This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
]
Balantidium coli Balantadiasis Cyst INGESTION
Metronidazole
Chilomastix mesnili Non pathogenic Cyst -
Entamoeba coli Non pathogenic Mature cyst -
Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Cyst
Endolimax nana Non pathogenic Cyst -
Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Cyst Metronidazole
Iodamoeba butschlii Non pathogenic Cyst -
Leishmania donovani Visceral Leshmaniasis Promastigote Stibogluconate Na
ATRIAL FLAGELLATES
- Lower forms of parasite - Completely unicellular - Asexual reproduction – Binary fission - Non pathogenic
o Chilomastix mesnili - Pathogenic
o Giardia lamblia
@
;
]
PARASITE: Balantidium coli, trophozoite
Only member of the ciliate group that is pathogenic to humans Considered as the largest protozoan ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION: CILIA DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC is NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM
o 7-10µm o Spherical, ovoid or ellipsoid o Mature cyst – 4 nuclei o Large blotlike karyosome and presence of peripheral
chromatic (similar with trophozoite) o No chromatoid bar o GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITE IN THE STOOL LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.
]
PARASITE: Entamoeba histolytica
DISEASE: AMEOBIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: 4 NUCLEI CYSTS OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION
CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE
- In FORMED STOOL
- 4 nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)
- Resistant to gastric secretion
- Cigar-shaped chromatoidal body
- With glycogen mass
TROPHOZOITE - INVASIVE FORM (PATHOGENIC STAGE) - In LIQUID STOOL - 1 NUCLEUS - Pseudopod:active. progressive and directional movement - Centrally located karyosome: “Bulls-eye appearance” - With ingested RBC - With Charcot-Leyden crystals
]
PARASITE: Entamoeba coli DISEASE: NON PATHOGENIC INFECTIVE STAGE: MATURE CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
TRADITIONAL WET PREPARATION ANTIGEN TEST
TROPHOZOITE - Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive
through blunt pseudopod - Single nucleus with large irregularly
shaped karyosome that is ECCENTRICALLY LOCATED
- Vacuoles often contain bacteria - In contrast to E. histolytica, RED
BLOOD CELL INCLUSIONS ARE NOT PRESENT IN THE TROPHOZOITES OF E. COLI.
CYST - Spherical with thick cell wall - 1-8 NUCLEUS (E.histolytica – 1 to 4
nuclei only) - Cytoplasm contains glycogen mass - Thin chromatoid bars, often with
pointed to splintered ends
]
PARASITE: Iodamoeba buetschlii Sluggishly and progressive Pseudopodia blunt and hyaline Inclusions: Bacteria but NO RBC 1 large nucleus WITH GLYCOGEN MASS Thick membrane
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM
]
]
PARASITE Necator americanus
MORPHOLOGY: LARVA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN FECES RHABDITIFORM
- Feeding Larva (L1) - Molting 2x (L2)
FILARIFORM
Infective stage (L3)
Adult form of Larva Requires the pulmonary circulation to survive Stays in the alveolar capillaries SMALL INTESTINE
o maturation, differentiation and reproduction PATHOLOGY:
Skin penetration
Vascular/lymphatic penetration
Pulmonary circulation (alveolar capillaries and rupture)
GIT then eggs in stool DIAGNOSTIC TEST: SUCKING BLOOD:
Necator (0.15 to 0.25 ml/day/parasite)
Duodenale (0.30 - 0.50 ml/day/parasite) TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel Palmoate
]
PARASITE
Ancylostoma braziliense o CAT HOOKWORM o Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) o ”Creeping eruption” o Never leave the skin
Trichinella spiralis(Encysted larva) o Hook worm o In the muscle o Encyst or developed only in Striated muscle o No egg stage o Trichina worm - Dead end alley infection
(Cannot be transmitted from human to human) –
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN HABITAT: Striated muscles (Skeletal muscles) ENCYSTATION: Upper Small Intestine REPRODUCTION: after mating, males die afterwards and females dies after passing the larva INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva TREATMENT:
Mebendazole: Kills the larva Thiabendazole: Expels the adult worm
]
PARASITE
Trichinella spiralis(Adult female) Trichina worm No egg “dead-end alley” infection Male (mates once, dies); female(pass larva, dies)
PERMANENT HABITAT: Skeletal muscle (Striated muscle) DISEASE: Trichiniasis INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva DEFINITIVE HOSTS: Carnivorous or Omnivorous animals (Cats, Dogs, Hogs, Rats, etc.) ACCIDENTAL HOST: Humans (cannot be transmitted from human to human) PATHOGNOMONIC: With STICHOSOME (Stichocytes – nerve cells)
striations, with flattened bipolar plug, peanut shaped - Atypical – thin shelled, without bipolar plugs, with segmentation, embryonated
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Freshwater fish INFECTIVE STAGE: Larva MOT: eating of infected fish with larva stage HABITAT: Jejunum DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: typical and atypical eggs in the feces DIAGNOSTIC TEST: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR SYMPTOMS:
• Intestinal malabsorption (outstanding sign), worst symptom among aphasmids
• Fat malabsorption • Fluid and electrolyte losses • Free passage of plasma protein • Abdominal pain and distention • Cachexia and emancipation
TREATMENT: Mebendazole
]
PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis(Filariform larva) o THREADWORM o POINTED o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) – Molts 4 times
DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION AFFECTED: Adults Institutionalized people TREATMENT: Thiabendazole
]
PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis (Rhabditiform larva) o THREADWORM o STOUTER o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3) DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION: Adult, institutionalized patient TREATMENT: Thiabendazole
]
PARASITE Enterobius vermicularis (Adult female) PINWORM & SEAT WORM Presence of with CEPHALIC ALAE & ESOPHAGEAL BULB Gravid female worms migrate down the intestinal tract and exist
through the anus to deposit eggs on the perianal skin After deposition, FEMALE DIES
DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG INFECTIVE STAGE: EGG PATHOLOGIC STAGE: LARVA
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMANS TWO MAIN CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS:
Visceral larva migrans – common in Preschool children Ocular larva migrans
DIAGNOSIS: TISSUE BIOPSY /ELISA MOT:
By ingesting infective stage eggs from soil By ingesting larvae in tissues of paratenic hosts that were
infected from soil or by cannibalism or predation TREATMENT: Albendazole and Mebendazole
]
PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized egg)
Giant Intestinal Roundworm parasitizing human Golden brown in color Brodly ovoid with thick and transparent shell WITH VITELLINE LAYER (Innermost layer) AND
MAMMILATIONS
DISEASE: ASCARIASIS, LOEFFLER SYNDROME DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG PATHOGENIC STAGE: Adult, Larva ADULTS: 3 prominent lips , Each with dentigenous ridge and no interlabia or alae DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS:
Direct fecal smear Demonstration of eggs in feces
TREATMENT: Mebendazole – Drug of choice
]
PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (UNFertilized egg) Most common human helminthic infection
MORPHOLOGY: Egg-thick shelled
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
ADULT WORMS usually causes NO SYMPTOMS Loeffler’s syndrome (Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and
LIFE CYCLE: Circulate from 10pm - 2am (nocturnal), mosquito ingest the microfilaria (3rd stage juvenile larva), larva then matures to adult in the lymphatics TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole and Ivermectin (alternative)
PERIODICITY Nocturnal Nocturnal BODY CURVES Graceful curves, bluntly rounded
anterior and pointed posterior Stiff, kinky body
PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF TRANSPARENT SHEATH
(+) (+)
ARRANGEMENT OF BODY NUCLEI
Central column are more or less equidistant with each other
Devoid terminal nuclei
Large with irregular distribution appear clumped
Long cephalic space Devoid of nuclei
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM Giemsa stained thick blood smear Giemsa stained thick blood smear DRUG OF CHOICE Diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine
]
]
PARASITE: Echinococcus granulosus
SMALLEST TAPEWORM of medical importance
SCOLEX with prominent rostellum
DOUBLE CROWN of hooks
NO adult form in humans
Short with 3 proglottids with o 1 IMMATURE o 1 MATURE o 1 GRAVID
INFECTIVE STAGE: HYDATID CYST HABITAT: Small intestine of dogs and wolves DEFINITIVE HOST: Dogs and Wolves INTERMEDIATE HOST: Sheep and Cattle DISEASE: HYDATID DISEASE
MOT: INGESTION MOST COMMON ORGAN AFFECTED: LIVER
TREATMENT: Surgery Epinephrine and Anti histamine
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Finding proctoscolices, brood capsules or daughter cyst
ELISA
]
PARASITE: Hymenolepsis nana
DWARF TAPEWORM
SCOLEX: SHORT retractile rostellum with SINGLE ring of small hook
MATURE PROGLOTTID: Single genital pore on LEFT SIDE
NO INTERMEDIATE HOST!! INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYTIS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS WITH 6 HOOKLETS IN THE FECES HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN, MICE AND RATS
MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTE
]
PARASITE: Hymenolepsis diminuta
SCOLEX: UNARMED ROSTELLUM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Contains SACCULAR UTERUS with EGG MASSES
EGG: NO POLAR FILAMENTS OR THICKENINGS
INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYSTIS DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG DISEASE: HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: RATS AND MICE INTERMEDIATE HOST: Larval Fleas and Adult beetles ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human
MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL
]
PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium caninum
DOG TAPEWORM
AKA DOUBLE-PORED TAPEWORM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Packed with MEMBRANOUS EGG CAPSULES containing 15-25 eggs
EGGS: Oncosphere with 6 hooklets
GENITAL PORE located BILATERALLY
Proglottid is watermelon shape
DISEASE: DIPYLIDIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCOID LARVA DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN MOTHER POCKETS HABITAT: SMALL INTESTINE DEFINITIVE HOST: DOGS INTERMEDIATE HOST: LARVAL FLEAS of dogs ands cats
MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL
]
PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium latum
FISH TAPEWORM
JEWISH HOUSEWIVES DISEASE
SCOLEX: 2 BOTHRIUM OR SUCKING ORGAN
MALE ORGAN: DORSAL PART OF PROGLOTTID
FEMALE ORGAN: VENTRAL PART
ASSOCIATED WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
DISEASE: DIPHYLLOBOTRIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: PLEROCERCOID LARVAE (SPARGANUM) DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG NOURISHMENT:DIFFUSION from undigested food of the host HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN
MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE
]
PARASITE: Taenia solium
PORK TAPEWORM
DISEASE: CYSTERCOSIS INFECTIVE STAGE: ADULT WORM DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS OR PROGLOTTIDS IN FECES HABITAT: UPPER PART OF JEJUNUM DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN LIFE SPAN: 25 YEARS INTERMEDIATE HOST: HOGS AND WILD BOARS 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH
MOT: INGESTION OF RAW PORK DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
Stool examination (Identification of ovum ang segments in feces