- 1. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF BODY IMAGE Terri L.
SchmittDoctoral Student UMKC School of Nursing
2.
- Seymour Fisher (1986) said, in a review of Body Image Research,
that he included
- In short, any study qualifies for inclusion if it even remotely
deals with how individuals view and assign meaning to their own
body. (p. 1)
3. Historical Context
- Research of the term body image is relatively young.
-
- Purely neurobiological until 1930s
-
- Work by Seymour Fischer and Paul Schilder
-
- 1990s work on body image and disturbance became common place in
psychology
-
- Overshadowed first by psychoanalysis then by cognitive
behavioral psychology
- Sociology also documenting adolescent body issues during this
time.
-
- Margret Mead 1928Coming of Age in Samoa
4. Historical Understanding
- From this social and psychological scientists came to ask: What
are the parts that make up body image and what is it as a
concept?
5. Cognitive Behavioral Theory
- Cognitive-behavioral theory assumes
- Cognitive processes Behaviors Emotions
- Names Like Skinner, Bandura, Beck, Ellis.
- What itlacked in relation to body image: Developmental and
historical issues
- It is now an overriding theory in Psychology
6.
- Historical, Developmental Influences
- ( Cash & Prizomsky, 2004)
Cultural Socialization Interpersonal Experiences Physical
Characteristics Personality Attributes Body Image Schemas and
Attitudes (Investment and Evaluation) Appearance-Schematic
Processing Activating Events Internal Dialogues (Thoughts,
interpretations, conclusions, etc.) Body Image Emotions Adjustive,
Self-Regulatory Strategies and Behaviors 7. What do I mean by it
overshadows all behavioral research? 8. Historical and
Developmental Constructs
- Socialization of the physical appearance
- Body-focused experiences during childhood/adolescence
- Person-Environment Interaction and includes:
-
- Interpersonal Experiences
9. Proximal Events and Processes
- Processing of the Appearance
- (Activating Events)Situations and contexts that trigger
cognitive processes TRIGGER.
- Internal dialogues.TRIGGER
- Adjustment to deal with distressing body image thoughts and
emotions
-
- Positive rational acceptance
10. Body Image Attitudes and Schemas
- It is the interplay betweencognitive, emotional, and behavioral
constructs(remember cog.-behav. theory or CBT)
- Investment- the cognitive behavioral importance placed on ones
own personal appearance (Cash, Melnyk, & Hrabosky, 2004)
- Evaluation positive and negative self-appraisals and beliefs
about ones own personal appearance (Cash & Prunzinsky,
2005)
11. Empirical Referents and Current Research
- Appearance Schema Inventory (Cash, Melnyk & Hrabsoky
2004).
- Who Thinks I Need a Perfect Body? Perceptions and Internal
Dialogue among Adolescents about Their Bodies (McCabe, Ricciardelli
& Ridge, 2006)
- Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire (Cash, and Szymansk, 1995)
- The swimsuit issue: Correlates of body image in a sample of
52,677 heterosexual adults (Frederick, Peplau & Lever,
2006)
- Assessment of Body-Image Cognitive Distortions scale.
(Jakatdar, Cash, & Engle, 2006)
12. Nursing and Medicine
- Until recent decades nursing and medicine not concerned with
body image.
- Cultural changes have occurred in the last century
- Health consequences of such cultural change
- Medicine did not try to define
- Nursing has begun to embrace psychology and feminist
theory
13. Nursing Research
- Newell, R. (1991) Body-image disturbance: cognitive behavioural
formulation and intervention.Journal of Advanced Nursing . 16(12):
1400-5.
- Sapountzi-Krepia, D., et. al (2001)Perceptions of body image,
happiness and satisfaction in adolescents wearing a Boston brace
for scoliosis treatment.Journal of Advanced Nursing . 35(5):
683-90.
- Stein, K. & Corte, C. (2003) Reconceptualizing causative
factors and intervention strategies in the eating disorders: a
shift from body image to self-concept impairments.Archives of
Psychiatric Nursing . 17(2): 57-66.
14. Where we need to go
- Qualitative research to validate (i.e. proximal events and
processes)
- Longitudinal research of body image development
- Introduction of Feminist philosophy
- Nursing validation of the model on adolescent and female
populations
15. How this model could affect Nursing Science
- Places it could be used: Mastectomy care, Eating Disorders,
Obesity, Skin disorders, Cancer treatment, Aging, School health,
etc. Can you think of more?
- Making this theory unique would involve a nursing perspective
on patient, holism, and health.
-
- Body Image as a part of the whole patient that can affect
self-care, motivation, behavior, change, and more.
-
- Body Image as a factor in health concerns
- Implementation studies focusing on one of the construct areas
within nursing
-
- i.e. supportive interpersonal experience intervention between
teenagers and their mothers as a factor to improve body image
16. Questions? 17. References
- Cash, T.,Melnyk, S., & Hrabsoky, J. (2004). The Assessment
of Body Image Investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance
Schemas Inventory.International Journal of Eating Disorders , 35,
305-316.
- Cash, T. & Pruzinsky (Eds.) (2002).Body Image: A handbook
of theory, research, and clinical practice . New York: Guilford
Press.
- Cash, T.& Szymansk, M. (1995). The Development and
validation of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire.Journal of
Personality Assessment , 64(3), 466-477.
- Fisher, S. (1986).Development and Structure of Body Image,
Volume 1 . Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erbaulm Associates.
- Frederick, D., Peplau, L., & Lever, J. (2006). The swimsuit
issue: Correlates of body image in a sample of 52,677 heterosexual
adults.Body Image , 3 (4), 413-419.
- Jakatdar, T., Cash, T., & Engle, E. (2006). Body-image
thought processes: The development and initial validation of the
Assessment of Body-Image Cognitive Distortions.Body Image , 3 (4),
325-333.
- McCabe, L., Ricciardelli, L., & Ridge, D. (2006). Who
Thinks I Need a Perfect Body? Perceptions and Internal Dialogue
among Adolescents about Their Bodies.Sex Roles , 55, 409-419
- Newell, R. (1991). Body-image disturbance: Cognitive
behavioural formulation and intervention.Journal of Advanced
Nursing,16(12), 1400-5.
- Sapountzi-Krepia, D., et. al (2001)Perceptions of body image,
happiness and satisfaction in adolescents wearing a Boston brace
for scoliosis treatment.Journal of Advanced Nursing . 35(5):
683-90.
- Stein, K. & Corte, C. (2003). Reconceptualizing causative
factors and intervention strategies in the eating disorders: a
shift from body image to self-concept impairments.Archives of
Psychiatric Nursing,17(2), 57-66.