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PAPER BATTERY

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON PAPER BATTERYBYK.UDAY KUMARRg.No.11E21A0430VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,CHEVELLA

introductionThe creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage and chemistry. In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel M.Ajayan, Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint appointment in Material science and engineering developed the Paper Battery, also known as Nano Composite Paper.In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY

A Voltaic CellNiCD BATTERYRechargeable batteryusingnickel oxide hydroxideand metallicCadmium aselectrodes.Terminal voltage of 1.2VRugged, high specific power(150W/kg), long life, light.Used in UPS, portable power tools, photography equipment,flashlights, emergency lighting, and portable electronic devices.Disadvantages include Memory effect, Environmental hazards, cost.

Li-ion BatteryConstructed using graphite rod, Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium manganese oxide) as electrodes and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as electrolyte.Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7VHigh specific power(300W/kg), nomemory effect, and only a slowloss of chargewhen not in use,possibility of a range of shape and size.Used in laptops, mobiles, other consumer electronics.However it is expensive, delicate, has high internal resistance and safety concerns.

Problems with conventional batteriesLower specific power compared to fuelsWeight and sizeHigh charging timeEnvironmental hazardsExplosion, corrosion, leakageHigh costTerminal voltage constraints6

Paper batteryA paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combiningcarbon nanotubeswith aconventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with very small diameters.It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or molded into any needed shape.A paper battery acts as both ahigh-energy battery and super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything that a conventional battery is not.

PrincipleThe battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the components have been incorporated into a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be varied depending the use of the battery.A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.Li-ion paper battery

The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but has no liquid electrolyte. The paper battery provides a long, steady power output as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it wont freeze or boil.Research is going on around the world to replace this ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc.fabrication The materials required for the preparation of paper battery are:Copier paper and Carbon nano ink1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one side of the paper. 2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius. This evaporates the water content on the paper.The battery is ready and would provide a terminal voltage enough to power an LED

advantagesLight, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into any shape.The nano composite paper is compatible with a number of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers and RF tags.It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like mostly electric vehicles.The electrolyte contains no water, thus theres nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing operation in extreme temperatures.Environment friendly.The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an "electrolyte-permeated gel state, which helps ions make a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at lightning speeds. (It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-ion batteries.)Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical Energy Storage Problems.LIMITATIONSPresently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.Carbon nanotubes are expensive.The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a reality.Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce nanotubes is promising.

applicationsPace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.Devices in space shuttlesPowered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.

conclusionsThe range of possible applications for paper batteries derives from their important advantages as compared to conventional battery technologies. They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet the requirements of each application. The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost and weight which in itself may give birth to new applications.Paper battery could solve all the problems associated with electrical energy storage.However the reality is still very far away, though the researches are promising.Thank you