PARAGRAPH
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PARAGRAPH
What is a paragraph? 段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想
（ controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子 .
主题句 topic sentence 推展句 supporting sentences 结论句 concluding sentence
We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. In addition ， it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.
( 主题句 ) There are several factors affecting climate. ( 推展句 1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. ( 推展句 2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. ( 推展句 3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. ( 推展句 4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Ways of paragraph development
1. Narration （ P22 ） six elements:
character, time, place, event, cause, effect.
To organize the details according to their occurrence in time or in a chronological order
Some connectors showing time: now in the past until soon recently after a while later nowadays not long after then while in the mean time before since meanwhile
Exercise: p33 connectors showing time: in the spring about 15 years ago after a while a few minutes later in that hushed moment at length
stretch his hand lapse back into his thoughts look uncomprehendingly at slowly lean forward curve his arms press his face to the shroud remain motionless
tips 1 ） choose a point of view and perspective 2 ） present the events in a logical order 3 ） select details carefully
Exercise: p35
List the chronological development of the story 1. I_____ an ad of a teaching post. 2. I _____ the post. 3. I _____ an interview. 4. I _____ the school. 5. I _____ the school. 6. The headmaster _____ the door. 7. The headmaster asked me _____. 8. The headmaster _____ me the class. 9. I was _____ how I could teach such a class. 10 I asked the headmaster about _____.
When I was a child, I used to do what I wanted to do and never followed others. Because of my stubbornness, I seldom accepted other’s suggestions, even if they were proposed for my account. However, one event happened in a summer holiday made me realize the importance of accepting good and reasonable suggestions.
Several years have passed since that happened, but I still remember it so clearly that I often dream it. I always think that if there were no one who passed that road at that time…… what’s more important is that I became to know the necessity and importance of accepting other’s good suggestions.
How to write a good concluding paragraph? 1 ． Restate the thesis:
(1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.(2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.
Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.
Circumstance and people are constantly changing. Some friendships last forever; others do not. Nevertheless, friendship is an essential ingredient in the making of a healthy and rewarding life.
2 ． Draw a conclusion: (1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student
relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
College students can earn much money by taking part-time jobs ,and they can also get social experience.
The significance of college students doing part-time jobs means more than money and experience. It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life.
An Inhibition as mentioned above, is rarely used.At last, we were able to afford a house.We finally found a decent apartment close to campus.Pop, in a word, is fascination versus meaning.It was, all in all, more like a prison than an office.In brief, the President plans to cut defense spending and
lower taxes.In conclusion, I want to thank all the people who have
volunteered their time to our organization.In short, the report says that more money should be spent
on education.
In sum, we need to cut costs.In summary, do not sell your shares.To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion
look brighter than they have done for many moons.To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular
exercise and stop smoking.To summarize, in most cases the schools were
achieving the standards set.
3 ． Use quotations: (1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those who help themselves." (2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4 ． Use rhetorical question (1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible? (2)So ， what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
5 ． Forecast (1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely. (2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
Tips: Start with a narrow statement to connect the
concluding paragraph with the previous one. Avoid bringing in any new topic. Maintain the same tone as in the rest of the
essay. End the essay briefly and naturally.
Exercise: p38
2. Description Sensory impression Put down what we see, hear, touch, smell and
taste. 2.1 description of a person (P41) catch the first glimpse of … hurry breezily smoke passionately come in like a gust
p44 Quiet, friendly, kind, never quarrel with others,
make friends with her, treat, be ready to, the most popular
p45
P49 in pursuit of 追求幸福目标 / 真理 / 事业 豪华的生活品质 happiness/ aims/ truth/ one’s cause/ luxury
lifestyle in many respects in some/all/many/several/few respects
在某些 [ 各个 / 许多 / 几个 / 极少 ] 方面 in many respects this is an important decision. in accordance with the requirements
2.2 Description of a place Spatial order (p48) 2.3 Description of an object dominant impression / particular effect (P59) (p63) 2.4 Description of a scene the setting, the people and the actions (p61) p74
I. Cold outside A. Continuous snow B. A severe frost C. Birds growing tamer II. Cold inside A. Inadequate and uncooperative central heating system B. Tiny holes in the brickwork of many o the room C. Frozen water pipes D. Oil stoves sold out
III. Other effects of the cold A. Sitting about in overcoats B. Water getting frozen before reaching the house C. Dropped eggs remain unbroken D. Water pipes leaking late in March
Write a paragraph of narration ， telling about one of your memorable trip.
1. 状语从句前置或后置 The world won’t end even if we fail. Even if we fail, the world won’t end. 2. 分词短语 He came back, utterly exhausted. Utterly exhausted, he came back. 3. 介词短语 Tom was cutting a piece of metal with great
care. With great care, Tom was cutting a piece of
metal .
4. 同位语 He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern,
Chinese and foreign. Ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, He
read all kinds of books. 5. 形容词 Bill was cleaning the room full of energy. Full of energy, Bill was cleaning the room 6. 不定式短语 We feel much honored to have you come to
visit our country. To have you come to visit our country, we feel
much honored.
1、 ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +（ that） + 主词 + have ever + seen （ known/heard/had/read, etc ）
Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
2 、 Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
3 、 ~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. （再怎么强调 ... 的重要性也不为过。）
We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
4 、 There is no denying that + S + V ... （不可否认的……）
There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
5 、 It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 ~~ （全世界都知道……）
It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
6 、 There is no doubt that + 句子 ~~ （毫无疑问的……）
There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
7 、 An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（……的优点是……）
An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.
8 、 The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（……的原因是……）
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
9 、 So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此……以致于……）
So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.
10 、 Adj + as + Subject（主词） + be, S + V~~~ （虽然……）
Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 }
One may receive a lot of gifts in one's life. A gift received on an important occasion is memorable. Write an essay of about 300 words to tell, with specific reasons and examples, why such a gift is memorable.
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