Parrot Time - Issue 1 - January / February 2013

7/30/2019 Parrot Time - Issue 1 - January / February 2013

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u s t u s n a s b h m i n m i y p j t g r n p r n s n h t a c i g u o 7

] j b i n o n t n r k b h a t b v n s o b o h t r n p r n s n h t

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b h t n r a c t n o w b t j w g r o s o b f f n r n h t i y . _ j b h d g f

t j n k a s p u t t b h m a w g r o b h t g c g h t n x t . B f b h

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( p i h t ) y g u o g h t d h g w b f t j n y a r n r n f n r r b h m

t g t j n a c t g f p i a h t b h m g r a i b v b h m p i a h t . B h

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t j a t r n p r n s n h t s a c t b g h t g c i a r b f y t j n f b r s t ,

a h o a h g t j n r t j a t k n a h s i b f n t g c i a r b f y t j n

s n c g h o . B f y g u w n r n u s b h m t j n w g r o p i a h t t g

t a i d a e g u t a f a c t g r y , t j n h a o n t n r k b h a t b v n f g r

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c g i u k h s t g p t g e g t t g k . J g w n v n r , t j n y k b m j t

a i s g e n w r b t t n h f r g k i n f t t g r b m j t , s b k b i a r t g

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a t t j n o b r n c t b g h t g w a r o w j b c j a h b k a i s a h o

p n g p i n f a c n o g r w a i d n o . _ j n y a i w a y s f a c n o

t g w a r o t j n e n m b h h b h m g f t j n i b h n . _ g a o o t g

t j n c g k p i b c a t b g h g f r n a o b h m , j b n r g m i y p j b c s

j a o h g p u h c t u a t b g h g r s p a c n s e n t w n n h

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E n c a u s n g f t j n s n c g k p i n x b t b n s , a s w n i i a s

t j n s a c r n o a t t a c j k n h t g f j b n r g m i y p j b c s , t j n

N m y p t b a h s i a t n r o n v n i g p n o j b n r a t b c , w j b c j

w a s a s g r t g f a e e r n v b a t n o v n r s b g h g f j b n r g -

m i y p j b c s . O n s p b t n t j n h a k n , j b n r a t b c w a s h g t

a o n r b v a t b v n g f j b n r g m i y p j b c s . _ j n h a k n

j b n r a t b c o n r b v n s f r g k t j n M r n n d p j r a s n

( m r a k k a t a j b n r a t b d a 4 i b t -

n r a i i y p r b n s t i y w r b t b h m ) . _ j b s w a s f b r s t u s n o

e y S a b h t C i n k n h t g f A i n x a h o r b a b h t j n

S a k p i n g f

j b n r g m i y p j b c s

J b n r g m i y p j b c s c a r v n o b h t g a w a i i

_ j n h a k n j b n r g m i y p j b c s

c a k n f r g k t j n M r n n d s w j g

o b s c g v n r n o t j n w r b t b h m s . _ j n y

c a i i n o b t t a j b n r g m i y p j b c a g r

s a c r n o c a r v n o i n t t n r s .


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:\ a r r g t _ b k n | B s s u n # 1 | @ a h u a r y / F n e r u a r y 5 < 1 3

s n c g h o c n h t u r y A O , a h o a t t b k n

b t w a s u s n o g h i y f g r r n i b m b g u s

t n x t s . I a t n r , b t w a s u s n o t g r n -

c g r o s g k n m g v n r h k n h t o n c r n n s

a h o e u s b h n s s t r a h s a c t b g h s , e u t

h g t f g r s a c r n o p u r p g s n s . B t w a s

k g r n c g k k g h i y w r b t t n h w b t j b h d

a h o e r u s j g h p a p y r u s , a h o

s j g w s h g b h o b c a t b g h g f e n b h m a

o n s c n h o a h t g f j b n r g m i y p j s ,

w j b c j w n r n h g r k a i i y c a r v n o b h

c i a y g r s t g h n . _ j n t w g w r b t b h m

s y s t n k s k g r n i b d n i y n v g i v n o

a i g h m t j n s a k n t b k n i b h n , r a t j n r

t j a h g h n a f t n r t j n g t j n r .

O n k g t b c

G v n r t b k n , a f g r k g f s c r b p t

n v g i v n o f r g k h g r t j n r h j b n r a t b c

t j a t e n c a k n v n r y p g p u i a r . B t w a s

c a i i n o O n k g t b c ( f r g k M r n n d 0

o k g t b d s , p g p u i a r ,

h g t t g e n c g h f u s n o w b t j o n k g t b c

M r n n d ) . _ j b s e n c a k n u s n o f g r

k u c j g f t j n m g v n r h k n h t o g c u -

k n h t s .

A r g u h o f g u r t j c n h t u r y A . O . ,

C j r b s t b a h b t y j a o e n c g k n k g r n

w b o n s p r n a o b h N m y p t , a h o j b n r g -

m i y p j b c s w n r n a e a h o g h n o e n -

c a u s n g f t j n b r a s s g c b a t b g h w b t j

p a m a h m g o s . O n k g t b c w a s h t a

t a e g g i a h m u a m n i b d n j b n r g m i y p j -

b c s , s g r n k a b h n o b h u s n , e u t

n v n h t u a i i y n v g i v n o b h t g C g p t b c .

C g p t b c w a s a k b x g f t j n M r n n d

a i p j a e n t a h o s g k n O n k g t b c

c j a r a c t n r s f g r N m y p t b a h s g u h o s

t j a t w n r n h t o n h g t n o e y t j n

M r n n d i a h m u a m n . B t w a s t j n f b r s t

a i p j a e n t b c s c r b p t u s n o f g r t j n

N m y p t b a h i a h m u a m n . \ r g e a e i y

s g g h a f t n r t j a t , t j n d h g w i n o m n g f

j g w t g r n a o j b n r g m i y p j b c s a h o

j b n r a t b c w a s i g s t .

\ t g i n k b c O y h a s t y

B h a h c b n h t t b k n s , M r n n c n j a o

g r b m b h a i i y e n n h u h b t n o e y \ j b i b p

g f K a c n o g h , t j n h r u i n o e y A i n x -

a h o n r t j n M r n a t . A f t n r o n f n a t b h m

t j n \ n r s b a h f g r c n s , A i n x a h o n r

t j n h t g g d j b s a r k y t g N m y p t

w j n r n j n w a s w n i c g k n o a s a

c g h q u n r b h m j n r g . _ j n N m y p t b a h s

k a o n j b k a m g o a h o p j a r a g j ,

e u t j n j a o g t j n r c a k p a b m h s t g

w a m n , s g j n t g g d j b s a r k y t g t j n

K b o o i n N a s t a h o t j n B h o u s U b v n r

V a i i n y , i n a v b h m a r n m n h t b h c j a r m n

g f N m y p t .

] j n h A i n x a h o n r o b n o b h 3 5 3

E C , j b s n k p b r n w a s o b v b o n o

a k g h m j b s t j r n n k g s t t r u s t n o

m n h n r a i s , a h o t j n t j r g h n g f

N m y p t c a k n t g \ t g i n k y B . _ j n

N m y p t b a h s w n i c g k n o j b k a s p a r t

g f A i n x a h o n r s f a k b i y , a h o j n e n -

c a k n a p j a r a g j , t j u s s n t t b h m u p

t j n \ t g i n k b c O y h a s t y , t j n 3 5 h o

a h o i a s t g f N m y p t s

m r n a t o y h a s t b n s . E y

t r a o b t b g h , a i i j b s

k a i n s u c c n s s g r s

w n r n c a i i n o \ t g i n k y

a h o a i i f n k a i n g h n s

w n r n h a k n o C i n g -

p a t r a ( M r n n d f g r

f a t j n r s m i g r y ) .

\ t g i n k y B V

( \ t g i n k y \ b i g p a t g r )

w a s a w n a d d b h m , a h o w j n h j n

o b n o a t t j n a m n g f ? 1 , j b s s g h ,

\ t g i n k y N p b p j a h n s , w a s g h i y a

s k a i i e g y g f f b v n a h o t g g y g u h m

t g r u i n . ^ h t b i j n w a s g i o n h g u m j ,

_ j n e n m b h h b h m g f t j n a h c b n h t N m y p t b a h

' I g y a i b s t t n a c j b h m ' g r b m b h a i i y b h s c r b e n o b h

s t g h n , e u t i a t n r c g p b n o b h j b n r a t b c s c r b p t g h t g

p a p y r u s

S k a i i s a k p i n g f C g p t b c s c r b p t

A t n t r a o r a c j k

( A h c b n h t M r n n d

s b i v n r c g b h )

p g r t r a y b h m

\ t g i n k y V

_ j n s n o n c r n n s w n r n s n t b h

s t g h n f g r a i i t g r n a o . . . b h

j b n r g m i y p j b c s , O n k g t b c , a h o

M r n n d .


9/50


\ a r r g t _ b k n | B s s u n # 1 | @ a h u a r y / F n e r u a r y 5 < 1 3 2

t j n n k p b r n f n i i b h t g t u r k g b i a s

o b f f n r n h t r n m n h t s f g u m j t f g r c g h -

t r g i . O u r b h m t j b s t b k n , s u r r g u h o -

b h m n k p b r n s , b h c i u o b h m t j n

U g k a h , w n r n v y b h m f g r c g h t r g i

a h o a t t n k p t n o t g t a d n a o v a h t a m n

g f t j n b h t n r h a i c g h f i b c t . _ j n

\ t g i n k b c O y h a s t y i g s t i a h o b h

s n v n r a i a r n a s .

B h a h a t t n k p t t g r n s t g r n

p g w n r a h o c g h t r g i , b t w a s o n -

c b o n o t g c g r g h a t n t j n t j n h 1 3

y n a r g i o \ t g i n k y V b h t j n c b t y g f

K n k p j b s b h 1 2 6 E C . _ g f u r t j n r

s g i b o b f y j b s r g y a i c r n o n h t b a i s , a

s n r b n s g f r g y a i o n c r n n s w n r n

p a s s n o e y a c g u h c b i g f p r b n s t s t g

a f f b r k t j n o y h a s t y g f d b h m s . _ j n

o n c r n n s p r a b s n o \ t g i n k y , c i a b k -

b h m j b k a s t j n k a h b f n s t a t b g h g f

o b v b h n m r a c n , a h o p g r t r a y b h m t j n

y g u h m d b h m a s a m r n a t e n h n f a c t g r

g f N m y p t w j g a o g r h n o t j n

t n k p i n s g f N m y p t s t r a o b t b g h a i

m g o s , c a h c n i i n o o n e t s , r n o u c n o

t a x n s , f r n n o p r b s g h n r s , a h o h u -

k n r g u s g t j n r o n n o s .

_ j n s n o n c r n n s w n r n s n t b h

s t g h n f g r a i i t g r n a o . O u r b h m t j n

\ t g i n k b c O y h a s t y , e g t j N m y p t b a h

a h o M r n n d i a h m u a m n s w n r n u s n o ,

s g t g k a d n s u r n t j a t a s k a h y

p n g p i n a s p g s s b e i n c g u i o r n a o

t j n s n o n c r n n s , t j n y w n r n w r b t t n h

b h j b n r g m i y p j b c s , O n k g t b c , a h o

M r n n d .

H a p g i n g h a h o t j n N m y p t

C a k p a b m h

A r g u h o t j n t u r h g f t j n 1 2 t j

c n h t u r y , p r g k b h n h t F r n h c j m n h -

n r a i H a p g i n g h E g h a p a r t n e n m a h

a c a k p a b m h g f c g h q u n s t g v n r

n v n r y k a ` g r N u r g p n a h p g w n r . B h

1 = 2 : , j n t u r h n o j b s f g r c n s t g -

w a r o N m y p t , j g p b h m t g t a d n t j n r n

c g h t r g i a h o t j u s u h o n r k b h n E r b -

t a b h s t r a o n r g u t n t g B h o b a .

J g w n v n r , H a p g i n g h o b o h t ` u s t

p i a h a k b i b t a r y a t t a c d . J n

w a h t n o a c g k p i n t n b h f b i t r a t b g h g f

N m y p t , m a t j n r b h m b h f g r k a t b g h

a e g u t N m y p t s p a s t a h o p r n s n h t

p n g p i n , n h v b r g h k n h t , c u i t u r n

a h o r n s g u r c n s . H a p g i n g h

r n a s g h n o t j a t t g r u i n a c g u h t r y ,

g h n k u s t d h g w n v n r y t j b h m a e g u t

b t .

_ g t j a t n h o , j n a s s n k e i n o a

t j b h d t a h d g f s c b n h t b s t s , s c j g i -

a r s , k a t j n k a t b c b a h s , c j n k b s t s ,

a r c j a n g i g m b s t s a h o k g r n . J n

c a i i n o t j n k t j n B h s t b t u t n g f

N m y p t , a h o t j n y a c c g k p a h b n o

j b k g h t j n b h v a s b g h w j n h j b s

f g r c n s i a h o n o g f f t j n c g a s t g f

N m y p t a t A e g u d b r E a y b h A u m u s t

1 = 2 : . J g w n v n r , t j n E r b t b s j h a v y

c r u s j n o k g s t g f t j n F r n h c j f i n n t ,

i n a v b h m H a p g i n g h a h o j b s a r k y

s t r a h o n o .

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H a p g i n g h w a s a e i n t g r n t u r h

t g F r a h c n a h o c g h t b h u n j b s w a r

a m a b h s t t j n w g r i o , i n a v b h m s g k n

t r g g p s t g k a b h t a b h c g h t r g i a s

w n i i a s t j n s c b n h t b s t s t g o g t j n b r

w g r d . _ j n y s n t t i n o b h a r g u h o t j n

H b i n O n i t a , a h o w j b i n t j n k b i b t a r y

e u b i t f g r t s , t j n B h s t b t u t n c g i i n c t n o

a r t b f a c t s .

O u r b h m t j n s u k k n r g f 1 = 2 2 ,

H a p g i n g h s s g i o b n r s t g r n o g w h

s g k n a h c b n h t w a i i s t g n x p a h o

F g r t @ u i b n h b h t j n t g w h g f

U g s n t t a ( k g o n r h o a y U a s j b o ) ,

h n a r A i n x a h o r b a . C a p t a b h \ b n r r n -

F r a h c g b s E g u c j a r o f g u h o a

e i a c d s t g h n w j n h m u b o b h m t j n

w g r d , a h o h g t b c b h m t j a t b t w a s

c g v n r n o b h a h c b n h t w r b t b h m ,

t u r h n o b t g v n r t g t j n B h s t b t u t n .

_ j n B h s t b t u t n s s c j g i a r s w n r n

a e i n t g o n t n r k b h n t j a t t j n s t g h n

w a s s g k n d b h o g f o n c r n n a h o

b k k n o b a t n i y e n m a h a t t n k p t s t g

t r a h s i a t n b t . _ j n y h a k n o t j n

s t g h n t j n U g s n t t a S t g h n b h

j g h g r g f t j n t g w h b h w j b c j b t

w a s o b s c g v n r n o , a h o t j n y k a o n

s n v n r a i c g p b n s g f t j n w r b t b h m g h

b t , w j b c j w a s b h t j r n n s c r b p t s .

_ j n y j a o f g u h o a p b n c n g f g h n g f

t j n o n c r n n s a e g u t \ t g i n k y V ,

t j g u m j t j n y o b o h t d h g w b t a t t j n

t b k n .

E r b t b s j f g r c n s i a h o n o g h

A e g u d b r E a y a h o w n r n f b h a i i y

a e i n t g g v n r c g k n t j n F r n h c j

t r g g p s b h 1 : < 1 . A o b s p u t n t j n h

a r g s n g v n r t j n a r t b f a c t s a h o f b h o -

A r g u h o t j n t u r h g f t j n 1 2 t j c n h t u r y , p r g k b h n h t F r n h c j m n h n r a i H a p g i n g h E g h a p a r t n e n m a h a

c a k p a b m h g f c g h q u n s t g v n r n v n r y k a ` g r N u r g p n a h p g w n r .

B h 1 = 2 : , j n t u r h n o j b s f g r c n s t g w a r o N m y p t , j g p b h m t g t a d n t j n r n c g h t r g i a h o t j u s u h o n r k b h n

E r b t a b h ' s t r a o n r g u t n t g B h o b a .

H a p g i n g h ' s t r g g p s b h U g s n t t a


10/50


1 c n h t u r b n s g f

s c j g i a r s o n o b c a t -

b h m t j n k s n i v n s t g

u s b h m t j b s t r a h s -

i a t b g h s y s t n k a s

t j n y t r b n o t g o n -

c g o n t j n a h c b n h t

w r b t b h m s . J g w n v n r ,

t j n y a i i f a b i n o , e n -

c a u s n t j n e a s b c

p r n k b s n , b t w g u i o

t u r h g u t , w a s f a i s n . S g k n g f t j n

i a t n r s c j g i a r s t j a t w n r n w g r d b h m

g h b t w n r n t j n M n r k a h @ n s u b t

A h t j g h a s b u s D b r c j n r , t j n N h m -

i b s j e b s j g p ] b i i b a k ] a r e u r t g h

a h o t j n F r n h c j s c j g i a r H b c g i a s

F r n r n t .

R g u h m k a o n a h b k p g r t a h t

e r n a d t j r g u m j b h t j n s a k n y n a r

t j a t j n c g k p i n t n o t j n O n k g t b c

w j n h j n o b s c g v n r n o t j n k n a h b h m

g f a c a r t g u c j n . A c a r t g u c j n b s a h

g v a i - s j a p n o i g g p t j a t a r g u h o a

s n r b n s g f j b n r g m i y p j b c c j a r a c t n r s ,

a h o j n r n a i b z n o t j a t t j n s n c a r -

t g u c j n s w n r n g h i y o r a w h a r g u h o

_ j n U g s n t t a S t g h n

_ j g k a s R g u h m

J b s t g r b c a i c a h g h s b h k g o n r h o a y U g s n t t a . _ j n r n b s a

r n p r n s n t a t b g h g f t j n U g s n t t a S t g h n w b t j a p i a q u n

e n t w n n h t j n k .


11/50


\ a r r g t _ b k n | B s s u n # 1 | @ a h u a r y / F n e r u a r y 5 < 1 3

1 1

p r g p n r h a k n s . _ j a t n h a e i n o j b k t g b o n h t b -

f y t j n h a k n g f \ t g i n k y . F b m u r b h m t j a t a

h a k n s g u h o s s b k b i a r a c r g s s i a h m u a m n s ,

R g u h m p a r s n o g u t a f n w s g u h o s b h t j n

j b n r g m i y p j b c a i p j a e n t u s b h m \ t g i n k y s

h a k n a h o t j n h a k n g f j b s q u n n h ,

E n r n h b d a . J g w n v n r , R g u h m w a s a i s g r n i y b h m

g h J g r a p g i i g s p r n k b s n t j a t p b c t u r n s c g r -

r n s p g h o n o t g s y k e g i s , s g j n c g u i o h t q u b t n

f b m u r n g u t j g w p j g h n t b c s f b t b h . R g u h m m a v n

u p t j n t r a h s i a t b g h e u t p u e i b s j n o j b s p r n -

i b k b h a r y r n s u i t s b h 1 : 1 : .

A f g r k n r s t u o n h t g f o n S a c y h a k n o

@ n a h F r a h g b s C j a k p g i i b g h j a o a i s g e n n h

s t u o y b h m t j n j b n r g m i y p j b c s g f t j n U g s n t t a

S t g h n s b h c n j n w a s 1 : , b h 1 : < : . J n p b c d n o

u p w j n r n R g u h m i n f t g f f , e u t o b o h t k a d n

k u c j j n a o w a y f g r a f n w k g r n y n a r s . _ j n h ,

b h 1 : 5 5 , j n w a s a e i n t g n x a k b h n s g k n g t j -

n r a h c b n h t c a r t g u c j n s . G h n c g h t a b h n o f g u r

c j a r a c t n r s , w b t j t j n i a s t t w g e n b h m t j n

s a k n . A f t n r b o n h t b f y b h m t j n o u p i b c a t n o i n t -

t n r a s e n b h m s , j n i g g d n o a t t j n f b r s t

c j a r a c t n r , a h o m u n s s n o b t t g r n p r n s n h t t j n

s u h . J n r n , C j a k p g i i b g h k a o n a i n a p u s b h m

j b s d h g w i n o m n g f C g p t b c , b h w j b c j t j n w g r o

f g r s u h b s r a . _ j b s m a v n j b k t j n h a k n g f

r a - s s , a h o j n g h i y d h n w g f g h n h a k n

t j a t w g u i o f b t 0 U a k s n s , a h g t j n r N m y p t b a h

p j a r a g j .

_ j b s c g h h n c t b g h e n t w n n h j b n r g m i y p j b c s

a h o C g p t b c s j g w n o t g C j a k p g i i b g h t j a t

j b n r g m i y p j b c s w a s h t e a s n o g h s y k e g i s g r

a i i n m g r b n s a t a i i . _ j n y w n r n p j g h n t b c , s g

t j n c j a r a c t n r s r n p r n s n h t n o s g u h o s . J n

w a s t j n h a e i n t g c g r r n c t a h o n h i a r m n

R g u h m s i b s t g f p j g h n t b c j b n r g m i y p j s , a h o

f b h a i i y , u s b h m t j b s d h g w i n o m n a h o c g k p a r -

b h m t g t j n g t j n r t r a h s i a t b g h s g f t j n O n k g t -

b c a h o M r n n d , t r a h s i a t n t j n r n s t g f t j n

S t g h n .

_ j a t s a k n y n a r , j b s a c j b n v n k n h t w a s

a h h g u h c n o b h a i n t t n r j n w r g t n t g t j n

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w j b c j j n g u t i b h n o t j n e a s b c c g h c n p t s g f

j b n r g m i y p j b c s c r b p t 0 C g p t b c w a s t j n f b h a i

s t a m n g f t j n a h c b n h t i a h m u a m n , t j n j b n r g -

m i y p j s w n r n e g t j b o n g m r a k s a h o p j g h g -

m r a k s , a h o t j n m i y p j s b h c a r t g u c j n s w n r n

p j g h n t b c t r a h s c r b p t b g h s g f p j a r a g j s

h a k n s . _ j n j b n r g m i y p j b c s c g o n j a o e n n h

e r g d n h .

\ g i b t b c s

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k a h y i n v n i s g v n r t j n U g s n t t a S t g h n . A f t n r

t j n b h b t b a i s t r u m m i n g f g w h n r s j b p , t j n b r w a s

a i s g a o b s a m r n n k n h t a e g u t w j g o b o t j n

r n a i w g r d g f t r a h s i a t b h m . _ j n E r b t b s j

c i a b k n o t j a t R g u h m c g k p i n t n o t j n O n k g t -

b c a h o k a o n t j n e r n a d t j r g u m j g h t j n

j b n r g m i y p j b c s e y f b m u r b h m g u t t j n c a r -

t g u c j n s . _ j n F r n h c j c i a b k n o t j a t C j a k -

p g i i b g h w a s t j n t r u n t r a h s i a t g r , f g r b t w a s

j b s b h s b m j t u s b h m C g p t b c t j a t i n o t g t j n

t r a h s i a t b g h .

K g r n g v n r , w j n h C j a k p g i i b g h p u e -

i b s j n o j b s t r a h s i a t b g h b h 1 : 5 5 , R g u h m a h o

g t j n r s p r a b s n o j b s w g r d , e u t

R g u h m p u e i b s j n o j b s g w h

w g r d g h b t b h 1 : 5 3 , t g n h s u r n

j b s c g h t r b e u t b g h t g C j a k p g i -

i b g h w a s r n c g m h b z n o , n v n h

p g b h t b h m g u t t j a t k a h y g f j b s

f b h o b h m s j a o e n n h s n h t t g

\ a r b s b h 1 : 1 6 . R g u h m j a o b h -

o n n o f g u h o t j n s g u h o v a i u n s

g f s b x g f t j n m i y p j s , e u t j a o

h g t e n n h a e i n t g o n t n r k b h n

t j n m r a k k a r g f t j n i a h -

m u a m n s . C j a k p g i i b g h w a s

u h w b i i b h m t g s j a r n t j n c r n o b t ,

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c g u h t r b n s .

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1 5 \ a r r g t _ b k n | B s s u n # 1 | @ a h u a r y / F n e r u a r y 5 < 1 3

c g k p n t b t b v n t g t j b s o a y g h w j g

s j g u i o m n t c r n o b t a h o w j g

s j g u i o g w h t j n S t g h n . ] j b i n t j n

U g s n t t a S t g h n w a s e n b h m o b s -

p i a y n o b h \ a r b s b h 1 2 = 5 , b h c n i n e -

r a t b g h g f 1 > < y n a r s s b h c n

C j a k p g i i b g h p u e i b s j n o j b s f b h o -

b h m s , r u k g r s f i n w t j a t \ a r b s b a h s

w n r n p i g t t b h m t g s n c r n t i y s t n a i t j n

S t g h n . _ j n r n w a s n v n h o b s a m r n n -

k n h t g v n r t j n p g r t r a b t s g f R g u h m

a h o C j a k p g i i b g h t j a t w n r n o b s -

p i a y n o a i g h m s b o n t j n S t g h n , w b t j

t j n k e n b h m g f u h n q u a i s b z n s a h o

t j u s m i g r b f y b h m g h n s c j g i a r g v n r

t j n g t j n r .

_ j n N m y p t b a h m g v n r h k n h t

j a s a i s g e n n h b h v g i v n o w b t j b t s

g w h c i a b k s . B h 1 2 2 2 , N m y p t

k a o n b t w n i i d h g w h t j a t t j n y

w g u i o h g t e n c n i n e r a t b h m t j n e b -

c n h t n h h b a i g f t j n f b h o b h m g f t j n

S t g h n e n c a u s n b t w a s b h t j n

j a h o s g f t j n E r b t b s j . _ j n y j a o

w a h t n o ] n s t n r h c g u h t r b n s t g

m b v n e a c d \ j a r a g h b c p n r b g o k a s -

t n r p b n c n s , b h c i u o b h m t j n U g s n t t a

S t g h n , b h 1 2 2 6 , e u t ^ H N S C G

a m r n n k n h t s m r a h t t j n r b m j t t g r n -

c g v n r b t n k s g h i y g h t j g s n s t g i n h

a f t n r 1 2 = 1 . S t b i i , b h 5 < < 3 , N m y p t

a m a b h r n q u n s t n o t j n r n t u r h g f t j n

U g s n t t a S t g h n . _ j n E r b t b s j K u -

s n u k s n h t t j n k a r n p i b c a b h

5 < < > , e u t r n f u s n o t g m b v n u p t j n

S t g h n .

_ j n b s s u n g f g w h n r s j b p b s

v n r y t r b c d y . ] j b i n t n c j h b c a i i y t j n

U g s n t t a S t g h n a h o a i i t j n r n i b c s

c a p t u r n o e y t j n E r b t b s j f r g k t j n

o n f n a t a t A i n x a h o r b a w n r n i n m a i i y

g e t a b h n o , a h o t j n b r r n i n a s n m r a h -

t n o e y r n p r n s n h t a t b v n s g f t j n h a -

t b g h a i m g v n r h k n h t w j b c j g w h n o

t j n k , t j a t b s h g t t j n s a k n s t a t n

g f N m y p t t j a t n x b s t s t g o a y . _ j n

F r n h c j c g u i o a i s g m b v n p g s s b e i n

c i a b k t g t j n S t g h n a s s p g b i s g f

w a r .

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h g t i b d n g t j n r a r t b f a c t s f g u h o b h

t j n n x c j a h m n . B t b s h g t a w g r d g f

a r t , g r r n i b m b g u s b c g h , a h o b t s

v a i u n a r g s n f r g k t j n p g t n h t b a i

b h f g r k a t b g h b t c g u i o y b n i o a s a

d n y b h t j n o n c b p j n r k n h t g f

j b n r g m i y p j s . _ j n r n f g r n , w j b i n b t a

p b n c n g f N m y p t b a h j n r b t a m n , b t s

b k p g r t a h c n w a s g h i y f u i f b i i n o e y

t j n w g r d g f t j n N u r g p n a h s , e g t j

F r n h c j a h o E r b t b s j , w j g t r a h s -

i a t n o b t . ] b t j g u t t j a t , b t w a s g h i y

g h n g f t j g u s a h o s g f s t g h n s w b t j

w r b t b h m g h b t .

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s n n h e y s g k n a s a p b n c n g f

w g r i o j n r b t a m n , a h o t j n r n f g r n b t

s j g u i o h t k a t t n r w j n r n b t b s o b s -

p i a y n o . A h n x a c t c g p y a i s g n x b s t s

b h t j n N m y p t b a h K u s n u k g f

C a b r g , e u t t j n p g i b t b c s g f w j g

j a s t j n g r b m b h a i b s i b d n i y t g c g h -

t b h u n f g r a v n r y i g h m t b k n .

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_ j n b k p g r t a h c n g f t j n

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p j n r b h m N m y p t b a h j b n r g m i y p j b c s

c a h h g t e n g v n r s t a t n o . B t u h -

i g c d n o t j n u h d h g w h j b s t g r y g f

s g k u c j g f t j n a h c b n h t N m y p t b a h

c u i t u r n . S g k u c j j a s s b h c n e n n h

i n a r h n o a e g u t t j n b r j b s t g r y , w a y s

g f i b f n , e n i b n f s , a h o t n c j h g i g m b c a i

a o v a h c n s . B t j a s a i s g a b o n o b h

s g i v b h m t j n k y s t n r b n s g f t j n p y r -

a k b o s a h o g t j n r a h c b n h t n v n h t s .

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p j a r a g j s t g k e s , a r n s t b i i e n b h m

o b s c g v n r n o . B r g h b c a i i y , w j b i n t j n

S t g h n w a s g r b m b h a i i y k a o n t g

e g i s t n r a w n a d d b h m , b t s n x b s t n h c n

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a h o B t a i b a h .

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w g r d a i s g i a b o t j n e a -

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1 >

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Fn r o b h a h o o n S a u s s u r n w a s e g r h g h

H g v n k e n r 5 6 , 1 : > = , b h M n h n v a , S w b t z n r -

i a h o , b h t g a f a k b i y g f w n i i - d h g w h s c b n h t -

b s t s .

R g u h m F n r o b h a h o w a s a e r b m j t a h o

n a m n r s t u o n h t , a h o j n s j g w n o p r g k b s n

n a r i y g h b h t j n a r n a g f i a h m u a m n s . J n

i n a r h n o I a t b h , S a h s d r b t , M r n n d , N h m i b s j ,

M n r k a h , a h o F r n h c j . J b s k n h t g r a t t j a t

a m n w a s t j n n k b h n h t i b h m u b s t A o g i p j n \ b c t -

n t w j g n h c g u r a m n o t j n y g u h m k a h t g p u r -

s u n j b s m r g w b h m p a s s b g h f g r i a h m u a m n s .

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t n k p t n o t g f g i i g w b h t j n b r f g g t s t n p s a h o

e n m a h a t t n h o b h m t j n p r n s t b m b -

g u s ^ h b v n r s b t y g f M n h n v a b h

1 : = > , s t u o y b h m c j n k b s t r y

a h o p j y s b c s . J n w a s g h i y

t j n r n a y n a r , j g w n v n r , e n f g r n

j n c g h v b h c n o j b s p a r n h t s t g

a i i g w j b k t g m g t g I n b p z b m b h

1 : = 6 t g s t u o y i b h m u b s t b c s .

J n s t u o b n o S a h s d r b t a h o c g k p a r a t b v n

i b h m u b s t b c s b h M n h n v a , \ a r b s , a h o I n b p z b m ,

a s w n i i a s a v a r b n t y g f c g u r s n s a t t j n ^ h b -

v n r s b t y g f M n h n v a , a h o c g k k n h c n o m r a o u -

a t n w g r d a t t j n ^ h b v n r s b t y g f I n b p z b m b h

1 : = 6 .

] j b i n b h I n b p z b m , j n e n c a k n p a r t g f a

c b r c i n g f y g u h m s c j g i a r s d h g w h a s t j n

H n g m r a k k a r b a h s . D a r i E r u m k a h h , a

p r g k b h n h t k n k e n r g f t j n m r g u p , w a s g h n

g f j b s k n h t g r . J n

w a s a i s g c i g s n t g

D a r i V n r h n r a h o

g t j n r s b h t j n m r g u p .

_ w g y n a r s i a t n r ,

b h 1 : = : , S a u s s u r n ,

h g w 5 1 , p u e i b s j n o

j b s f b r s t f u i i - i n h m t j

e g g d , K k g b r n s u r

i n s y s t k n p r b k b t b f

o n s v g y n i i n s o a h s i n s

i a h m u n s b h o g -

n u r g p n h n s ( O b s -

s n r t a t b g h g h t j n

\ r b k b t b v n V g w n i S y s -

t n k b h B h o g -

N u r g p n a h I a h -

m u a m n s ) . B t w a s c g h s b o n r n o e y k g s t a s a

e r b i i b a h t w g r d , a h o t j n e g g d i a u h c j n o o n

S a u s s u r n s r n p u t a t b g h a s a h n w n x p n r t e n -

c a u s n g f b t s c g h t r b e u t b g h s t g t j n f b n i o g f

c g k p a r a t b v n i b h m u b s t b c s . _ j b s w g r d a i s g r n -

v n a i n o a h b k p g r t a h t o b s c g v n r y b h t j n a r n a

g f B h o g - N u r g p n a h i a h m u a m n s t j a t e n c a k n

t g e n d h g w h a s o n S a u s s u r n s i a r y h m n a i

t j n g r y . J g w n v n r , t j n t j n g r y w g u i o h g t e n -

c g k n w b o n i y a c c n p t n o u h t b i t j n k b o - 5 < t j

c n h t u r y . O n S a u s s u r n a i s g p u e i b s j n o U n -

k a r q u n s o n m r a k k a b r n n t o n p j g h n t b q u n

( C g k k n h t s g h M r a k k a r a h o \ j g h n t b c s )

b h 1 : = : .

B h 1 : : < , j n c g k p i n t n o j b s o g c t g r a i

o b s s n r t a t b g h a h o m r a o u a t n o s u k k a c u k

i a u o n f r g k t j n ^ h b v n r s b t y g f I n b p z b m .

S j g r t i y a f t n r w a r o s j n k g v n o t g \ a r b s a h o

e n m a h i n c t u r b h m g h a h c b n h t a h o k g o n r h

i a h m u a m n s .

J b s f b r s t p r g f n s s b g h a i w g r d b h t j n f b n i o

g f i b h m u b s t b c s w a s a s a t n a c j n r a t t j n c g i n

\ r a t b q u n O n s J a u t n s t u o n s b h \ a r b s .

_ j n r n , j n t a u m j t h u k n r g u s i a h m u a m n s , b h -

c i u o b h m I b t j u a h b a h a h o \ n r s b a h , w j b c j j n

j a o a o o n o t g j b s r a h m n g f i a h m u a m n s . J n

a i s g e n c a k n a h a c t b v n k n k e n r g f t j n I b h -

m u b s t b c S g c b n t y g f \ a r b s , b h w j b c j j n s n r v n o

a s b t s s n c r n t a r y b h 1 : : 5 . J n r n k a b h n o a t

t j n c g i n \ r a c t b q u n f g r 1 < y n a r s e n f g r n

i n a v b h m b h 1 : 2 1 t g a c c n p t a h n w p g s b t b g h

a s p r g f n s s g r g f B h o g - N u r g p n a h i a h m u a m n s

a h o c g k p a r a t b v n m r a k k a r a t t j n ^ h b -

v n r s b t y g f M n h n v a .

A i b h m u b s t b c s y s t n k b s

a s n r b n s g f o b f f n r n h c n s

g f s g u h o s c g k e b h n o

w b t j a s n r b n s g f

o b f f n r n h c n s g f b o n a s .

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w n i i a s t n a c j b h m j b s t g r b c a i i b h -

m u b s t b c s a t t j n ^ h b v n r s b t y g f

M n h n v a f g r t j n r n k a b h o n r g f j b s

i b f n . B t w a s h t u h t b i 1 2 < 6 t j a t

S a u s s u r n e n m a h t g t n a c j j b s

c g u r s n g f M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s .

B t w a s t j b s c i a s s w j b c j w g u i o

e n c g k n t j n e a s b s f g r j b s p n r -

j a p s k g s t b h f i u n h t b a i w g r d A

C g u r s n b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s .

_ j b s w a s p u e i b s j n o b h 1 2 1 6 ,

t j r n n y n a r s a f t n r j b s o n a t j , a h o

w a s n o b t n o n h t b r n i y e y t w g g f j b s

s t u o n h t s , C j a r i n s E a i i y a h o A i -

e n r t S n c j n j a y n . _ j n e g g d t r a h s -

f g r k n o t j n c g k p a r a t b v n a h o

j b s t g r b c a i p j b i g i g m y 1 2 t j - c n h t u r y

b h t g t j n 5 < t j - c n h t u r y c g h t n k -

p g r a r y i b h m u b s t b c s .

] j b i n i b v b h m a h o t n a c j b h m b h

M n h n v a , o n S a u s s u r n k a r r b n o

a h o j a o t w g s g h s . S a u s s u r n

c g h t b h u n o t g i n c t u r n a t t j n u h b -

v n r s b t y f g r t j n r n k a b h o n r g f j b s

i b f n u h t b i j b s o n a t j f r g k c a h c n r

g h F n e r u a r y 5 5 , 1 2 1 3 .

_ j n r n j a s e n n h b h o b c a t b g h ,

t j r g u m j j b s t g r b c a i r n c g r o s , t j a t

o n S a u s s u r n j a o a m r n a t f n a r g f

p u e i b s j b h m a h y g f j b s w g r d s u h -

t b i t j n y w n r n p r g v n h t g e n a e s g -

i u t n i y a c c u r a t n . _ j n r n f g r n , k a h y

g f j b s w g r d s w n r n h n v n r r n i n a s n o

o u r b h m j b s i b f n t b k n , a h o k a h y g f

j b s t j n g r b n s j a v n s b h c n e n n h n x -

p i a b h n o b h e g g d s e y g t j n r a u -

t j g r s .

A i s g , a c c g r o b h m t g U g e n r t

M g o n i , b h a h n s s a y b h C a j b n r s

F n r o b h a h o o n S a u s s u r n , o n

S a u s s u r n w a s t n r r b f b n o w j n h b h

1 2 < 6 t j n ^ h b v n r s b t y g f M n h n v a

a s d n o j b k t g t n a c j a c g u r s n g h

i b h m u b s t b c s , e n c a u s n j n e n i b n v n o

j b k s n i f h g t q u a i b f b n o f g r t j n ` g e .

M g o n i w r g t n t j a t o n S a u s s u r n

o b o h g t f n n i u p t g t j n t a s d , a h o

j a o h g o n s b r n t g w r n s t i n w b t j t j n

p r g e i n k s g h c n k g r n . J g w n v n r ,

j n u h o n r t g g d w j a t j n e n i b n v n o

t g e n j b s o u t y .

_ j n n o b t g r s g f j b s p g s t j u k -

g u s w g r d , A C g u r s n b h M n h n r a i

I b h m u b s t b c s , E a i i y a h o

S n c j n j a y n j a v n e n n h c r b t b c b z n o

f g r h g t c i n a r i y s j g w b h m j g w t j n b r

p r g f n s s g r s b o n a s n v g i v n o a s w n i i

] j g ] n r n _ j n H n g m r a k k a r b a h s

_ j n H n g m r a k k a r b a h s ( a i s g d h g w h a s

R g u h m M r a k k a r b a h s , M n r k a h

@ u h m m r a k k a t b d n r ) w n r n a M n r k a h m r g u p

g f i b h m u b s t s , g r b m b h a i i y a t t j n ^ h b v n r s b t y g f

I n b p z b m , b h t j n i a t n 1 2 t j c n h t u r y . _ j n

m r g u p f i g u r b s j n o e n t w n n h 1 : = > 1 : 2 3 , a h o

b t s p r b k a r y k n k e n r s w n r n D a r i

E r u m k a h h , A u m u s t I n s d b n h , J n r k a h h

G s t j g f f , a h o E n r t j g i o O n i e r u c d . K g s t

k g o n r h i b h m u b s t s s j a r n t j n

H n g m r a k k a r b a h s g e ` n c t b v n a p p r g a c j t g

i a h m u a m n o a t a a h o t j n b r b h s b s t n h c n g h b t s

s y s t n k a t b c h a t u r n .

_ j n y p r g p g s n o t j n H n g m r a k k a r b a h

j y p g t j n s b s g f t j n r n m u i a r b t y g f s g u h o

c j a h m n , b h w j b c j a o b a c j r g h b c s g u h o c j a h m n a f f n c t s s b k u i t a h n g u s i y a i i

w g r o s b h w j b c j b t s n h v b r g h k n h t b s k n t , w b t j g u t n x c n p t b g h . _ j a t b s , b f

w b t j b h a i a h m u a m n , t j n w a y a i n t t n r g r c g k e b h a t b g h g f i n t t n r s b s

p r g h g u h c n o b s a i t n r r n o , a i i w g r o s u s b h m t j a t c g k e b h a t b g h b k k n o b a t n i y

j a v n t j n b r p r g h u h c b a t b g h s c j a h m n w b t j b h t j n s a k n a r n a t j n c j a h m n j a s

e n n h b k p i n k n h t n o .

_ j n H n g m r a k k a r b a h j y p g t j n s b s w a s t j n f b r s t j y p g t j n s b s g f s g u h o

c j a h m n t g a t t n k p t t g f g i i g w t j n p r b h c b p i n g f f a i s b f b a e b i b t y a c c g r o b h m t g

s c b n h t b f b c k n t j g o ( a h y n x c n p t b g h t j a t c a h e n r n i b a e i y r n p r g o u c n o s j g u i o

b h v a i b o a t n t j n s b k p i n s t t j n g r y ) . J g w n v n r , t g o a y t j b s j y p g t j n s b s b s

c g h s b o n r n o k g r n g f a m u b o b h m p r b h c b p i n t j a h a h n x c n p t b g h i n s s f a c t ,

e n c a u s n h u k n r g u s n x a k p i n s g f i n x b c a i o b f f u s b g h ( w j n r n a s g u h o c j a h m n

a f f n c t s g h i y a f n w w g r o s a t f b r s t a h o t j n h m r a o u a i i y s p r n a o s t g g t j n r

w g r o s ) j a v n e n n h s j g w h .

G t j n r c g h t r b e u t b g h s g f t j n H n g m r a k k a r b a h s t g m n h n r a i i b h m u b s t b c s w n r n

( f r g k U g u t i n o m n o b c t b g h a r y g f i a h m u a m n a h o i b h m u b s t b c s ) 0

_ j n g e ` n c t g f i b h m u b s t b c b h v n s t b m a t b g h b s h g t t j n i a h m u a m n s y s t n k ,

e u t r a t j n r t j n b o b g i n c t , t j a t b s , i a h m u a m n a s b t b s i g c a i b z n o b h t j n

b h o b v b o u a i , a h o t j n r n f g r n b s o b r n c t i y g e s n r v a e i n .

A u t g h g k y g f t j n s g u h o i n v n i 0 e n b h m t j n k g s t g e s n r v a e i n a s p n c t

g f i a h m u a m n , t j n s g u h o i n v n i b s s n n h a s t j n k g s t b k p g r t a h t i n v n i

g f o n s c r b p t b g h , a h o a e s g i u t n a u t g h g k y g f t j n s g u h o i n v n i f r g k

s y h t a x a h o s n k a h t b c s b s a s s u k n o .

J b s t g r b c b s k 0 t j n c j b n f m g a i g f i b h m u b s t b c b h v n s t b m a t b g h b s t j n

o n s c r b p t b g h g f t j n j b s t g r b c a i c j a h m n g f a i a h m u a m n .

A h a i g m y 0 b f t j n p r n k b s n g f t j n b h v b g i a e b i b t y g f s g u h o i a w s f a b i s ,

a h a i g m y c a h e n a p p i b n o a s a h n x p i a h a t b g h b f p i a u s b e i n . _ j u s ,

n x c n p t b g h s a r n u h o n r s t g g o t g e n a ( r n m u i a r ) a o a p t a t b g h t g a

r n i a t n o f g r k .


17/50



1 =

a s f g r h g t k a d b h m c i n a r t j a t o n

S a u s s u r n r a r n i y e n i b n v n o j b s b h -

h g v a t b v n c g h c n p t s t g e n w j g i i y

f g r k n o .

S c j g i a r s j a v n a i s g c b t n o

n v b o n h c n t j a t o n S a u s s u r n w a s

s t r g h m i y b h f i u n h c n o e y j b s a c a -

o n k b c p n n r s , ] b i i b a k O w b m j t

] j b t h n y a h o K b c j n i E r a i , s u m -

m n s t b h m t j a t o n S a u s s u r n s t j n g r -

b n s w n r n h g t a s g r b m b h a i a s t j n y

w n r n g h c n e n i b n v n o t g e n .

E n f g r n j n o b n o , o n S a u s s u r n

j a o t g i o s g k n f r b n h o s t j a t j n

w a s w r b t b h m u p j b s i n c t u r n s j b k -

s n i f , e u t h g n v b o n h c n g f t j b s w a s

f g u h o . B h 1 2 2 6 , n b m j t y y n a r s

i a t n r , a k a h u s c r b p t b h S a u s -

s u r n s j a h o w r b t b h m w a s f g u h o b h

j b s f a k b i y j g k n b h M n h n v a . _ j b s

p r g v n o t g e n t j n k b s s b h m g r b m b h a i

g f t j n w g r d , a h o b h 5 < < 5 , c r b t s

O n I b h m u b s t b q u n M h r a i n ( ] r b t -

b h m s b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s , p r n -

p a r n o e y S b k g h E g u q u n t a h o

U u o g i f N h m i n r ) w a s p u e i b s j n o .

_ j b s h n w t n x t u a i s g u r c n a h -

s w n r s s n v n r a i q u n s t b g h s a e g u t

w j a t o n S a u s s u r n e n i b n v n o . B t

a i s g e r b h m s t g i b m j t h n w n i n k n h t s

w j b c j r n q u b r n a r n v b s b g h g f t j n

i n m a c y g f S a u s s u r n , a h o c a i i b h t g

q u n s t b g h t j n r n c g h s t r u c t b g h g f

j b s t j g u m j t e y j b s s t u o n h t s b h

t j n C g u r s n b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t -

b c s .

_ j n g r b n s

O n S a u s s u r n e r g u m j t a e g u t

k a h y c j a h m n s b h i b h m u b s t b c s t u o -

b n s . J n n k p j a s b z n o a s y h c j r g h b c

v b n w g f i b h m u b s t b c s b h c g h t r a s t t g

t j n n a r i b n r o b a c j r g h b c v b n w . _ j n

s y h c j r g h b c v b n w i g g d s a t t j n

s t r u c t u r n g f i a h m u a m n a s a f u h c -

t b g h b h m s y s t n k b h w j g i n a t a h y

m b v n h p g b h t g f t b k n . _ j n o b a -

c j r g h b c v b n w i g g d s a t t j n w a y a

i a h m u a m n o n v n i g p s a h o c j a h m n s

g v n r t b k n . _ j b s o b s t b h c t b g h w a s

c g h s b o n r n o a e r n a d t j r g u m j a h o

e n c a k n m n h n r a i i y a c c n p t n o .

J b s w g r d w a s w b o n r a h m b h m ,

a h o t j n t j r n n k g s t p r n o g k b h a h t

c g h t r b e u t b g h s a r n t j g s n o n a i b h m

w b t j B h o g - N u r g p n a h p j b i g i g m y

( I a r y h m a i _ j n g r y ) , t j n r n i a t b g h s

e n t w n n h w g r o s a h o r u i n s ( S t r u c -

t u r a i b s k ) , a h o t j n c g k e b h a t b g h s

g f s b m h s b h a i a h m u a m n ( S n k b -

g i g m y ) .

I a r y h m n a i _ j n g r y

B h S a u s s u r n s f b r s t k a ` g r

p u e i b c a t b g h , w j b c j o n a i t w b t j

B h o g - N u r g p n a h p j b i g i g m y , j n

p r g p g s n o t j n n x b s t n h c n g f

m j g s t s b h \ r g t g - B h o g - N u r g p n a h

( \ B N ) c a i i n o p r b k a t n c g n f f b -

c b n h t s . _ j n S c a h o b h a v b a h s c j g i -

a r J n r k a h h K i i n r s u m m n s t n o

t j a t t j n s n k b m j t e n i a r y h m n a i

c g h s g h a h t s , i n a o b h m t g w j a t b s

h g w d h g w h a s t j n i a r y h m n a i t j n -

g r y , a h o t j n s g u h o s e n c a k n

d h g w h a s i a r y h m n a i s .

_ j n s n c g h s g h a h t s j a v n

k g s t i y o b s a p p n a r n o g r j a v n e n -

c g k n b o n h t b c a i w b t j g t j n r

s g u h o s b h t j n r n c g r o n o B h o g -

N u r g p n a h i a h m u a m n s , s g t j n b r

f g r k n r n x b s t n h c n j a s j a o t g e n

o n o u c n o p r b k a r b i y f r g k t j n b r n f -

f n c t s g h h n b m j e g u r b h m s g u h o s .

_ j n r n w n r n t j r n n s u c j i a r y h -

m n a i s 0 j 1 , t j n h n u t r a i i a r y h -

m n a i 4 j 5 , t j n a - c g i g u r b h m

i a r y h m n a i 4 a h o j 3 , t j n g - c g i g u r -

b h m i a r y h m n a i .

_ j n t j n g r y o b o h g t e n m b h t g

a c j b n v n a h y m n h n r a i a c c n p t a h c n

u h t b i J b t t b t n w a s o b s c g v n r n o a h o

o n c b p j n r n o b h t j n k b o - 5 < t j c n h -

t u r y . A t t j a t p g b h t , b t e n c a k n a p -

p a r n h t t j a t J b t t b t n j a o

p j g h n k n s ( t b h y s g u h o u h b t s t j a t

j n i p o b s t b h m u b s j e n t w n n h u t t n r -

a h c n s ) , f g r w j b c j t j n i a r y h m n a i

t j n g r y w a s t j n e n s t n x p i a h a t b g h .

H g w a o a y s , t j n n x b s t n h c n g f

t j n s n s g u h o s b s w b o n i y a c c n p t n o

e y p j b i g i g m b s t s , k a b h i y e n c a u s n

p r g p g s b h m t j n b r n x b s t n h c n j n i p s

n x p i a b h s g k n s g u h o c j a h m n s

t j a t a p p n a r b h t j n i a h m u a m n o n s -

c n h o n h t s g f \ B N .

B t b s k g s t i b d n i y t j a t o n

S a u s s u r n s a t t n k p t s t g n x p i a b h

j g w j n w a s a e i n t g k a d n s y s -

t n k a t b c a h o p r n o b c t b v n j y p g -

t j n s n s f r g k d h g w h i b h m u b s t b c

o a t a t g u h d h g w h i b h m u b s t b c o a t a

s t b k u i a t n o j b s o n v n i g p k n h t g f

s t r u c t u r a i b s k .

S t r u c t u r a i b s k

O n S a u s s u r n c r n a t n o t w g

t n r k s t g o n f b h n a w a y t g i g g d a t

i a h m u a m n . _ j n f b r s t , p a r g i n ,

w j b c j b s F r n h c j f g r s p n n c j ,

r n f n r s t g t j n s g u h o s t j a t a p n r -

s g h k a d n s w j n h s p n a d b h m , g r a

m r a p j b c r n p r n s n h t a t b g h g f t j a t

s g u h o . _ j n s a k n p a r g i n s k b m j t

n x b s t b h k u i t b p i n i a h m u a m n s , e u t

j a v n v n r y o b f f n r n h t k n a h b h m s .

_ j n s n c g h o t n r k , i a h m u n ,

w j b c j b s F r n h c j f g r i a h m u a m n ,

r n f n r s t g t j n s y s t n k g f c g h v n h -

t b g h s a h o r u i n s t j a t a r n a p p i b n o

t g p a r g i n s , t g k a d n t j n k u h o n r -

S y h c j r g h b c v s . O b a c j r g h b c I b h m u b s t b c s

_ w g w a y s g f s t u o y b h m i a h m u a m n s a r n s y h c j r g h b c a h o

o b a c j r g h b c i b h m u b s t b c s . S y h c j r g h b c b s t j n s t u o y g f a i a h m u a m n

a t a c n r t a b h p g b h t . B t i g g d s a t t j n w a y t j n i a h m u a m n w g r d s a t

a p a r t b c u i a r p g b h t , i b d n S j a d n s p n a r n a h N h m i b s j . _ j n N h m i b s j

g f t j a t t b k n b s o b f f n r n h t f r g k K g o n r h N h m i b s j . O b a c j r g h b c b s

t j n s t u o y g f t j n c j a h m b h m s t a t n g f i a h m u a m n g v n r t b k n . _ j a t

w g u i o c g k p a r n t j n o b f f n r n h c n s e n t w n n h S j a d n s p n a r n a h

N h m i b s j a h o K g o n r h N h m i b s j , s n n b h m j g w t j n f b r s t e n c a k n

t j n s n c g h o . B h a s n h s n , b t ' s i g g d b h m a t i a h m u a m n s a s a h

n v g i v b h m e n b h m r a t j n r t j a h a f b x n o n h t b t y .


18/50


1 : \ a r r g t _ b k n | B s s u n # 1 | @ a h u a r y / F n e r u a r y 5 < 1 3

s t a h o a e i n e n t w n n h p n g p i n . A s a h

n x a k p i n , t j n s g u h o w n k a d n b h

N h m i b s j f g r s n n ( T s b 0 [ ) , j a s k u i -

t b p i n k n a h b h m s b h N h m i b s j 0 b t b s a

v n r e k n a h b h m t g v b s u a i b z n w b t j

a h n y n , a i a r m n e g o y g f w a t n r ,

a h o a i n t t n r g f t j n a i p j a e n t . ] n

u h o n r s t a h o b t s k n a h b h m e y b t s

c g h t n x t , w j b c j b s p a r t g f t j n

r u i n s s n t u p b h t j n i a h m u n .

K g r n g v n r , t j n s a k n p a r g i n

k n a h s y n s g r b f b h B t a i b a h ,

a h o b s u h o n r s t g g o e y t j n i a h m u n

g f t j a t i a h m u a m n .

E g t j g f t j n s n b o n a s a r n b h -

t n m r a i t g t j n k g o n r h t j n g r y g f

s t r u c t u r a i b s k . O n S a u s s u r n p u t

f g r t j t j a t a w g r o s k n a h b h m b s

e a s n o i n s s g h t j n g e ` n c t b t b s r n -

f n r r b h m t g a h o k g r n g h b t s s t r u c -

t u r n . _ j a t b s , w j n h a p n r s g h

s n i n c t s a w g r o , j n o g n s s g b h t j n

c g h t n x t g f j a v b h m j a o t j n

c j a h c n t g c j g g s n g t j n r w g r o s .

_ j b s b o n a a o o s a h g t j n r o b k n h -

s b g h t g t j n c j g s n h w g r o s k n a h -

b h m , s b h c n j u k a h s h g r k a i i y

b h s t b h c t b v n i y e a s n a w g r o s

k n a h b h m u p g h b t s o b f f n r n h c n f r g k

t j n g t j n r w g r o s w j b c j w n r n h g t

c j g s n h . S g t j n w g r o s w n u s n a r n

o n c b o n o u p g h e y g u r r n f b h b h m g u r

k n a h b h m s b h a i g m b c a i , s t r u c t u r n o

f a s j b g h .

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t j b s s u e ` n c t i a b o o g w h t j n

f g u h o a t b g h s f g r t j n s t r u c -

t u r a i b s t s c j g g i s b h e g t j s g -

c b a i t j n g r y a h o i b h m u b s t b c s .

J b s b k p a c t g h t j n o n v n i g p -

k n h t g f i b h m u b s t b c t j n g r y b h

t j n f b r s t j a i f g f t j n 5 < t j

c n h t u r y b s j u m n . _ w g c u r -

r n h t s g f t j g u m j t c a k n

a e g u t b h o n p n h o n h t i y g f

n a c j g t j n r .

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b k p g r t a h t w g r d w a s e n b h m

u h o n r t a d n h b h t j n \ r a m u n

S c j g g i . H b d g i a y _ r u e n t z d g y

a h o U g k a h @ a d g e s g h

j n a o n o t j n n f f g r t s g f t j n

\ r a m u n S c j g g i b h s n t t b h m t j n

c g u r s n g f p j g h g i g m b c a i t j n -

g r y f g r t j n o n c a o n s f g i i g w -

b h m 1 2 ? < . @ a d g e s g h s

u h b v n r s a i b z b h m s t r u c t u r a i -

f u h c t b g h a i t j n g r y g f p r b k -

a t g i g m y , w j b c j o n a i t w b t j

j g w p r b k a t n s o n v n i g p n o i a h -

m u a m n s , w a s t j n f b r s t s u c c n s s f u i

s g i u t b g h g f a p i a h n g f i b h m u b s t b c

a h a i y s b s , u s b h m t j n o n S a u s -

s u r n s j y p g t j n s b s . B h t j n C g p n h -

j a m n h S c j g g i , I g u b s J ` n i k s i n v

p r g p g s n o h n w b h t n r p r n t a t b g h s g f

i b h m u b s t b c s f r g k t j n s t r u c t u r a i b s t

t j n g r n t b c a i f r a k n w g r d .

B h A k n r b c a , o n S a u s s u r n s

b o n a s j n i p n o m u b o n I n g h a r o

E i g g k f b n i o a h o t j n p g s t - E i g g k -

f b n i o b a h S t r u c t u r a i b s k p r a c t b c n s .

_ j n s n b h f i u n h c n o s u c j r n s n a r c j -

n r s a s E n r h a r o E i g c j , C j a r i n s

J g c d n t t , N u m n h n H b o a , M n g r m n I .

_ r a m n r , U u i g h S . ] n i i s B B B , a h o

t j r g u m j P n i i b m J a r r b s , t j n y g u h m

H g a k C j g k s d y . _ j b s f u r t j n r b h -

f i u n h c n o C j g k s d y s t j n g r y g f

_ r a h s f g r k a t b g h a i m r a k k a r , a s

w n i i a s g t j n r c g h t n k p g r a r y o n -

v n i g p k n h t s g f s t r u c t u r a i b s k ,

s u c j a s D n h h n t j \ b d n s t j n g r y g f

t a m k n k b c s , S b o h n y I a k e s t j n -

g r y g f s t r a t b f b c a t b g h a i m r a k k a r ,

a h o K b c j a n i S b i v n r s t n b h s w g r d .

G u t s b o n t j n f b n i o g f i b h m u b s t -

b c s , t j n p r b h c b p i n s a h o k n t j g o s

n k p i g y n o e y s t r u c t u r a i b s k w n r n

a o g p t n o e y s c j g i a r s s u c j a s U g -

i a h o E a r t j n s , @ a c q u n s I a c a h ,

a h o C i a u o n I v b - S t r a u s s , a h o

w n r n b k p i n k n h t n o b h t j n b r v a r b -

g u s a r n a s g f s t u o y . J g w n v n r ,

t j n b r e r g a o b h t n r p r n t a t b g h s g f o n

S a u s s u r n s t j n g r b n s , w j b c j

a i r n a o y c g h t a b h n o a k e b m u b t b n s ,

a h o t j n b r a p p i b c a t b g h g f t j g s n

t j n g r b n s t g h g h - i b h m u b s t b c f b n i o s

s u c j a s s g c b g i g m y a h o a h t j r g p g -

i g m y , i n o t g s g k n t j n g r n t b c a i o b f -

f b c u i t b n s a h o p r g c i a k a t b g h s g f

t j n n h o g f s t r u c t u r a i b s k b h t j g s n

s t u o b n s .

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] j b i n o n S a u s s u r n s n n k s t g

j a v n v n n r n o g f f t j n p a t j n s t a e -

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r n i a t b v n s , j n w a s a h o s t b i i b s

w b o n i y r n m a r o n o a s a s c b n h t b s t .

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e r a h c j g f s c b n h c n j n c a i i n o s n -

k b g i g m y ( t j n t j n g r y a h o s t u o y g f

s b m h s a h o s y k e g i s ) a h o t j r g u m j

j b s t n a c j b h m s , j n n h c g u r a m n o

g t j n r i b h m u b s t s t g v b n w i a h m u a m n

h g t a s a h g r m a h b s k o n v n i g p b h m

g f b t s g w h a c c g r o , e u t a s a

p r g o u c t g f t j n c g i i n c t b v n k b h o g f

a i b h m u b s t b c c g k k u h b t y .

O n S a u s s u r n s C g u r s n b h

M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s i a b o g u t a

h g t b g h t j a t i a h m u a m n k a y e n

a h a i y z n o a s a f g r k a i s y s t n k g f

o b f f n r n h t n i n k n h t s , w j b c j j n r n -

f n r r n o t g a s s b m h s . ] b t j b h a

i a h m u a m n s , t j n s n s b m h s n v g i v n

c g h s t a h t i y . A s b m h c g k p r b s n s g f

K g o n r h o a y ^ h b v n r s b t y g f M n h n v a


19/50



1 2

t w g p a r t s 0 t j n s b m h b f b n r ( w j a t b t

s g u h o s g r i g g d s i b d n b h v g c a i g r

m r a p j b c f g r k ) a h o t j n s b m h b f b n o

( t j n g e ` n c t t j n s b m h b f b n r r n p r n s -

n h t s ) .

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t j a t c a h e n j n i o b h t j n j a h o a h o

j g i o s a i b q u b o f g r o r b h d b h m w g u i o

e n t j n s b m h b f b n o g f t j n s g u h o

c u p , w j b c j w g u i o e n t j n s b m h b -

f b n r . _ j n r n i a t b g h s j b p e n t w n n h

t j n t w g p a r t s g f t j n s b m h , o n

S a u s s u r n p g s t u i a t n o , b s j a z y

a h o t j n p a r t s k a y e n b k p g s s b e i n

t g s n p a r a t n e n c a u s n g f t j n b r a r -

e b t r a r y r n i a t b g h s j b p . _ j n r n b s h g

p a r t b c u i a r r n a s g h t j a t t j n s g u h o

c u p b s a p p i b n o t g t j a t p a r t b c u -

i a r g e ` n c t , a s c a h e n n a s b i y

s j g w h e y i g g d b h m a t b t s h a k n b h

g t j n r i a h m u a m n s ( t a s s n , c u p h ,

f b i x j a h , d g p , e g i i b , c a h m d b r ) .

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e b t r a r y h a t u r n g f t j n r n i a t b g h -

s j b p , s b m h b f b n r s c a h s j b f t w b t j b h a

i a h m u a m n g v n r t b k n . _ j n k n a h b h m

j a p p n h s g h i y w j n h p n g p i n a m r n n

t j a t a c n r t a b h s g u h o c g k e b h a -

t b g h b h o b c a t n s a h g e ` n c t g r b o n a .

_ j n h t j b s a m r n n k n h t c r n a t n s a

s b m h f g r t j n g e ` n c t g r b o n a .

] b t j g u t t j a t , h g t j b h m j a s k n a h -

b h m .

] n d h g w w j a t a c u p b s

t j r g u m j b t s r n i a t b g h s j b p t g g t j n r

t j b h m s . B t j g i o s w a t n r , u h i b d n a

e g g d , w j b i n a i a d n a i s g j g i o s w a -

t n r , e u t w n c a h t j g i o t j a t b h g u r

j a h o s t g o r b h d f r g k b t . G u r

k b h o s , t j n r n f g r n , o n v n i g p c g h -

c n p t s e n c a u s n g f t j n s n r n i a t b g h -

s j b p s . ] j n h w n f g r k t j n s n

r n i a t b g h s j b p s e n c a u s n g f w j a t

g t j n r g e ` n c t s a r n h g t , w n a r n

f g r k b h m h n m a t b v n r n i a t b g h s j b p s ,

d h g w h a s e b h a r y g p p g s b t b g h s .

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n x t n h o n o t j b s t w g p a r t s t r u c t u r n

g f s b m h s t g a t j r n n p a r t g h n , b h

w j b c j t j n s b m h b f b n o b s a h b o n a g r

c g h c n p t ( i b d n t j n b o n a g f j g i o b h m

a i b q u b o b h a h g e ` n c t ) a h o t j n g e -

n c t b t s n i f b s c a i i n o t j n r n f n r n h t .

O n s p b t n j b s k a h y a h o f g r -

k b o a e i n c g h t r b e u t b g h s t g t j n

f b n i o g f i b h m u b s t b c s , o n S a u s s u r n

j a s e n n h c r b t b c b z n o f g r h a r r g w b h m

j b s s t u o b n s t g t j n s g c b a i a s p n c t s

g f i a h m u a m n , t j n r n e y g k b t t b h m t j n

a e b i b t y g f p n g p i n t g k a h b p u i a t n

a h o c r n a t n h n w k n a h b h m s .

J g w n v n r , j b s s c b n h t b f b c a p p r g a c j

t g j b s n x a k b h a t b g h g f t j n h a t u r n

g f i a h m u a m n j a s j a o b k p a c t s g h

a w b o n r a h m n g f a r n a s r n i a t n o t g

i b h m u b s t b c s , b h c i u o b h m c g h t n k -

p g r a r y i b t n r a r y t j n g r y , o n c g h -

s t r u c t b g h b s k ( a t j n g r y g f i b t n r a r y

c r b t b c b s k t j a t p r g p g s n s t j a t

w g r o s c a h g h i y r n f n r t g g t j n r

w g r o s a h o w j b c j t r b n s t g s j g w

j g w s t a t n k n h t s a e g u t a h y w g r o s

s u e v n r t t j n b r g w h k n a h b h m ) , a h o

s t r u c t u r a i b s k .

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k u s t c g h c n o n t j a t F n r o b h a h o o n

S a u s s u r n s c g h t r b e u t b g h s t g j b s

f b n i o a s w n i i a s g t j n r s w n r n f a r

r n a c j b h m a h o r n v g i u t b g h a r y , a h o

j a v n b h f i u n h c n o m n h n r a t b g h s g f

s c j g i a r s . \ _

( 1 : = : ) K k g b r n s u r i n s y s t k n p r b k b t b f o n s v g y n i i n s o a h s i n s i a h m u n s b h o g - n u r g p n h n s

( K n k g b r g h t j n \ r b k b t b v n S y s t n k g f V g w n i s b h B h o g - N u r g p n a h I a h m u a m n s )

( 1 : = : ) U n k a r q u n s o n m r a k k a b r n n t o n p j g h n t b q u n ( C g k k n h t s g h M r a k k a r a h o

\ j g h n t b c s )

( 1 2 1 6 ) C g u r s o n i b h m u b s t b q u n m h r a i n ( C g u r s n b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s ) 4 n o . C . E a i i y a h o A .

S n c j n j a y n , w b t j t j n c g i i a e g r a t b g h g f A . U b n o i b h m n r , I a u s a h h n a h o \ a r b s 0 \ a y g t 4 t r a h s . ] . E a s d b h

( 1 2 2 3 ) S a u s s u r n s _ j b r o C g u r s n g f I n c t u r n s b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s ( 1 2 1 < 1 2 1 1 )

( 5 < < 5 ) c r b t s o n i b h m u b s t b q u n m h r a i n ( ] r b t b h m s b h M n h n r a i I b h m u b s t b c s ) ( n o b t b g h p r n p a r n o e y

S b k g h E g u q u n t a h o U u o g i f N h m i n r )

] G U D S


20/50

A t t j n C b h n k a - I ' a u e n r m n N s p a m h g i n

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21/50

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v n r s b t y ( f a c u i t ) . _ j b s

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c j g b c n g r a c c b o n h t .

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t b t y , c u i t u r n , a h o i a h m u a m n .

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e n t g r h e n t w n n h t w g i a h m u a m n s ,

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m b u k j a s F i n k b s j a h o ] a i i g g h ,

e u t B s a e n i i n t n i i s j b k t j a t s h g t

t j n s a k n . S j n t n i i s j n r s j n b s

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Parrot Time - Issue 1 - January / February 2013

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