LIFE DISTRIBUTION: AN ANALYTICAL MODEL TO EXPLAIN DNA DOUBLE
HELICAL STRUCTURE WITH FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT AND HUBBLE TIME
Acharya Balkrishnaa1, Madhan Kumara2, Sadhanaa1 and Paran Gowdaa1a1
PatanjaliYogPeet, Haridwar, Uttarkhand state,
Indiaa2SastraUniversity, Tanjore, Tamilnadu, IndiaCorrespondence
author:ParanGowdae-mail: [email protected]:
+918755366622AbstractIn this paper, we attempted to supplement and
support the experimental evidence of DNA survival rate at extreme
wavelengths with an empirical model on gene sequence, especially
the non-coding part of the sequence. Our model is based on
relativistic quantum mechanics principles of fine structure
constant and Hubble time. We tried to explain empirically, the
existence of blank states in a gene sequence using the wavelengths
especially in the range of ultraviolet and infra-red frequencies of
DNA molecules. Further, the structural of DNA is explained with
fine structure constant of hydrogen atom which is much more a
natural law of primordial matter than the helical structure itself
through the ratio of DNAs wavelengths. The ratio is calculated by
taking the experimental extinction coefficient value with that of
its appearance value. Appearance and disappearance is like
Schrdingers imaginary cat experiment of simultaneous birth and
death of a cat or presently it is known as super conducting quantum
interference phenomena. Life distribution on this planet is all
about its interrelation, interdependency and interpenetration
relationship with intergalactic cosmic phenomena and not just our
Milky way galaxy alone. Key words: Life, DNA, Fine structure
constant, Hubble time, Mind, WavelengthsIntroductionOur genome is
the only experienced first copy of our life distribution. This has
only about 2% of the human genome codes for proteins and about 98%
codes for retro transposes or junk DNA ( Kammak, 2013). It turns
out from literature that non coding DNA contains the epigenetic
instructions of how to energize the proteins in our genome to alter
function based upon environmental pressures. Junk DNA or non-coding
DNA is an organic molecule in which life organisms store
information along with coding DNA for biological functioning
purposes. In the case of eukaryotic cells, the vast majority of
genes about 98% are not continuous which are known as exons. Coding
sequence expresses itself in the form of ATCG molecules which are
known as introns. Non coding doesnt express anything and it remains
as a blank state in the DNA sequence. It is also known as a C-value
paradox which is the total number of DNA nucleotide residues in the
genome (per haploid set of chromosomes). Non coding DNAis made up
of all of those sequences while coding DNAoccupies only a small
fraction of the genome. Here the question arises: what is the
function of these non-coding genes in a given sequence? What it is
doing inside the physical biological body?Can it be a replicating
information unit which has fascinated not just biologists alone,
but also, other scientists like physicists, chemists,
mathematicians and astro biologists. The former, have made a lot of
contributions to DNA understanding and, recently, they have applied
several mathematical techniques for analyzing non coding regions.
Some clues come from re-annealing experimentsand some contains
genes for RNA molecules with important biological functions (non
coding RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA). The exploration of the
function and evolutionary origin of non-coding DNA is an important
goal of contemporary genome research, including the ENCODEproject,
which aims to survey the entire human genome, using a variety of
experimental tools whose results are indicative of molecular
activity. Because non-coding DNA greatly outnumbers coding DNA, the
concept of the sequenced genome has become a more focused
analytical concept than the classical concept of the DNA-coding
gene (Waters, 2007) and (Lisa Gannett, 2008). Most of the
development of analytical models borrows ideas from natural
philosophy on the lines of many quantum physicists like W.Pauli (P.
Varlaki, 2008).Quantum physics and biological sciences are
gradually venturing into natural philosophy which was once an
hallowed ground, and radically changing our ideas of life (
Jackkruise, 2013). As per W.Pauli, if fine structure constant ( )
of the hydrogen atom were bigger than it really is, we should not
be able to distinguish matter from ether (the vacuum, nothingness)
and our task to disentangle the natural laws would be hopelessly
difficult ( P.Varlaki, 2008). Extending the analogy to DNA sequence
containing coding and non-coding signals as protein matter and
non-protein vacuum, and this landed up hopelessly as a C-value
paradox ( Kammak, 2013) or junk DNA. The fact however that has just
its value 1/137 (CODATA, 2011) is certainly no chance but itself a
law of nature. It is clear that the explanation of this number must
be the central problem of natural philosophy. Based on W.Paulis
analysis of fine structure, we looked towards Bhagavad Gita
(Saraswati.D, 1989), a natural philosophy and a sacred vedic book
of Indian philosophy. It probably wasn't long after Bhagavad Gita
developed a philosophy of life in the form of consciousness before
or after death that it has continuity contact with those who had
crossed over to the other side of life with the same consciousness
of the same person it is some thing like quantum tunneling of
particles passing from one side of the hill to the other side.
Bhagavad Gita quotes the qualities of consciousness as it has
neither birth nor death. Nor, having once been, does ever cease to
be. It is purely an energy form and becomes active in the presence
of protein matter. And the matter form is coded form of DNA. As the
energy embodies, in this body, from boyhood to youth to old age,
the protein decay takes place but not this conscious energy. This
consciousness similarly passes into another body after death of the
protein matter. While cutting edge quantum mechanics could provide
answers to what happens when the physical matter die. The
consciousness in the form of non-biological frequencies,
specifically electromagnetic signals contributes to non-coding DNA
which possibly makes us different from other species. Humansare not
closed systems; they are open, Ourcellslooks like convert mass into
energy through chemically assisted nuclear reactions (Hirotaka
Sugawara,2006) all the time which is another possibly of why humans
have more non coding DNA than any other animal on the planet. For
example, the E. Coli genome has 4.6 million base pairs and codes
for about 3,000 different proteins (proteins of ~40,000 and 500 bp
for promoters). Using the same assumption the human genome should
code for 1 million proteins (3 billion base pairs, protein ~50,000
and promoters of 1500 bp).From where does the energy come from in
the manufacture of bps?. May be these energies come from our
environment or from self-generated molecular interactions. You call
this natural selection (as Darwin calls it) today. Hydrogen being
the lightest element of the matter, its fusion based low energy
changes the structural and function of DNA / RNA at microscopic
level. Proteins are a form of matter. Energy sculpts what proteins
can and will do and how they will act in a cell. This is called
conditions of existence, or epi genetics, today. Darwin told us
about both. Of the two, he said conditions of existence were by far
more important. Biology has forgotten what he said back then,
because for 160 years, no one had a clue how epigenetic worked. In
this paper, we try to show that the non-coding part of DNA
molecules can survive and exist independent of physical
environmental conditions or at extreme wavelengths and show its
relationship with mind. The latest experimental studies conducted
by (Oliver Ullrich, 2014) proves that DNA's genetic information is
essentially capable of surviving the extreme conditions of space
and the re-entry into earth's dense atmosphere. Life could have
roots both on earth and in space (Warmflash and Weiss, 2005).To
solve some of the DNA/RNA problems, (Joyce, 2002) suggests, some
other genetic system proceeded RNA, just as it preceded DNA and
protein.a. DNA relation to Hubbles time: red and blue shifts
The Hubble parameter is related to cosmic behavior time
measurement in terms of red and blue shift wavelengths. Here we are
making an analogy that the same cosmic phenomena is taking place at
microscopic level also inside the neural circuits of brain of human
beings in terms of coding and non-coding gene sequences (Kumar et
al, 2013) and (Gowda et al, 2014). The non coding DNA is assumed to
expand some thing like red shift expansion given by the relation: z
= (obs - rest ) / rest ) for relatively nearby objects, wherezis
the cosmological red shift, obsis the observedwave lengthand restis
the emitted/absorbed wavelength of the non coding signals. If z=
-1, the inverse fine structure constant which indicates less than a
million light years away from our milky way galaxy This non coding
is a biological entity inside the neural structures is assumed to
be interconnected, interpenetrated and interdependent to a larger
cosmic entity. The Hubbles law in the case of these two entities
may be stated as distance between larger cosmic entity and physical
entity which is continuously expanding in the cosmic
space.Depending on Hubble parameter and environment conditions, the
coding and non-coding genes wait for suitable time to encode itself
and express in the form of gene expression. We are not sure of at
what time it gets into a coded form. It totally depends on the
surrounding environment. For physical DNA, the coded information
takes 9 months to appear in the form of a child possessing the
physical characteristics of mother and father or their
grandparents. The non-coded form of the genes which is assumed to
indicate Mental characteristics or conscious behaviour is tough to
explain. The non-coded DNA in the brain without physical or
objective shape is synonymous to the cognitive mind. Simultaneous
encoding and non-encoding takes place in the brain. Encoded
information becomes DNA protein molecules or coded ATGC nucleotide
base pairs and non-coding information takes the form of blank or
nothingness.We have Hubble evidence of an expanding or contracting
universe in the form of red and blue shifts. The mind is also
something like expanding contracting mini universe inside the
brain. If we could rewind time, the trajectories of mind behavior
would all converge to a contracting point of a non-coded gene as an
infinitely singular density point or mental crunch gene or its vice
versa . Scientific reasoning would tell us that cramming a huge
physical body into a unique, single mind point would be very
intensely density point -it is more of a line with the body DNA at
one end and our mind continuing at the other end. Another question
might be how big this mind gene point? Is it the size of a pin
point or the size of our galaxy? While energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, it doesn't have to have a mass, meaning the
singularity was most likely mass less energy and the big bang is a
transition from mass less to coded energy with mass to give us our
"physical" body DNA. There is a plenty of speculation of what
caused the escape or transition of mind gene from the body but we
are not sure if there is anything conclusive. There are just too
many unanswered questions and we have to be able to collect data in
order to figure out things or at least create a workable
mathematical model that can take us where we cannot go.Based on the
above analysis, the following model is proposed to explain the
behavior of the non coded biological entity of the brain in terms
of the value of the Hubble parameter.The given value of Hubble
parameter is H = 160 km/sec/million light years ( 1 million light
year = 9.46 x 1012 km) = 10-12 x 160/9.46 / sec T = 1/H = 1.86 x
1014sec = 13.6 billion years age of earthThe Hubbles time parameter
inside the brain T is related to the non coding part of DNA and
also coding part in terms of out side environmental conditions. T
is given by an empirical relation which may be given in terms of
coding and non-coding DNA. The coding part is related to biological
action and its reaction is non-coded reaction or non-biological
reaction. As per the law, they are equal and opposite. The relation
is given as Cn = Cc / k (based on contraction / expansion
ratio)where Cc = contraction rate of cells or death rate of cells
and Cn expansion rate of cells and k is a constant. As per the
estimates in physiology, in 24 hours time, 60 billion cells die and
roughly an equal, lesser or greater number of new cells generate.
The contraction rate is roughly 1 million cells die / sec.i.e. Cc =
106. The constant k depends on Hubbles time factor T. The constant
is to be found through Hubble time T, if T = 4 billion years old,
then the Cn =10-8 cells =0 cells which shows that it is non coding
DNA. Roughly we can say that non coding DNA is a singularity DNA
which is an essential part in DNA helical structure. The inference
drawn from the above is;
Empirical explanation of blank state or non coded DNA in the
electromagnetic spectrum of specific wavelengths of DNA spectrum
proves that it has 0 cells approximately or no coded proteins by
using Hubble time. It may be simply a longest wavelength of the
spectrum bounded by the objective proteins but maintaining its
original nature of longest wavelength. It is like a frozen gene of
a dinosaur in the mosquitoes blood trapped as a fossil source There
is a possible linkage of the blank state to the other universal
blank state galactic systems through Hubble shift. We may
hypothesize that this relationship of blank state with the outside
world lead to the possible existence of mind which we can neither
be observed nor be proved.We have a literature support on the above
observations with the gene miR-941, which appears to have played a
pivotal role in human brain development (Hai Yang Hu et al, 2012).
As per the research team findings, it is the first time a new gene
carried by humans and not by apes has been shown to have a specific
function in the human body and it could shed more light on human
brain development leading to language speaking. It is believed that
it emerged between six and one million years ago, after humans
evolved from apes. As a species, humans are wonderfully inventive
socially and technologically evolving all the time. The scientists
say that this new molecule sprang from nowhere at a time when our
species was undergoing dramatic changes: living longer, walking
upright, learning how to use tools and how to communicate the gene
is highly active in two areas of the brain, controlling
decision-making and language abilities, with the study suggesting
it could have a role in the advanced brain functions that make us
human. It is known that most differences between species occur as a
result of changes to existing genes, or the duplication and
deletion of genes. This gene emerged fully functional out of
non-coding genetic material in a brief interval of evolutionary
time.b. DNA structure and fine structure constant of Hydrogen
atomAn attempt is made here to physically interpret and understand
the DNAs double helical structure with the fine structure constant
of hydrogen atom .The physical interpretation of DNA through fine
structure constant is certainly the most important need of the hour
and we have to find ways and means to find its meaning through DNAs
structure studies. We propose a fine structure model of DNA based
on the idea of (Haldane, 1947) experiment in which ultraviolet
radiation had been seen to encourage the build-up of organic
compounds from a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
Here, it is compared to bio fluids of the brain in terms of the
genes: its appearance and extinction wave lengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum. It is something like the Schrdingers cat,
where the gene expression appears in the form of proteins and
disappears / vanishes (blank state or emptiness) at the same time.
The Schrodingers cat is a famous illustration of principle of
superposition in quantum mechanics death-alive action at the same
time. The disappearance is related to non-coding DNA which is yet
to be explained fully -it is known as a C- value paradox in
genetics. Roughly, the DNA electro magnetic spectrum is given
below;Table 1. DNA Electro Magnetic spectrumRadioMicroInfra
redVisibleDNAUltraviolet
106nm103nm 500-9000nm400 -700 nm2-390 nm1 nm
DNA protein disappears or gets damaged at the extinction
coefficient (Fasman, G.D) of 274 nm between visible and ultra
violet region) for a double stranded DNA is 0.20( micro gram
meter)-1 . Based on this data, Appearance coefficient 2 nm
Disappearance, 274 nm.The ratio of these two coefficients gives
i.e.= 2/274 = 1/137 which is a fine structure constant of Hydrogen
atom.This DNA wavelength based calculation of fine structure
matches with the spectroscopic measured fine structure value. The
fine-structure constantas the ratio of the velocity of the electron
in the first circular orbit of the atomto thespeed of lightin the
vacuum which is defined by ; = v/c =0.0073, where v= velocity of
electron and c=speed of light. The fine structure determines the
size of the splitting or fine structureof the hydrogen spectral
lines .The fine-structure constant so intrigued physicist, W.
Paulithat he collaborated with psychiatristCarl Jungin an
extraordinary quest to understand its significance. This proves the
fact that DNA helical structure has a relation ship with the fine
structure value of primordial hydrogen atom. c. MechanismThe
fundamental physical constants of the universe such as fine
structure constant of the hydrogen atom are all either immensely
small or enormously large while our fine structure constant value
1/137 turns out to be a human sized number. The number 137 and its
(possible) place in the scale of the universe continues to pose a
challenge to understand its physical significance even today as
well. The classical field theories use more unified representation
of the connection of electro magnetic and gravitational fields,
unite the law of conservation of electric charge with the laws of
conservation of energy and momentum into a single structure. But so
far these theories have no natural connection with quantum theory,
and are unable to interpret the additional fundamental property of
charge - its atomic nature to the classical law of its conservation
as its quantum-theoretical nature. As such, the fine-structure
constant is just an alternative expression of the elementary charge
in terms of the natural unit of charge. The mechanism of DNA
interaction could be understood through quark particle
interactions. It is a key molecule responsible for storage,
duplication, and realization of genetic information. DNA is a
hetero polymeric molecule consisting of residues (nucleotides) of
four types, A, T, G, C. The stability of DNA is very fundamental to
understand the neuro functioning of brain system. DNA of all living
creatures have an identical physical, spatial structure: sequences
of the two strands of the double-helical form obey the
complementarily principle. This principle is the most important law
in the field of DNA, and, probably, is the most important law of
the living nature. It declares that, in the double helix, A always
opposes T and vice versa, whereas G always opposes C and vice
versa.The DNA has hydrogen in the form of electron bounded in its
molecular structure. In our approach a conjecture is proposed that
DNAs electron energy transfer to phonons takes place continuously.
These reactions are assumed to be chemically assisted nuclear
reactions (Hirotaka Sugawara, 2006). A Feyman diagram of quark
particle interactions are given below. e v
W u d u u d d Fig. 1 Feyman diagramindicating the electron
self-interaction. e- = electron; W = bosons and - = neutrino , u
and d = up and down quarksWhats really going on is that the proton
is made of two up quarks and a down quark, while the neutron is
made of two downs and up. The electron exchanges aWboson with one
of the quarks, converting into an electron neutrino in the process.
How quarks of the DNA and gluons behave over sufficiently large
distances is not known. It is suppose to be that the weak
interactions are really carried byWbosons at large distances. In
quantum mechanics, large distances correspond to low energies -
that the energy of a wave decreases as its wavelength increases;
quantum mechanics is all about waves. If we are trying to figure
out what is going on down there on Planck scale of space time, do
we see vibrating strings, or non commuting matrices, or spin
networks, or what? Hard to tell, because it makes no difference at
all at the large-distance/low-energy physics also which we can
actually observe. The EM field generated at Plancks scale in the
neural brain because of super conducting quantum interference (
switching signals from one neural circuit to the other ) in the
region of neo cortex which acts as a powerful transmitter that
allows us to interconnect with other galaxies at extreme high
speeds, while storing massive amounts of information, all while
using very low power dissipation. It is capable of detecting
magnetic fields produced in spaces or around the body. Recent
datashows that various nuclei in the dorsal thalamus in vitro can
express at ~ 0.005 -0.1 Hz. That is greatly facilitated by
activating metabortropic glutamate receptors or Ach receptors.This
means that environmental EMFs are directly linked to
neurotransmitter responses found inside the brain.d. Mind gene -
Blank state, Hubble parameter andFine structureBased on the above
empirical findings, the complex phenomena of mind thinking process
may be now be explained through blank state, Hubble parameter, and
fine structure. The blank state is related to a complex pattern of
weak interactions with cosmic quarks at low energies or at long
wave lengths. We may now assume that the electron of the blank
state is a self interacting particle which exchanges W boson to
form electron neutrino. This neutrino interacts with gluons at long
range Hubble distance to form patterns of thinking / life. The
hypothesis may be stated as if we could rewind time, the
trajectories of mind behavior would all converge to a contracting
point of a non-coded gene as an infinitely singular density point
or mental crunch gene or its vice versa. The vice versa is what we
see today, the mind gene as a expanding or diverging point with its
circumference no-where yet with its focal point at the center of
the body. A question might arise then how big this mind gene point
is? Is it the size of a measurable entity or the size of our
immeasurable universe? While energy cannot be created, nor
destroyed, it doesn't have to have mass, meaning the singularity
was most likely mass less energy and the big bang transition from
mass less to coded energy with mass to give us our physical
proteins . There is a plenty of speculation of what caused the
escape or transition of mind gene from the body but we are not sure
if there is anything conclusive. There are just too many unanswered
questions and we have to be able to collect data in order to figure
out things or at least create a workable mathematical model that
can take us where we cannot go.
The initial point of thinking of the brain activity very well
remains a mystery however, we may believe that after the tiniest
fraction of a second, the gravitational force, strong nuclear force
and the electromagnetic force got separated between the particles,
which probably causes the thinking process. The mind gene itself
created space, time, and all of the matter based DNA and unified
string energy as we know today. And we the human beings living in
this gravity based earth always thinking beyond the milky way
galaxy is a gross reminder of our ancestral connectivity to extra
terrestrial world or what we call our distant cousins living or
dead in the alien world.Mind gene may be a part of the residual
wavelength spectra which may be a connecting link through the blank
states of the distant cousins living/dead in the alien world. Based
on our above analytical model of DNA electromagnetic spectrum,
Hubble time and fine structure constant, we may hypothesize that
the residual part of DNA is some how related to the remote galaxies
through Hubble parameter. In addition, the fine structure constant
value of 1/137 indicates our relation to the primordial basic
element of existence that is Hydrogen atom. Its physical presence
in the form of the fine splitting of Hydrogen atom through quantum
interactions is a grim reminder of our relation ship with nature.
Its linkage to the coded gene in the form of phonon electron
interactions gives an indirect reference to the existence of mind
gene which is to be unraveled experimentally. Hydrogen atom is the
basis of all mental phenomena in the universe. It is a basic
building block of the universe. In cosmology, the entire ordinary
matter based universe is estimated to be approximately 0.2 atoms
per cubic meter (Mullins, Justin, 2004)and where as the critical
density of mono atomic hydrogen and its critical density in the
universe is estimated to be approximately five atoms of monatomic
hydrogen per cubic meter. It is the same hydrogen atom Life
(Haldane, J.B.S., 1947) is not under our absolute mind control. It
has a remote switch. It is not under our control because it is
related to the outside world through Hubble time. Let us analyze
its connectivity relation through the DNA spectrum. The wave
lengths of DNA spectrum extends to the radio region of the
spectrum. What could be the possible longest wave length of the
residual DNA that one can extend inside the physical body?. Or in
other words, the question may be put: can it be a simple straight
line projected to infinity becomes a circle. The answer could be
the same thing happening inside the neural brain i.e. minds orbit
is a relativistic orbit where the embedded electrons involve in
energy transfer with phenons .
Fig. 2 Longest wavelength projected to infinity becomes a circle
Mathematically, it may be expressed as;Singularity point of mind =
lim. y (x) = 2r2,where y(x) = mx + c is equation of straight line
x
where, r = radius of the circle, y and x are variables, m =
slope and c is a constant. The straight line inside the physical
body is called as Kundalini line or vertical line as shown in
Fig.3. In Indian scriptures (Chaitanya G, Sadhana T, 2006),
Kundalini is defined as a vertical line of subtle energy flowing
from brain to anus region in the physical body. y
xFig.3. Vertical line with un defined slopeHence, the mind gene
of the residual DNA is apointof zero volume, but with very high
mass or energy, which makes the density infinite. It is a synonym
to Stephen W. Hawkings black hole singularity. According to Stephen
W. Hawking, singularities either occur entirely in the future or
entirely in the past. The Big Bang singularity always lies in the
past (if you were able to rewind time, galaxies will become closer
together, eventually coming together at a point).A contraction
(something like black hole) singularity is the dimensionless point
where all matter pulled into it and is concentrated. It has
infinite density and therefore does not exist within space-time as
it is the point of infinite curvature of space-time. There was only
one cosmic mind gene singularity and it contained the whole macro
universe. Since these singularities are infinitesimally small and
therefore they possess infinite density. It has all of the
properties of a contraction singularity and from it 'grew' coded
DNA. This is the mind body relation. Therefore, the main difference
is that a contraction singularity is the end of space time (and
pulls matter in) and the mind or expanding gene singularity is the
beginning of space time (where DNA matter are 'real').It is the
character or habit of ones own life experience or in other words
the experience of life distribution is nothing but patterns of
embedded mental blank states of DNA that is carried out during a
particular period of life time or the existence of physical body.
It is organic mental evolution of ones own mental actions in a
given physical time. How it gets carried forward without physical
protein form is a un answered question. The mental behaviour or
embedded mind behaviour is cosmic time dependent which is
independent of our planetary physical time. And therefore non coded
information to get into coded information is a time dependent
evolutionary gene. Its identification or evolutionary evolution of
patterns to become visible is always cosmic time dependent. A hope
in the direction of finding the mind gene has come through by the
recent (John O Keefe et al,2014) findings of Nobel laureates who
discovered that how specific brain cells help rats and other
mammals spatial maps of their inner brain environment in short
inner GPS of the brain. The findings opened up new avenues for
understanding cognitive processes like memory, thinking and
planning apart from medical treatment advantages like Alzheimers
disease. The positioning system they discovered helps us to know
where we are, find our way from place to place and store the
information for the next time. The MMP-9 gene ( Bhargava, 2014)
)plays a major role in cognitive and hearing functions and removal
of the said gene decreases Hyper homo cysteinemia-induced cognitive
and hearing dysfunctions. The removal of this gene is an indication
of existence of cognitive process in the brain. This research was
carried out on mice but has large implication for humans; Mind gene
is always fresh and young. Its younger than the physical age.
Extending the logic of young body cells is younger than we think, (
Nicholas Wade 2005),the findings shows that the cells from the
muscles of the ribs, taken from people in their late 30's, have an
average age of 15 -10 years. Extrapolating the logic to the mind,
it indicates that mind is as old as the age of earth (based on
Hubble time).AcknowledgementsThis research paper could not have
been completed without the blessings of SwaniDayanandaSaraswati,
USA, and equally, the guidance and cooperation of the researchguide
Dr. Maratha Doherty, Dr. R. Srinivasan, Sastra University, Swami
Haridas and sisters of Sri Sarada Ashram.
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