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NJD Sports Injury Clinic 36 Moorland Crescent Clitheroe, Lancs. BB7 4PY United Kingdom Tel: 44 (1200) 427457 e-mail: [email protected] www.njdsportsinjuries.co.uk Graduate Sports Therapists Members of The Society of Sports Therapist Footnotes: The authors would appreciate details of any robust studies in support of effective rehabilitation strategies designed to control pronatory forces. For more information visit our website: - http://www.njdsportsinjuries.co.uk/ Sources Astrom, M., & Arvidson, T. (1995). Alignment and joint motion in the normal foot. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 22, 216222. Balthazaar, B. (2000). The effect of shoe/pedal interface position on overuse knee injuries. Australasian Journal of Podiatric Medicine, 34(4), 118-124. Bikefit.com (USA). The Bicycle Fitting System Manual. Authors: Swift, P. & Schoenfeldt, V. Ed. Pruitt, A. & Mohr, R. Bolgla, L.A. & Keskula, D.R. (2003). A biomechanical approach to evaluating and treating lower leg dysfunction. Athletic Therapy Today, 8, 6-12. Burke, E.R. (2003). HighTech Cycling, second edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. Cibulka, M.T. (1999). Low back pain and its relation to the hip and foot. Journal Orthop Sports Phys Therapy, 10, 595-601. Cobb, S.C, Tis, L.L., Johnson, B.J., & Higbie, E.J. (2004). The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34, 79-85 Cobb, S.C, Tis, L.L., Johnson, J.T. (2006). The effect of 6 weeks of custom-molded foot orthosis intervention on postural stability in participants with ≥ 7 degrees of forefoot varus. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 316- 322. Cornwall, M.W. (2000). Common pathomechanics of the foot. Journal of Athletic Therapy Today. 5, 10-16. Cote, K.P., Brunet, M.E., Gansnedert, B.M., & Shultzs, S.J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 41-46. Davies, R.R., & Hull, M.L. (1981). Measurement of pedal loading in bicycling: II. Analysis and results. Journal of Biomechanics, 14, 857-872. Dinsdale, N.J., & Williams, A. G. (2010). Can forefoot varus wedges enhance anaerobic cycling performance in untrained males with forefoot varus? Journal of Sport Scientific and Practical Aspects, 7(2), 5-10. Elveru, R., Rothstein, J., & Lamb, R. (1988). Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint measurements. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 672-677. Faria, E.W., Parker, D.L., & Faria, I.E. (2005). The science of cycling: Physiology and training - Part 1. Sports Medicine, 35, 285-312. Gajdosik, R. L., & Bohannon, R. W. (1987). Clinical measurement of range of motion: Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy, 67(12), 18671872. Garbalosa, J.C., McClure, M. H., Catlin, P. A., & Wooden, M. (1994). The frontal plane relationship of the forefoot to the rearfoot in an asymptomatic population. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 20, 200206. Gregor, R.J. & Wheeler, J.B. (1994). Biomechanical factors associated with shoe/pedal interfaces. Sports Medicine – Auckland, 17(2), 117-131. Hannaford, D.P.M., Moran, G.T., & Hlavac, A.M. (1986). Video analysis and treatment of overuse knee injury in cycling: a limited clinical study. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 3, 671-678. Hennig, E.M., & Sanderson, D.J. (1995). In-shoe pressure distributions for cycling with two types of footwear at different mechanical loads. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11, 68-80. Hunter, S., Dolan, M. G., & Davis, J. M. (1995). Biomechanical examination. In S. Hunter, M.G. Dolan, & J. M. Davis (Ed.), Foot orthotics in therapy and sport (pp. 3752). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Jarboe, N.E., & Quesada, P.M. (2003). The effects of cycling shoe stiffness on forefoot pressure. Foot Ankle Int., 24(7), 784-788. Millslagle, D., Rubbelke, S., Mullin, T., Keener, J., & Swetkovich, R. (2004). Effects of foot-pedal positions by inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 1074-1080. Moran, G.T., & McGlinn, G.H. (1995). The effect of variations in the foot pedal interface on the efficiency of cycling as measured by aerobic energy cost and anaerobic power. Biomechanics in Sport, 12, 105-109 O’Brien, T. (1991). Lower extremity cycling biomechanics: a review and theoretical discussion. Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association, 81(11), 585-592.
2

Part 2. Performance Cycling Cond · Effects of footpedal positions by inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 10741080. Moran, G.T.,

Aug 22, 2020

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Page 1: Part 2. Performance Cycling Cond · Effects of footpedal positions by inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 10741080. Moran, G.T.,

NJD Sports Injury Clinic 36 Moorland Crescent Clitheroe, Lancs. BB7 4PY United Kingdom Tel: 44 (1200) 427457 e-mail: [email protected] www.njdsportsinjuries.co.uk

Graduate Sports Therapists

Members of The Society of Sports Therapist

Footnotes: The authors would appreciate details of any robust studies in support of effective rehabilitation strategies

designed to control pronatory forces.

For more information visit our website: ­ http://www.njdsportsinjuries.co.uk/

Sources Astrom, M., & Arvidson, T. (1995). Alignment and joint motion in the normal foot. Journal of Orthopaedic and

Sports Physical Therapy, 22, 216222.

Balthazaar, B. (2000). The effect of shoe/pedal interface position on overuse knee injuries. Australasian Journal of Podiatric Medicine, 34(4), 118­124.

Bikefit.com (USA). The Bicycle Fitting System Manual. Authors: Swift, P. & Schoenfeldt, V. Ed. Pruitt, A. & Mohr, R.

Bolgla, L.A. & Keskula, D.R. (2003). A biomechanical approach to evaluating and treating lower leg dysfunction.

Athletic Therapy Today, 8, 6­12.

Burke, E.R. (2003). High­Tech Cycling, second edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.

Cibulka, M.T. (1999). Low back pain and its relation to the hip and foot. Journal Orthop Sports Phys Therapy, 10, 595­601.

Cobb, S.C, Tis, L.L., Johnson, B.J., & Higbie, E.J. (2004). The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34, 79­85

Cobb, S.C, Tis, L.L., Johnson, J.T. (2006). The effect of 6 weeks of custom­molded foot orthosis intervention on

postural stability in participants with ≥ 7 degrees of forefoot varus. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 316­

322.

Cornwall, M.W. (2000). Common pathomechanics of the foot. Journal of Athletic Therapy Today. 5, 10­16.

Cote, K.P., Brunet, M.E., Gansnedert, B.M., & Shultzs, S.J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures

on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 41­46.

Davies, R.R., & Hull, M.L. (1981). Measurement of pedal loading in bicycling: II. Analysis and results. Journal of Biomechanics, 14, 857­872.

Dinsdale, N.J., & Williams, A. G. (2010). Can forefoot varus wedges enhance anaerobic cycling performance in

untrained males with forefoot varus? Journal of Sport Scientific and Practical Aspects, 7(2), 5­10.

Elveru, R., Rothstein, J., & Lamb, R. (1988). Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint

measurements. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 672­677.

Faria, E.W., Parker, D.L., & Faria, I.E. (2005). The science of cycling: Physiology and training ­ Part 1. Sports Medicine, 35, 285­312.

Gajdosik, R. L., & Bohannon, R. W. (1987). Clinical measurement of range of motion: Review of goniometry

emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy, 67(12), 18671872.

Garbalosa, J.C., McClure, M. H., Catlin, P. A., & Wooden, M. (1994). The frontal plane relationship of the forefoot

to the rearfoot in an asymptomatic population. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 20, 200206.

Gregor, R.J. & Wheeler, J.B. (1994). Biomechanical factors associated with shoe/pedal interfaces. Sports Medicine – Auckland, 17(2), 117­131.

Hannaford, D.P.M., Moran, G.T., & Hlavac, A.M. (1986). Video analysis and treatment of overuse knee injury in

cycling: a limited clinical study. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 3, 671­678. Hennig, E.M., & Sanderson, D.J. (1995). In­shoe pressure distributions for cycling with two types of footwear at

different mechanical loads. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11, 68­80. Hunter, S., Dolan, M. G., & Davis, J. M. (1995). Biomechanical examination. In S. Hunter, M.G. Dolan, & J. M. Davis

(Ed.), Foot orthotics in therapy and sport (pp. 3752). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Jarboe, N.E., & Quesada, P.M. (2003). The effects of cycling shoe stiffness on forefoot pressure. Foot Ankle Int., 24(7), 784­788.

Millslagle, D., Rubbelke, S., Mullin, T., Keener, J., & Swetkovich, R. (2004). Effects of foot­pedal positions by

inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 1074­1080.

Moran, G.T., & McGlinn, G.H. (1995). The effect of variations in the foot pedal interface on the efficiency of cycling

as measured by aerobic energy cost and anaerobic power. Biomechanics in Sport, 12, 105­109

O’Brien, T. (1991). Lower extremity cycling biomechanics: a review and theoretical discussion. Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association, 81(11), 585­592.

Page 2: Part 2. Performance Cycling Cond · Effects of footpedal positions by inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 10741080. Moran, G.T.,

NJD Sports Injury Clinic 36 Moorland Crescent Clitheroe, Lancs. BB7 4PY United Kingdom Tel: 44 (1200) 427457 e-mail: [email protected] www.njdsportsinjuries.co.uk

Graduate Sports Therapists

Members of The Society of Sports Therapist

Pierrynowski, M. R., & Smith, S. B. (1997). Effect of patient position on the consistency of placing the rearfoot at

subtalar neutral. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 87(9), 399406

Podiatry Student Resources (2011). Forefoot Varus versus Forefoot Supinatus. http://www.podiatrystudent.net/ Rothbart, B.A. (2006). Relationship of functional leg­length discrepancy to abnormal pronation. Journal of

American Podiatric Association, 96(6), 499­507.

Ruby, P., Hull, M.L., Kirby, K.A., & Jenkins, D.W. (1992). The effect of lower­limb anatomy on knee loads during

seated cycling. Journal of Biomechanics, 17(2), 1195­1207.

Sommers, D., Hanson, J., Kedzierski, C. et al (1997). The influence of experience on the reliability of goniometric

and visual measurement of forefoot position. Journal of Orthopeadic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25(3), 192­202.

Tsai, L.C., Yu, B., Mercer, V.S., & Gross, M.T. (2006). Comparison of different structural foot types for measures of

standing postural control. Journal Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 942­953.

Van Sickle, J.R. & Hull, M.L. (2007). Is economy of competitive cyclists affected by the anterior–posterior foot

position on the pedal? Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 1262–1267.

Wanich, T., Hodgkins, C., Columbier, J.A., Muraski, E., & Kennedy, J.G. (2007). Cycling injuries of the lower

extremity. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 15, 748­756.

Wheeler, J.B., Gregor, R.J., & Broker, J.P. (1995). The effect of clipless float design on shoe/pedal interface kinetics

and overuse knee injuries during cycling. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11, 119­141.

Whitney, K.A. (2003). Foot deformities Part II. Journal of Clinics in Podiatric Medicine & Surgery, 20(3), 511­526.

Wozniak Timmer, C.A. (1991). Cycling biomechanics: A literature review. Journal of Orthopeadic & Sports Physical Therapy, 14(3), 106­113.

AUTHORS

Nick Dinsdale BSc (Hons), MSc, MSST Nicola Dinsdale BSc (Hons), MSST

Graduate Sports Therapists Nick and Nicola Dinsdale, father and daughter team, run NJD Sports Injury Clinic in Clitheroe, Lancs. UK. The family clinic is recognised for its strong

evidence­based approach to the management of sports related musculoskeletal injuries

and its keen interest in working with competitive cyclists. Patients include professional

cyclists from across the various disciplines, in addition to British Cycling officials. Nick Nicola

Nick specialises in foot dysfunction and how it impacts on cycling performance. This article contains unique findings taken from

his own research recently carried out at Manchester Metropolitan University. Nick has worked with The Great Britain Cycling

team both domestically and overseas and is a past National Cyclo­Cross Series winner.