Parks Environmental Inc. Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Hardrock Project – Geraldton, Ontario A Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Metal/Metalloid Concentrations in Kenogamisis Lake Sediments (2012) Prepared for: Premier Gold Mines Limited. Suite 200-1100 Russell Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5N2 T (807) 346 – 1393, F (807) 346 - 1381 Prepared by: Parks Environmental Inc. 18 Werstine Terrace. Cambridge, Ontario, N3C 4G7 T (519) 222 - 6463 www.parksenvironmental.com Date: December 27, 2012
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Parks Environmental Inc.Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc. Hardrock Project – Geraldton, Ontario A Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Metal/Metalloid Concentrations
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Parks Environmental Inc.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd.
Hardrock Project – Geraldton, Ontario
A Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Metal/Metalloid Concentrations in Kenogamisis Lake Sediments (2012)
Prepared for:
Premier Gold Mines Limited. Suite 200-1100 Russell Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5N2 T (807) 346 – 1393, F (807) 346 - 1381
Prepared by:
Parks Environmental Inc. 18 Werstine Terrace. Cambridge, Ontario, N3C 4G7 T (519) 222 - 6463 www.parksenvironmental.com
Date:
December 27, 2012
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Har dr ock Pr o jec t – Ger a ldt on , Ont ar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpor a l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Met a l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- i -
December 27, 2012 Project Number: 11-10
Ewan Downie President and CEO
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Suite 200-1100 Russell Street Thunder Bay, Ontario
P7B 5N2 Dear Mr. Downie:
Re: Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Hardrock Project - A Geographical and Temporal Assessment of Metal/Metalloid Concentrations in Fish in Kenogamisis Lake from 1977-2011 with Comparisons to
Other Ontario Waters. On behalf of Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Hardrock Project, Parks Environmental Inc. is pleased to
provide a report which assesses the current spatial distribution of metals and metalloids in Kenogamisis Lake sediments. This report also examines sediment core profiles collected from basins in Kenogamisis Lake to gain insight into the importance of current net influxes of elements into the
lake relative to more historical loadings. This information will provide a preoperational understanding of lake sediment quality useful in assessing possible impacts from the dewatering program.
If you have any questions, or require further information on the report, please do not hesitate to contact us.
2 Study Area and Methods .............................................................................3 2.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Field Methods ............................................................................................................. 4
Figure 4-7 Sediment total organic carbon (TOC) profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins.
Note: scale differs between locations. ..................................................................................... 43
Figure 4-8 Sediment arsenic profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs
between locations. ................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4-9 Sediment copper profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs
between locations. ................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4-10 Sediment iron profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs
between locations. ................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 4-11 Sediment manganese profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale
differs between locations ......................................................................................................... 47
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- vii -
Figure 4-12 Sediment mercury profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs
between locations. ................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4-13 Sediment nickel profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs
between locations. ................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 4-14 Sediment phosphorus profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale
differs between locations. ........................................................................................................ 50
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 1 -
1 Introduction
The Premier Hardrock Project (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Mine’, ‘Project’ or the ‘Property’) is located
approximately 5.5 km south of the town of Geraldton, Ontario, at the intersection of Provincial Highway 11
and 584 (Figure 1-1). The project is located in the southeast corner of Ashmore Township in the Municipality of Greenstone within the Beardmore/Geraldton gold belt (49⁰40’42”N, 86⁰56’30”W). The
Premier Hardrock Project is the advanced exploration phase of development and is initiating dewatering
operations within the historic MacLeod Cockshutt and Mosher Mine sites (referred to hereinafter as the
MacLeod-Mosher Mine Complex) to further explore gold deposits in the area. Discharge water from
dewatering operations is designed to meet Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives prior to its
discharge into Kenogamisis Lake.
As previously mentioned, the Hardrock Project is located on the former MacLeod-Mosher Mine Complex
which operated continuously from 1938 to 1970. Thirteen million tons of ore was milled during this time
and 1.8 million ounces of gold were produced between the two facilities (Greenstone Economic
Development Corporation 2012). Processing activities at the site included a 500 tons per day (tpd)
floatation/cyanide mill that was upgraded to 2,500 tpd in 1964 and a four bed roaster constructed in 1940
that was used in the early years for processing refractory ores (Brugger 2011). Initially, tailings from the
facility were deposited along the southern shores of Kenogamisis Lake’s Barton Bay which was known as
the MacLeod Low Tailings and later tailings were impounded on the north side of Highway 11 in an area
referred to as the MacLeod High Tailings.
Historic milling and roasting operations along with direct deposition of tailings and effluent into
Kenogamisis Lake from not only the MacLeod-Mosher Complex but also other historic mine sites (Little
Long Lac Mine and the Hardrock Mine) have impacted sediments, water, benthic invertebrates and fish.
This report examines the spatial distribution of a large number of metals in surface sediments collected
from the five basins in Kenogamisis Lake as well as Mosher Lake. This information will document current
sediment conditions in the lake prior to dewatering and any future mining operations. Sediment cores
collected from each basin in Kenogamisis and Mosher Lakes were also examined to detect temporal
changes in sediment quality that might have occurred since mining ceased in the area over forty years
ago in 1970.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 2 -
Figure 1-1 General location of the Hardrock Project, Geraldton Ontario.
ONTARIO Q
Thunder Bay
Sault Ste.Marie
Timmins
Matheson
Geraldton
Sudbury
Nipigon
Wawa
tu11
1:5,000,000
FIGURE 1-1:Hardrock Project Location
Geraldton, Ontario
Project #: 11-06 DECEMBER 2012
HardrockProject
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PARKS ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 3 -
2 Study Area and Methods
2.1 Study Area
MacLeod Basin of Kenogamisis Lake (49⁰40’46.0”N, 86⁰52’45.0”W) is located approximately 7.0 km
southeast of the Town of Geraldton, Ontario, while Barton Bay on Kenogamisis Lake (49⁰42’2.0”N,
86⁰57’12.0”W) is located 3.0 km directly south of the town. Kenogamisis Lake is located within the Lake
Nipigon ecoregion of the boreal shield ecozone. Climate is classified as a Moist Mid-boreal Ecoclimate
with annual precipitation ranging from 654 mm to 879 mm and mean summer rainfall ranging from 231
mm to 298 mm (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). Mean annual temperatures range from -1.7 ⁰C to 2.1 ⁰C and the length of the growing season ranges from 161 days to 182 days (Crins et al.
2009). Mature forests are typically dominated by black spruce; however, white birch, jack pine and poplar
are well represented as secondary species (Racey et al. 1999). Growing season moisture deficits and
shallow substrates result in relatively frequent and large fires with mixed hardwood-conifer forest fire
cycles ranging between 70 years to 210 years and jack pine fire cycles ranging from 50 years to 187
years (Crins et al. 2009).
The area is underlain by the granitic bedrock of the Precambrian Shield along with substantial formations
of other volcanic or sedimentary rocks (basalt, greenstone, siltstone and shale; Crins et al. 2009).
Surficial overburden consists largely of ground moraine with considerable amounts of glaciolacustrine and
glaciofluvial deposits (Crins et al. 2009). Soils in poorly drained areas and bedrock depressions are
largely peats and gleysols while well-drained areas show brunisolic and podzolic soil development (Crins
et al. 2009).
Kenogamisis Lake has a surface area of 25.43 km2 and is a relatively shallow lake with an average depth
of 2.0 m and a maximum depth of 9.8 m (Environment Ontario 1982). The Kenogamisis River is the main
source of water (~62%) to Kenogamisis Lake which discharges into the southwest arm of the lake.
Secondary sources of water to the lake include Magnet Creek (~10%) which flows in an easterly direction
from Magnet Lake emptying into West Barton Bay and McKelvie Creek which flows north from McKelvie
Lake and discharges into the MacLeod Basin. There are a number of additional smaller tributaries
(Mineral Creek, Octopus Creek, ect.) that also provide minor inflows to the lake. Water flows from
southwest to northeast in Kenogamisis Lake and exits through the outflow basin into the continuation of
the Kenogamisis River. Outflow from the lake is regulated by a small dam used to regulate lake levels for
downstream hydro development, Kenogamisis Lake cottagers and others. Historically (prior to the
1940’s), Kenogamisis Lake and River were part of the Albany River watershed which joined the
Kenogami River just north of Long Lake and which eventually discharged into Hudson Bay (Neff and Killian 2003). During World War II, a diversion dam (49⁰55’3.24”N, 86⁰29’22.77”W) was constructed north
of the Kenogamisis and Kenogami River confluence that redirected water originally flowing into Hudson
Bay towards Lake Superior for use in hydroelectric generation in support of the war effort (Neff and Killian
2003). The Long Lake drainage basin encompassed 4377 km2 and remains diverted to supply additional
water to hydroelectric plants in Terrace Bay (Neff and Killian 2003)
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 4 -
2.2 Field Methods
2.2.1 Surficial Sediment Collection
Surface sediment samples (0 – 5 cm) were collected on May 15th 2011 from Kenogamisis and Mosher
Lakes for analysis of sediment grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) content and total metal/metalloid
concentrations. Forty-six samples were collected at various locations within Kenogamisis Lake and 9
samples were collected from Mosher Lake (Figure 2-1). Within Kenogamisis Lake, 8 samples were
collected from West Barton Bay, 10 samples were collected from Barton Bay, 10 were collected from the
MacLeod Basin, 9 were collected from the Outflow Basin and 9 were collected from the Southwest Arm to
access the spatial distribution of the parameters measured. A Lucite (Glew gravity corer, Glew, 1989)
tube fitted with rubber stoppers was used to recover samples in order to minimize disturbance to
unconsolidated sediments at the surface-water interface (Figure 2-2). Sediment samples were retained
only if the overlying waters at the top of the core sample were undisturbed upon retrieval. Thus sediment
samples were collected only where substrate conditions permitted and not on a random basis. This
sampling procedure was designed to overcome limitations observed previously on this watercourse
where more conventional Ponar or Eckman dredge techniques proved unsuccessful in some locations
because the substrate was so unconsolidated that the dredges could not adequately sample the
sediment–water interface (Ontario Ministry of the Environment 1982).
2.2.2 Sediment Core Collection
Fifteen sediment cores were collected at 6 locations in Kenogamisis Lake in May 2011 in which duplicate
cores were collected in West Barton Bay, the MacLeod Basin (MacLeod), the Southwest Arm and Barton
Bay and triplicate cores were collected in the Outflow Basin, the Bell Island and an additional Barton Bay
location (Figure 2-1). Duplicate cores were also collected at two sites in Mosher Lake (Figure 2-1). The
cores were collected from the deepest part of each basin using a Glew gravity corer (Glew, 1989) fitted
with a Lucite tube (7.6-cm inside diameter). The cores were sectioned into 1.0 cm intervals at the field
base and stored at 4oC until analysis. Single sediment cores from West Barton Bay, Barton Bay, the
MacLeod Basin, the Outflow Basin and the Southwest Arm were analyzed for TOC and total
metal/metalloid concentrations at ALS Laboratories (Thunder Bay, ON). Duplicate cores were submitted
to Flett Research for radioisotope dating.
2.3 Laboratory Methods
At the analytical laboratory, TOC was determined by the wet oxidation/CO2 trap method (Carter 1993)
and metals analysis except for mercury were conducted using inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) after vigorously digesting the sample with nitric acid and hydrogen
peroxide (Method reference: EPA 200.2/6020A). Mercury determination was completed by cold vapour
Sediment phosphorus concentrations were also completed by ICP/OES and not by colourimetry as was
used to derive sediment quality guidelines. As phosphorus determination by inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry has been found to deviate from colourimetric techniques; therefore, comparison to sediment
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 5 -
quality guidelines for this parameter should be made cautiously (Pierzynski et al. 2005; Ivanov et al.
2010)
2.4 Numerical Methods
2.4.1 Surface Sediments
Surface sediments were assessed following the data screening methods outlined in Guidelines for
Identifying, assessing, and Managing Contaminated Sediments in Ontario: An Integrated Approach
(Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008).
Initially, the parameters measured in surface sediments from Kenogamisis and Mosher Lakes were
separated into groups based on the availability of Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (PSQG).
Parameters with applicable PSQG were first compared to guidelines to identify potential parameters of
concern. Parameters that exceeded PSQG lowest effects level (LEL) were then compared to background
concentrations. If parameter was statistically higher and exceeded background levels by more than 20%
then the difference was deemed to be of ecological significance and warranted further investigation. In
cases when the parameter value was at the method detection limit, the method detection limit was used
in comparisons to be as conservative as possible.
Parameters with no PSQG-LEL were first compared to mean background concentrations. Parameters
with more than 20% of the samples exceeding background were further investigated by determining if the
parameter was statistically higher and exceeded background levels by more than 20%. Parameters that
met these criteria were also considered ecological significant and warranted further investigation. In
cases when the parameter value was at the method detection limit, the method detection limit was used
in comparisons to be as conservative as possible.
Background parameter concentrations were usually estimated by calculating the average value for
sediment core samples located at the bottom of the core which was believed to have been deposited prior
to mining activities in the area. This assumption was based on the large shifts observed in metals
associated with mining activity in the core profiles. Such estimates will be confirmed with results of
radioisotope analysis of duplicate cores which is not yet available. Average concentrations were based on
5 samples from a sediment core from each basin and separate background concentrations were
established for each basin except Barton Bay. Background values from the MacLeod Basin sediment
core were used to estimate background for Barton Bay because the deepest part of the core was not
believed to represent pristine conditions. In cases when the parameter value was at the method detection
limit, the method detection limit was used in calculations to be as conservative as possible.
Magnitude of difference between surface sediments and background were calculated as:
Magnitude of difference (%) = ((surface sediments – background)/background)*100
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 6 -
Statistical comparisons between surface sediment concentrations and background levels were completed
using the Mann Whitney U Test as the assumptions of parametric tests were not satisfied. Statistical
analyses were performed using Systat 13® with the probability of a Type I (α) error was set to 0.05.
A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the surface sediment data set from all basins to
explore spatial patterns of variation in sediment chemistry among the 55 stations sampled in 2011. The
PCA was run using the software Systat 13®. Metal and TOC concentrations were assessed for normality
using Systat 13® statistical software and all data with non-normal distributions were log10 transformed.
All core stratigraphies and ordination diagrams were completed using SigmPlot 12® graphing software
and all maps was completed using ArcGIS ® version 9.3.1.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo i d Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts
(2 012)
- 7 -
Figure 2-1 Surface sediment and sediment core sampling stations in Kenogamisis and Mosher Lakes; 2011.
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FIGURE 2-1:SEDIMENT SAMPLING
STATIONS
Project #: 11-06 DECEMBER 2012
PARKS ENVIRONMENTAL INC.1:85,000
NAD 83 Zone 16
Legend
!( Sediment Core Sites
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Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 8 -
Figure 2-2 Kenogamisis Lake sediment core sample.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 9 -
3 Surface Sediments
3.1 Results
3.1.1 Data Screening
3.1.1.1 Kenogamisis Lake
Comparison of the chemical sediment data to PSQG indicated that sediment chromium, copper, iron,
lead, manganese, mercury, zinc, TOC and phosphorus concentrations were almost always above levels
(PSQG-LEL) expected to have minimal effects on sediment dwelling organisms in West Barton Bay,
Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin (Table 3-1, Table 3-2; Table 3-3). Similar exceedances of PSQG-LEL
in most of these parameters (except for mercury and zinc) were also observed at sampling stations 45 to
49 in the Southwest Arm and at Stations 37 and 38 of the outflow basin (Table 3-4 and Table 3-5;).
Sediment concentrations of mercury and zinc had declined below PSQG-LEL at all stations within these
two basins (Table 3-4 and Table 3-5). Sediment arsenic concentrations exceeded levels which are
expected to have a detrimental effect on the majority of sediment-dwelling organisms at all the stations
sampled in West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin and at approximately 50% of the
stations that were sampled in the Outflow Basin and the Southwest Arm of Kenogamisis Lake (Table 3-1
to Table 3-5). Stations that did not exceed PSQG-SEL exceeded the PSQG-LEL at the remaining stations
in Kenogamisis Lake. Sediment copper and iron concentrations also exceeded the PSQG-SEL at some
stations but the affected areas were limited to sections of West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod
Basin adjacent to historic tailings areas (Table 3-1; Table 3-2; Table 3-3).
Comparison of the individual basin parameters that have PSQG to basin specific background
concentrations indicated that mean chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, zinc, TOC and
phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in surficial sediments collected in West Barton Bay,
Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin than in pre-industrial down-core samples except for cadmium in all
basins and TOC which was significantly higher in pre-industrial sediments collected in West Barton Bay
(Table 3-7). Very few of these parameters were higher than background in the Outflow Basin and the
Southwest Arm which suggested historic mining influence was greatest in West Barton Bay, Barton Bay
and the MacLeod Basin of Kenogamisis Lake (Table 3-7). In fact in the Outflow Basin, chromium, iron
and phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower in surface sediments compared to background. It
should be noted however, the concentration of most parameters were notably higher at Stations 37 and
38 which were located immediately downstream of the discharge from the MacLeod Basin. Comparison
of surface sediments from these two stations to Outflow Basin background concentrations indicated that
mean TOC, arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc were significantly higher (Table 3-7). Only the
mean lead concentration in Southwest Arm surface sediments was higher than average background
levels when comparing all sampling stations (Table 3-7). Similar to the Outflow Basin, a number of
parameters (chromium, iron, and nickel) were significantly lower in the Southwest Arm surface sediments
than in the sediment core. However, when comparing stations located immediately south of the historic
Hardrock Mine arsenic roaster site (Stations 45 – 49), arsenic concentrations (p = 0.05) were also
significantly higher than background levels.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 10 -
When comparing parameters of concern without PSQG to background levels, mean aluminum, antimony,
barium, cobalt, lithium sodium and vanadium concentrations were found to be significantly higher in West
Barton Bay, Barton Bay and MacLeod Basin surface sediments than average concentrations found in
down-core sediment intervals (Table 3-8). Mean silver and strontium concentrations in Barton Bay and
the mean strontium concentration in MacLeod Basin surface sediments were also significantly higher than
background (Table 3-8). No parameters without PSQG were found to be higher in the Outflow Basin and
only surface sediment sodium concentrations in the Southwest Arm were found to be significantly higher
than background (Table 3-8).
3.1.1.2 Mosher Lake
Surface sediment TOC, cadmium, copper, lead and phosphorus concentrations exceeded PSQG-LEL, in
one or more samples while arsenic concentrations exceeded PSQG-SEL in all the surficial sediments
collected from Mosher Lake (Table 3-6).
When the parameters of concern with PSQG were compared to Mosher Lake background concentrations,
mean arsenic, cadmium, iron, manganese, phosphorus and zinc concentrations were found to be
significantly higher in surface sediments (Table 3-8).
Comparison of the parameters of concern without PSQG to background levels indicated that mean
surface sediment concentrations of boron, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and titanium
were significantly higher (Table 3-8).
3.1.2 Spatial Distribution – Kenogamisis Lake
Parameter distribution maps of Kenogamisis Lake with sampling station markers scaled relative to
parameter concentrations clearly illustrated the spatial distribution of each PSQG parameter within the
lake. The surface sediment concentrations of arsenic (Figure 3-1), chromium (Figure 3-2), copper (Figure
3-3), iron (Figure 3-4), nickel (Figure 3-7) and phosphorus (Figure 3-10) were highest in Barton Bay. The
next highest concentrations of arsenic, copper, iron, nickel and phosphorus were observed in West
Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin, while chromium was highest only in the MacLeod Basin. The lowest
concentrations of these parameters were always observed in the Outflow Basin and the Southwest Arm
except for chromium levels which were also relatively low at West Barton Bay stations (Figure 3-2).
Surface sediment mercury and TOC concentrations were highest in West Barton Bay (Figure 3-6; Figure
3-9). Mercury concentrations were next highest in Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin; however, TOC
concentrations were very similar throughout the rest of Kenogamisis Lake with the exception of Station 46
in the Southwest Arm. The highest manganese concentrations were observed at stations located in the
MacLeod Basin but there were two stations in the Southwest Arm and single stations in Barton Bay and
the Outflow Basin that had similarly high levels (Figure 3-5). The highest surface sediment zinc
concentrations were observed throughout West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin, while
lower concentrations were observed at the remainder of the stations in the lake (Figure 3-8).
Principal Components Analysis of the 11 PSQG parameters from the 55 sampling stations located in
Kenogamisis and Mosher Lake was used to explore spatial patterns of variation in metal concentrations.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 11 -
PCA axis 1 captured 67.8 % of the variation in parameter concentrations among the sampling stations. All
metals (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, P and Zn) were strongly and positively correlated with the first
ordination axis (Figure 3-11). A further 15.4% of the variation among sampling stations was explained by
axis 2 of the ordination in which the concentration of TOC was strongly and positively correlated (Figure
3-11). Sampling stations that plotted to the right in the ordination diagram had higher metal
concentrations, while sampling stations to the left in the ordination diagram had lower values for these
parameters. Sampling stations that were located above axis 2 also had higher concentrations of TOC.
From the distribution of sampling stations in the ordination diagram, it is clearly illustrated that stations in
Barton Bay plotted furthest to the right and below axis two suggesting that these stations had the highest
surface sediment metal concentrations combined with lower TOC. Most West Barton Bay and MacLeod
Basin sites plot in similar space along axis 1 suggesting metal concentrations were comparable; however
West Barton Bay sites plot above axis 1 indicating that these stations had higher TOC concentrations.
Mosher Lake sites plotted in the top half of the ordination diagram due largely to its much higher TOC
levels, while Outflow Basin and Southwest Arm stations plot in the lower left quadrant associated with the
lowest concentrations of all parameters.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 12 -
Table 3-1 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at West Barton Bay; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008) lowest effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 20 cm interval of sediment cores (n=3) collected in Kenogamisis. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted.
West Barton Bay
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 13 -
Table 3-2 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at Barton Bay; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008) lowest effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 20 cm interval of sediment cores (n=3) collected in Kenogamisis Lake. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Barton Bay
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 14 -
Table 3-3 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at the MacLeod Basin; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008) lowest effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 20 cm interval of sediment cores (n=3) collected in Kenogamisis. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted.
MacLeod Basin
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 15 -
Table 3-4 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at the Outflow Basin; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008) lowest effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 20 cm interval of sediment cores (n=3) collected in Kenogamisis Lake. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Outflow Basin
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 16 -
Table 3-5 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at the Southwest Arm; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008)
lowest effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 20 cm interval of sediment cores (n=3) collected in Kenogamisis. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Southwest Arm
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 17 -
Table 3-6 Mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of sediment quality parameters at Mosher Lake; 2011. Shaded values exceed Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines ((PSQG) Ontario Ministry of the Environment 2008) lowest
effects level (LEL) or severe effects level (SEL), while bolded and italicized values exceed the interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG) or probable effect level (PEL) for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment ((CCME) 2001) Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Underlined values exceed mean background concentrations derived from the 24 cm to 32 cm intervals of a sediment core collected in Mosher Lake. Units are ug/g unless otherwise noted
Mosher Lake
PSQG
CCME
Background
Concentration
Site 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Mean SD Min Max LEL SEL ISQG PEL Mean
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 28 -
Table 3-7 Comparison of parameters of concern in surficial sediments to background concentrations derived from sediment core data. Shaded values indicated basins which exceed PSQG-LEL in at least one surface sediment sample, while bolded values indicate basins which have significantly greater mean concentrations of the parameter of concern compared to background. (WBB – West Barton Bay; BB – Barton Bay; MB – MacLeod Basin; OFB – Outflow Basin; SWA – Southwest Arm; ML – Mosher Lake).
Site WBB BB MB OFB OFB* SWA ML Parameter
Total organic carbon (%) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.10 p = 0.05 p = 0.74 p = 0.64
Metals Arsenic (As) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.64 p = 0.05 p = 0.16 p = 0.01 Cadmium (Cd) p = 1.0 p = 1.0 p = 1.0 p = 1.0 p = 1.0 p = 1.0 p = 0.05 Chromium (Cr) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.05 p<<0.01 p = 0.06
Copper (Cu) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.32 p = 0.05 p = 0.74 p = 0.69
Iron (Fe) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.05 p = 0.02 p = 0.03 Lead (Pb) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.20 p = 0.05 p = 0.03 p = 0.03 Manganese (Mn) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.07 p = 0.12 p = 0.32 p<<0.01Mercury (Hg) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.46 p = 0.05 p = 0.42 p = 0.07
Nickel (Ni) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.10 p = 0.05 p = 0.01 p = 0.79
Phosphorus (P) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.04 p = 0.44 p = 0.74 p = 0.05 Zinc (Zn) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.10 p = 0.05 p = 0.84 p<<0.01* Stations 37 and 38 only
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Table 3-8 Comparison of parameters of concern in surficial sediments to background concentrations derived from sediment core data. Shaded values indicated basins which exceed mean background concentrations in at least 20% of surface sediment samples, while bolded values indicate basins which have significantly greater mean concentrations of the parameter of concern compared to background. (WBB – West Barton Bay; BB – Barton Bay; MB – MacLeod Basin; OFB – Outflow Basin; SWA – Southwest Arm; ML – Mosher Lake).
Site WBB BB MB OFB OFB* SWA ML Parameter
Metals Aluminum (Al) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.10
Antimony (Sb) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.09 p = 0.11 p = 0.16
Barium (Ba) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.84
Beryllium (Be)
Bismuth (Bi)
Boron (B) p<<0.01Calcium (Ca) p = 0.32 p = 0.01 Cobalt (Co) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.42
Potassium (K) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01Selenium (Se) p =1.0
Silver (Ag) p<<0.01 p = 0.09 p = 0.10
Sodium (Na) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.89 p = 0.05 p = 0.03 p<<0.01Strontium (Sr) p = 0.56 p<<0.01 p = 0.05 Thallium (Tl)
Tin (Sn)
Titanium (Ti) p = 0.11 p = 0.55 p = 0.01 Uranium (U)
Vanadium (V) p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p<<0.01 p = 0.35
* Stations 37 and 38
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Figure 3-11 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination diagram of the surface sediment samples from the Kenogamisis and Mosher Lake with
respect to the 11 parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines. Samples are coded based on the basin in which they were collected.
Species Scores
Axis 1 = 0.678
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Axis 2
= 0.154
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Sample Scores
Axis 1 = 0.678
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Axi
s 2
= 0
.154
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
West Barton BayBarton BayMacLeod BasinOutflow BasinSouthwest ArmMosher Lake
LogTOC
LogAs
LogCr
LogCu
Pb
LogHg
LogFeMn
LogNi
P
LogZn
Variable Axis 1 Axis 2
Log As 0.883 0.252
Log Cr 0.851 -0.461
Log Cu 0.949 -0.066
Log Fe 0.933 -0.314
Pb 0.833 0.422
Mn 0.701 -0.339
Log Hg 0.781 0.114
Log Ni 0.969 -0.193
P 0.726 0.411
Log TOC 0.104 0.887
Log Zn 0.953 0.123
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3.2 Summary
Review of the data has identified a large number of parameters (TOC, arsenic, chromium, copper, iron,
lead manganese, mercury nickel, phosphorus and zinc) in surface sediments that both exceeded PSQG
and were statistically higher in than background levels in West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod
Basin of Kenogamisis Lake. Surface sediment concentrations of these parameters were 20% greater than
basin specific background concentrations believed to be derived from pre-industrial sediment core
samples (Table 3-9). TOC concentrations in West Barton Bay and cadmium concentrations in all three
basins were the only parameters with PSQG criteria that did not follow this trend (Table 3-9). Surface
sediment arsenic, copper, lead, and mercury concentrations were over 1000 percent higher (>10 times)
than the estimated background concentrations of these parameters in both Barton Bay and the MacLeod
Basin (Table 3-9). Surface sediment zinc concentrations were also 1000 percent greater than background
in Barton Bay (Table 3-9).
Although aluminum, antimony, barium, cobalt, lithium, potassium, silver, sodium, strontium and vanadium
have no PSQG, these parameters were all found at concentrations 100 percent greater (> 2 times) than
background in Barton Bay (Table 3-9). Similar differences in most these parameters were also observed
when comparing West Barton Bay and MacLeod Basin surface sediments to sediment core data but the
magnitude of difference was smaller for most of the parameters (Table 3-9).
Outside these three basins in Kenogamisis Lake, most parameters decline markedly to background or
below background levels except for lead concentrations in the Southwest Arm sediments (Table 3-10).
However, review of the individual sampling areas indicated that there were localized zones that
experienced similar elevated parameter concentrations as the other three basins particularly at stations
located at the inlet to the Outflow Basin (Stations 37 and 38) and at stations in the Southwest Arm
immediately south of historic arsenic roaster sites (Stations 45 to 49). At the two Outflow Basin stations
sediment arsenic, copper and iron concentrations exceed PSQG-LEL and were statistically higher than
background levels by more than 20% (Table 3-10). Surface sediment lead, mercury and zinc
concentrations were also statistically higher than background levels by greater than 20% but did not
exceed PSQG-LEL (Table 3-10). Sediments from the Southwest Arm stations located south of the arsenic
roasters experienced markedly higher arsenic concentrations which were 353 percent higher (>3 times)
than background levels (Table 3-10).
Mosher Lake sediment arsenic, cadmium and phosphorus concentrations were found to be above PSQG
and statistically higher (250%; > 3 times, 52%; 1.5 times and 180%; > 2 times, respectively) than
background levels (Table 3-10). Total organic carbon and copper also exceeded PSQG but were not
statistically different from background levels.
Arsenic concentrations in sediments exceeded the PSQG-SEL in all the locations sampled in West
Barton Bay, Barton Bay, the MacLeod Basin and Mosher Lake as well as a number of sites in the Outflow
Basin and the Southwest Arm. Sediment copper and iron concentrations also exceeded PSQG-SEL at a
number of stations in West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin. This alone suggested that
these areas were contaminated; however, sediment mercury concentrations that exceeded PSQG-LEL in
West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin were of greater concern because of the potential
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for this substance to biomagnify up food chains and create a human health risk to those that consume
biota from these areas of Kenogamisis Lake.
The analysis of surface sediment data from 2011 effectively outlines the current level and distribution of
metals and metalloids in Kenogamisis and Mosher Lake sediments prior to reactivating mining operations
in the Beardmore/Geraldton gold belt. This information can be used to effectively monitor environmental
conditions by establishing a new background level for comparison as redevelopment continues in the
area. The analysis also completes the data screening step in the framework for assessing the degree of
contamination in Kenogamisis Lake sediments.
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Table 3-9 West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and MacLeod Basin mean surface and sediment core parameter concentrations and the magnitude of difference of statistically significant parameters. All units in µg/g unless otherwise noted.
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Co nce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 34 -
Table 3-10 Outflow Basin, Southwest Arm and Mosher Lake mean surface and sediment core parameter concentrations and the magnitude of difference of statistically significant parameters. All units in µg/g unless otherwise noted.
Outflow Basin Outflow Basin* Southwest Arm Mosher Lake
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
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- 35 -
4 Sediment Cores
4.1 Results
All core results were presented for each basin individually (Figure 4-1 to Figure 4-5). Selected
parameters, individual metal/metalloids, were also grouped and the horizontal scales were adjusted to
better illustrate trends observed in all of the parameter profiles (Figure 4-7 to Figure 4-14). Therefore, it
should be noted in Figure 4-7 to Figure 4-14 that scales for metal/metalloid concentration may differ
among basins and this should be taken into account when making comparisons between basins.
4.1.1 Kenogamisis Lake
The West Barton Bay sediment core stratigraphy revealed that there was a marked increase in all the
parameters except TOC concentrations (which decreased and was atypical of many aquatic systems) that
occurred at approximately the 11.5 cm interval of the core (Figure 4-1). Similar but less pronounced
increases were observed in the MacLeod Basin sediment core at approximately the 8.5 cm interval
(Figure 4-3) and the Outflow Basin sediment core at approximately the 13.5 cm interval (Figure 4-4)
except there was no corresponding decrease in TOC concentrations. In the Southwest Arm sediment
core, there was a small increase in all parameters at approximately the 13.5 cm interval with the
exception of sediment chromium and nickel concentrations (Figure 4-5). Barton Bay sediment core
metal/metalloid concentrations fluctuate widely over the entire stratigraphy with no patterns existing
between typically related parameters (Figure 4-2). This suggested that sampling occurred directly in
historic mine tailings and/or sediment mixing or redistribution had occurred in the area the core was
collected.
On a parameter specific basis, TOC was highest in surficial sediments in all basins except West Barton
Bay (Figure 4-7). Further, iron, manganese and phosphorus concentrations remained highest at the
sediment water interface in all basins, although the degree of enrichment and rates of change with core
depth in the top 10 cm frequently varied. (Figure 4-10; Figure 4-11; Figure 4-14) Arsenic concentrations
were also highest at the sediment water interface for all basins except Barton Bay where concentrations
below 10 cm in depth were extremely high and believed the result of historical tailings entering the lake
(Figure 4-8). Mercury concentrations showed a well-defined decline in West Barton Bay after peaking at
the 10 cm depth (Figure 4-12). Over the same 10 cm depth, mercury appears to have stabilized in Barton
Bay (Figure 4-12). Mercury concentrations in the Outflow Basin and the Southwest Arm were somewhat
variable in the top 10 cm but indicated a possible declining trend at the sediment-water interface (Figure
4-12). Nickel concentrations at West Barton Bay also showed a slow declining trend over the top 10 cm
as was observed in the Outflow Basin (Figure 4-13). Concentrations of nickel over the upper 10 cm
appeared stable in the Barton Bay and the Southwest Arm sediment cores (Figure 4-13).
4.1.2 Mosher Lake
In the Mosher Lake sediment core, a noticeable increase in all PSQG parameters was observed at
approximately 23.5 cm (Figure 4-6). Notably, an increase was observed in sediment cadmium
concentration which was not observed in any of the other basins (Figure 4-6). Overall, the increase in
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parameters was less pronounced than in areas of Kenogamisis Lake (West Barton Bay) which also
received direct inputs of mine tailings. The shift also occurred at a much lower sediment interval than any
of the Kenogamisis Lake sediment cores. Similar to Kenogamisis Lake sediment cores, no decline was
observed in the more recently deposited sediments.
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Figure 4-1 West Barton Bay sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (excluding cadmium).
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
West Barton Bay Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 5000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Zinc(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chromium(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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Figure 4-2 Barton Bay sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (excluding cadmium).
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
Iron(g/g)
40000 50000 60000
40000 50000 600000
5
10
15
20
25
Barton Bay Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
Arsenic(g/g)
0 1000 2000
0 1000 20000
5
10
15
20
25
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
Zinc(g/g)
0 150 300
0 150 3000
5
10
15
20
25
Chromium(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
Copper(g/g)
50 150 250
50 150 2500
5
10
15
20
25
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
Nickel(g/g)
0 50 100
0 50 1000
5
10
15
20
25
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Figure 4-3 MacLeod Basin sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (excluding cadmium).
TOC(%)
5 15 25 35
5 15 25 35
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
MacLeod Basin Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 5000
5
10
15
20
25
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
Zinc(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
Chromium(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
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Figure 4-4 Outflow Basin sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (excluding cadmium).
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 5000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Zinc(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Chromium(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Figure 4-5 Southwest Arm sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines (excluding cadmium).
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Southwest Arm Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 5000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Zinc(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chromium(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1520
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- 42 -
Figure 4-6 Mosher Lake sediment core stratigraphy for parameters with Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines.
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Phosphorus(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mosher Lake Core C-1
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 5000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Zinc(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Chromium(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Lead(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1540
Cadmium(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 43 -
Figure 4-7 Sediment total organic carbon (TOC) profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
TOC(%)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
TOC(%)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
TOC(%)
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
TOC(%)
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
TOC(%)
5 10 15
5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 44 -
Figure 4-8 Sediment arsenic profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Arsenic(g/g)
0 250 500
0 250 500
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Arsenic(g/g)
0 1000 2000
0 1000 20000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Arsenic(g/g)
0 100 200
0 100 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Arsenic(g/g)
0 100 200 300
0 100 200 3000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Arsenic(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 45 -
Figure 4-9 Sediment copper profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 150
De
pth
(cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Copper(g/g)
100 150 200 250
100 150 200 2500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Copper(g/g)
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 300
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Copper(g/g)
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Copper(g/g)
10 20 30
10 20 300
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 46 -
Figure 4-10 Sediment iron profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 35000
De
pth
(cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Iron(g/g)
50000 55000 60000
50000 55000 600000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Iron(g/g)
5000 12500 20000
5000 12500 200000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Iron(g/g)
5000 20000 35000
5000 20000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Iron(g/g)
20000 25000 30000 35000
20000 25000 30000 350000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 47 -
Figure 4-11 Sediment manganese profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations
West Barton Bay
Manganese(g/g)
0 500 1000
0 500 1000
De
pth
(cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Manganese(g/g)
400 800
400 8000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Manganese(g/g)
0 500 1000
0 500 10000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Manganese(g/g)
0 750 1500
0 750 15000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1520
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Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 48 -
Figure 4-12 Sediment mercury profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Dep
th (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.2 0.4
0.0 0.2 0.40
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.30
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Mercury(g/g)
0.00 0.04 0.08
0.00 0.04 0.080
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Mercury(g/g)
0.0 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.1 0.20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0.8990
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 49 -
Figure 4-13 Sediment nickel profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Nickel(g/g)
0 25 50
0 25 50
De
pth
(cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Nickel(g/g)
50 60 70 80
50 60 70 800
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Nickel(g/g)
0 10 20
0 10 200
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Nickel(g/g)
15 20 25 30 35 40
15 20 25 30 35 400
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Nickel(g/g)
20 25 30
20 25 300
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in Ke noga mis is Lake Se dime nts (201 2 )
- 50 -
Figure 4-14 Sediment phosphorus profiles for all five Kenogamisis Lake basins. Note: scale differs between locations.
West Barton Bay
Phosphorus(g/g)
300 600 900
300 600 900
De
pth
(cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Barton Bay
Phosphorus(g/g)
600 1000 1400
600 1000 14000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MacLeod Basin
Phosphorus(g/g)
350 550 750
350 550 7500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Outflow Basin
Phosphorus(g/g)
600 900 1200
600 900 12000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Southwest Arm
Phosphorus(g/g)
500 750 1000
500 750 10000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 51 -
4.2 Summary
The sediment core stratigraphies indicated that most of the parameters elevated in surface sediments experienced an increase in concentration sometime within the sediment record. Interestingly, the magnitude of the increase that occurred in each core corresponded with spatial trends that were
observed in the surface sediments with the exception of the MacLeod Basin sediment core. The increase in the West Barton Bay sediment core was most pronounced followed by the sediment core that was collected at the inlet to the Outflow basin which was identified as a localized zone with elevated
metal/metalloid levels and was likely the first depositional area downstream of the most affected areas (West Barton Bay, Barton Bay and the MacLeod Basin). The less pronounced shift in the MacLeod Basin sediment core stratigraphy was likely due to the location of the collection site well away from historic
tailings areas in an effort to acquire an undisturbed sediment record. The sediment core collected from the Southwest Basin had a much less pronounced shift in comparison to the West Barton Bay core which reflected its location upstream of the majority of past mining activity.
The increase in parameter concentrations occurred between the 8.5 cm interval and the 13.5 cm interval in sediment cores from Kenogamisis Lake which was anticipated to align with the onset of mining
activities. The shift in the Mosher Lake sediment record occurred much deeper in the sediment record at approximately 23.5 cm. This does not infer that mining activity began sooner at the Mosher or Talmora Mines but likely reflects an increased sedimentation rate in that lake as suggested by higher TOC
concentrations in the sediment record. When the results from Pb210 dating of the sediment cores become available, the dating profile will be used to confirm these assumptions and further interpret the sediment record especially data from the Barton Bay sediment core.
Inferring the relative rates of metal/metalloid loadings in natural systems from core stratigraphy requires caution as diagenic processes can enrich the surface layers with elements affected by the redox cycle
such as iron, manganese and phosphorus. Moreover, sediments in parts of the lake appear comprised of tailings which in themselves would not reflect the signatures of natural geochemical weathering process within the watershed and would alter sedimentation rates. Notwithstanding these limitations, overall the
results suggested that recovery of sediments in this watercourse will not be rapid. In the 40 years since mining activity ceased, most metal concentrations remained highest at the sediment-water interface as was observed in studies undertaken in 1981 (Ministry of the Environment 1982). However, some metals
show a slow recovery in the upper part of the core profile.
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A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 52 -
5 References
Carter, M.R. 1993. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Fl. 823pp.
Crins, W.J., Gray, P.A., Uhlig, P.W.C., and Wester, M.C. 2009. The Ecosystems of Ontario, Part I:
Ecozones and Ecoregions. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough Ontario,
Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment, SIB TER IMA TR- 01, 71pp. Available from http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=19244&Attachment_ID=41133 [accessed November 2012].
Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995. A National Ecological Framework for Canada. Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research
and Environment Canada, State of the Environment Directorate, Ecozone Analysis Branch, Ottawa/Hull. Report and national map at 1:7,500,000 scale. Available from http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/ecostrat/cad_report.pdf [accessed November 2012].
Glew, J.R. 1989. A new trigger mechanism for sediment samplers. Journal of Paleolimnology, 5: 241-243.
Greenstone Economic Development Corporation. 2012. Mineral Development. Available from http://www.gedc.ca/article/mineral-development-initiative-238.asp [accessed December 2012].
Ivanov, K., Zaprjanova, P., Angelova, V., Bekjarov, G. and Dospatliev, L. 2010. ICP determination of phosphorus in soils and plants. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Available from http://www.iuss.org/19th%20WCSS/Symposium/pdf/1629.pdf [accessed
December 2012].
Neff, B.P. and Killian, J.R. 2003. The Great Lakes Water Balance: Data Availability and Annotated Bibliography of Selected References. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
Water Investigations Report 02-4296. Avialable from http://www.glc.org/wateruse/wrmdss/finalreport/pdf/ABpaperFINALPUBLISHED.pdf [accessed November 2012].
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1982. A Water Quality Assessment of Kenogamisis Lake, District of Thunder Bay. Municipal and Private Abatement Section, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Northwest Region. Available from
http://archive.org/details/AWATERQUALITYASS00SNSN19913.ome [accessed November 2012].
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 2008. Guidelines for Identifying, Assessing and Managing Contaminated Sediments in Ontario: An Integrated Approach. Queen’s Printer for Ontarion. 112
pp. Available from http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STD01_076359.html [accessed November 2012].
Pierzynski, G., Zhang, H., Wolf, A., Kleinman, P.J., Mallarino, A., Sullivan, D. 2005. Phosphorus
determination in waters and extracts of soils and by-products: Inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry versus colorimetric procedures. SERA-17 Policy Workgroup Paper. SERA-17.
Premier Gold Mines Ltd. Parks Environmental Inc.
Hardrock Pro jec t – Gera ldton , Ontar io
A Spa t ia l a nd Te mpora l As ses sme nt o f Meta l /Meta l lo id Conce nt ra t ions in
Ke noga mis is Lak e Se d iments (2 012 )
- 53 -
Available at http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/P_Analysis_Comparisons.pdf [accessed December 2012].
Racey, G.D., Wiltshire, R.O. and Archibald, D.J. 1999. Ecoregional forest composition analysis for
northwestern Ontario present forest condition. Ont. Min. Natur. Resour., Northwest Sci. and Technol., Thunder Bay, ON. NWST Technical Report TR-123. 44 pp. Available from http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@nwsi/documents/document/mnr_e005416.pdf [accessed November 2012].
Parks Environmental Inc.
Appendix A Premier Gold Mines Limited
Hardrock Project – Geraldton Ontario
A Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Metal/Metalloid Concentrations in Kenogamisis Lake Sediments (2012)
Kenogamisis Sediment Core Data
Table 1: West Barton Bay Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample Interval 0-1 cm 1-2 cm 2-3 cm 3-4 cm 4-5 cm 5-6 cm 6-7 cm 7-8 cm 8-9 cm 9-10 cm
Table 2: Barton Bay Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample Interval 0-1 cm 1-2 cm 2-3 cm 3-4 cm 4-5 cm 5-6 cm 6-7 cm 7-8 cm 8-9 cm 9-10 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0586 0.0830 0.0591 0.0575 0.0568 0.0569 0.0569 0.0582 0.0569 0.0392 Total Organic Carbon (%) 5.86 8.30 5.91 5.75 5.68 5.69 5.69 5.82 5.69 3.92
Table 2 (cont’d): Barton Bay Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample Interval 11-12 cm 13-14 cm 15-16 cm 17-18 cm 19-20 cm 21-22 cm 22-23 cm 23-24 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0366 0.0315 0.0222 0.0241 0.0199 0.0139 0.0180 0.0162 Total Organic Carbon (%) 3.66 3.15 2.22 2.41 1.99 1.39 1.80 1.62
Table 3: MacLeod Basin Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample Interval 0-1 cm 1-2 cm 2-3 cm 3-4 cm 4-5 cm 5-6 cm 6-7 cm 7-8 cm 8-9 cm 9-10 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0337 0.0300 0.0280 0.0262 0.0233 0.0196 0.0255 0.0230 0.0220 0.0207 Total Organic Carbon (%) 3.37 3.00 2.80 2.62 2.33 1.96 2.55 2.30 2.20 2.07
Table 3 (Cont’d): MacLeod Basin Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample Interval 11-12 cm 13-14 cm 15-16 cm 17-18 cm 19-20 cm 21-22 cm 22-23 cm 23-24 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0101 0.0108 0.0093 0.0168 0.0154 0.0109 0.0172 0.0172 Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.01 1.08 0.93 1.68 1.54 1.09 1.72 1.72
Table 4: Outflow Basin Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample ID 0-1 cm 1-2 cm 2-3 cm 3-4 cm 4-5 cm 5-6 cm 6-7 cm 7-8 cm 8-9 cm 9-10 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0792 - - - 0.0710 0.0740 0.0681 0.0697 0.0675 0.0679 Total Organic Carbon (%) 7.92 - - - 7.10 7.40 6.81 6.97 6.75 6.79
Table 4 (Cont’d): Outflow Basin Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample ID 11-12 cm 13-14 cm 15-16 cm 17-18 cm 19-20 cm 21-22 cm 23-24 cm 25-26 cm 27-28 cm 29-30 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0600 0.0466 0.0506 0.0566 0.0542 0.0547 0.0523 0.0517 0.0568 0.113 Total Organic Carbon (%) 6.00 4.66 5.06 5.66 5.42 5.47 5.23 5.17 5.68 11.3
Table 4 (Cont’d): Outflow Basin Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample ID 31-32 cm 33-34 cm 35-36 cm 37-38 cm 39-40 cm 40-41 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.0566 0.0551 0.0929 0.0863 0.0555 0.0561 Total Organic Carbon (%) 5.66 5.51 9.29 8.63 5.55 5.61
Table 6: Mosher Lake Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample ID 0-1 CM 1-2 CM 2-3 CM 3-4 CM 4-5 CM 5-6 CM 6-7 CM 7-8 CM 8-9 CM 9-10 CM Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon Total Organic Carbon (%)
Table 6 (cont’d): Mosher Lake Sediment Core Data. All units in ug/g unless otherwise noted.
Sample ID 11-12 cm 13-14 cm 15-16 cm 19-20 cm 23-24 cm 27-28 cm 31-32 cm 35-36 cm 39-40 cm Organic / Inorganic Carbon Fraction Organic Carbon 0.268 0.268 0.263 0.264 0.286 0.278 0.272 0.287 0.259 Total Organic Carbon (%) 26.8 26.8 26.3 26.4 28.6 27.8 27.2 28.7 25.9