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8/17/2019 Parameters of Lightning Strokes a Review
346 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
Parameters of Lightning Strokes: A ReviewLightning and Insulator Subcommittee of the T&D Committee
Abstract—The paper presents the statistical data of the signifi-cant parameters of lightning flash, collected by many researchers
over many years around the world. The significant parameters of alightning flash are: peak current, waveshape and velocity of the re-turn stroke, the totalflash charge and
. Negative first strokeshave traditionally been considered to produce the worst stress onthe system insulation. The subsequent negative strokes have sig-nificantly lower peak current but shorter wavefronts. This maystress the system insulation more. The positive strokes have aboutthe same median current value as the negative first strokes andlonger fronts, thus producing less stress. However, their durationis longer than that of the negative strokes. Therefore, the systeminsulation may be damaged because of the lower volt-time char-acteristic for long-duration waves. The positive strokes may alsocause more thermal damage because of their significantly higher
charge and
. The relationship between the return-stroke ve-locity and the current peak is a significant parameter in estimatinglightning-induced voltages and also in estimating the peak currentfrom the radiated electromagnetic fields of the lightning channel.For better accuracy, the current and the velocity should be mea-sured simultaneously. Better methods to measure the stroke cur-rent need to be developed. Correlation coefficient between variouslightning parameters is another important parameter which willaffect the analysis significantly. Lightningcharacteristics should beclassified according to geographical regions and seasons instead of assuming these characteristics to be globally uniform.
Index Terms—Lightning parameters, lightning statistics.
I. INTRODUCTION
AN accurate knowledge of the parameters of lightning
strokes is essential for the prediction of the severity of
the transient voltages generated across power apparatus either
by a direct stroke to the power line/apparatus, or by a nearby
lightning stroke (indirect stroke). However, no two lightning
strokes are the same. Therefore, the statistical variations of
the lightning-stroke parameters must be taken into account in
assessing the severity of lightning strokes on the specific design
of a power line or apparatus.
The lightning return-stroke current and the charge delivered
by the stroke are the most important parameters to assess the
severity of lightning strokes to power lines and apparatus. Thereturn-stroke current is characterized by a rapid rise to the peak,
, within a few microseconds and then a relatively slow decay,
reaching half of the peak value in tens of microseconds. The
return-stroke current is specified by its peak value and its wave-
shape. The waveshape, in turn, is specified by the time from zero
Manuscript received March 28, 2003. Paper no. TPWRD-00144-2003.P. Chowdhuri, J. G. Anderson, W. A. Chisholm, T. E. Field, M. Ishii,
J. A. Martinez, M. B. Marz, J. McDaniel, T. R. McDermott, A. M. Mousa,T. Narita, D. K. Nichols, and T. A. Short are members of the Task Force 15.09on Parameters of Lightning Strokes.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835039
to the peak value ( , front time) and by the time to its subse-quent decay to its half value ( , tail time). The tail time being
several orders of magnitude longer than the front time, its statis-
tical variation is of lesser importance in the computation of the
generated voltage. The generated voltage is a function of the
peak current for both the direct and indirect strokes. For back-
flashes in direct strokes and for indirect strokes the generated
voltage is higher the shorter the front time of the return-stroke
current [1]. The front time (and the tail time, to a lesser extent),
influence the withstand capability (volt-time characteristics) of
the power apparatus. The charge in a stroke signifies the energy
transferred to the struck object. The ancillary equipment (e.g.,
surge protectors) connected near the struck point will be dam-
aged if the charge content of the stroke exceeds the withstandcapability of the equipment. The return-stroke velocity will af-
fect the component of the voltage which is generated by the in-
duction field of the lightning stroke [1]. Field tests have shown
that the parameters of the first stroke are different from that of
the subsequent strokes.
Lightning being random in nature, its parameters must be ex-
pressed in probabilistic terms from data measured in the field.
The objective of this report is to present the statistical data of
the significant parameters collected by many researchers over
many years around the world.
II. DATA ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES
Compilation of lightning parameters is best accomplished by
direct measurements on actual lightning. Data gathering can be
accelerated by triggered lightning, whereby a rocket trailing a
thin conducting wire is shot toward a charged cloud. The rocket
is struck by lightning as it approaches the charged cloud and
the trailing thin wire is evaporated by the heavy current flow,
thus simulating the lightning channel. The first stroke cannot be
simulated by triggered lightning. It does simulate the subsequent
stroke.
As tall structures are struck more frequently by lightning,
the return-stroke current has traditionally been measured by in-
stalling current transducers either at the top or the bottom of tall towers. The output of the current transducer is then fed into
a recording device. The magnitude of the return-stroke current
has also been measured by magnetic links, which are small bun-
dles of high retentivity steel laminations about three centime-
ters long, placed at various locations on the shield wires and
transmission-line tower legs. The currents flowing through these
parts magnetize the magnetic links, and the peak current can be
estimated from the magnetization of the magnetic links. How-
ever, such measurements have long been discarded because of
unreliability. The peak of the return-stroke current has also been
estimated by measuring the radiated magnetic field of the light-
ning stroke. The relationship between the peak current, ,
358 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
and to recognize that approximations are inevitable. It is rec-
ommended that until more data are available:
1) The CIGRE waveshape (Fig. 1) be used whenever pos-
sible.
2) Table I be used for negative first strokes, the Anderson-
Eriksson part of Table IV be used for negative subsequent
strokes, and Tables V and VI be used for positive strokes.3) The field-test return-stroke velocity as a function of re-
turn-stroke current in Fig. 4 be tentatively adopted.
4) The NLDN data on stroke magnitudes be viewed with
caution until the validities of the various assumptions
made in the analysis can be resolved.
5) The approximation equations [(11) and (13)] and
[(15)–(19)] be used for cases where local data are
not available. However, it should be recognized that the
extreme values at very low and high magnitudes are
inadequate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The raw data of the NLDN system was provided by the
Vaisala-GAI, Inc. The Task Force acknowledges the fruitful
critique provided by Dr. K. L. Cummins.
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