paper battery

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Jnana Sangam, Belgaum-590014

A Technical seminar report on

“PAPER BATTERY”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by:GIRIDHAR SINGH G [1ST10EC032]

Dept of Electronics and Communication EngineeringSAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

M.S Palya, Bengaluru-560097

SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

M.S Playa, Bengalore-560097

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Seminar work entitled SOLAR TRACKER carried out by Mr./Ms. GIRIDHAR SINGH G USN 1ST10EC058 a bonafide student in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering / Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNNICATIONS of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2013-14 It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.

Seminar Co-ordinater HOD, ECE

(Prof.RAVATAPPA.A.B) Prof C.V.RAVISHANKAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely grateful to Mr C.V RAVI SHANKAR.., Head Of

the Department Electronics and Communications for providing me

with best facilities and encouragement .

I would like to thank my coordinator Mr. RAVATAPPA ..,Asst

Professor Electronics and communications for creative work

guidance and encouragement.

I would also take this opportunity to express my gratitude and

sincere thanks to Mrs.VISALAKSHI lect. Electronics and

Communications, for her valuable support.

(Giridhar Singh G)

ABSTRACT

This paper gives a thorough insight on this relatively revolutionizing and

satisfying solution of energy storage through Paper Batteries and provides

an in-depth analysis of the same. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin

energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon

nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper

battery can function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor ,

combining two discrete components that are separate in traditional

electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term

steady power production as well as bursts of energy. Being

Biodegradable, Light-weight and Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have

potential adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical

devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical

technologies. The paper is aimed at understanding & analyzing the

properties and characteristics of Paper Batteries; to study its advantages,

potential applications, limitations and disadvantages. This paper also aims

at highlighting the construction and various methods of production of

Paper Battery and look for alternative means of mass-production.

SL NO NAME OF THE TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 4

INTRODUCTION 6

[1] 6

[2] LITERATURE REVIEW 8

[3] NEED FOR SOLAR TRACKER 10

[4] TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKER 11

[5] DESIGN OF SOLAR TRACKER 13

[5.1]MATHEMATICAL MODEL 14

[5.2]SYSTEM DESIGN 17

[6] DC MOTOR AND MOTOR DRIVER THEORY 19

[7] MICROCONTROLLER 20

[8] REFERENCE 23

1. INTRODUCTION

The basic problems associated with the present Electro-Chemical batteries

are: (1) Limited Life- Time: Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of

practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. Secondary

batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions

reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original

composition. But, Rechargeable batteries are still costlier than Primary

Batteries in the markets of developing countries like India. (2) Leakage: If

leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals

released may be dangerous. For example, disposable batteries often use

zinc "can" as both a reactant and as the container to hold the other

reagents. If this kind of battery is run all the way down, or if it is

recharged after running down too far, the reagents can emerge through

the cardboard and plastic that forms the remainder of the container. The

active chemical leakage can then

damage the equipment that the batteries were inserted into.

(3)Environmental Concerns: The widespread use of batteries has created

many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Metals such

as Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Lithium and Zinc have been identified as

highly toxic metals. Also, batteries may be harmful or fatal if swallowed.

Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children. While in

the digestive tract the battery's electrical discharge can burn the tissues

and can be serious enough to lead to death.

LITERATURE REVIEW

There has to be a compromise between the charge producing device

(Battery) and a charge storing device(Capacitor). Batteries (whether

primary or secondary) cannot possess indefinite recyclability. Same is the

case with capacitors. So, if a balance be sought between them in such a

way so as to utilize the properties of both, the results would be more

rewarding. Owing to this fact and to the miraculous properties of the

Carbon nanotubes, there has been a steady and progressive interest in

the global scientific community aimed at its utilization in the production of

Paper Batteries. Significant works have been carried out independently,

notable among which are by Pushparaj et al.[2007] and Yi Cui et al.[2010]

in the field of preparing the first prototypes. Previous designs of flexible

energy-storage devices have been based on separated thin-electrode and

spacer layers, proving less-than-optimum in performance and handling

because of the existence of multiple interfaces between the layers.

Pushparaj et al. demonstrated the fabrication of ‘electrode-

spacerelectrolyte’ integrated nanocomposite units to build a variety of

thin flexible energy-storage devices. The robust integrated thin-film

structure allows not only good electrochemical performance but also the

ability to function over large ranges of mechanical deformation, record

temperatures and with a wide variety of electrolytes. The attempt to

integrate the components on to a single unit was revived by Yi Cui et al.

with a much simpler and more promising approach. In this paper, they

integrated all of the components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of

paper with a simple lamination process. Although a paper-like membrane

has been used as the separator for other energy storage systems

including super capacitors, it was the first demonstration of the use of

commercial paper in Li-ion batteries, where paper is used as both

separator and mechanical support. Another significant attempt to exploit

the properties of Paper batteries was made by Dr. Mangilal Agrawal,

Louisiana Tech University. Having done much work with biosensors and

bio-capacitors, he successfully demonstrated how the relative proportion

of CNT and Paper could be used to customize the voltage output of the

Paper Battery. Since the field is so promising and potent, there has been a

huge amount of work done over CNTs and Paper Batteries. However, the

entire work in literature is neither lucidly arranged nor easily accessible.

This paper is solely aimed at analyzing and accumulating the available

works on Paper

Batteries and then evaluating their properties, applications, advantages

and disadvantages in depth.The paper also throws some light on the

production methods of CNTs and on the work that is being carried out in

Indian scenario

PAPER BATTERIES-BASICS

Definition

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production

device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet

of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy

battery and super capacitor, combining two discrete components that are

separate in traditional electronics.

Paper Battery=Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon Nanotubes

Cellulose is a complex organic substance found in paper and pulp; not

digestible by humans. A Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) is a very tiny cylinder

formed from a single sheet of carbon atoms rolled into a tiny cylinder.

These are stronger than steel and more conducting than the best

semiconductors. They can be Single-walled or Multi-walled.

MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTION

This energy storage device is based on two basic, materials: carbon

nanotubes and cellulose. Also an ionic liquid provides the third

component: electrolyte. Engineered together, they form nano

composite paper. It is as thin and flexible as a piece of paper- Paper as a

medium is well designed structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it,

which can hold CNT easily. The paper battery can also be stacked to

boost the total power output.

CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical

nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-

diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,significantly larger than for any

other material. Nanotubes are members of the Fullerene structural

family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the

walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called Graphene.

Nanotubes are categorized as Single wall nanotubes (SWNTs) and

Multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs). The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is

directly proportional to CNT concentration. Stacking the Paper and CNT

layers multiplies the Output Voltage; Slicing the Paper and CNT layers

divides the Output Voltage The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black,

act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity.

Carbon nanotube structure

PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES

• Ratio of Width: Length: 1:107

• High tensile Strength (Greater than Steel).

• Low Mass density & High Packing Density.

• Very Light and Very Flexible.

• Very Good Electrical Conductivity (better than Silicon).

• Low resistance (~33 ohm per sq. inch).

• Output Open Circuit Voltage(O.C.V): 1.5-2.5 V (For a postage stamp

sized Specimen)

• The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is directly proportional to CNT

concentration.

• Stacking the Paper and CNT layers multiplies the Output Voltage; Slicing

the Paper and CNT layers divides the Output Voltage.

• Thickness: typically about 0.5-0.7mm.

• Nominal continuous current density: 0.1 mA/cm2/ active area.

• Nominal capacity: 2.5 to 5 mAh/cm2/ active area.

• Shelf life (RT): 3 years.

• Temperature operating range: -75°C to +150°C.

• No heavy metals (does not contain Hg, Pb, Cd, etc.)

• No safety events or over-heating in case of battery abuse or mechanical

damage

• No safety limitations for shipment,

CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY

As shown in Figure 1a, the double layer LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT film was lifted off by

immersing the SS in DI water followed by peeling with tweezers. Figure 1b shows a

LTO/CNT film with a size of 7.5 cm _12.5 cm on a SS substrate (left) being peeled off in

water (middle) and in a free-standing form (right). Previously,CNT thin films have been

coated mainly on plastic substrate for use as transparent electrodes in various device

applications, including solar cells and lightemittingdiodes.3,5,10,11 In this study, we found

that CNT shave weaker interaction with metal substrates when compared with plastic or

paper substrates, which allows us to fabricate free-standing films with integrated current

collector and battery electrodes. The double layer films obtained with this method are

lightweight, with _0.2 mg/cm2 CNT and _2 _10 mg/cm2 electrode material. The free-

standing double layer film shows a low sheet resistance (_5 Ohm/sq) and excellent flexibility,

without any change in morphology or conductivity after bending down to 6 mm (Mandrel).

Due to the excellent mechanical integrity of the double layer film and the loose interaction

between the CNT film and SS, peeling off the double layer film from the SS is highly

reproducible.

After integrating the battery electrode materials on the lightweight CNT current collectors, a

lamination process was used to fabricate the Li-ion paper batteries on paper. A solution of

polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer was Mayer-rod-coated on the paper substrate with

an effective thickness of 10 _m. The wet PVDF functions as a glue to stick the double layer

films on paper. The concentration of PVDF in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was 10% by

weight. As shown in Figure 1c, the double layer films were laminated on the paper while the

PVDF/NMP was still wet. During this process, a metal rod rolls over the films to remove air

bubbles trapped between films and the paper separator. After laminating LTO/CNT on one

side of the paper, the same process was used to put LCO/CNT on the opposite side of the

paper to complete the Li-ion battery fabrication. Figure1d,e shows the scheme and a final

device of the Li-ion paper battery prior to encapsulation and cell testing. Although a paper-

like membrane has been used as the separator for other energy storage systems including

supercapacitors, it is the first demonstration of the use of commercial paper in Li-ion

batteries,12 where paper is used as both separator and mechanical support.

Figure 1. (a) Schematic of fabrication process for free-standing LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT double layer thin films. The CNT film is doctor-bladed onto the SS substrate and dried. An LTO or LTO slurry is then doctor-blade-coated on top of CNT film and dried. The whole substrate is immersed into DI water, and the double layer of LTO/CNT or LCO/ CNT can be easily peeled off due to the poor adhesion of CNTs to the SS substrate. (b) (Left) 5 in. _ 5 in. LTO/CNT double layer film coated on SS substrate; (middle) the double layer film can be easily separated from the SS substrate in DI water; (right) the final free-standing film after drying. (c) Schematic of the lamination process: the freestanding film is laminated on paper with a rod and a thin layer of wet PVDF on paper. (d) Schematic of the final paper Li-ion battery device structure, with both LCO/CNT and LTO/CNT laminated on both sides of the paper substrate. The paper is used as both the separator and the substrate. (e) Picture of the Li-ion paper battery before encapsulation for measurement.

MAKING OF PAPER BATTERY

The materials required for preparation of PAPER BATTERY are -:

• copier paper

• carbon nano ink

• oven

The steps required in the preparation of paper battery are as follows-:

STEP 1: The copier paper is taken.

STEP 2: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is taken. carbon nano ink is a solution of

nano rods ,surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions.

STEP 3:carbon nano ink is spread on one side of paper.

STEP 4:Paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temp .This evaporates the water content on

paper. Thus paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.

STEP 5: Now place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is

generated.

After drying the paper becomes flexible, light weight in nature.The paper is scratched and

rolled to protect nano rods on paper

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERYA very brief and concise explanation has been

provided.

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)

• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (incl. bio

electrolytes like blood, sweat and urine)

• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

Schematic of a Paper Battery

1.While a conventional battery contain number of separate components, the paper battery

integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

2.Unlike traditional batteries, paper batteries have one electrode made of conductive carbon

nanotubes, the separator is made from plant cellulose (the main ingredient is paper), and the

second electrode is made by coating the opposite side of the paper separator with lithium

oxide

3.To provide the electrolyte, the paper is saturated with an ionic liquid – that is an organic

salt that is liquid at room temperature.

4. Since the ionic liquid does not contain water, the batteries do not contain anything that will

freeze or evaporate, enabling them to withstand extreme temperatures, ranging from -75°C to

150°C.

5.Electricity is the flow of electric power or electrons,ions flow from the positive electrode to

the negative one, while electrons travel through the external circuit, providing current.

6. Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.

Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow along a connected wire to

the positive terminal.

7. Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to

continue.

ADVANTAGES

1. Biodegradable & Non Toxic: Since its major ingredients are of organic

origin, it is a biodegradable and non toxic product.

2. Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our body's immune

system if implanted into human body.

3. Easily Reusable & Recyclable: Being cellulose based product it is easily

recyclable and reusable, even with the existing paper recycling

techniques.

4. Durable: It has a shelf life of three years (at room temperature). Under

extreme conditions it can operate within -75° to +150°C.

5. Rechargeable: It can be recharged upto 300 times using almost all

electrolytes, including bio-salts such as sweat, urine and blood.

6. No Leakage & Overheating: Owing to low resistance, it does not get

overheated even under extreme conditions. Since there are no leaky

fluids, so even under spontaneous or accidental damage, there is no

leakage problem.

7. Very Light Weight & Flexible.

8. Easily Mouldable Into Desired Shapes & Sizes.

9. Customizable Output Voltage:

• By varying CNT concentration.

• By stacking & slicing.

DISADVANTAGES

It would not be logical only to ponder over the miraculous properties and

applications of Paper

Batteries .Things need to be discussed at the flip side as well. Following

are some of them:

• Have Low Shear strength: They can be ‘torn’ easily.

• The Techniques and the Set-ups used in the production of Carbon

Nanotubes are very Expensive and very less Efficient. These are:

(i)Arc discharge

(ii)Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)

(iii) Laser Ablation

(iv)Electrolysis

• When inhaled, their interaction with the Microphages present in the

lungs is similar to that with Asbestos fibers, hence may be seriously

hazardous to human health.

APPLICATIONS

With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the

paper batteries will find applications in the following fields:

In Electronics:

• in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The

weight of these devices

can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-

weight Paper

Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover,

the electrical hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.

• in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.

• in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse,

keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc.

• in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the

PCB can be used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the

components )would contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This

would eliminate heavy step-down transformers and the need of separate

power supply unit for most electronic circuits.

In Medical Sciences:

• in Pacemakers for the heart

• in Artificial tissues (using Carbonnanotubes)

• in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems

• in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,

Sugar meters, etc.

3. In Automobiles and Aircrafts:

• in Hybrid Car batteries

• in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling

• for Light weight guided missiles

• for powering electronic devices in Satellite

Programs

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

One of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every

nation needs energy and everyone needs power. And this problem which

disturbs the developed countries perturbs the developing countries like

India to a much greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where

there can’t be a day without power, Paper Batteries can provide an

altogether path-breaking solution to the same. Being Biodegradable,

Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries have potential

adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices

and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical

technologies. But India still has got a long way to go if it has to be self-

dependant for its energy solution. Literature reflects that Indian

researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed for such

revolutionary work. But what hinders their path is the lack of facilities and

funding. Of course, the horizon of inquisitiveness is indefinitely vast and

this paper is just a single step towards this direction.

FUTURE ASPECTS

The black piece of paper can power a small light.

Flexible battery could meet the energy demand of next generation

gadgets.

The ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day power a

car.

The paper battery was a glimpse into the future of power storage and it

can one day be used in IC cards, wearable computers .

PAPER BATTERY:INDIAN SCENARIO

Unfortunately, not much work has been carried out India, except for a few notable ones.The work is carried out as a joint research project of the Kalasalingam University in Krishnankovil, India; the Indian Institute of Technology ,Mumbai; and IMRAM Tohoku University in Japan, assisted by India’s Department of Science and Technology. Kalasalingam University’s G. Hirankumar brought optimized cathode materials (CNT) to Tohoku University’s laboratories for three months of jointdevelopment.Research is ongoing.

REFERENCES

• Pushparaj V. L, Manikoth S. M., Kumar A., Murugesan S., Ci L., Vajtai R.,

Linhardt R. J., Nalamasu O., Ajayan P. M.."Flexible Nanocomposite Thin

Film Energy Storage Devices". Proceedings of the National Academy of

Science USA 104, 13574-13577, 2007.. Retrieved 2010-08-08.

• Hu, L. C., J.; Yang, Y.; La Mantia, F.; Jeong, S.; Cui, Y. Highly Conductive

Paper for Energy Storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 2009, 106, 21490–

21494.

• "Beyond Batteries: Storing Power in a Sheet of Paper". RPI. August 13,

2007. Retrieved 2008-01-15.

• "Paper battery offers future power". BBC News. August 14, 2007.

Retrieved 2008-01-15

• Katherine Noyes. "Nanotubes Power Paper-Thin Battery".

TechNewsWorld. Retrieved 2010-10

• Ng, S. H. W., J.; Guo, Z. P.; Chen, J.; Wang, G. X.; Liu, H. K. Single Wall

Carbon Nanotube Paper as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery. Electrochim.

Acta 2005, 51, 23–28.

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Properties, and Applications. Chem. Rev.2010, doi: 10.1021/cr9002962.