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PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITY DEV…
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PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITY DEV…
• Relationships Divide into Different Levels:– Early Dating: Most superficial desires– Commitment: Value correspondence– Marriage/Domestic Partners: Serious role
congruence (can you work as a team)
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...one might speculate that personality in married couples...explains about a quarter of the variance in divorce risk. This is not an overly imposing figure, perhaps. But in the light of the myriad social, economic, and psychological factors that bear on the probability of a life outcome such as divorce, such a contribution to variance seems considerable (Jockin, McGue, & Lykken, 1996, p. 296).
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• Best (non-ability) Predictor of Success at Work Across All Occupations Among the Big Five (Barrick & Mount, 1981):– Extroversion-Introversion– Emotionality (Neuroticism)-Stability– Openness Closedness– Friendliness-Hostility– Conscientiousness-Carelessness*** r
= .17, for objective measures
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• “That my heart has been troubled, that I have not sought the nomination, that I could not seek it in good conscience, that I would not seek it in honest self-appraisal, is not to say I value it the less.”!
• Eisenhower, Nomination Acceptance Speech:
• “Ladies and gentlemen, you have summoned me on behalf of millions of your fellow Americans to lead a great crusade -- for freedom in America and freedom in the world.”
• Both quoted in Simonton, (1994, p. 253).
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITY DEV…
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITY DEV…
the Berkeley Guidance and Oakland Growth Studies, Block used a Q-sort measure of adjustment to compare changers and non-changers between adolescence and adulthood.
Those most stable:• More intellectually
successful• More emotionally
successful• More socially successful• Better adjusted
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Who Adjusts Course? • Who Changed? (Block, 1971) • Those who were less mature, and underwent further
maturation (late bloomers).• Individuals who are more deviant are pressured to
change: Others want them to approach the “biosocial norm.” Still, their personalities did not necessarily become more pleasant.
• Sometimes, the person looks different because norms change: Women labeled “rebellious” in the period 1945-1960, looked more adjusted in the period of the late 1960’s, after the beginning of the women’s movement.
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Who Adjusts Course? Examples of three types (from Helson & Srivastava)
Cathy: Conserver Sarah: Seeker Andrea: Achiever*Married young to man approved by family*Supported his career problems by going to work in people-oriented job*Quit after 20 years of high competence because people disrespectful*Much sought out by church & commun. groups
*Described by interviewer as unusually perceptive, but with tendency to disengage abruptly*Dropped out of graduate school when unexpectedly became pregnant*Worked at becoming more sociable*In helping profession, where must work around bureaucracy*Hopes to write great American novel
*Did not want to marry or have children*Straight from college to professional school *Continued career progress but drank heavily*Overcame drinking at age 40*Married a charming and successful man, good relations with his children*Retired, and had second career as volunteer
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– Another approach is to identify positive personality traits
– The individual is assessed depending upon the number of such positive characteristics.
– Some examples include: • Subjective Well-Being: A person’s positive emotional and
intellectual evaluation that he or she is experiencing a good life, that that he or she is likable, and that the life he or she lives is satisfying (Diener, Lucas, & Oishi, 2002, p. 63).
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• More examples of positive traits: – Resilience: A person’s capacity to adjust and adapt positively in
the face of significant challenges, bad luck, and risk (Masten & Reed, 2002, p. 74)
– Creativity (Simonton, 2002, p. 192). A person’s independent, nonconformist perspective, coupled with wide interests and openness to new experiences, and cognitive flexibility
– Humility: A person’s ability to accurately assess his or her strengths and weaknesses, to acknowledge his or her limitations in social contexts, and to de-emphasize her or his self in social settings (Tangney, 2002, p. 411).
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• Defensive Pessimism defined (25% most extreme in this regard):– Set low standards for themselves– Consider all the possible negative outcomes– Are highly anxious– Perform so as to cope with negative possible outcomes
• Perform as well as optimists – and better than when they (pessimists) use more optimistic approaches.
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