Presented by : Harsimran Singh Bajaj (06106021) Jatinder Kumar (06105016) Harisankar K. D. (06109018) Under the guidance of : Dr. R. S. Bharj 1
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Presented by :Harsimran Singh Bajaj (06106021)
Jatinder Kumar (06105016)
Harisankar K. D. (06109018)
Under the guidance of :Dr. R. S. Bharj
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$ Introduction$ Properties and application$ Different methods of production$ Project objective$ Project methodology
$ Flame synthesis$ Summary of literature review$ Experimental setup$ Detail of components$ Burner$
Transmission system$ Substrate$ Acrylic sheet$ Fuel$ Variable parameters$ Filtration
$ Conclusion 2
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(Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) - Allotropes of carbon.
(Length-to-diameter ratio of up to 2,80,00,000:1.
(Chemical bonding - sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite.
(Categorized as: Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs)
Courtesy: scitizen.com
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S. No. Property Remarks Applications
1. High electrical
conductivity
Most conductive carbon fibers known.
CNTs can have an electrical current
density more than 1,000 times greaterthan metals such as silver and copper.
Conductive plastics, electronic nano-
components (diodes, transistors)
2. High strength Results from the covalent sp² bondsformed between the individual carbon
atoms. Strongest material yet
discovered.
Structural composites, space andaircraft body parts, military battle suits,
CNT ceramics
3. High stiffness Young·s modulus is 5 times that of
steel.
Structural components, transmission
line cables, woven fabrics and textile
4. High thermalconductivity
About 15 times more thermallyconductive than copper.
Heat sinks for chips, conductiveadhesives and connectors, coatings,
paints
5. High aspect
ratio
Generally l/d = 1000. Fibers and fabrics, communication
6. Highlyabsorbent
Due to large surface area of about1000m2/g.
H2 storage media for fuel cells, catalystsupport, filters 4
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Method Arc Discharge Laser Ablation CVD Flame Synthesis
Who Ebbesen & Ajayan,
Japan, 1992
Smalley, Rice 1995 Endo, Shinshu, Japan -
How By connecting 2
graphite rods topower supply and
keeping them fewmm apart. At 100 A,
carbon vaporizes.
By blasting graphite
with intense laserpulses.
By placing substrate
in high temperatureenvironment and
adding carbonsource.
By introducing
transition metals likeFe, Ni, etc. in fuel-rich
flame
Yield 30 to 90% Up to 70% 20 to 100% -
Pros Can easily produce
SWNT and MWNT
having structural
defects.
Primarily SWNTs
with good diameter
control.
Easiest method for
industrial production,
simple
process,controlablediameters and pure
CNTs
Cheapest, simple and
energy efficient
method
Cons Tubes short with
random sizes, often
need a lot of purification.
Costly technique,
requires expensive
lasers and high power.
CNTs are usually
MWNTs and have
defects.
Lesser known method
and requires more
research5
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Parametric identification for the flame synthesis of CNTs.
Simulation of flame by CFD package like Fluent and Gambit.
Creation of experimental setup on the basis of results from
simulation.
Bringing out the co-relation between the simulation and
experimental results.
Conclusion of synthesis of CNTs by simulation only.
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Project objectiveand problem
definition
Literaturereview
Simulation andmodeling
Design of experimental
setupExperimentation
Filtration andanalysis of samples
omparison of results
onclusions
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(Simple and energy efficient method.
(Suitable for high-volume commercial production.
(Combustion of a portion of the hydrocarbon gas provides
the elevated temperature required.
(Remaining fuel serves as the required hydrocarbon reagent.
( In presence of transition metals - CNTs are formed.
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S.
No
.
Author Source Description of
work
Comments
1. Saritha Perla Post Graduate -Thesis
Flame synthesis of carbonnanostructures
Use of propane for theformation of CNTs, averageequivalence ratio, sampling time.
. urray J.eight, Jack .
o ard, and Jefferson .
Tester
at. es. Soc.Symp. Proc. ol.
© 3aterials
esearch Society
Flame synthesis of Carbon nanotubes
verage stand off distance,sampling time, equivalence ratio
for formation of CNTs
3. Fusheng Xu,ong Zhao,
Stephen D. Tse
Science-direct.com
Carbon nanotubesynthesis on
catalytic metal
alloysin methane/aircounterflo
diffusion flames
Use of diffusion flames and typeof catalysts for CNTs formation.
4. ander al
L, Ticich T ,Curtis E.
Chem Phys Lett
;3 3: 1 3.
Diffusion flame
synthesis of single- alled
Production of S NTs by
diffusion flame synthesis and useof Ni as catalyst 9
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Vacuum PumpStepperMotor
R otameters
N2
O2
F el Acrylic sheet
N t & Screw Mechanism
S bstrate
Flame
N2
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N2 cylinder
LPG cylinder
O2 cylinder
Rotameters
Transmission
system
Microcontroller kit
Vacuum cleaner
Reaction chamber 11
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(Consists of two concentric cylindrical pipes.
(One of which is fuel inlet while the other is oxidizer inlet.
(Both are welded on a circular plate.
(4 nipples are attached to the circular plate.(One at the centre and the other 3 at offset of 30 mm from
the centre at 120º each.
(Fuel inlet diameter = 11 mm.
(Oxidizer inlet diameter = 50mm.
(Height of burner = 150mm.
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(Main function is to control height above the burner (HAB).
(Consists of worm which rests in the two bearings.
(Bearings are mounted on the two side plates.
(Worm is connected to the pinion which is held between twoplates.
(Pinion has internal threads and contains a bolt which moves upand down.
(This bolt is attached to the substrate with the help of nutwelded on substrate.
(Transmission system is driven by stepper motor through acoupling.
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Max. Power of motor = VI
= 4 x 1.2 = 4.8 Watts
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where V = Rated voltage
I = Rated current Also, Power = T1x1 = 0.297 x 2 x N/60
Here, N1 = 154.41 rpm
N2 = (Z2/Z1) x N = 48.73 rpm
For same power to be transmitted,
T1/T2 = N2/N1
T2 = m2 g r 2m2 = 3.18 kg
where T1,T2 = Torque transmitted to worm and pinion resp.
m2 = Max. mass of plate.
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Stepper
motor
substrate
coupling
Transmission box 17
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(Acts as catalyst and participates in growth mechanism of CNTs.
(Can be moved up and down with the help of transmission
system.(Alloys are preferred as they reduce melting point of
substrate.
(Solubility of carbon is higher in alloys.
(Stainless steel plate alloy of iron, chromium, nickel andcarbon.
(Dimensions (150x150x 4) mm.
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(Transparent thermoplastic.
(Synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate.
(Also known as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate).
(Preferred over glass because:
- its weight is about the half of that of glass for constant volume.
- thick glass gives greenish tinge which hinders clear visibility.
- easy to handle, cut, drill and use.
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(Hydrocarbon source.
(Must provide the required elevated temperature on
combustion.
(Easily available.
(Firstly, it was decided to use propane as fuel.
(But due to its unavailability in required time, LPG is used.
(Contains 60% propane and 40% butane.
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S.
No.
Parameter Remarks
1. Temperature Can be as high as 2000°C.
2. Stand-off distance Distance between the tip of the burner and the substrate.
3. Substrate Stainless steel, molybdenum, copper, silicon, etc.
4. Fuel Hydrocarbons solid, liquid or gaseous.
5. Equivalence ratio Ratio of actual F/A ratio to stoichiometric F/A ratio.
6. Sampling time Time during which the substrate is introduced to flame.
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(Required to remove impurities from CNT samples.
(Various types of impurities in CNTs:
- Graphite nanoparticles
- Amorphous carbon
- Fullerenes
- Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
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(Experimental Setup was designed on the basis
of results from Fluent.
(Samples are yet to be tested.
(Comparison between experimental results and
simulation yet to be done. 29
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´Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesµ by Murray J. Height, Jack B. Howard, and JeffersonW. Tester, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
Vander Wal RL, Ticich TM, Curtis VE. Diffusion flame synthesis of single-walled carbon
nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2000;323:217 23.
´Carbon Nanotubes-A practical guide to understanding their properties, applications,production, markets and utilityµ by Mike Foley, Cheap Tubes, Inc.
´Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on metal alloy substrates with voltage bias in methane
inverse diffusion flamesµ by Fusheng Xu, Xiaofei Liu, Stephen D. Tse, Department of
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ
08854, United States.
´Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructuresµ, M. Sc. Thesis by Saritha Perla, Osmania
University, 2002 , December 2005.
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/carbon-compounds/allotropes-
carbon.php
http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~scsharip/tubes.htm
http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/bon_htm/14.4.htm
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We are grateful to our faculty advisorDr. R. S. Bharj for their expert inputs,
suggestions, timely inputs and criticalexamination and guidance throughout theprocess which enabled us to reach at this
stage.
31ME-400 (ph-2)
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