Paper Presentation -2014

Integration,

Cooperation

&

Extension

Sr. No. Topics

1 Indian Economy

2 Animal husbandry

3 Fishery (Pond Fish farming)

4 Agriculture (Hydroponics)

5 Horticulture (Green house)

6 Integration

7 Waste management

8 Cooperation

9 Extension development

10 Bibliography

CONTENTS:-

Agriculture sector is one of the pillars of Indian economy. About 43% of India’s geographical area is used for

agricultural activity and the sector accounts for 8.56% of India’s exports. The livestock and fisheries sector

contributed over 4.07 % of total GDP during 2008-2009. Agriculture & Allied sectors which used to contribute

19 per cent of GDP in 2004-05 has come down to 14 per cent in 2011-12 at 2004-05 prices. Agriculture and

allied sectors such as forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.81% of the GDP in 2005 and employed

60% of the country’s population.

As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics, India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits and

vegetables, milk, major spices, select fresh meats, select fibrous crops such as jute, several staples such as

millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples.

India is also the world's second or third largest producer of several fruits, agriculture based textile raw materials,

roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked

within the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash crops

such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is also ranked 1st in milk production & one of the world's five largest

producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of 2011.Hence, there is a lots of

areas are still remaining to improve. As far as the population of India concern then we are far away from other

country in agriculture and allied sector.

Indian Economy:-

India has a largest population of livestock as well as respectable poultry population. Animals are kept for thee

purpose which is depending on the requirement of the farmer. Generally animals are kept for the milk, meat,

eggs etc. India is ranked 1st in milk production. Hence, as far as population of animal concern it is very less milk

production per animal. We are also far away in exporting the milk due to lack of milk standard. So there are lots

of area of improvement for getting better production, better income, and better sustainable development of the

farmer as well as of India.

Animal Genetic Potential:- It is depend on the breed of the animal .Different breeds have their different

characteristics feature. HF, Jersey, Sahiwal, etc. breeds have potential of the more milk production as compare

to the other cow. So, genetic make up is more important while making of selection of the cow .

Environment:- Environment has a very important role in production. Example like If we bring exotic breed

to the our local area , then it will give lesser milk production as it give in its own domicile. So ,Environment

effect is more frequently seen . We have to provide a micro environment or we can say adequate environment

for that particular herd which is selected for the production.

Disease Control Policy:- Disease control policy is depend on the which kind of infection is prevalent into

the area. For highly contagious and infectious diseases animal there are some different strategies.

Culling policy:- Inidia is a country where cow is consider as a mother. There are some state where slaughter of

cow is prohibited like Gujarat. But whenever there is incidence of the disease which can only control by culling

of that particular animal that is restricted in India. So, we required changes in our religious taboo for the better

future of the India.

Plane of nutrition:- Malnutrition is the biggest problem of our village farmer. Due to lack of the knowledge

animal cannot get proper plane of nutrition , feed additives and feed suppliments . So for overcome of the

problem proper extension work is required.

Animal husbandry:-

Marine fish and pond fish and other sea foods are produce in India. People like to have fish ,prawns, shrimp and

other sea foods. Pond fish farming is the best farming where there is no sea, lack of sea food. So, in a large

population whereas requirement is also high , on that area requirement can be achieved by enhancing and

encouraging the pond fish farming.

POND FISH FARMING

Fish Farming is an age old activity

and in practice from ancient times.

The concept of composite fish

culture was developed by ICAR in

late seventies under a coordinated

composite fish culture project. This

comprises the culture of 3

indigenous species of fish viz. rohu,

catla and mrigal and 3 exotic fish

i.e silver carp, grass carp and

common carp, keeping in view their

different food habit and habitat.

This practice has been very well

accepted by the farmers of Haryana as its cultural practices are analogous to agriculture. The successful fish

culture requires ploughing of pond, addition of manure, stocking of fish seed; eradication of unwanted aquatic

plants and animals, watering the pond; harvesting the crop and marketing of the produce. The fish culture

technologies and economics are simple and understandable to the fish farmers. To produce one kilogram fish,

the requirements are:-

- one cubic meter water

- one kilogram manure and 100 gm inorganic fertilizer

- one kilogram supplementary feed and one year time

Fishery:-

Generally Rohu,catla, mrigal and common carp are used for culture. The stocking density is kept at 20000 fish

seed per hectare. Farmers have adopted the technique of multiple harvesting. which give better returns. Govt.

provides 20% subsidy to general category while 25% to scheduled caste fish farmers for excavation of new

pond/ renovation of old pond and fisheries inputs.

Economics of Fish Farming a) Expenditure Rs.

Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of

Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount 25000

Electricity & Water charges 17500

Cost of 250Kg Lime 1000

20000 Fish Seeds 1500

Organic Fertilizer 10000

Inorganic Fertilizer 5000

Supplimentry feed 30000

Medicine, Fishing, Watch & Ward 10000

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 100000

b) Income

Sale of 5600 KG Fish @ 50 KG at pond site 280000

c) Net Income (B-A) 180000

Hydroponics

Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrients

evolutions, in water, without soil.

Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert

medium, such as perlite, gravel, mineral wool, expanded clay or coconut husk.

Researchers discovered in the 18th century that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as

inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil

itself is not essential to plant growth.

When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When

the required mineral nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer

required for the plant to thrive.

Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics.

Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.

Basic Hydroponic Systems and How They Work

There are 6 basic types of hydroponic systems; Wick, Water Culture, Ebb and Flow (Flood &

Drain), Drip (recovery or non-recovery), N.F.T. (Nutrient Film Technique) and Aeroponic. There are hundreds

of variations on these basic types of systems, but all hydroponic methods are a variation (or combination) of

these six. Scroll down this page (or click on the system names) to see drawings and a description of each type of

hydroponic system.

WICK SYSTEM

The Wick system is by far the simplest type of hydroponic

system. This is a passive system, which means there are no

moving parts. The nutrient solution is drawn into the

growing medium from the reservoir with a wick. Free plans

for a simple wick system are available (click here for

plans).

This system can use a variety of growing medium. Perlite,

Vermiculite, Pro-Mix and Coconut Fiber are among the

most popular.

The biggest draw back of this system is that plants that are

large or use large amounts of water may use up the nutrient

solution faster than the wick(s) can supply it.

WATER CULTURE

The water culture system is the simplest of all active hydroponic systems. The platform that holds the plants is

usually made of Styrofoam and floats directly on the nutrient solution. An air pump supplies air to the air stone

that bubbles the nutrient solution and supplies oxygen to the roots of the plants.

Agriculture:-

Water culture is the system of choice for growing leaf

lettuce, which are fast growing water loving plants, making

them an ideal choice for this type of hydroponic system.

Very few plants other than lettuce will do well in this type

of system.

This type of hydroponic system is great for the classroom

and is popular with teachers. A very inexpensive system

can be made out of an old aquarium or other water tight

container. We have free plans and instructions for a simply

water culture system.

The biggest draw back of this kind of system is that it doesn't work well with large plants or with long-term

plants.

EBB & FLOW - (FLOOD AND DRAIN)

The Ebb and Flow system works by temporarily

flooding the grow tray with nutrient solution and

then draining the solution back into the reservoir.

This action is normally done with a submerged

pump that is connected to a timer.

When the timer turns the pump on nutrient

solution is pumped into the grow tray. When the

timer shuts the pump off the nutrient solution

flows back into the reservoir. The Timer is set to

come on several times a day, depending on the

size and type of plants, temperature and humidity

and the type of growing medium used.

The Ebb & Flow is a versatile system that can be used with a variety of growing mediums. The entire grow tray

can be filled with Grow Rocks, gravel or granular Rockwool. Many people like to use individual pots filled with

growing medium, this makes it easier to move plants around or even move them in or out of the system. The

main disadvantage of this type of system is that with some types of growing medium (Gravel, Growrocks,

Perlite), there is a vulnerability to power outages as well as pump and timer failures. The roots can dry out

quickly when the watering cycles are interrupted. This problem can be relieved somewhat by using growing

media that retains more water (Rockwool, Vermiculite, coconut fiber or a good soiless mix like Pro-mix or

Faffard's).

DRIP SYSTEMS

RECOVERY / NON-RECOVERY

Drip systems are probably the most widely used type of hydroponic system in the world. Operation is simple, a

timer controls a submersed pump. The timer turns the pump on and nutrient solution is dripped onto the base of

each plant by a small drip line. In a Recovery Drip System the excess nutrient solution that runs off is collected

back in the reservoir for re-use. The Non-Recovery System does not collect the run off.

A recovery system uses nutrient solution a

bit more efficiently, as excess solution is

reused, this also allows for the use of a

more inexpensive timer because a

recovery system doesn't require precise

control of the watering cycles. The non-

recovery system needs to have a more

precise timer so that watering cycles can

be adjusted to insure that the plants get

enough nutrient solution and the runoff is

kept to a minimum.

The non-recovery system requires less

maintenance due to the fact that the excess

nutrient solution isn't recycled back into

the reservoir, so the nutrient strength and pH of the reservoir will not vary. This means that you can fill the

reservoir with pH adjusted nutrient solution and then forget it until you need to mix more. A recovery system

can have large shifts in the pH and nutrient strength levels that require periodic checking and adjusting.

N.F.T.

(Nutrient Film Technique)

This is the kind of hydroponic system most

people think of when they think about

hydroponics. N.F.T. systems have a constant

flow of nutrient solution so no timer required for

the submersible pump. The nutrient solution is

pumped into the growing tray (usually a tube)

and flows over the roots of the plants, and then

drains back into the reservoir.

There is usually no growing medium used other

than air, which saves the expense of replacing

the growing medium after every crop. Normally

the plant is supported in a small plastic basket

with the roots dangling into the nutrient solution.

N.F.T. systems are very susceptible to power outages and

pump failures. The roots dry out very rapidly when the

flow of nutrient solution is interrupted.

AEROPONIC

The aeroponic system is probably the most high-tech type

of hydroponic gardening. Like the N.F.T. system above

the growing medium is primarily air. The roots hang in

the air and are misted with nutrient solution. The mistings

are usually done every few minutes. Because the roots are

exposed to the air like the N.F.T. system, the roots will

dry out rapidly if the misting cycles are interrupted.

A timer controls the nutrient pump much like other types of hydroponic systems, except the aeroponic system

needs a short cycle timer that runs the pump for a few seconds every couple of minutes.

Green House

Greenhouses are frames of inflated structure covered with a transparent material in which crops are grown

under controlled environment conditions. Greenhouse cultivation as well as other modes of controlled

environment cultivation have been evolved to create favorable micro-climates, which favours the crop

production could be possible all through the year or part of the year as required. Greenhouses and other

technologies for controlled environment plant production are associated with the off-season production of

ornamentals and foods of high value in cold climate areas where outdoor production is not possible. The

primary environmental parameter traditionally controlled is temperature, usually providing heat to overcome

extreme cold conditions. However, environmental control can also include cooling to mitigate excessive

temperatures, light control either shading or adding supplemental light, carbon dioxide levels, relative humidity,

water, plant nutrients and pest control.

Advantages:-

Ability to control temperature

The greenhouse design lets light in, and when this light is absorbed by objects inside the greenhouse and turns

to heat energy, it is not permitted to escape. The air temperature in the greenhouse will exceed the outside

temperature. If it gets too hot, all you have to do is open up some of the ventilation panels (or just open the

door, depending on the design) and the temperature will drop. Greenhouses are able to regulate temperatures;

temperature fluctuations can stress plants and slow growth.

Ability to control pests

As most greenhouses have a pretty good covering over all the structure, pests can't get in as easily as they could

if your plants were just out in the open. This also applies to seeds and even pollen from unwanted plants (such

as weeds).

Ability to control humidity

The air-tight covering on a greenhouse causes it to become quite hot and humid inside during the day time. The

moisture evaporating from the soil, and the moisture given off by photosynthesizing plants (transpiration) fills

the air. Once the air is very humid, it becomes harder for plants to lose water through evaporation, and likewise

with the soil. This helps to keep everything from drying out on a hot sunny day. Therefore, it is essential to have

air circulation to exhaust excessive humidity and regulate air exchange.

Stealth

Nosey neighbors will have their view obstructed by your greenhouse if you choose to use slightly shaded

glass/plastic, which still lets enough light through for strong plant growth, but is opaque enough as to obscure

vision from the outside.

Protects your plants from adverse weather conditions

Storms can't blow your plants over and tear them to shreds when they're safely inside your greenhouse! Also

helps protect plants in areas where frosts are common.

Horticulture:-

Project components

For cut flower production

1. Land

2. Greenhouse

3. Planting material

4. Irrigation

5. Fertilization system

6. Grading and packing room

7. Refrigerated van

8. Office equipment

9. Import of technology

10. Labour charge

11. Technical manpower

12. Pesticides, Fertilizers, preservatives

Give the costing for each of the major components and classify them into A. Fixed cost –Permanent items

B. Recurring cost –planting, cultivation, maintenance, storage, packing and transportation costs.

E. Project yield Estimate the total production expected in different years and the realization expected through sales.

F. Margin money 25% of the total cost that has to be invested by the entrepreneur.

G. Repayment Principal and interest are to be repayable in seven years with a moratorium for the first year on interest and for 2

years on principal.

Budget requirement For a one hectare greenhouse to produce Rose cut flowers.

A. Fixed cost

S. No. Item Amount in lakhs

1. Land and development 4.0

2. Green house 13.0

3. Cold storage 10.0

4. Grading and packing room 5.0

5. Office area 2.5

6. Refrigerated van 1.0

7. Generator set 2.0

8. Fax, telephone, Computer 1.0

9. Furniture 0.5

10. Power supply installations 1.5

11. Water supply system, drip irrigation and misting

liners

6.0

12. Planting material and planting 30.0

Total fixed cost 76.5 lakhs

B. Recurring costs

S. No. Item Amount in lakhs

1. Electricity charges / year 6.0

2. Manures and fertilizers 1.0

3. Plant protection 1.0

4. Preservatives 3.0

5. Packing material 2.0

6. Air freight 125.0

7. Labour charges 3.0

8. Commission / duty/ insurance 15.0

9. Salaries 5.0

10. Overhead costs 0.5

11. Maintenance cost 1.0

12. Miscellaneous 3.7

Total recurring cost 166.2

Total investment for the project = Fixed cost + Recurring cost = 76.5 + 166.2 in first year= 242.7.

Project yield No. of rose plants per hectare of greenhouse = 60,000

No. of flowers expected per plant = 100 to 150

No. of exportable quality flowers /plant = 60 to 100

Price per flower in international market = Rs. 6 to 11

Total exportable flowers /ha @ 100 flowers /plant = 60 lakhs flowers

Gross income through exports @ 50 flowers/plant = 300 lakhs (minimum).

Modern Green house

Integration means to collaborate the two different or similar things. Integration in Agriculture and allied sector

is required for getting more production and to achieve better income.

Integrated livestock-crop farming :-

Benefits of Cropping for Livestock Production

• Speed and economy. The crop-livestock system facilitates the crop-livestock integration (maintaining the

same forage species) or the renovation (changing the forage species) of the pasture because the return on

investment is faster. This is due to the fact that grain crops can be produced in four to six months. On the other

hand, pasture formation after cropping is rapid and at a lower cost. Its worth emphasizing that the better the soil

nutrients the better the forage productivity and quality whether in the intercropping, succession or rotation

systems.

• Residual fertilizer supply. The forages under intercropping, succession or rotation benefit from the mineral

nutrients supplied to the annual crops, which were not taken up. In the case of succession or rotation with

soybean, the forage can benefit even more from the additional 100 kg/ha of N symbiotically fixed by the

legume.

Integration:-

• Forage production in the most critical time of the year. After the summer annual crop one can sow the

annual forages such as forage maize, sorghum for silage, for pasture, millet and oats in regions with a colder

winter. In this way one produces cattle feed as much under pasture (oats, millet and sorghum forages) as a

supplement through hay (oats and sorghum) and silage (maize and forage sorghum). Also, one can sow the

perennial forages after the annual crop in the inter-harvest period, knowing that at this time - and due to climatic

factors - their establishment will be partially compromised resulting in lower forage production during the dry

season.

Experience has shown that the perennial forages, principally the brachiaras, are more productive in the first year

following establishment; also staying green during the main part of the dry season. As an example of this

Broch et al. (1997) obtained meat yields of 375, 225 and 135 kg/ha/year in the first, second and third

respectively of pasture after the soybean crop.

Other advantages of agriculture for crop husbandry speak of the faster return on capital investment, pasture

recuperation, economy perennial pasture establishment and the ease of changing forage species.

Benefits of Livestock Production for Cropping

• Crop rotation. The crop-livestock integration demands a greater rotation frequency of annual crops x forages.

This offers a reduction in the inoculum of pests, diseases and includes breaking their cycles.

• Physical, chemical and biological soil recuperation. Thanks to the abundance and aggressiveness of the roots

of tropical forages, as well as the constant emission of new roots, also allied to the greater soil biological

activity, they promote nutrient recycling, the deposition of large quantities of surface and soil organic material

and soil aeration at depths that would be difficult to reach with conventional equipment.

• Improvement of Soil Structure. The structuring improvement, a fundamental physical condition in tropical

soils, mainly due to the organic material and root exhudates, leads to a better soil porosity, water storage

capacity and root growth of annual crops.

• Soil water. There is a greater soil water storage capacity, mainly due to biological aeration and the increase in

the level of organic matter.

• Soil cover. As well as animal forage production, the forage species serve as a source of soil cover for the

direct drilling system at the moment of transition to agriculture. The forage straw, when properly managed, is

sufficient to guarantee complete soil surface protection. As well as reducing soil water evaporation it inhibits

weed emergence and the attack of soil-borne fungi on cultivated plants.

Advantages of Crop and Livestock Integration

Increase in the grain and meat production;

Reduced production costs;

Farmers with more capital;

Improvement and conservation of the soil productive capacities;

Rural sector development;

Greater economic stability;

Creation of direct and indirect employment; and

Sustainability of crop and livestock production.

Integrated fish farming

Fisheries Department provides technical and financial assistance for integrated fish farming. The Integrated fish

farming practices utilize the waste from different components of thc system viz. live stock, poultry, duckery, piggery

and agriculture byproducts for fish production. 40-50 kg of organic wastes are converted into one kg of fish, while the

pond silt is utilized as fertilizers for the fodder crops, which in turn is used to raise livestock. The system of integrated

farming is very wide.

The system provides meal, milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, mushroom, fodder & grains in addition to fish. It utilizes the

pond dykes which otherwise remain unutilized for the production of additional food and income to the farmer. The

possible'integrated farming systems are given below:

a) Fish cum Agriculture System b) Fish cum Animal System

Fish cum Paddy Culture

Fish cum water chestnut

Fish cum Pappaya

Fish cum Mulberry

Fish cum Mushroom

Fish Cum Dairy

Fish cum Pig Farming

Fish cum Rabbit Farming

Fish cum Poultry

Fish cum Duck Farming

Fish cum Dairy

Fish-cum-Dairy Farming is considered as an excellent

innovation for the use of organic wastes. Use of cow/buffalo

manure in fish farming is a commonly prevailing practice.

On an average, one cow/buffalo excretes 12000 kg of dung

and 8000 litre urine per year. The cattle faeces and urine are

beneficial to the filter-feeding and omnivorous fishes. On an

average, 3-4 cows/buffaloes can provide sufficient manure to

fertilize one hectare pond. In this system, farmer gets milk,

fish and calf as well, which increases revenue and reduces

input costs. The system gives a net profit of Rs.2,97,000/-

per year from one hectare land.

Economics of Fish cum Dairy

a) Expenditure Rs.

Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of

Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount 25000

Electricity & Water charges 17500

2000 Fish Seeds 1500

Construction of Shed for Animals (Rs. 150000/- for 10 years) 15000

Purchase of 5 Murrah Buffalo (Rs 40000/- for 5 years) 40000

13000 Kg Animal Feed 234000

Medicine for Animals & Fishes 10000

Labour Charges 40000

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 383000

b) Income

Sale of 5600 KG Fish 280000

Sale of 10000 Ltr. Milk 300000

Sale of 5 Young ones of Buffalo 100000

TOTAL INCOME 680000

c) Net Income (B-A) 297000

Fish cum Piggery

The pig dung as an organic manure for fish

culture has certain advantages over cattle manure.

The waste produced by 20-30 pigs is equivalent

to one ton of Ammonium Sulphate applied to the

soil.The pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste,

aquatic plants and crop byproducts. At present,

fish-pig integration is practiced in all the

developing countries. Several exotic breeds of

pigs have been introduced in the country to

augment pork production. The popular races are

the white Yorkshire,Berkshire and Landrace. The

pigsties should provide adequate protection from

adverse weather conditions. A run or courtyard

adjacent to the pig house is essential. The size of

the pig house depends on the number of pigs to

be reared. Floor space is provided @3-4 m2 for

every pig weighing 70-90 kg.The pigsties are

built mostly at the pond sites and even over the

ponds. The washings from the pigsties containing dung and urine are either channelised directly into the pond or

composed before its application. The boars, sows and finishing stocks are housed separately. Maize, groundnut,

wheat- bran, fishmeal, mineral mixture provide base for concentrated feed mixture. In advanced countries,garbage is

widely used to economize pork production and provided after pre-cooking when pig dung is applied to a pond. It

enhances the biological productivity of the pond. A portion of dung is directly consumed by some fish also. The

excreta voided by 35-40 pigs is found adequate to fertilize one hectare of water. Integrated fish-pig farming is a viable

and feasible scientific approach to augment fish production at low cost. The net income in this integration from one

hectare of pond is Rs.2,60,000/-.

Fish-cum-Poultry

The droppings of birds in this system are utilized to fertilize the pond. Poultry litter recycled into fish pond produces

6000 kg fish per hectare per year. Broiler production provides good and immediate return to the farmers. Success in

production depends mainly on the efficiency of the farmer, experience, aptitude and ability, in the management of the

flock. This involves procurement of better brood stock, housing, brooding equipment, feeders, water trays and

management practices,which also includes prevention and control of diseases. The poultry litter is applied to the pond

in daily doses at a rate of 40-50 kg per hectare. The application of litter may be deferred during the days when algal

blooms appear in the ponds. One adult chicken produces about 25 kg of compost poultry manure in one year. 500-600

birds would provide sufficient manure for fertilization of one hectare of fish pond. Farmer can get a net income of

Rs.3,37,375/- from one hectare of pond in one year. Govt. provides financial assistance to the farmers for promoting

this system.

Economics of Fish-cum-Poultry

a) Expenditure Rs.

1 Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of

Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount 25000

2 Electricity & Water charges 60000

3 Construction of Poultry Shed ( Rs.150000/- for 10 years) 15000

4 550 Chiks 8250

5 22500Kg Poultry Feed 230000

6 Medicines for Fish & Poultry 50000

7 Fishing, Sale of Poultry Birds & Labour 40000

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 428250

b) Income

Sale of 6000 KG Fish 300000

Sale of 118750 Eggs 415625

Sale of 500 KG Poultry Birds 50000

Total Income 765625

c) Net Income(B-A) 337375

Note:- The Income may vary on the productivity and market price of a pond and poultry

inputs/ bi products

Fish cum Duck farming

Fish cum Duck Integration is most common in the developing countries. This type of integration is not popular in

northern states of India. Ducks are of several types and Khaki Campbell is recommended for fish-cum-duck

integration Fishpond being a semi-closed biological system with several aquatic animals and plants provides an

excellent disease-free environment for the ducks. In turn, ducks consume juvenile frogs, tadpoles and dragonfly etc.

there by making a safe environment for fish. Duck droppings go directly into the pond, which in turn provide essential

nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate growth of natural food organisms. Ducks also help in

aerating the pond water, alongwith bottom racking. About 300 ducks are enough to fertilize a pond of one hectare. The

system results in a net income of Rs. 210000/- per year per hectare. However, due to difficulty in marketing of eggs

and duck meat, the system is not very common in the state.

Fish cum Horticulture

Integration of fish cum flowers, fruit plants, vegetables and mushroom can be takcn up. The pond humus is used as

manure for plantation. Pond water can be used for plants which is rich in nutrients, thereby decrease the cost on

inorganic fertilizers. The pond dykes are used for the plantation. The culture practice can be taken up as per suitablity

to the location i.e. location specific. The economics also varies and depends on the type of plantation.

Fish Seed Production

Quality fish seed is the pre-requisite for successful fish farming. Department is using the techniques of

hypophysation for the production of fish seed of culturable varieties. The breeding season of common carp fish in

Haryana is February-March every year where as the breeding season of other species is monsoon season. Brood stock

of required fish are maintained and sex-wise segreggate is made two month before. The pairing is made and injected

with calculated dose of pituitary gland or ovaprim, ovatide or ovpal is injected to male and female fish. Within the 6-

8 hours of the injection eggs from female and sperm from male are released in the water. The fertilizer is external.

Normally one kg fish releases about one lakh eggs. The hatchlings are known as spawn. The spawn is reared in the

nursary pond. After 15 days, the spawn attains the size of 25 mm and ready for stocking in the pond. More than 50

lakh fry can be produced per hectare fish seed farm in both the seasons in a year. The income from sale of fish seed is

Rs. 3.25 lakh approx. per year @ Rs. 6500 per lakh. Fisheries department provides technical and financial assistance

for setting up of ecotype hatchery and fish seed rearing units.

Economics of Fish Seed Production

a) Expenditure Rs.

Construction of Eco Hatchery, Ponds, Water Supply Channel,

Installation of Tubewell ( Rs/- 8 Lakh for 10 Years) 80000

Electricity & Water charges 50000

Cost of 250 Kg Lime 750

1500 Kg Brood Stock 60000

100 Quntals Organic Fertilizer 5000

250 KG Urea 1250

500 KG Single Super Phosphate 1500

Supplimentry feed 50000

Injecting Material, Medicine, Fishing, Watch & Ward 25000

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 273500

b) Income

Sale of 500 Lac. Fish Spawn 200000

Sale of 50 Lac. Fish Fry 325000

Sale of Spent Brood Stock 20000

TOTAL 545000

c) Net Income (B-A) 271500

Food and wastes, like Siamese twins, are closely interconnected. Since the beginning of this century, the flow of

food into cities has increased fivefold. By the end of the century, about 80% of the world's population will be

living in urban centres. The rate of disappearance of farmland is alarming. This irreversible trend, with inputs of

foods and outputs of wastes occurring in an ever-accelerating cycle, will directly affect waste disposal problems

in cities, and will indirectly create the same problems in peripheral rural areas.

One of the results on the countryside of a growing urban population is the expansion of the livestock industry,

which produces an enormous volume of its own wastes in confined areas. Thus, municipalities are becoming

increasingly burdened with garbage disposal, and some rural areas are already having disposal problems with

animal wastes. Both problems are essentially the same in that they interfere with the human environment.

The attitude towards overcoming these problems is usually quite negative: either nothing is done to remedy the

damage to the environment and to the population or, if action is taken, it is motivated only by sheer necessity,

and it is undertaken only with reluctance because it is an additional drain on the public purse.

It was not until recently that some people became aware that these problems could be converted into assets.

Feeding of animal wastes results in reducing feed cost and a lower price of animal products; it contributes to

self-sufficiency in protein, phosphorus and other expensive nutrients in ruminant rations. In addition, the system

makes possible a vertical, mutually complemented integration of animal production among individual species

which can, in return, solve some problems of waste disposal and thus some problems of pollution.

The traditional method of disposing animal wastes has been to spread them on the land because of their

excellent fertilizing properties. In the classical era of Justus von Liebig, this use of animal wastes represented an

essential branch of agricultural science, but since the advent of chemical fertilizers, there has been a significant

decline in the use of organic fertilizer, mainly due to the cost of transport compared with that of more

concentrated chemical fertilizers.

The value of animal wastes as feeds appears to be far superior to their other uses.

The global volume of faecal wastes from broilers, laying hens and breeding chickens (excluding turkeys) is

estimated to be over 46 billion tonnes; from turkeys about 2.6 billion tonnes; from cattle almost 932 billion

tonnes; from buffaloes almost 100 billion tonnes and from pigs nearly 109 billion tonnes, for a total of 1,188

billion tonnes of animal wastes. Nevertheless, from these enormous quantities of faecal wastes only about 25%,

i.e. 302 billion tonnes, are collectable, and thus potentially available for feed or other recovery processes.

Waste management:-

ANIMAL WASTES: ESTIMATED RECOVERY VALUE BY VARIOUS MODES OF CONVERSION

1

Levels in different countries may vary considerably. 2

Wide range, as values may be influenced by the cost of feed, energy and chemical fertilizers from conventional sources. 3

Based on several pre-investment studies and financial analyses and related to profit margins.

The range inevitably varies with the size of operation, country and other variables.

4

Low estimates adopted from Jones and Dale (undated); higher estimates by the present author. 5

Varies with the nature of the waste and its physical properties; includes tractor, spreader or honey wagon, etc. 6

Involves thermophilic fermentation yielding protein biomass, press cake and methane.

Animal wastes represent a vast reservoir of cheap nutrients, particularly for ruminants. In most countries, waste,

particularly from poultry, is easily collected, as it is concentrated in small areas, and its cost, as a raw material

for feed, is generally the cost of transport alone. The only expensive item may be processing, but this cost is

relatively small and is recoverable from the profit arising out of the low original cost. Feed costs for dairy or

beef cattle usually represent 50–80% of the total production costs; this can be reduced to 20–40% by utilizing

these new feed resources as donors of protein, minerals and other nutrients.

Animal

wastes

Mode of

Conversion Investment

1 Operating cost

1

Recovery

value2 (US$/t DM)

Payback

period3 (years)

Poultry

litter

Feed (ensiled)

Methane

Fertilizer

low/medium

medium/high4

medium5

low

low

high

20 –100

7–14

10–30

less than one

5–15

variable

Poultry

manure

Feed (ensiled)

Feed (dehydrated)

Complex process6

Methane

Fertilizer

low/medium

high

high

medium/high4

medium5

low

high

high

low

high

30 – 60

40 – 100

85 – 140

7 – 14

8 – 27

less than one

4 – 5

3 – 5

5 –15

variable

Pig

manure

Feed (ensiled)

Feed (dehydrated)

Feed (chem. treat.)

Complex process6

Methane

Fertilizer

low/medium

high

nil

high

medium/high4

high5

low

high

low

high

high

20 –40

30 – 50

20 – 40

70 – 110

7 – 12 2 – 8

1 – 2

6 – 10

less than one

4 – 6

5–15 variable

Cattle

manure

Feed (ensiled)

Feed (dehydrated)

Feed (solar

dehydrat.)

Feed (chem. treat.)

Complex process6

Methane

Fertilizer

low/medium

high

low

nil

high

medium/high4

high5

low

high

low

low

high

low

high

20 – 40

30 – 50

25 – 45

20 – 30

85–140

12–16

3 –10

1 – 2

5 – 10

less than one

less than one

3–5

5–15

variable

NUTRIENTS IN LIVESTOCK WASTES :-

Bedding material :-

The physical properties of bedding material include bulk density, particle size, distribution, moisture-retention

capacity, compressibility, penetrability, hygroscopicity and biodegradability during the rearing period.

The chemical composition of bedding material affects the nutritive value of deep litter. An ideal bedding

material for further feeding of litter has a low level of ash and its lignocellulosic constituents are biodegradable.

However, the poultry farmer, primarily interested in poultry performance and not in the nutritive value of litter,

does not always share this view.

The ligno-cellulosic constituents of litter vary with the quantity of bedding material per unit of floor space, and

the moisture in the litter during the rearing period, which supports the activity of cellulolytic bacteria. The fibre

digestibility of deep litter based on wood waste can be extraordinarily high, depending upon the biological

activity of the microflora during the rearing period.

It was demonstrated in metabolism trials with sheep fed on pine sawdust prior to its use as bedding (Müller et

al., 1967c) that the organic matter digestibility (OMD) was 11%, while after its use as litter its OMD value

increased to 72% (for litter including droppings). Since broiler manure without bedding had 71% OMD, it

appears that the potential energy of the sawdust was made available through microbial breakdown during the

rearing period. This conclusion was supported by a partial disappearance of lignin, cellulose and other structural

carbohydrates (based on mass balance).

Bedding material must be inexpensive, readily available, highly absorbent, buoyant, easy to transport, dust-free,

disease-free and not consumed by the bird.

Species % of Total N

Faeces Urine

Beef cattle 50 50

Dairy cattle 60 40

Sheep 50 50

Pigs 33 67

Poultry 25 75

ANIMAL WASTES: MEAN

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS

CONTENT

(on DM) Sources:

1 Müller, 1974–75.

2 Pearce, 1977.

CATTLE MANURE

The quantity and quality of dairy manure is related to the body weight of the cow, milk yield, composition of

the ration, water consumption and environment. A dairy cow of 500 kg live weight, producing 15 litres of milk,

yields approximately 35 kg of fresh manure per day, containing about 88% moisture or 4.2 kg dry matter which

includes solids of the manure and urine. The moisture content of faeces usually ranges from 80 to 85% and that

of urine from 94 to 96%. The composition of dairy manure varies considerably with the composition and nature

of the diet (forage vs. concentrates) .

CATTLE MANURE: NITROGEN COMPONENTS (N x 6.25)

PIG WASTE

The chemical composition and quantity of pig waste depends upon several factors: age, live weight, breed, feed

and water intake, digestibility of the ration, housing, environment and waste management.The production of

solid pig waste ranges from 0.6 to 1.0% of dry matter per day calculated on body weight. Low-digestibility

rations yield relatively more manure. With the increase of body weight the quantity of pig waste decreases

significantly (Tietjen, 1966, cit. by Henning and Poppe, 1977).Faeces represent about 46% and urine 54% of

wastes on fresh basis, but on dry basis faeces represent 77% and urine 23%. The pH of pig manure is in the

range 7.2–8.3. The chemical composition of manure also changes rapidly with time after excretion (Harmon,

1974). The biochemical routes of bacterial decomposition of manure can be divided into the aerobic process (resulting

in carbon dioxide, nitrites, and nitrates, dissolved nitrogen and soluble sulphates) and anaerobic action (yielding

gases such as methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate and carbon dioxide).

Class of

cattle Total crude

protein Urea Ammoniacal N Other

Dairy cow

(dry) 11.4 2.1 6.8 2.5

Dairy cow

(lactating) 19.7 3.4 12.2 4.1

Beef

(finishing

in feedlot) 17.6 3.3 7.4 6.9

Heifer 12.2 1.9 5.9 4.4

PIG WASTE: EFFECT OF WEIGHT CATEGORY ON QUANTITY

Live weight

(kg)

Quantity of pig waste per

head/day

kg %

41.9 3.62 8.6

59.7 4.08 6.8

89.8 4.45 5.0

128.7 4.89 3.8

RECYCLING OF THE WASTE:-

CONCLUSION:-

feeding of poultry waste to beef cattle

i. Poultry wastes can be incorporated in beef rations up to a maximum of 40% dry matter of the complete

ration without affecting overall performance and carcass quality.

ii. Higher levels of poultry waste—up to 70%—can be used for replacement herds, wintering beef cows

and maintenance periods of cattle in general.

iii. In feeding poultry wastes to beef cattle, the first limiting factor is energy. High-energy feeds such as

grain, root crops, fruit waste and molasses should therefore be incorporated to balance poultry-waste

based rations.

iv. A secondary limiting factor in feeding poultry wastes, particularly layer wastes, is a high ash content

which limits the level of poultry wastes that can be used.

v. Prior to feeding, poultry wastes must be processed by either drying, ensiling, chemical treatment or other

processes to reduces the microbial count and eliminate pathogens.

vi. Carcass yield and quality are not affected by rations containing poultry wastes, but rations have to be

carefully balanced.

vii. Incorporation of poultry waste into beef cattle rations has a great impact on the economics of beef

production, provided the rations are properly balanced.

Feeding to dairy cattle

Poultry wastes (litter and manure) are good sources of protein and other nutrients for dairy cattle, particularly

for low-yielding herds or semi-intensive production.

Feeding poultry litter

Poultry litter should not exceed 30 % of the total dry matter requirement in the ration. This level, as shown in

Table 46, will supply a substantial portion of protein (31 to 66 %) but the contribution of energy will only be in

the range of 16–31 %.

PROCESSING METHODS

1 DEHYDRATION

Dehydration is widely applied for commercial purposes, because dried waste can be used either as feed or as

urban fertilizer (Flegal and Zindel, 1971; C.C. Sheppard et al. 1975).

Mechanical drying

Drying reduces the bulk of animal wastes to 20-30% of the original volume (Surbrook et al., 1971)

Nevertheless, it is usually a costly process, involving substantial investment and operational costs. The latter

depend greatly upon the initial moisture content, as appears from Table 79.The drying capacity of a medium-

size commercial dryer, for different species of animals, is shown in Table.

Animal wastes must be processed immediately to prevent the rapid decomposition of organic matter and to

conserve its nutritive properties. Losses of the most valuable substances in poultry litter — crude protein —

vary considerably according to the drying method and nature of the processing; ensiling completely preserves

the nutritive value (Table 81).

In-house drying

An economical method of drying poultry manure in two stages was introduced by Pennsylvania State

University. The system uses high-velocity air movement and mechanical stirring of the manure in the pit of the

poultry house. This reduces the moisture content to about half, and the weight of manure to about 30%. Such

manure has a crumb structure and a minimum odour, and contains only about 28–35% moisture as compared to

the original 75%; the level of ammonia and other gases in the poultry house is reduced significantly. The second

stage comprises heat dehydration using a mechanical dryer, which further reduces the moisture content to about

10%. The final product has typical commercial properties as it can be stored in bulk, has no offensive odour and

is easy to handle.

Solar drying

A solar dryer designed similarly to a greenhouse (using plastic covering) was tested on dairy waste in Indiana

(Horsfield, 1975). It was estimated that an 80-cow herd would require a solar dryer of about 1,486 m2 (18

m2 per cow). The cost of mechanical equipment was estimated at US$4,900 and the annual operating cost at

US$833 for the entire herd. The solar dryer would reduce the weight to about 72% of the original input weight.

This system appears to be quite simple and practical for most developing countries.

ENSILING

Ensiling of animal wastes is more acceptable than dehydration on ethical grounds. Ensiled cattle manure

appears to be nutritionally superior to the dried product (Lucas et al., 1975). The economic advantages of

ensiling are obvious, particularly if silos already exist on the farm.

Animal wastes can be ensiled together with crop residues, forages and other roughages, provided that there are

sufficient moisture (40–65%) and soluble carbohydrates to ensure the quality of the fermentation process. The

ratio of crop residues or other roughages to livestock wastes is adjusted to obtain a minimal moisture content of

about 40%; moisture should not exceed 70%. Molasses (1–3%) or other sources of fermentable carbohydrates

must be added if sufficient soluble carbohydrates are not present in the ingredients for ensiling. The digestibility

of cellulosic constituents can be improved by adding alkali in the form of sodium, potassium or ammonium

hydroxide. Where available, liquid or gaseous ammonia or even bleaching agents could be used.

PROCESSING OF LITTER BY STACKING

Poultry litter, used for one or several batches of birds, is an aerobic, fairly balanced biocoenotic system. In the

absence of oxygen the aerobic process is substituted by anaerobiosis, resulting in microbial and chemical

CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

The prime objectives of chemical treatments of animal wastes are to eliminate pathogenic bacteria, preserve

nutrients, improve the nutritive value and increase the feed intake of the waste.

The effect of processing on the fate of various nitrogenous fractions (total N, protein N,

NPN, uric acid and NH3 N) was as follows:

i. dry-heat treatment of litter resulted in substantial losses in all N fractions, the greatest loss being in

ammoniacal N (from 0.88% to 0.36%);

ii. autoclaving resulted in the smallest losses in all N fractions and significantly increased the level of

protein-bound N derived from NPN;

iii. PFA treatment at all levels increased the content of protein N of litters processed at 25 mm depth (from

2.22% to 2.75–2.79%) but was ineffective at 6 mm depth except at the 4% level;

iv. EO fumigation reduced total N, protein N and NH3 N.

MECHANICAL TREATMENTS

Various mechanical processes, mainly involving cattle and pig wastes, are aimed at reducing volume and

separating liquid and solid fractions.

The effect of grinding and pelleting dry cattle manure was studied by Smith et al. (1971). Grinding had little or

no effect on the digestibility of individual constituents. In fact, ground manure showed a substantial decrease in

cell-wall and cellulose digestibility and in N retention, possibly due to a by-pass of rumen digestion because of

the reduction in particle size.

The particle size distribution of three types of fresh animal wastes . The relative proportions in different animal

wastes depend upon the nature of feed ingredients, their preparation and processing prior to feeding.

OXIDATION DITCH

The oxidation ditch is a technologically advanced aerobic process applicable to all livestock waste. It comprises

a continuous open-channel ditch and an aeration motor that circulates the liquid in the ditch and supplies

oxygen. The aerobic action converts organic matter into single-cell protein, enabling the protein level in pig

rations to be reduced by 15% (Day, 1977). Feeding oxidation ditch mixed liquor (ODML) in the form of

nutrient-rich drinking water or adding it to a regular ration (2:1) was developed by Day and Harmon (1974).

ACTIVATED SLUDGE

The product is a sediment of aerobic bacterial digestion from an aerated tank, rich in protein (27–45% crude

protein). The input consists of animal wastes, oxygen and chlorine. The products are carbon dioxide, ammonia,

renovated water and sludge. The initial investment and power and other operating costs are high.

There are several simple processes. Sludge can be used as a protein supplement for monogastric animals and

ruminants.

.

COMPOST FOR FEEDING

There are several methods of composting, but basically they can be divided into static or dynamic processes.

In the static process the semi-dry manure, alone or together with other organic material, is spread in layers and

turned over once or several times during the composting process. The moisture content should be within the

range of 40–50%; otherwise, anaerobic processes take place. A characteristic of the static process is the intense

development of the fungi Actinomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.

In the dynamic process the material is constantly revolved in a digester, and the prevailing microflora is usually

represented by bacteria. The significant fungal infestation takes place later in windrows, except that when the

organic material remains in the digester for a longer period, fungal development replaces the bacterial

population in the final stage of the fermentation process.

The organic matter content of processed compost is a decisive factor in establishing the quantity that can be

used in ruminant diets. It is therefore necessary to use fresh compost immediately after processing to avoid its

mineralization, which results in lowering its organic matter content.

COMMERCIAL RECYCLING PROCESSES

THE “CLOSED ECOLOGICAL CYCLE”

Dew Fresh Eggs Corp, has introduced a completely closed recycling system based on poultry and cattle. The system recovers cattle and poultry wastes and converts them into usable products (feed, methane gas and fertilizer). The schematic flow of the system is illustrated in Figure 12.

The system involves replacement birds for layer facilities, confined cattle, replacement cattle held in pasture, a feed mill, a methane generator and cropping land. Poultry manure is partly utilized for methane and partly applied as a fertilizer; the liquid fraction of the cattle manure is used for methane, while the separated solid

fraction is fed to replacement cattle.

The farm operates on 472 ha with a projected extension of 4,000 ha, 1.2 million layers, 500,000 pullets and 10,000 feedlot cattle. The methane gas output is estimated to

be 35,000 m3; it is blended with natural gas in the utilities pipeline system. Biogas and conventional gas should completely substitute electricity, which will be used

only for a back-up system. It is envisaged that the biogas investment will have a pay-back period of about 5 years.

The “Closed

Ecological

Cycle”

THE CORRAL SYSTEM

This system is designed for both open feedlots and confinement housing of beef and dairy cattle. Its principle is the collection of liquid and solid wastes which are pumped into a vibrating screen and press to separate liquids from solids. The liquid effluent is discharged into a holding pond and applied as a crop fertilizer. Solids are

either composted, ensiled or pasteurized in the so-called “Corral Pathocide Process”. The treated product can be directly refed either to the cow herd or, after mixing

with conventional feeds from crops fertilized by the liquid effluent, to confined cattle.

The Corral system

Cooperation is required for the each and every agricultural product to reduce the involvement of the middle man

for getting maximum value of the product. For that cooperation foundation should be make form the central

level to the village level so each and every person connect with it and don’t get misguide . Cooperation of milk

,meat and eggs must be there .

Cooperation:-

Extension define by many ways among them , It is a transfer of technology from its origin to the farmers. As I

have already describe application of new technique for the better development of the farmer which leads to

development of the India.

Application of new technological plant for the food processing for the preservation ,conservation and long term

cold storage should must be present in different area of the country. Newer method of harvesting must have to

adopt form the foreign country.

Extension has also another definition ,as per that It is a work or branch of the agriculture whereby farmers are

learn for the different kind of farming for the development of themselves.

Govt. provide various

different kind of scheme

for the encouragement

and enhancement of the

farming as well as

development of a farmer

but due to lack of

extension work , lack of

knowledge a village

farmer is completely

unknown about this. So,

here extension work is

needed for proper

guideline.

There are many govt.

plan/scheme which is

encourage the farmers and

provide subsidy that are:-

Extension:-

There should be a co-operative-extension association in each and every district which provide proper information

regarding govt. scheme, provide project file facility and provide complete guidance that may be a free of cost.

• Census of India

• Ministry of agriculture , Department of animal husbandry Dairying & fisheries

• Ministry of food and food Products

• NCAR website http://www .agro.nl/nrlo/

• Extension communication and Management by G L Ray

• APEDA (AGRICULTURE & PROCESSED FOOD EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)

• CARD (CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT)

• Local Articles

• Biotechnology by Satyarampal

• Farmindustrynews.com

• Tamilnadu agritech portal

• Food and Agriculture Organization Repository.

• Fishery department of hariyana

• Fish Pathology of Department of Hydrobio Research Institute, 1979: Handbook of Fish Disease

Investigation. Shanghai Science and Technology Publisher. 119–239.

• Fish Pathology of Department of Hydrobio Research Institute, 1975: Handbook of Fish Disease Control.

The Science Publishing Association, Beijing, 26-281

• Animal husbandry by G C Benergy

• Photos are collected from Google Images , magazines.

Bibliography:-