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Figure 1-2-27 Changes in the Percentage of National Universities with Childcare Facilities 119

Contents

ix

Figure 1-2-28 Changes in Women as a Share of Students Who Have Completed Courses

in the Natural Sciences (i.e., Science, Engineering, Agriculture and Health

Science) in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Figure 1-2-29 Women as a Share of Undergraduates, Students in Master’s Courses and Doctoral

Students in the Natural Sciences, by Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Figure 1-2-30 Reasons Why Female Students Major in the Natural Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Figure 1-2-31 Courses That Parents Hope Their Children Will Take in High School and at

University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Figure 1-2-32 Percentage of SSH Students Majoring in Sciences at University, by Gender . 123

Figure 1-2-33 Publications and External Research Funds: Female Researchers Supported

by Research Administrators vs. Other Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Figure 1-2-34 Changes in the Number of Female Researchers Leaving Their Jobs, Broken

Down by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Figure 1-2-35 Level of Interest in the Latest Discoveries in Science and Technology,

Broken Down by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Figure 1-2-36 People’s Image of Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Figure 1-2-37 Young Researchers as a Share of All Authors and First Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 1-2-38 Relationship Between the Likelihood of Postdoc Participation in Research

Projects and the Citation Time Lag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Figure 1-2-39 Researchers’ Awareness of Changes in the Number of Young and Mid-career

Researchers Conducting Independent Research (in comparison with the number

for 2005; by university group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Figure 1-2-40 Obstacles to Autonomous Research by Young and Mid-career Researchers . . 139

Figure 1-2-41 Universities’ Perception of Changes in the Number of Young Researchers

(in comparison with the number in 2005; by university group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Figure 1-2-42 Major Sources of Funding for Research Expenses (Including Travel Costs)

and for Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Figure 1-2-43 Changes in the Breakdown of Ordinary Revenue at 90 National University

Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Figure 1-2-44 Learning of Research Skills, and the Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Figure 1-2-45 Recognition of the Situation Regarding the Number of Young Researchers

Studying or Working Overseas (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 1-2-46 Researchers with Experience of Working Full-time Overseas, and Number

of Published Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Figure 1-2-47 Comparison of Research Productivity from the Viewpoint of Researcher

Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Figure 1-2-48 Highly Cited Japanese Researchers’ Experience of Working Abroad, and the Age

at Which They Worked Abroad for the First Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Figure 1-2-49 Willingness of Researchers at Japanese Universities and Public Research

Institutions Specializing in Natural Sciences to Work Overseas (FY2008) . . . . 153

ix

Contents

x

Figure 1-2-50 Reasons for the Lower International Mobility of Japanese Researchers

in Comparison with Researchers in Other Major Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Figure 1-2-51 Recognition of the Situation Regarding the Number of International

Researchers in Japan (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Figure 1-2-52 Outline of the Survey on the Perceptions Held by International Researchers 158

Figure 1-2-53 Changes in International Students as a Share of All Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 1-2-54 Number of International Students at Higher Education Institutions,

Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 1-2-55 International Students as a Share of Enrollment at Higher Education

Institutions, Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 1-2-56 Participation by International Researchers in Research Projects That Produced

Highly Cited Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 1-2-57 Positive Effects of International Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 1-2-58 Recognition of the Situation Regarding Preparedness to Accept International

Researchers (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 1-2-59 Reasons for Working or Studying in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Figure 1-2-60 Specific Expectations of Research Environments in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Figure 1-2-61 Reasons Why Japanese Researchers Wish to Engage in Research Overseas . . 164

Figure 1-2-62 Levels of Satisfaction with Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Figure 1-2-63 Specific Aspects of Research Environments and Support That International

Researchers are Satisfied with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Figure 1-2-64 Satisfaction with Support for Spouses’ Job Opportunities and Children’s

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Figure 1-2-65 Countries Where International Researchers Wish to Work in the Future . . . . 166

Figure 1-2-66 Changes in the Number of Courses Taught in English at the 13 Universities

under the Global 30 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 1-2-67 Changes in the Number of International Students Learning in Courses Taught

in English at the 13 Universities under the Global 30 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 1-2-68 Changes in the Number and the Share of Foreign Nationals in Faculty

at the 13 Universities under the Global 30 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 1-2-69 Changes in the Number and the Share of Foreign Nationals in Students


Figure 1-2-70 Outline of Activities of Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 1-2-71 Results of a questionnaire survey on the necessity of deploying research

administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 1-2-72 Survey of Researchers’ Awareness of Circumstances for Fostering and Securing

Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 1-2-73 Deployment of Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 1-2-74 Training and Deployment of Research Administrators at Independent

Administrative Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Table 1-2-75 Outline of Tasks under the RA skill standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Contents

xi

Figure 1-2-76 Task classifications under RA skill standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Figure 1-2-77 Contents of the skill card for the Research Administrator skill standard . . . . . 180

Figure 1-2-78 Active Use of Methods for the Research Administrator Skill Standard . . . . . . . 181

Figure 1-2-79 Teaching Subjects of Training and Educational Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Part II

Figure 2-1-1 The 4th Science and Technology Basic Plan Overview (FY2011 - FY2015) . . . 198

Table 2-1-2 List of the CSTP Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Figure 2-1-3 Organization Chart of the Council for Science and Technology Policy(CSTP) . . 200

Figure 2-1-4 The Act for Partial Revision of the Cabinet Office Establishment Act (Gist) . 200

Figure 2-1-5 Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Table 2-1-6 Proposals and Major Reports from the Council for Science and Technology

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Figure 2-1-7 Organizational Structure of the Science Council of Japan (SCJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Table 2-1-8 Major proposals and reports of the SCJ (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Table 2-1-9 Changes in Science and Technology-related Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Table 2-1-10 Science and Technology -related Budgets of Each Ministry/Office/Agency . 213

Figure 2-2-1 Outline of the Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis

along the Japan Trench (S-net) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Figure 2-2-2 Monitoring Implementation System of Each Ministry in Accordance with

the Comprehensive Monitoring Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Figure 2-2-3 Distribution Map of Radioactive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Figure 2-2-4 Real-time Display System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Table 2-2-5 Main Measures for the Prpmotion of Realization of Restoration and Recovery

from Earthquake Disaster (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Table 2-2-6 Main Measures for Promotion of Green Innovation (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Figure 2-2-7 JECS on Children’s Health and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Table 2-2-8 Major Policies for Promotion of Life Innovation (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Figure 2-2-9 Transition in Achievement of Cooperative Research at Universities . . . . . . . . . . 261

Table 2-2-10 Award Winners Contributed to Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration . 264

Figure 2-2-11 Visions of COI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Figure 2-2-12 COI Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Figure 2-2-13 List of Projects being Implemented under the Creation of Innovation Centers

for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Figure 2-2-14 Regions in which Innovation Promotion Strategies have been supported: List of

Regions selected in FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Figure 2-2-15 Regional Innovation Strategy Support Program

(Regions where the Program is Ongoing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Figure 2-3-1 Long-term Evaluation of Seismic Activity in the Nankai Trough (2nd edition) . . 280

Table 2-3-2 Key Measures Taken for Realizing a Safe and Affluent Society That Guarantees

High Quality of Life for Citizens (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

x

Contents

x

Figure 1-2-50 Reasons for the Lower International Mobility of Japanese Researchers

in Comparison with Researchers in Other Major Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Figure 1-2-51 Recognition of the Situation Regarding the Number of International

Researchers in Japan (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Figure 1-2-52 Outline of the Survey on the Perceptions Held by International Researchers 158

Figure 1-2-53 Changes in International Students as a Share of All Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 1-2-54 Number of International Students at Higher Education Institutions,

Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Figure 1-2-55 International Students as a Share of Enrollment at Higher Education

Institutions, Broken Down by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 1-2-56 Participation by International Researchers in Research Projects That Produced

Highly Cited Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Figure 1-2-57 Positive Effects of International Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 1-2-58 Recognition of the Situation Regarding Preparedness to Accept International

Researchers (Expert Survey Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Figure 1-2-59 Reasons for Working or Studying in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Figure 1-2-60 Specific Expectations of Research Environments in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Figure 1-2-61 Reasons Why Japanese Researchers Wish to Engage in Research Overseas . . 164

Figure 1-2-62 Levels of Satisfaction with Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Figure 1-2-63 Specific Aspects of Research Environments and Support That International

Researchers are Satisfied with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Figure 1-2-64 Satisfaction with Support for Spouses’ Job Opportunities and Children’s

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Figure 1-2-65 Countries Where International Researchers Wish to Work in the Future . . . . 166

Figure 1-2-66 Changes in the Number of Courses Taught in English at the 13 Universities

under the Global 30 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 1-2-67 Changes in the Number of International Students Learning in Courses Taught

in English at the 13 Universities under the Global 30 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Figure 1-2-68 Changes in the Number and the Share of Foreign Nationals in Faculty


Figure 1-2-69 Changes in the Number and the Share of Foreign Nationals in Students


Figure 1-2-70 Outline of Activities of Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 1-2-71 Results of a questionnaire survey on the necessity of deploying research

administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 1-2-72 Survey of Researchers’ Awareness of Circumstances for Fostering and Securing

Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 1-2-73 Deployment of Research Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 1-2-74 Training and Deployment of Research Administrators at Independent

Administrative Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Table 1-2-75 Outline of Tasks under the RA skill standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Contents

xi

Figure 1-2-76 Task classifications under RA skill standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Figure 1-2-77 Contents of the skill card for the Research Administrator skill standard . . . . . 180

Figure 1-2-78 Active Use of Methods for the Research Administrator Skill Standard . . . . . . . 181

Figure 1-2-79 Teaching Subjects of Training and Educational Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Part II

Figure 2-1-1 The 4th Science and Technology Basic Plan Overview (FY2011 - FY2015) . . . 198

Table 2-1-2 List of the CSTP Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Figure 2-1-3 Organization Chart of the Council for Science and Technology Policy(CSTP) . . 200

Figure 2-1-4 The Act for Partial Revision of the Cabinet Office Establishment Act (Gist) . 200

Figure 2-1-5 Comprehensive Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Table 2-1-6 Proposals and Major Reports from the Council for Science and Technology

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Figure 2-1-7 Organizational Structure of the Science Council of Japan (SCJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Table 2-1-8 Major proposals and reports of the SCJ (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Table 2-1-9 Changes in Science and Technology-related Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Table 2-1-10 Science and Technology -related Budgets of Each Ministry/Office/Agency . 213

Figure 2-2-1 Outline of the Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis

along the Japan Trench (S-net) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Figure 2-2-2 Monitoring Implementation System of Each Ministry in Accordance with

the Comprehensive Monitoring Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Figure 2-2-3 Distribution Map of Radioactive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Figure 2-2-4 Real-time Display System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Table 2-2-5 Main Measures for the Prpmotion of Realization of Restoration and Recovery

from Earthquake Disaster (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Table 2-2-6 Main Measures for Promotion of Green Innovation (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Figure 2-2-7 JECS on Children’s Health and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Table 2-2-8 Major Policies for Promotion of Life Innovation (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Figure 2-2-9 Transition in Achievement of Cooperative Research at Universities . . . . . . . . . . 261

Table 2-2-10 Award Winners Contributed to Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration . 264

Figure 2-2-11 Visions of COI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Figure 2-2-12 COI Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Figure 2-2-13 List of Projects being Implemented under the Creation of Innovation Centers

for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Figure 2-2-14 Regions in which Innovation Promotion Strategies have been supported: List of

Regions selected in FY2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Figure 2-2-15 Regional Innovation Strategy Support Program

(Regions where the Program is Ongoing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Figure 2-3-1 Long-term Evaluation of Seismic Activity in the Nankai Trough (2nd edition) . . 280

Table 2-3-2 Key Measures Taken for Realizing a Safe and Affluent Society That Guarantees

High Quality of Life for Citizens (FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

xi

Contents

xii

Table 2-3-3 Key Measures Taken for Strengthening Japan's Industrial Competitiveness

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Table 2-3-4 Key Measures Taken for Contributing to Solutions to Global Issues

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Table 2-3-5 Key Measures Taken for Maintaining the Foundations of the State (FY2013) 308

Figure 2-3-6 Examples of Technologies and Instruments for Advanced Measurement and

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Figure 2-3-7 Universities & Institutions Participating in the Program for the Creation of

Research Platforms and Sharing of Advanced Research Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Table 2-3-8 Key Measures Taken for Improving and Enhancing Common S&T Infrastructure

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Figure 2-3-9 Changes in the Number of International Researchers in Japan

(Total / Short-term Stay/ Medium- or Long-term Stay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Figure 2-3-10 Changes in the Number of Researchers Working Abroad


Figure 2-4-1 World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Table 2-4-2 Successful Candidates of the Second-Step Professional Engineer Examination

by Technical Discipline (FY 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340


Figure 2-4-4 International Student Contests in Science and Technology Participants, FY2013 . 345

Figure 2-4-5 The 3rd Japan High School Science Championship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Figure 2-4-6 The 1st Japan Junior High School Science Championship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Figure 2-4-7 Basic Concept of the Improvement of Facilities at National Universities . . . . . 349

Figure 2-4-8 Display of GeomapNavi, an Online Geological Map Display System . . . . . . . . . 351

Table 2-4-9 Key Measures Taken for Improving Research Information Infrastructure

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Figure 2-5-1 Promotion of Science for RE-Designing Science, Technology and Innovation

Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

Table 2-5-2 List of Competitive Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Figure 2-5-3 Trends in Government-financed R&D Expenditures in Selected Countries . . . 371

Table 2-5-4 R&D Taxation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Contents

xiii

Table of Columns

Feature-1 Efforts toward the Creation of “a New Tohoku region” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Feature-2 Dream Superexpress: A driving force behind worldwide“railway rehabilitation” . . 20

Feature-3 Japan Vision 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Feature-4 Vision of Cutting-Edge Medical Care and Healthcare in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Feature-5 Achievements expected for the post-K supercomputer, a successor to the K computer . 36

1-1 One Result from the Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative

R&D (FIRST) -The Development of a Next-generation Mass Spectrometry

System, and Contribution to Drug Discovery and Diagnostics- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46


R&D (FIRST) -New Superconductivity, Investigation for Related Functional

Substances, and Application of Industrial Superconducting Wire- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49


R&D (FIRST) - Innovations in Diagnosis and Therapy Led

by Nanobiotechnology - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66


R&D (FIRST) - Development of a Real-time Tumor-tracking Proton Beam

Therapy System for Enabling Sustainable Advancement of Therapies - . . . . . . . 81


R&D (FIRST) - Development of Photonics-Electronics Convergent System

Technology - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

1-6 Mobility of Researchers in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

1-7 Mobility Status of Researchers in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

1-8 Efforts for Supporting Women’s Active Roles in the STEM Disciplines

in the USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

1-9 Skills Required of Postdocs in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

1-10 Career Development Awards for Young Researchers: K Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

1-11 Programs Implemented by the National Institute for Materials Science

(NIMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

2-1 Portable Mass Spectrometer for the Detection of Illegal Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

2-2 The World’s Lightest, Thinnest, Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

(OLEDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

2-3 Creation of Functional Materials Based on Inter-Element-Fusion

Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

2-4 Development of a disaster victim directory system that supports prompt

relief of disaster victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

The maps in this white paper do not necessarily indicate Japanese territories in their entirety.

xii

Contents

xii

Table 2-3-3 Key Measures Taken for Strengthening Japan's Industrial Competitiveness

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Table 2-3-4 Key Measures Taken for Contributing to Solutions to Global Issues

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Table 2-3-5 Key Measures Taken for Maintaining the Foundations of the State (FY2013) 308

Figure 2-3-6 Examples of Technologies and Instruments for Advanced Measurement and

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Figure 2-3-7 Universities & Institutions Participating in the Program for the Creation of

Research Platforms and Sharing of Advanced Research Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Table 2-3-8 Key Measures Taken for Improving and Enhancing Common S&T Infrastructure

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Figure 2-3-9 Changes in the Number of International Researchers in Japan


Figure 2-3-10 Changes in the Number of Researchers Working Abroad


Figure 2-4-1 World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Table 2-4-2 Successful Candidates of the Second-Step Professional Engineer Examination

by Technical Discipline (FY 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340


Figure 2-4-4 International Student Contests in Science and Technology Participants, FY2013 . 345

Figure 2-4-5 The 3rd Japan High School Science Championship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Figure 2-4-6 The 1st Japan Junior High School Science Championship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Figure 2-4-7 Basic Concept of the Improvement of Facilities at National Universities . . . . . 349

Figure 2-4-8 Display of GeomapNavi, an Online Geological Map Display System . . . . . . . . . 351

Table 2-4-9 Key Measures Taken for Improving Research Information Infrastructure

(FY2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Figure 2-5-1 Promotion of Science for RE-Designing Science, Technology and Innovation

Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

Table 2-5-2 List of Competitive Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Figure 2-5-3 Trends in Government-financed R&D Expenditures in Selected Countries . . . 371

Table 2-5-4 R&D Taxation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Contents

xiii

Table of Columns

Feature-1 Efforts toward the Creation of “a New Tohoku region” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Feature-2 Dream Superexpress: A driving force behind worldwide“railway rehabilitation” . . 20

Feature-3 Japan Vision 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Feature-4 Vision of Cutting-Edge Medical Care and Healthcare in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Feature-5 Achievements expected for the post-K supercomputer, a successor to the K computer . 36


R&D (FIRST) -The Development of a Next-generation Mass Spectrometry

System, and Contribution to Drug Discovery and Diagnostics- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46


R&D (FIRST) -New Superconductivity, Investigation for Related Functional

Substances, and Application of Industrial Superconducting Wire- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49


R&D (FIRST) - Innovations in Diagnosis and Therapy Led

by Nanobiotechnology - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66


R&D (FIRST) - Development of a Real-time Tumor-tracking Proton Beam

Therapy System for Enabling Sustainable Advancement of Therapies - . . . . . . . 81


R&D (FIRST) - Development of Photonics-Electronics Convergent System

Technology - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

1-6 Mobility of Researchers in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

1-7 Mobility Status of Researchers in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

1-8 Efforts for Supporting Women’s Active Roles in the STEM Disciplines

in the USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

1-9 Skills Required of Postdocs in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

1-10 Career Development Awards for Young Researchers: K Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

1-11 Programs Implemented by the National Institute for Materials Science

(NIMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

2-1 Portable Mass Spectrometer for the Detection of Illegal Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

2-2 The World’s Lightest, Thinnest, Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

(OLEDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

2-3 Creation of Functional Materials Based on Inter-Element-Fusion

Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

2-4 Development of a disaster victim directory system that supports prompt

relief of disaster victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

The maps in this white paper do not necessarily indicate Japanese territories in their entirety.

xiii

Part I Building a Human Resources System That Maximizes ... · 1 Reform of the Human Resource System ... 1 Development of Human Resources Capable of leadership in Diverse Fields .....

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