Parasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS Chapter 17
Jan 11, 2016
ParasitesDr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS
Chapter 17
Objectives
• ID Common endoparasites in small ruminants• Clinical signs associated with parasites• Diagnosis• Treatments
Reading Assignment
Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine DiseasesKnow table 17 -3: Parasites
Key terms
• Fecal flotation• ELISA• Baerman technique• Skin scrapings• Pre patent period• Direct life cycle• Indirect lifecycle
Figure 6-61 Baermann apparatus is used to recover larvae of roundworms from feces, soil, or animal tissues. This apparatus is most useful in recovering larvae of lungworms.
(Reprinted from Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Abomasum
Family: Trichostrongyloidea
Haemonchus Contortus
• Haemonchus contortus – barberpole worm/ wire worm– 1” (25 mm)– Abomasum of
small ruminants– feeds on blood– Clinical signs• anemia, bottle jaw, chronic weight loss• death
PPP: 17 – 21 days
Male bursa RIght
Clinical signs Haemonchus
• ‘bottle jaw’: hypoproteinemia and anemia.
• usually late winter.
Figure 6-34 Characteristic trichostrongyle-type ova of the bovine trichostrongyles. These oval, thin-shelled eggs contain four or more cells. They measure 70 to 120 µm long. Some of these ova can be identified by their respective genus; however, identification is usually difficult because mixed infections are common.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Adults in the abomasum.
Barberpole worm
TX: Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin, tetramisole
Ostertagia ostertagi
• Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm)– 1/2” (10 mm) adult worm; abomasum– most serious impact on calves– disrupt gastric acid secretion– Clinical signs
• diarrhea• ill thrift‐• poor feed conversion
Male bursa left
PPP: 16 – 23 days
Ostertagia ostertagi
TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, morantel tartate, moxidectin
Trichostrongylus axei
• Trichostrongylus axei– “Bankrupt worm”– Small stomach worm
– Adults ~1/4” (4 8 ‐mm); abomasum– Clinical signs– Diarrhea– dehydration– bottle jaw– emaciation
PPP: 21 days
TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin
Small Intestine
Nematodirus
• Nematodirus spp.– “Thin necked intestinal worms”– N. battus is more pathogenic– SI– Diarrhea, Anorexia
B = typical strongyle egg
PPP: 14 - 21 days
TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole
Figure 6-35 Characteristic large ova of Nematodirus species. In standard fecal flotation, the eggs of Nematodirus species are larger than those of other bovine trichostrongyles (150 to 230 µm by 80 to 100 µm), have tapering ends, and have four to eight cells.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Strongyloides papillosus
• Family: Rhabditodea• Threadworm• CS: foot rot, diarrhea• TX: eprinomectin,
ivermectin• ZOONOTIC
PPP: 1 – 2 weeks
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
• Hair worm, black scour worm
• CS: diarrhea, +/- bottlejaw, dec. weight gain,
• PPP: 21 days• ZOONOTIC
TX: Fenbendazole, doramectin, Moxidectin, morantel tartate, eprinomectin
Figure 6-36 Characteristic ova of Moniezia species. The eggs of Moniezia expansa are triangular or pyramidal and 56 to 67 µm in diameter. The eggs of Moniezia benedini are square or cuboidal and approximately 75 µm in diameter.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Cooperia spp.
• Cooperia punctata or pectinata
• Cattle bankrupt worm• CS: decreased growth
and anorexia• PPP: 21 days
TX: Fenbendazole, Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin
Bunostomum trigonocephalumBunostomum trigonocephalum
• TrichostrongloideaTrichostrongloidea– Bunostomum Bunostomum
trigonocephalum:trigonocephalum:– hookwormshookworms– Larger than strongyle Larger than strongyle
eggseggs– Diarrhea, anemia, Diarrhea, anemia,
weight loss, death – weight loss, death – young animalsyoung animals
– PPP: 2 monthsPPP: 2 months
Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial
TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, eprinomectin
Monieza expansaMonieza expansa
•CESTODES– Monieza expansaMonieza expansa
•Not very pathogenicNot very pathogenic•PPP: 40 days
Moniezia expansa,egg. Courtesy of Merial
TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, dichlorophen, lead, arsenate, niclosamide
Cecum and Colon
Oesphagostomum columbianumOesphagostomum columbianum– Strongylidae Strongylidae
• Oesphagostomum Oesphagostomum columbianum: columbianum: nodular wormnodular worm
• cecum, colon• anorexia; severe,
constant, dark, persistent, fetid diarrhea with fly strike; weight loss; and death
• Adults: cysts in GIAdults: cysts in GI• PPP: 40 daysPPP: 40 days
Oesphagostomum columbianumOesphagostomum columbianum
Oesophagostomum gross lesions (nodules), abomasum, sheep. Courtesy of Dr. Raffaele Roncalli
TX: Albendazole, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole
Chabertia ovina
• Large bowel worm• CS: anemia• PPP: 2 months
TX: Albendazole, Fenbendazole, ivermectin
Trichuris ovis
• Whipworm• CS: hemorrhage –
cecum with fatal infections
• PPP: 2 months
TX: Eprinomectin, Fenbendazole, ivermectin
Lung worms
Dictyocaulus filaria
• Lungworm• CS: cough, cyanosis,
dyspnea• PPP: 28 days• Baerman technique
TX: Ivermectin, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole
Figure 6-38 Representative eggs and larvae of Dictyocaulus species, or cattle lungworms.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Protostrongylus
• Protostrongylus rufescens, P. rushi, P. stilesi
• Bighorn sheep lungworm• Transmission:
transplacental, snails• CS: predisposes to
pneumonia• PPP: 35 days• DX: Fecal baerman• Flukes: liver and bile TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole
Muellerius capillaris
• Goat lungworms• May predispose to
pneumonia• Baerman techniique• snail
TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole
Figure 6-39 First-stage larva of Muellerius capillaris, the “hair lungworm” of sheep and goats. First-stage larvae are 230 to 300 µm long. The larval tail has an undulating tip and a dorsal spine.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Liver
Fasciola hepatica• Fasciola hepatica • Liver flukes
– Live in bile ducts as adults– Aquatic snails = intermediate host– CS: anemia, weight loss, decreased performance, hepatitis, death
• PPP: 10 – 12 weeks–Eggs: are heavy sedimentation is recommended
TX: Clorsulon, nitroxynil, rafoxanide
ZOONOTIC
Figure 6-37 Characteristic operculated ovum of Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. The eggs measure 140 by 100 µm and are yellowish-brown and oval.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Thysanosoma actinoides
• Fringed tapeworm• Sheep• CS: weight loss• Liver condemned• PPP: 30 days• Dx: proglottids – feces• Tx: Fenbendazole and
albendazole
ID necropsy
• Taenia hydatigena• Echinoccocus granulosus• Taenia ovis• Taenia multiceps
References• Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians,
Elizabeth A. Hanie, 2006• http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_ID=
6196• http://courses.cals.uidaho.edu/avs/avs471/Lectures/Lectures
%202010/Lecture%20Parasites%20notes.pdf• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/
trematodes/Fhepatica.htm• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/
index.html#fecal• http://www.sheepandgoat.com/HairSheepWorkshop/
parasitism.html• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/Nematodes/
Table1.htm
References• http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/vetpara/tutorial2.html• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/
toc_22400.htm• http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/
lst41_50.htm• http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/
lecture.htm• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/index.html• Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition, 2007,
Hendrix C.M; Sirois M.• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary
Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323
References
• http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10-1519-f1.htm
• http://www.extension.org/pages/19680/goat-other-parasites