Part 2: Overview of Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities 2 “Whatever you do, do wisely, and think of the consequences.” Gesta Romanorum (13 4h century)

Training Course

Introduction to the Use of Risk Analysis in Aquaculture

Part 2: Overview of Trade in Aquatic

Animal Commodities

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“Whatever you do, do wisely, and think of the consequences.”

Gesta Romanorum (134h century)

Why is Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities so “Risky”?

Movements of live aquatic animals and their products (“commodities”) have increased dramatically during the past 50 years.

This parallels the growth of aquaculture and its increasing contribution to world food supplies.

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Fastest food producing sector

Aquaculture Production

Source: Hall, S. Blue Frontiers (2011), WorldFish Centre

91 % production from Asia, 62 % from China; 10 % from the rest of the world

Growth in Fish Exports, 1976–2005

US$ billion

10

20

30

40

1976 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2002 2004

year

US$

bill

ion

Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas

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Combined total export value = USD 78 billion

Driving Forces behind Increased Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities

This increased trade is due to:Trade liberalization/globalization

World Trade Organization (WTO) Regional Trade Organizations (APEC, NAFTA,

BIMP-EAGA, etc.)Growing global consumer demandConstantly changing consumer preferencesAquaculture sector growth & demands for new

species

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Why is Trade in Aquatic AnimalCommodities so “Risky”?

• Extremely high volume of trade• Poor knowledge base leads to high uncertainty. Lack

of: Information on basic biology, ecology, reproduction, etc. Rigorous studies on impacts of exotics & transfers Information on pathogens & their biology Completed risk analyses Quick & accurate diagnostics tests for many pathogensSpecialized expertise in all fields (including risk analysis)

• High frequency of new & emerging diseases• Insufficient government policy & planning

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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals and their Products

Characterized by a diverse range of species traded: fishcrustaceans molluscs other invertebrates aquatic plants amphibiansaquatic reptiles, birds & mammals

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Diverse range of reasons:ornamental/aquarium tradeaquaculture development/maintenancefood (live trade for restaurants & products)angling/sports fisheries developmentcapture fisheries development/enhancementbiological controlresearchothers (animal feeds, medicines, health products,

etc.)10

Richard Arthur

Check DIAS for summary info.


Diverse range of commodities tradedproducts in various forms:

fresh/frozen - whole dead, whole eviscerated, head on/head off, filets, steaks, roe

processed - cooked, dried, salted, smoked, pickled, canned, refined into meal & oil

genetic material - gametes, DNA others: vaccines, sera, scientific

specimens, souvenirs, etc.

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Diverse range of life-cycle stages tradedlive aquatic animals

broodstockjuvenilesfrypostlarvae naupliifertilized eggs

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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals & their Products

Volumes traded can be extremely high. World-wide:Over 1 billion ornamental fishes traded each

year4000 freshwater and 1400 marine ornamental

species tradedOrnamentals originate from some 100

countries

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Richard Arthur

Add references and update information if possible.


FAO estimated that the 2001 wholesale value of the world ornamental trade was US$ 900 million, while the retail value was US$ 3 billion.

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Richard Arthur

Add references and update information if possible.


Examples:Malaysia alone produced some 338 million

freshwater ornamentals in 2001, including 293 million freshwater fish belonging to > 90 species.

Australia imports 8-10 million ornamental every year

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Trade in Live Aquatic Animals for “food production” aquaculture:Not well documented, but at

least 240 species of aquatic animals and plants are cultured globally.

Numbers can be quite high – for example, in 1995 some 50 million nauplii and postlarvae of giant tiger prawn were imported into Bangladesh, primarily from Thailand, India and Myanmar, to support the country’s developing shrimp culture industry.

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The Central Problem

All movements of live aquatic animals involve an element of pathogen, genetic and/or ecological risk

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Key PointsAquaculture continues to expand globally, while

world capture fisheries are stagnant or in decline.

Future growth in supplies of fish and shellfish for an expanding human population will have to be met by continued aquaculture growth.

Billions of aquatic animals are moved annually for a wide variety of reasons, the ornamental trade and aquaculture development being the two most important.

Almost all movements of aquatic animal commodities involve an element of ecological, pathogen or genetic risk.

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Key PointsThe nature of world trade in aquatic animals

is such that it is impossible for most countries to conduct detailed health inspections or quarantine all the animals being imported.

In view of the current world trade situation, a national policy of “zero risk” is not realistic.

Risk analysis can be used to aid decision making and examine ways to reduce risk.

It is often possible to reduce risk to an “acceptable” level.

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Clown fish – aquarium fish exporter in Manado, Indonesia

Part 2: Overview of Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities 2 “Whatever you do, do wisely, and think of the consequences.” Gesta Romanorum (13 4h century)

Documents

international trade

increased trade

overview of trade

world slide

aquatic animal commodities

sector slide

products commodities

products fao