i PAOC12 WELCOME I welcome you to the Twelfth Pan-African Ornithological Congress, PAOC12. I do this on behalf of the three host institutions, the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI) at the University of Jos, Nigeria, and the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology (the Fitz) and the Animal Demography Unit (ADU), both at the University of Cape Town. When you stop to think about it, PAOCs happen every four years, and this is the 12th, so we must be some- where near our 50th anniversary. In reality, the intervals between PAOCs varied from three years to seven years. The first PAOC was in fact held in 1957, in Livingstone, Zambia. So PAOC12 is as close to 50 years from the start as we will get. Africa is the first continent to have a “continental” ornithological congress. The Europeans did not get that right until 1997! The story of how the Pan-African Ornithological Congress came into being is one that bears retelling. In 1954, Cecily Niven suggested that the 12th International Ornithological Congress (IOC) be held in southern Africa. The competing invitation was from Finland, and IOC13 took place there. The IOC finally came to Africa in 1998, when IOC22 was held in Durban, South Africa. But the idea of an ornithological congress in Africa took root, and came to fruition within three years. Michel Louette and Emil Urban have done a great service by writing the history of the first 11 Pan-African Ornithological Congresses in the proceedings of PAOC11 (Louette & Urban 2007). Michel and Emil, the latter is sadly unable to attend PAOC12, have attended virtually all of the PAOCs since PAOC3. Terry Oatley attended PAOC1, and he will join us for the opening day of PAOC12. Such was his enthusiasm to attend the PAOC, that he traveled from Durban to Livingstone on a motor bike. All of us have made a journey to be here, either short or long, maybe as arduous as Terry’s epic drive in 1957. You are all most welcome. If we can make your stay at Goudini Spa more comfortable please come and talk to us. Two local institutions are even older than the PAOC, and celebrate their 60th anniversaries in 2008. These are the Cape Bird Club, the branch of BirdLife South Africa in this corner of South Africa. Peter Steyn will do a presentation on Monday evening. When Peter is the speaker at a club evening, the venue is packed. 2008 is also the 60th anniversary of bird ringing in South Africa; there is a symposium focusing on ringing in Africa, and there will be demonstrations of bird ringing in the early mornings. My colleague John Cooper and I wrote a short note called How to attend a scientific conference to your best advantage. It gets given to ADU students when they attend their first conferences. The short version is included in this programme (see p. iv–v). The sound byte version runs like this: “Use the opportunity presented here to network – keep a long distance from all the colleagues you can talk to every day”. On p. 131 you will find Meredith Thornton’s glossary of South Africanisms. If you can’t understand the peculiar brand of English we speak, take refuge here. In South Africa, “just now” does NOT mean “immedi- ately”, it means “sometime before the next millennium”. I am grateful to the tiny handful of people who have done the lion’s share of the organisation. Doug Harebottle and Glaudin Kruger must be singled out for special mention. We are also particularly grateful to Tasso Leventis – the Leventis Conservation Trust enabled us to pay the deposit on the Goudini Spa Conference Centre – who has been a great supporter of ornithology in Africa, particularly Nigeria, where APLORI was established in 2001. APLORI is making no fewer than 17 presentations at this congress. Les G Underhill Chair: National Organising Committee Reference: Louette, M. & Urban, E.K. 2007. Overview of the eleven Pan-African Ornithological Congresses. Ostrich 78(2): xiii–xxiv.
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i
PAOC12 welCOme
I welcome you to the Twelfth Pan-African Ornithological Congress, PAOC12. I do this on behalf of the three host institutions, the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI) at the University of Jos, Nigeria, and the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology (the Fitz) and the Animal Demography Unit (ADU), both at the University of Cape Town.
When you stop to think about it, PAOCs happen every four years, and this is the 12th, so we must be some-where near our 50th anniversary. In reality, the intervals between PAOCs varied from three years to seven years. The first PAOC was in fact held in 1957, in Livingstone, Zambia. So PAOC12 is as close to 50 years from the start as we will get.
Africa is the first continent to have a “continental” ornithological congress. The Europeans did not get that right until 1997! The story of how the Pan-African Ornithological Congress came into being is one that bears retelling. In 1954, Cecily Niven suggested that the 12th International Ornithological Congress (IOC) be held in southern Africa. The competing invitation was from Finland, and IOC13 took place there. The IOC finally came to Africa in 1998, when IOC22 was held in Durban, South Africa.
But the idea of an ornithological congress in Africa took root, and came to fruition within three years. Michel Louette and Emil Urban have done a great service by writing the history of the first 11 Pan-African Ornithological Congresses in the proceedings of PAOC11 (Louette & Urban 2007). Michel and Emil, the latter is sadly unable to attend PAOC12, have attended virtually all of the PAOCs since PAOC3.
Terry Oatley attended PAOC1, and he will join us for the opening day of PAOC12. Such was his enthusiasm to attend the PAOC, that he traveled from Durban to Livingstone on a motor bike.
All of us have made a journey to be here, either short or long, maybe as arduous as Terry’s epic drive in 1957. You are all most welcome. If we can make your stay at Goudini Spa more comfortable please come and talk to us.
Two local institutions are even older than the PAOC, and celebrate their 60th anniversaries in 2008. These are the Cape Bird Club, the branch of BirdLife South Africa in this corner of South Africa. Peter Steyn will do a presentation on Monday evening. When Peter is the speaker at a club evening, the venue is packed. 2008 is also the 60th anniversary of bird ringing in South Africa; there is a symposium focusing on ringing in Africa, and there will be demonstrations of bird ringing in the early mornings.
My colleague John Cooper and I wrote a short note called How to attend a scientific conference to your best advantage. It gets given to ADU students when they attend their first conferences. The short version is included in this programme (see p. iv–v). The sound byte version runs like this: “Use the opportunity presented here to network – keep a long distance from all the colleagues you can talk to every day”.
On p. 131 you will find Meredith Thornton’s glossary of South Africanisms. If you can’t understand the peculiar brand of English we speak, take refuge here. In South Africa, “just now” does NOT mean “immedi-ately”, it means “sometime before the next millennium”.
I am grateful to the tiny handful of people who have done the lion’s share of the organisation. Doug Harebottle and Glaudin Kruger must be singled out for special mention. We are also particularly grateful to Tasso Leventis – the Leventis Conservation Trust enabled us to pay the deposit on the Goudini Spa Conference Centre – who has been a great supporter of ornithology in Africa, particularly Nigeria, where APLORI was established in 2001. APLORI is making no fewer than 17 presentations at this congress.
Les G UnderhillChair: National Organising Committee
Reference: Louette, M. & Urban, E.K. 2007. Overview of the eleven Pan-African Ornithological Congresses. Ostrich 78(2): xiii–xxiv.
ii
PAOC Committee
President: Dr Christine Dranzoa Chair: Mr Oliver Nasirwa Mr Houssein Rayaleh Dr Muchai Muchane
Mr Abdoulaye Ndiaye Prof. Boudjema Samraoui Dr Augustine U. Ezealor
Prof. Ali El Hili Mr Mokoko Okonja Jerome Dr Martin Nhlane M. Wenceslas Gatarabirwa
Dr Laurent Ntahuga Dr. H.F. Rakotomanana Mr Doug Harebottle
Mr Kabelo Senyatso Dr Adrain Craig Dr Thomas Cook Dr Mark O’Connell
Dr Ulf Ottosson Dr Jan Wannink Mr Samuel Kofi Nyame
Mr Tim Dodman Dr Julius Arinatwe Dr Leon Bennun ABC Representative
BirdLife International Representative
Scientific Committee
Chairman: Mr Doug Harebottle Prof. Adrain Craig Dr H.F. Rakotomanana Dr Muchane Muchai
Finance Committee
Chairman: Prof. Ali El Hili Dr Thomas Brooks Dr Jan Wanink Prof. Boudjema Samraoui
National Organising Committee
Chairman: Prof. Les Underhill Mr Doug Harebottle Mr Mark Anderson Mrs Glaudin Kruger
iii
message from the Chair of the Scientific Programme Committee
Dear Colleagues
My appreciation to all presenters for their contributions to this twelfth congress. The programme is relatively diverse and I think it will offer delegates a wide selection of interesting and stimulating topics. Likewise Africa’s avifauna is diverse, but many species are under threat - it is my hope that this congress will stimulate constructive discussion amongst colleagues and put in place conservation actions that will continue to preserve birds and their habitats across the continent.
I would like to thank my fellow committee members, Professor Adrian Craig, Doctors Hanjanirina Rakotomanana and Muchane Muchai for their assistance, support and guidance, and Mr Mark Anderson for his help and input, regarding the planning of the scientific programme and editing of the abstracts.
With best wishes for a successful congressDoug Harebottle
Instructions to PAOC Participants
Orals (Papers)
All delegates should hand their PowerPoint presentations in to the Secretariat as soon as possible after registration. The final hand-in time for each presentation is the evening prior to the day on which the oral takes place.
Posters
Posters will be numbered; during the coffee breaks each day, authors assigned to “odd numbers” or “even numbers” should be present at their posters so that delegates wishing to discuss their work can meet with them.
Proceedings
All plenaries, papers and posters, plus summaries of round-table meetings, presented at the congress can be submitted for publication in the congress proceedings. The proceedings for PAOC12 will be published on-line and on CD.
Please take note of the Instructions to Authors, and ensure that the full manuscript is submitted by 31 October 2008. Should manuscripts not be received by the final submission date, the corresponding abstract will be published in the proceedings.
Instructions to Authors
Authors are asked to kindly follow the following instructions and format when preparing their papers
l Only electronic submissions can be accepted. Please send your paper either as an attachment to an email to [email protected] or on CD to Doug Harebottle, Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. You can also submit your paper(s) during the congress. These should be supplied on a Flashdrive or CD.
l Papers can be submitted in either English or French. Abstracts should be limited to 300 words.
l Text: this follows the conventions used in the Wader Study Group Bulletin. Paper titles and author(s) names to be Times New Roman (14 pt) all other text to be Times New Roman (12 pt). Please follow the conventions for keywords, abstract (summary), headings, cited references, reference lists etc. as in the example given on the PAOC12 website (http://paoc12.adu.org.za/docs/wsgbull_example.pdf). Please take note of the following: cited references in the text are listed alphabeti-cally, not in date order.
l Figures: Please ensure that the resolution of all figures is at least 300 dots per inch (dpi). Please do not copy figures into the text file but provide them separately in their original format. EPS, PS, TIFF and PDF files are suitable. Figures imported into MSWord files are unsuitable for typesetting as their resolution is much too low.
iv
The golden rule of conference attendance is simple. Escape the bubble of your cozy group of colleagues. Keep a degree of space between yourself and the people you can interact with at home when you are not at the conference, so as to allow time to meet new people, have useful conversations with them and hopefully establish long-lasting professional relationships. However, do touch sides with your own people, if only for de-briefing, at least once a day. In this way you will be able to act as a colleague should, introducing your new acquaintances and friends (and meeting theirs), and mooting joint research programmes and the like.
If you do form a group from among your colleagues, for example to have lunch at the conference venue, try every time to invite one or two of your new acquaintances to join you. There are always conference attendees without home colleagues who will welcome such invitations. Much good business comes out of the informal conversations that take place at such times: even sitting beside the right person on the bus can pay dividends!
Although you may think the most important thing at a conference is attending as many talks and poster sessions as feasible, and making your own presentation, the really most important business of all is transacted outside the formal sessions. So do not feel you are letting your sponsor down by missing a talk or two to hold or to continue a conversation which you think will be important to you, either by gaining specific knowledge you think you will need, or by establish-ing a good contact who may help with your future career, or next piece of planned research. Important things happen “in the margins” of the conference. This is where you may find yourself a PhD supervisor, a postdoctoral position, where you find new research partners, where you seek out invita-tions for visits to research institutes, where you find yourself a sabbatical position, where you find yourself a job, where you make yourself available for election to the executive committee, where you offer to organize the next conference, where you find Ph.D. students to supervise and postdocs to mentor, where you find staff, where you find examiners for Ph.D. theses, etc. If you don’t come home from the confer-ence both exhausted but also fulfilled, and with a notepad full of new contacts and ideas, something probably went wrong somewhere. However, missing sessions for activities such as bird-watching and shopping is unethical, unless you are paying your own way completely out of your own pocket. Although you are may not hear an adverse comment, your absences do not go unnoticed.
If there are parallel sessions, choose your session care-fully. It often is a disaster to move between parallel sessions, because it is quite rare for the conference timekeeping to be good enough to make this reliable. If there are no talks to go to that particularly interest you, go and learn about something new. Look at the posters carefully. If there is one that interests
How to attend a scientific conference to your best advantage
John Cooper and Les G. Underhill
Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 South Africa
you, search out the owner and discuss it with her/him.When you get your conference pack, look carefully
through the name and address list of people attending. If you see that people whom you want to meet are attending, make a list of them and search them out. You can do this in at least two ways: look at the name badges, or ask people if they can point out ABC to you. If you have read one of their papers, you can say: “Hi, I’m DEF, and I found your paper in HIJ on XYZ very interesting and helpful.” That little bit of flattery ought to get you into conversation. If these high fliers are abrupt with you, it is their problem, not yours. You really need to work hard, right from the start of the conference, to meet all the people you want to talk to. Ask your colleagues, and especially your supervisor, to make introductions for you. If you tend to be on the shy side, this is a good way to get to meet new people, especially the more senior ones. A good supervisor or senior colleague will make the introduc-tion, start the conversation going with a statement on what interesting work you have been doing, ask you a question she/he already knows you will be able to answer well, perhaps make an interjection or two, then excuse him/herself, leav-ing you well introduced and feeling confident to continue the conversation on your own.
If you have a laptop with you, transfer the notes on paper into a file of things to do once you get home, organized in some more rational way than the sequential paper notes: ideas; emails to send off as soon as you get home (many of these ought to be thank you emails, to anyone who was help-ful in some way – ideas, discussions, took you out for a meal, future invitations, gave you a reprint, etc). Small courtesies pay long-term dividends.
If you are a MSc/PhD student and your supervisor or other sponsor has paid for your conference costs, what does he or she expect of you? Primarily, you should do your presentation to the best of your ability:
Meet your session chair in advance, preferably the previ-ous day. Ask for an introduction if you do not know her/him. Ensure the chair knows the facts about you and your work which you would like to be made public. Hand in your pre-sentation as requested – listen carefully for the instructions about this. Check that it projects properly yourself, do NOT leave this to anyone else. Be ready for a problem with the audio-visual equipment and do not panic if your illustrations do not immediately come up on the screen, just solve the problem, or ask for help, and then proceed.
Keep to time. Practice if you feel you need to ensure this. Present your talk to your colleagues at home first and listen to their criticisms and act on them.
Speak slowly and distinctly and avoid slang, jokes and irrelevant “wake-up” pictures at all costs. In general, most members in your audience will not have English as their home language. Be respectful of them. If you use a term specific
v
to your discipline, explain parenthetically. For example: “I measured the width of the parietal bone, a bone at the front of the skull…”. Explain abbreviations the first time they are used. Stick to simple English words, and stick to one term for each concept: no need to use “elegant variation”. An example: “tail feather” is much better than ”rectrix”. Don’t use slang. It is “kilometres”, not “kims” or “kays”; such loose talking is unprofessional and disrespectful to the audience.
If you need to use the terms for the seasons, you need to make it clear which hemisphere you are in – this is particu-larly important if you are doing a “southern hemisphere” talk and most of your audience is from the northern hemisphere. You need to make it clear then that you are talking about the southern summer, because when you say “summer”, northern hemispherists think “June, July and August”. Technically the northern seasons are boreal and the southern seasons are austral, so you can take about the austral summer, but even this is not widely understood in the northern hemisphere. Best of all, try to paraphrase round these confusions.
Check your voice volume with a colleague in the empty lecture room in advance. She/he is in the back row, can you be heard clearly? If you know you have a tendency to speak softly, or mumble, this is critically important.
It does not matter if you are nervous, everyone in the audi-ence will be nervous when they get up to present, irrespec-tive of their seniority and experience. If you feel extremely nervous at the start, take a drink of water to avoid a dry throat and tell the audience: “This is my first talk to an international audience and I’m a bit nervous, but I am excited about my work and hope you will be too”. Have your starting sentence ready in your head, word perfect. It is best to avoid reading from a prepared text. If you feel you really have to do this, then from time to time, lift up your head, look directly at the
audience and make a few statements that are clearly not in your notes. This will help establish rapport. Far better is to have a few words to prompt you on the laptop adjacent the projected illustration.
Start off with your second-best story and picture, and end on your best. In between be succinct and to the point. Avoid “trailing off” your sentences. At all times never end your talk with something like “… and that’s all I have to say”, end posi-tively with thanking the audience for their attendance. When you start, if you feel the session chair has not introduced you properly by all means say who you are, but briefly. At the end avoid long-winded thanks and acknowledgements, they should rather be on your closing picture. Just say: “I owe a big thanks to my supervisor/colleague Professor John Bloggs and to the Myrtle Aspidastra Bursary Fund.”
Nowadays we have our illustrations on a laptop in front of us. Use this as your prompt. There is no reason, at any time, to turn and face the screen and talk half-turned from, or worse, with your back to the audience. Never walk up to screen and make it move by touching it, neither try to get you hand to cast a shadow on the salient figure. If you need to use a pointer, use a mouse. Laser pointers tend to exag-gerate your nervously shaking limb and annoy the audience. Well-designed illustrations should not need a pointer, rather build the picture in steps to make your points in a logical order. Make sure from your speaking position that all will be able to see your pictures, and check that the writing is legible from the back row. Don’t overload your pictures with detail so you have to say: “Please ignore all the columns except the seventh”. This suggests to the audience you have borrowed a picture from a previous talk at best, and, at worst, that you are not very good . . .
Eggs for breakfast, turkey salad for lunch, coq au vin for dinner, everyday speech (from ‘lame-duck president’ to ‘cloudcuckooland’ – even ‘auspicious’ means, at root, ‘from good birdwatching’), product and team-sport logos conveying speed and strength, national treasures on currency, insulation and comfort of bedding – our use of birds sits at the root of our lives, and we can parse it into three broad categories, broadly running in chronological if overlapping sequence: (1) association and inspiration, (2) semi-sustainable services and (3) intolerable exploitation.
Into the first category fall their use in symbol, myth and art, reflected across many cultures: Horus the falcon of pharaonic creation, the swan-morph of Zeus in his union with Leda (beloved of painters, and since Leonardo commonly depicted as consensual), pelican, phoenix, dove and Goldfinch (Christian symbols, the first two probably mistaken for flamingos), parrots (embodiments of the New World’s earthly paradise), and the sounds used by composers since notation began.
Into the second fall their more practical values to human society: quills for writing, flights for arrows, feathers for status and insulation, songster pets (an ancient trade), ornamental and competitive pets (junglefowl and pigeons), domestic foodstuffs (junglefowl and pigeons), subsistence and sport falconry, cormorant-fishing, hornbill ivory, coalmine canaries, vultures for body disposal, and the great environmental service of insect control.
Into the third pack the nightmare histories of human exploitation at its most unrestrained: the destruction of the Great Auk, Passenger Pigeon and ancient seabird colonies of the Pacific (all for food), astonishing slaughter for nineteenth-century feather fashions (herons, hummingbirds and birds-of-paradise especially), the millenia-old, never-ending saga of European songbird killing, appalling industrial-scale poultry farming, gangland syndication of the birds’-nest soup trade, nation-to-nation violence over guano, and disgrace of the global wild bird trade.
For all this, birds still offer us a lifeline: we use them as indicators of environmental health, as scientific models that teach us about ourselves, and as objects of simple wonder. When these elements combine they bring us the inspiration and instruction we need to manage our planet in the interests of all its inhabitants.
1a: Symposium: Current research and conservation initiatives on African flamingos (1)
Southern African flamingos are already feeling the effects of global climate change
Robert E. Simmons1 and Wilferd Versfeld2
1Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Etosha Ecological Institute, Okaukuejo, via Outjo, Namibia
Highly specialized birds dependent on flooding of ephemeral habitats may be the ideal species to use as indicators of long term changes in climate in southern Africa. Both species of African flamingos require good rains and breed on vast salt pans only after they are flooded in southern Africa. Breeding events from Etosha (Namibia) have been recorded for over 50 years and long-term trends are now evident. In Etosha, breeding by Lesser (Phoenicopterus minor) and Greater Flamingos (Phoe-nicopterus ruber) is attempted once every 2.4 years, but major success (thousands of chicks) occurs once every 8.5 yrs. This is closely tied with good rainfall and breeding commences only above 420 mm of rain, but is generally only successfully above 510 mm. Given the extreme evaporation rates present in Etosha averaging about 167 mm/month, a pair of flamingos requires at least 500 mm of rain for the 3 months it takes to rear an egg to a large mobile young before the pan dries out. This rapid drying provides a link to why success is only achieved above 510 mm of rain. However the average rainfall for Etosha Pan is below these figures at 389 mm per annum but it wasn’t always that way. Mean annual rainfall has declined by over 10% in the last 25 years (from 419 mm to 371 mm) and now sits 48 mm below that required for breeding initiation. With increasing temperatures, evaporation rates will also rise, decreasing the time flood waters stay on the pan. Previous studies showed Etosha has become a non-viable breeding venue and the close link with decreasing rainfall provides the first evidence that climate change is negatively influencing the success of a southern African wetland bird.
Monday a.m.
.2
Lesser Flamingos successfully breed on Africa’s first artificial flamingo breeding island
Mark D. Anderson
Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, Private Bag X6102, Kimberley 8300, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. [email protected]
The recent successful breeding of c.4500 pairs of Lesser Flamingos Phoenicopterus minor at Kamfers Dam, Kimberley, South Africa, is an important event in the conservation of this globally “Near-threatened” species. It has only a few breeding sites, the sites are threatened by various anthropogenic factors, and breeding events are infrequent. The population is consequently declining.
The Lesser Flamingo only breeds at six localities across its global range in Africa and South Asia. In Africa these sites are Etosha Pan (Namibia), Sua Pan (Botswana), Lake Natron (Tanzania), and now Kamfers Dam (South Africa). Breeding at other wetlands in Africa has either not been properly document or only suspected, and these include Aftout es Saheli (Mauritania) and Lake Magadi and Lake Nakuru (Kenya).
Kamfers Dam holds the largest permanent population of Lesser Flamingos in southern Africa, mainly because of the high concentration of cyanobacteria (mainly Spirulina sp.) and diatoms (mainly Cyclotella sp.). This wetland was therefore the ideal place to construct a breeding island. Lesser Flamingos have previously attempted to breed at Kamfers Dam, but disturbance by dogs and humans and a rapidly receding water level during early-summer are the probable reasons for the unsuccessful attempts.
Kamfers Dam’s island was constructed by Ekapa Mining in September 2006. The island is S-shaped, providing two shel-tered bays for easy access by the flamingos, and the long axis faces into the wind, limiting wind and water erosion. The island has four large ponds, providing the wet clay that the flamingos need to construct their nest turrets. More than 26,000 tons of calcrete, rock and clay was used to construct the island, and 1000 artificial nest turrets were provided.
The Lesser Flamingos quickly accepted the island and in summer 2006/7 constructed 160 nests and laid two eggs, but the breeding attempt was unsuccessful. During the 2007/8 summer they constructed thousands of nests and c.9000 chicks were produced. This is the first time in documented history that Lesser Flamingos have successfully bred in South Africa, and this is the fourth breeding locality in Africa and the sixth in the world.
The breeding of Lesser Flamingos at Kamfers Dam will contribute to the species’ conservation, and also provide unique ecotourism opportunities. A webcam will be installed on the island in 2008 and this will allow for people around the world to view flamingos and this will thus create an increased awareness about this threatened group of birds.
Numbers and distribution of Lesser Flamingos analyzed with object based mapping of high spatial resolution image data
Geoff Groom1, Ib Krag Petersen1 and Mark D. Anderson2
1Univ. of Aarhus, National Environmental Research Inst., Dept. of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, Grenaavej 12, DK-8410 Roende, Denmark. [email protected] 2Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, Private Bag X6102, Kimberley 8300, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
Concerns have been expressed about the status of the Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor population in Africa, and a conservation plan for the global population has been compiled. A shortcoming in conservation plans has been the unknown accuracy of population estimates. Huge concentrations of Lesser Flamingos are very difficult to count by conventional means, which are usually surveys from the mainland or aerial surveys. Counting of individual birds from image data represents an alternative approach to population estimation. Image data with the individual birds visible are available as digitised aerial photos; (very high spatial resolution [ground elements <1 m] satellite images [e.g. IKONOS, Quickbird] may also show bird individuals). However, manual counting across an image of tens of thousands of birds is very laborious. The study reported here uses a set of 31 digitised aerial photos of the Kamfers Dam wetland (Kimberley, South Africa) to demonstrate automated digital image analysis methods that provide a count of the number of flamingos present in the images, as well as a map of their spatial distribution. The image analysis is object-based: the image is segmented into a set of objects and automated mapping rules are used to identify flamingo and non-flamingo objects. The relative brightness of the flamingo objects and their relatively small size are important features in making the correct object labelling. The mapping algorithm is relatively fast to implement (c.10 min PC run time for a 3000 × 3000 pixel image) and can accommodate image data variabilities between scenes. Flamingos in water and on land are mapped. The method has been applied to a set of 31 Kamfers Dam aerial photos to derive an estimate of the total number of Lesser Flamingos for the entire dam. Using the present method to survey such areas of high densities in combination with more conventional ground based counts and aerial surveys of areas with reduced densities could form a powerful platform for Lesser Flamingo surveys for the entire African population.
Monday a.m.
.3
Flamingo research and conservation at Sua Pan, Botswana
The Makgadikgadi salt pans in Botswana are well known as one of the most important breeding sites in southern Africa for Lesser and Greater Flamingos. The first published record of breeding in Botswana was in 1978 (Robertson & Johnson 1979). Large numbers of breeding adults have been observed at Sua Pan since then (Hancock 1990, Herremans 1993, Tim Liversedge, pers. comm., McCulloch & Irvine 2004). Flamingo breeding success as well as population size and distribution is greatly influenced by the amount of flooding on Makgadikgadi (McCulloch et al. 2003, McCulloch & Irvine 2004). While high water levels provide ideal breeding conditions for flamingos in the south basin, ideal conditions are rare. The importance of food availability to the breeding success of both flamingo species, however, cannot be over emphasised (e.g. Cezilly et al. 1995, McCulloch & Irvine in prep.). Food availability is also strongly correlated with water levels and, therefore, the extent of flooding also plays a critical role in flamingo breeding success through the control of food availability on Sua Pan. The Lesser Flamingo is listed as near threatened across its entire range and both species are listed in the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA 2000) as populations in decline throughout southern Africa owing primarily to the lack of breeding sites and the vulnerability of breeding to both natural and man-made disturbances (Simmons 1996, Anderson 2000a,b). Reduced flood periods and chemical changes in the waters that impact food quantity and quality at Makgadikgadi could, therefore, have huge deleterious implications on the success of an important flamingo breeding population. Unsustainable anthropo-genic activities that affect water levels on Makgadikgadi, such as the building of dams and salt and soda ash mining pose a serious threat not just to the Makgadikgadi wetland ecosystem, but the long-term viability of southern Africa’s Greater and Lesser Flamingo populations.
Cultural and economic value of flamingos
Oliver Nasirwa
c/o BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
This paper examines the cultural and economic importance of the two species of flamingos (Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor and Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber) found in Africa. I achieve this by studying the socio-economic, cultural and traditional beliefs and activities of communities that live in proximity to sites with high concentrations of the flamingos. This is further followed by an assessment of the cultural and economic importance of the two species to these communities. Generally the two species, though very conspicuous, inhabit areas with extreme climatic conditions; hence the species and its habitat are secretive or are little known to many native human communities. Hence only few communities do have some cultural and traditional values attached to the flamingos in Africa. Due to their aesthetic appeal and huge concentrations, flamingos in Africa, in accessible areas, attract a large number of tourists. In some countries, especially in eastern and southern Africa, they are a major driving force for the tourism industry. Flamingos contribute immensely to the national economies of these countries, where tourism is a major foreign exchange earner as well as a major employment industry. A big share of the tourism activities related to the two species of flamingos is non-consumptive; hence the species benefits by a very large extent on ecotourism. However, in some countries flamingos are hunted and captured for international trade under the quotas allowed and regulated under CITES. Parallel to legal trade, illegal trade on the two species has also been reported. Impact of both legal and illegal trade in the species is yet to be quantified.
1b: Symposium: ethno-Ornithology in Africa – Bird Knowledge, Culture and Conservation (1)
Opportunities, prospects and developments in African ethno-ornithology - an outsider’s perspective
Robert Gosford
Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Australia. [email protected]
In recent years Ethnoornithology has emerged as a valuable source of ethnobiological research, partly for its potential to be able to make a valuable contribution to bird conservation and also as a means of empowering people of all cultures preserve, re-examine and discover the connections between individuals, groups and cultures and the birds that people hunt, venerate and cherish. In this seminar it is proposed to examine, through a variety of oral presentations, current ethnoornithological research in Africa, future directions for proposed research and support and professional development, particularly in the area of methodology, will also be considered.
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The knowledge-base of, and attitudes to, some large birds among herdsmen in the Lesotho Maloti Mountains
Steven Piper
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. [email protected]
For nearly two centuries teenagers and sometimes adult men have herded sheep, goats & cattle in the mountain regions of Lesotho, at altitudes of 2750+ m, in the summer months. In recent times, with increases in human and live-stock densities this age-old practice of transhumance has started to collapse and some herds and their herders have started to spend the winters in these extremely cold and inhospitable mountains. To test the herdsmen’s knowledge of large birds they were shown three plates of paintings of storks, owls and vultures. All herders recognized the White Stork and said that it was the only stork to visit Lesotho in the summer and they knew its Sesotho name. However, none of them knew the difference between the White Stork and the Black Stork and they thought that White Storks just went down-country in winter to breed. (Black Storks breed at lower altitudes in winter.) All the herders recognized and correctly named the Cape Eagle Owl but some also reported seeing the Spotted Eagle Owl but this is highly unlikely and is probably the result of confusion. They all knew and correctly named Cape and Bearded Vultures and said that no other vultures occurred in the mountains. They thought vultures useful in showing them the location of dead livestock and in removing rotting carcasses from their environment but said that they and their dogs (1-6 per herder) were in direct competition for the meat. Attitudes to large birds varied from an old herder who said “The birds were here before I came and I have no problem with them” to younger herders who said “We kill large birds when we can and then eat them” – one even added “especially Cape Eagle Owl which tastes just like chicken”! Herders survive on starvation rations eating at most a small bowl of porridge a day with their only protein being what they can catch, kill and eat (most begged tobacco to assuage their hunger). They all related folk stories concerning these birds and held traditional beliefs on their magical powers, e.g. vulture parts used for prognostication.
Hornbills for heroes: Compromising biodiversity for traditional knowledge?
Yilma Dellelegn Abebe
NatureConcern Research and Promotion Agency, P.O. Box 18112, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [email protected]
The Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, is a bird that lives in open and wooded grasslands in Ethiopia and is of comparable weight and size of an adult domestic turkey. It is usually found at mid-altitudes within and outside the rift valley system in the country. The Oromo people of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia perceive this bird as primeval and attach various socio-cultural values to it. Hunters who have killed large game animals or heroes from battles are rewarded with the black and white wing feathers of a hornbill to commemorate their bravery. The death of an unusually old person (usually male members of the ethnic group) will have his grave decorated with the feathers of the hornbill. This symbolises their age and wisdom. Ground Hornbills are sought and killed for acts of heroism but little is known about the sustainability of this action. This paper, beyond exploring local perceptions surrounding the Ground Hornbill within the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, will also look at the implications for conserving a species such as the Ground Hornbill with regard to preserving indigenous cultures and traditions.
The inspiration of birds in the proverbs and sayings of the Agikuyu people of Kenya
Wanyoike Wamiti1 and Francis Muigai2
1Department of Zoology (Ornithology Section), National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Friends of Kinangop Plateau, Njabini Sub-branch, P.O. Box 174 – 20319, South Kinangop, Kenya
The Agikuyu people are one of the indigenous peoples of Kenya. One theory has it that they migrated to Kenya from central and western Africa together with other Bantu speaking groups, and settled in the mountainous central highlands, spread-ing through the land bounded by the four landmarks of Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Ol Donyo Sabuk and the Ngong Hills. The environment in which they lived presented a naturally-blended and rugged landscape with numerous valleys that had perpetual springs, streams, rivers, waterfalls and dense montane forests, plains full of game, and a large land area. Nature has played a key role in their folklore and mythology as is shown clearly from the many uses of wildlife names and geographic features in songs and dances, the naming of children, riddles, oral narratives and tales, poetry, idiomatic expressions and proverbs. In this paper, we present how birds inspired the Agikuyu in the coding of tribal laws, norms and customs in the form of proverbs in an elaborate manner. We used our own knowledge as speakers of this language, oral interviews with knowledgeable and
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elderly members of the society, and a literature review. The Agikuyu’s interaction and appreciation of birds in their folklores is apparent from the large number of proverbs and sayings. Possible categories would include ecology, weather, material wealth, labour and industry, war and peace, advice and counsel, and God’s creation and the universe. Some challenges to further research on the applied use of ethno-ornithological knowledge are identified and discussed.
Bird behaviour as depicted in Lepcha folklores
Vanya Jha
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim 737 132, India. [email protected]
Folklores have invited attention of many a scholars all over the world not only for the poetic beauty but also for simple truths that are enshrined in them. They have come to be recognized as important repository of experiential knowledge of people belonging to oral culture. Lepchas are one such group of people, now generally residing in Sikkim Himalayas in India. Their folklore has been found to be rich and vibrant by modern scholars. Lepchas are particularly knowledgeable about fauna and flora found in Sikkim Himalayas. Behaviour of birds has also been an important area of interest for researchers. The present work is focused on collecting Lepcha folklores depicting specific behaviour of a few bird species and assessing the scientific veracity of the fact they depict by direct observation or through literature and experience survey. The paper contains ten such instances that have been collected by visiting old Lepcha inhabitants of state of Sikkim in general and those living in Dzongu (a reserved area to preserve Lepcha identity and culture) in particular. The paper concludes that Lepchas have noted specific and at time unusual behaviour of birds and at times this behaviour helps Lepchas in their day-to-day work.
1c: Symposium: wild Birds and Avian Influenza in Africa
Wild bird surveillance for avian influenza and monitoring in Africa and related conservation implications
Tim Dodman1, Nicolas Gaidet2, Saliha Hammoumi2, Giovanni Cattoli3, Julien Cappelle2, Alexandre Caron2, Ward Hagemeijer4, Patricia Gil2, Sasan Fereidouni5, Taiye Adeniyi6, Claude P. Muller7, John Takekawa8, William Karesh9, François Monicat2 and Scott Newman10
1Wetlands International, Hundland, Papa Westray, Orkney KW17 2BU, UK. [email protected] 2CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France. 3Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy. 4Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 5Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Bodden-blick 5a, 17493 Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany. 6APLORI, P.O. Box 13404, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 7Institute of Immunology, LNS/CRP-S, L-1011 Luxembourg. 8USGS Western Ecological Research Center, SFB Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA. 9Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance for wild birds (GAINS), Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx, NY 10460, USA. 10Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Health Service, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Wildlife Disease Programme, Rome, Italy
When highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was first detected in Africa in early 2006, it was widely assumed that wild birds had brought the virus from affected areas in Europe on migration. However, there have been very few cases of HPAI H5N1 in wild birds in Africa and no major die-offs reported. Conversely, HPAI H5N1 has been found in domestic poultry in 11 African countries, with potential epicentres in Nigeria and Egypt. Resources and capacity for wild bird surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) in Africa are limited. One programme launched by FAO, and coordinated by CIRAD and Wetlands International evaluated occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in healthy wild birds, built surveillance capacity and improved understanding of AIV ecology. Thirty field operations were conducted in 19 countries (13 in Africa) between January 2006 and April 2007. Further wild bird surveillance continues under the GRIPAVI project and GAINS initiative.
Samples were collected mostly from wild waterbirds (Afro-tropical and long distance migrants), and screened by real-time RT-PCR. Around 2% of samples tested positive for low pathogenic avian influenza; four wild Anatidae samples from Nigeria tested positive for HPAI H5N2. Results indicate the possibility for persistence and transmission of AIVs in the Afro-tropics, but no HPAI H5N1 was detected, despite a large sample base (>10,000 birds). An important element was capacity development for wild bird surveillance, achieved through field missions, training courses and workshops. A related satellite telemetry project investigating duck movements in an AIV perspective yielded insights into movements of Garganey Anas querquedula, Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos and whistling ducks.
HPAI H5N1 presence and related government policies have important conservation implications for wild birds in Africa,
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though the potential for interactions between waterbird communities and poultry, and patterns of HPAI H5N1 spread do not support a major role of wild birds in virus transmission. Further insights require resource availability and capacity develop-ment for wild bird surveillance in Africa, with particular focus at the interface between domestic and wild birds. Wild bird monitoring should be strengthened around potential disease epicentres, along key migratory flyways and in habitats with connectivity to poultry production areas.
Sampling wild birds in Tanzania for avian influenza
Neil E. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
Due to early contact with the government Central Veterinary Laboratory and the University of Minnesota sampling in Tanzania began in September 2005. With initial support from USAID in Tanzania and latterly from USAID USA through WCS and their GAINS project sampling has continued through 2006 to 2008. Initial sampling concentrated on five wetlands in the three flyways. More recently sampling has been targeted on species considered most likely to carry this disease and those in close contact with humans: Little Stints Calidris minuta, known to carry West Nile Virus; Indian House Crows Corvus splendens, kleptoparasitic on waterbirds along the Dar es Salaam coastline; and Marabou Storks Leptoptilos crumeniferus, that move between Sudan and the Lake Victoria Basin and are known scavengers around human habitation. Under this programme GPS satellite transmitters are being fitted to 10 Marabou Storks to learn more about their movements. To date 2640 wild birds have been sampled. Details will be presented on species, sites, selection criteria and methods.
At the crossroads: ecological and cultural implications for avian influenza in Nigeria
Adeniyi Taiye Adeyanju1, Nicolas Gaidet2, Tim Dodman3, Ulf Ottosson1, Jonas Waldenström4 and Claude P. Müller5
1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos Nigeria. 2Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France. 3Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 4Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden. 5Institute of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé/CRP-Santé, Luxembourg
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry are of large concern for the industry and for the livelihood of people in the agricultural sector. Presently, the world is facing a near global epizootic caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. Originating in SE Asia, this virus has spread both among wild and domestic birds and caused poultry outbreaks in all of Eurasia, Middle East and several African countries. The transmission and spread of this particular virus has been debated, and it seems as both trade, illegal and legal, and wild birds could play a role in long-distance dispersal. Waterfowl, the principle wild reservoir of low-pathogenic influenza A viruses, can reach sub-Saharan Africa from the Palaearctic through three major flyways. The West, Central and East flyway cut across Africa and all three are more or less in connection with Nigeria, making it a major stopover and wintering site for migratory waterfowl. Culturally the normal way of living in Nigeria includes surface storing of drinking water, rearing of free roaming poultry and other domestic birds close to people and a lot of transport of domestic birds. These habits provide a possible avenue for wild birds to come in contact with domestic birds, thereby facilitating inward or outward transmission of HPAI viruses.
Detecting H5N1 outbreaks: baseline mortality and morbidity levels for African waterbirds
Avian influenza strain H5N1 is a highly infectious and virulent disease of domestic poultry. In wild birds, waterbirds are the main hosts of (usually benign) avian influenza. The role of waterbirds in spreading H5N1 infections is debated but appears to be relatively minor. However, H5N1 outbreaks among congregatory and/or migratory waterbirds raise conservation, medical and veterinary concerns. Only a tiny proportion of migratory waterbird populations can be sampled for H5N1 testing, so surveillance must also focus on investigating any suspicious waterbird deaths or sickness at particular sites. However, there are few baseline data on the usual natural levels of mortality and morbidity, making it hard to know what a ‘suspicious’ level is. In January–March 2007, waterbird counts across wetlands in South America, Africa and Asia, co-ordinated by the BirdLife International Partnership, were extended (with support from the Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance) to include counts of dead or sick birds as well as healthy ones. In Africa, seven countries took part and 42 sites and sub-sites were counted. Averaging duplicate counts, nearly 1.3 million waterbirds (1 283 876) were counted in total. Dead birds were
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recorded at 13 sites (31%) but sick birds at only two, in both cases alongside dead birds. At only six sites (14%) was mortality thought due to disease; hunting appeared to be responsible in most other cases. Overall, 1,438 dead or sick birds were recorded (0.11% of the total) and just 282 birds (0.02% of the total) were thought to have died of disease. Even at sites where sick or dead birds were recorded, their average percentage of the total count (0.22%) was very small. Results from South America and Asia were similar. Counters were not used to recording sick or dead birds, so numbers may have been underestimated. Nevertheless, the low level of observable mortality appears real and provides a useful baseline for future investigations of H5N1 and other diseases.
Interactions between wild and domestic birds in central Africa: opportunities for cross-species transmission of avian influenza viruses
Jean-Michel Takuo1, Mathew LeBreton1, Tom Dietsch2, Nathan Wolfe3 and Tom Smith2
1UCLA/Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program (Contact P.O. Box 7039) Yaoundé Cameroon. 2Center for Tropical Research, University of California, Los Angeles (Contact: Ka Kretz Hall, suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 phone 310-206-6234). 3Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles (Contact: Ka Kretz Hall, suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 phone 310-206-6234)
To determine the levels of interactions between wild and domestic birds and the potential for cross species transmission of avian influenza, we undertook bird observations in six villages in the Far North Province of Cameroon between March and April 2007. Observations of flocks of domestic birds were made in home compounds, village areas, and surrounding farmland. During 108 observation sessions of 20 minutes (total of 36 hours of observations) we observed 4409 individuals of 91 species of wild birds. Of these, we observed 102 individual wild birds of 19 species (4 migratory species) at ≤1 m from domestic birds, 575 wild birds of 50 species including 11 migratory species at >1 m and ≤5 m and 3,732 wild birds of 89 species (25 migratory species) at >5 m and ≤20 m. Commonly observed species at ≤1 m were: Quelea quelea, Streptopelia senegalensis, Passer griseus, Ureaginthus bengalus, and Hirundo aethiopica. In addition, four species of African migrants were observed at ≤1 m from domestic birds. Commonly observed species at >1 m and ≤5 m were: Passer griseus, Streptopelia senegalensis, Ureaginthus bengalus, Egretta garzetta, Lamprotornis caudatus. Two species of northern migrants and nine species of African migrants were also observed at >1 m and ≤5 m from domestic birds. Commonly observed species at >5 m and ≤20 m were: Passer griseus, Streptopelia senegalensis, Quelea quelea, Hirundo aethiopica, and Bubalornis albirostris. Six additional species of northern migrants and 18 species of African migrants were observed >5 m and ≤20 m from domestic birds. These observations demonstrate that while direct interactions between domestic and wild migratory birds in Cameroon are limited, there is the potential for indirect contact via soil, water and food. Motacilla flava is of particular interest as it is associated with agricultural landscapes in both Africa and Europe, it was observed on numerous occasions ≤5 m of domestic birds. Additionally raptor species such as Milvus migrans, which were also observed ≤20 m from domestic birds, may become infected with H5N1 when capturing slow or sickly infected birds. Consequently, this common intra-African migrant may act as a regional vector for H5N1 distribution.
1d: Symposium: moult and Plumage in the Annual Cycle of African Birds
Assessment of the order and scheduling of wing covert moult in a selection of West African birds in Nigeria
Matthew C. Stevens, Will Cresswell and Ulf Ottosson
A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria & University of St Andrews. [email protected]
Moult is costly in terms of the energy required to replace feathers and the decrease in flight performance as feathers are replaced. Variation in moult patterns can therefore inform us about life history trade-offs, and the starvation–predation risk trade-off, and so about the environmental constraints operating on the fitness of birds. To date, few studies have examined wing covert moult in depth and, of those that have, most have considered moult in temperate species only, where environmental constraints and life history adaptations are well known to differ from tropical areas. We assessed the moult and condition of wing coverts in 30 West African bird species within central Nigeria between March 2006 and May 2008 to assess how their replacement fits into the schedule of main flight feather moult. The sequence, timing and rate of replacement were compared between individuals and species in order to assess variability and to compare with species from temperate areas. In general, we found that most species followed the well-defined stable and well-ordered schedule of feather replacement (starting with primary coverts and progressing through carpal covert, greater coverts, median coverts and alula) previously identified for
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many temperate species, but with slightly increased variability between individuals. Some species, however, (e.g. Bronze Mannikin, Spermestes cucullata) showed such high levels of variation between individuals that any kind of meaningful inter-pretation or identification of moulting periods was difficult, with individuals apparently moulting slowly throughout the year. The results suggest that although moult in many tropical species may follow the apparent rigidity of scheduling exhibited by temperate species, such a process can probably be plastic in the absence of seasonal constraints, with protracted and gradual moult patterns allowing suspension of moult for ad hoc breeding whenever favourable conditions arise.
Wing-moult in mousebirds (Coliidae) from two climatic regions in South Africa: the influence of geography, feeding ecology and systematic relationships on the timing of moult
Adrian J.F.K. Craig¹ , Bo T. Bonnevie², George D. Underhill† and Patrick E. Hulley¹
¹Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. [email protected] ²Information Technology Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. †Deceased
Speckled Mousebirds Colius striatus and Red-faced Mousebirds Urocolius indicus are two primarily frugivorous birds which are widely sympatric in southern Africa. Observations, ringing and atlas data suggest that Red-faced Mousebirds are the more mobile species, which may move widely in response to food availability. This is also supported by anatomical features. We thus predicted that there would be differences in the onset and duration of wing-moult in these two species. Using the Underhill–Zucchini model and the associated computer programme for the analysis of primary wing-moult, we found that in both regions moult starts earlier in Speckled Mousebirds, and proceeds faster; interrupted moult is found more often in Red-faced Mousebirds. As expected, there are also significant differences in timing between the winter- and summer-rainfall regions. We then compared the mousebird data with previous analyses of wing-moult in granivorous and nectarivorous passerine birds handled by the same ringers over the same period. Such studies will help to tease apart the significance of phylogeny, geography and feeding ecology in determining the timing of wing-moult in the annual cycle of African birds.
Strategy of primary moult in immature Wood Sandpipers Tringa glareola in southern Africa: getting ready for migration at the lowest cost
Magdalena Remisiewicz1,2, Les G. Underhill1, Anthony J. Tree3, P. Barry Taylor4 and Anna Gustowska2
1Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdansk, al. Legionów 9, 80-441 Gdansk, Poland. 3P.O. Box 211, Bathurst 6166, South Africa. 4School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
The fact that Wood Sandpipers Tringa glareola usually moult only outer primaries during their first austral summer is known, but their different moult patterns have never been described in detail. In this paper, moult patterns are analysed based on primary moult protocols of 674 immature Wood Sandpipers, from 59 museum specimens collected in 1900–1975 and from 614 birds ringed in 1966–2008, in southern Africa. The Underhill–Zucchini (1988) model was applied. Immatures (first-year birds) occurred in southern Africa between August and April. Moult pattern was identified in 402 individuals which were in active moult or had finished moult on capture. Only 1% (n = 3) of immatures did not start replacement of primaries by March and April, possibly in preparation for oversummering in southern Africa. The remaining 400 birds performed supple-mental moult: 1% replaced 2 outer primaries (P9–P10), 6% – 3, 64% – 4, 27% – 5, and 2% – 6 primaries. Estimated moult start varied in different groups between 19 Oct and 28 Jan. The first moulted primary was grown much longer time than the others. In spite of different start dates and growth rates of replaced primaries, in all groups of moulters the development of the 9th primary (P9) was completed between 28 Feb–4 March, of P10 – 20–26 March, on average. In the second half of April these immatures which undertake northwards migration, depart northwards. This indicates that, irrespective of the number of primaries replaced, migrating immature Wood Sandpipers, do not extend moult beyond certain date, because this would delay their departure and decrease their chances for the first breeding attempt. Primaries of immatures in March–April are less than 12-months old and may still be relatively fresh, permitting for long-distance flight to breeding quarters. Thus, in contrast to adults, which replace all 10 primaries before migration to the breeding grounds, immatures may ‘earn’ energy by the supplemental moult of only outer primaries, which are crucial for flight.
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Carotenoid pigments and metabolism in yellow and red breeding plumages of African bishops (Euplectes spp.)
Staffan Andersson and Maria Prager
Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. [email protected]
Male breeding plumages of African widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes spp.) show striking variation in carotenoid-based plumage coloration, with saturated yellow or red patches. Since behavioural experiments and phylogenetic analyses (see Prager & Andersson, this conference) suggest generalized selection and convergent evolution of red coloration, the occurence of yellow species may be explained by dietary or physiological constraints on the plumage pigmentation. Here we use reflectance spectrometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to describe the species-specific colors and plumage carotenoids of several Euplectes species. A detailed analysis of the sympatric Southern Red Bishop (E. orix) and Yellow-crowned Bishop (E. afer) shows that the yellow rump colour of afer (λR50 = 528 nm) primarily derives from the direct-deposited ‘dietary yellow’ pigments lutein and zeaxanthin. In the red plumage of orix (λR50 = 590 nm), these pigments are complemented by smaller amounts of ‘derived red’ C4-keto-carotenoids (mainly α-doradexanthin), but also astaxanthin, cantaxanthin and adonirubin. To investigate the relative importance of nutritional and metabolic constraints behind this difference, we also performed a diet supplementation aviary experiment before and during prenuptial moult of the two species. Our results show that orix, but not afer, can manufacture ‘red’ C4-ketocarotenoids (α-doradexanthin and cantaxanthin) from ‘yellow’ dietary precursors (lutein and β-carotene). This supports the hypothesis that a metabolic (and most likely genetic) change appeared in the ancestor of all red bishop species.
Male ostrich feather colour signals humoral immunocompetence and affects offspring growth rates
Maud Bonato1, Matthew R. Evans2, Dennis Hasselquist3, Schalk W.P. Cloete4 and Michael I. Cherry1
1Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7600, South Africa. [email protected] 2Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK. 3Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden. 4Institute for Animal Production: Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa
Ostriches (Struthio camelus), are fast growing birds and a remarkable feature of chick cohorts is that they differ greatly in size. As disease may influence growth rates, we examined whether variation in levels of immunocompetence in both parents and offspring, as well as secondary sexual traits of male parents, are related to solutions for chick growth rate. We measured cell-mediated responses by injecting phytohaemagglutinin; and humoral immunocompetence by recording the antibody response to a diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. The colouration of feathers, bill, neck and legs of male ostriches, maintained in a breeding flock, was measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Chicks were weighed monthly to derive solutions for growth rates. These weights were used to obtain solutions for live weight (indicative of growth rate) for parents and offspring using an animal model. Parentage analysis was determined using microsatellite markers. We found that chicks with higher diphtheria and tetanus responses had higher solutions for growth rate. Solutions for chick growth rate were also positively correlated to their father’s response to the diphtheria vaccine and their mother’s response to the tetanus vaccine. Cell-mediated responses in chicks were related neither to solutions for growth rate nor to parental responses. The colour of white feathers in males has a strong effect on solutions for offspring growth rate and could serve as a signal to females of male humoral immunocompetence.
1e: Symposium: Birds and African Agriculture (1)
Big birds on South African farms
Donella J. Young, James A. Harrison and René A. Navarro
Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
The Coordinated Avifaunal Roadcounts project (CAR) has monitored big birds on farms since 1993. Roadcounts have proved to be an effective method of monitoring these species that have large spatial requirements. About 80% of South Africa consists of privately owned farmland, so the survival of these species is largely dependent on land use and management on farms. The involvement of landowners and those who work on farms is therefore important in the conservation of large terrestrial birds,
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many of which have Red Data Status. This presentation outlines the development of this project from an initial 15 fixed routes in the Overberg region of the Western Cape to more than 370 routes within seven provinces in South Africa. Volunteers are responsible for conducting the counts, particularly bird club members, many farmers, conservationists, some schools and members of the public. Results show trends in numbers of threatened species in different regions, particularly where land use has changed. There is evidence of an increase in the density of Blue Cranes, Anthropoides paradiseus, in the Overberg and Swartland regions of the Western Cape. Use of habitat, which is also recorded during roadcounts, will be discussed in the case of the Blue Crane, South Africa’s National bird.
Guidelines for conserving biodiversity on agricultural lands that have been developed as a result of the CAR project and the involvement of farmers, conservationists and birders in the project are briefly presented.
The conservation of Zambian barbets and mature fig trees in agricultural landscapes in Zambia
Zambian (Chaplin’s) barbets (Lybius chaplini) are confined to acacia savannah habitats, with a minimum density of fig trees, in Zambia. This threatened species depends on sycamore fig trees (Ficus sycamorus) for roost and nest holes and for a year-round supply of fruits. Dead branches of a suitable size for nest and roost excavation are only present on fig trees of an age greater than 60 years. During a series of three surveys in southern and central Zambia, barbets were found in 19 sites, mostly outside protected areas where suitable habitat faces threats from land clearing for agriculture and cutting of trees for fuelwood. Half of all sites in which barbets were found were croplands with open woody vegetation. The remaining sites were either grasslands with trees and shrubs or savanna, most of which were used as grazing by cattle or game ranches. In a comparison of subsistence (or small-scale) croplands, commercial cattle ranching and a mixed cattle and game conservancy, I examined the density of fig trees and the availability of dead branches for hole-nesting birds. The densities of fig trees were not sig-nificantly reduced in subsistence croplands, perhaps because fig wood has no commercial value and the fruits are a valuable supplementary stock feed. However, overall tree density and dead branch availability were lower in areas of subsistence and commercial farming than in the conservancy, because branches and dead wood were removed by these communities for use as firewood. In addition, trees in the commercial cattle ranch were older and larger than those in the conservancy, suggesting that clearing of trees in paddocks is limiting the recruitment of fig trees, and death of old fig trees will render this site unsuit-able for barbets in future. Zambian barbets can clearly be conserved in agricultural landscapes provided a minimum density of mature fig trees, and dead branches on those trees, is maintained.
Quantifying crop damage by Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum) and evaluating changes in crane distribution in the North Eastern Cape, South Africa
Mark H. van Niekerk
Dept Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa, and PG Bison Projects, Private Bag X1, Ugie 5470, South Africa. [email protected]
Maize (Zea mays) is a preferred food for cranes in many parts of the world, and many different deterrent methods have been employed (e.g. gas cannons, dummies and flagging of the fields), but in all cases the birds habituate quickly and soon ignore the disturbances. Studies of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) in the United States of America suggested that treatment with chemicals which reduce seed damage by insects also reduced damage by cranes.
Complaints of crop damage by cranes on planted maize in the North Eastern Cape, South Africa, have been increasing since the mid-1990’s, and in some instances severe losses have been reported. Crop damage by the Grey Crowned Crane, (Balearica regulorum) near the town of Maclear (31°04'S, 28°22'E) has been quantified over two growing seasons, and assessed relative to losses caused by trampling of stock and by foraging Cape Crows (Corvus capensis). Twelve lands were selected based on previous patterns of crop depredation. Seven of the lands were treated with the chemical ‘Gaucho’ and five were left untreated. In order to determine the source of losses, twenty plots (4 m × 4 m) were randomly distributed within each land and visited on average every second day, for a period of fourteen days. Preliminary results indicate that seed treatments do act as a deterrent to feeding by cranes. Crow feeding, however, does not seem to be affected by seed treatments. My study also reviewed the past distribution of the Grey Crowned Crane compared to present patterns of distribution, since the conversion of former grassland to plantations in this region may have increased foraging activity in croplands. Conclusions will provide direct input into the management of agricultural areas by enabling landowners to take steps to mitigate crop damage. These mitigation measures may either involve the application of seed treatments, or the planting of low risk crops in high risk areas. Further studies should however focus on the possible detrimental effects of chemical seed treatments on crane biology.
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Bird conservation in the Afrotropical agricultural system of the Korup region, South-western Cameroon
Serge K. Bobo1,3, Francis M. Njie2, Michael Mühlenberg3 and Matthias Waltert3
1Ministry of Forests and Wildlife, Yaounde, Cameroon. [email protected] 2c/o Limbe Botanical Garden, Cameroon. 3Department of Conservation Biology, Centre for Nature Conservation. Georg-August University, Von-Siebold-Strasse 2, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
Man-made habitats are increasingly dominating Afrotropical landscapes. Several studies have investigated the effects of tropical forest clearance on biodiversity, but have been criticized partly because the potential value of agricultural areas for the survival of tropical forest species was not acknowledged. Recent studies have shown that a relatively high number of individuals and species from the natural forest fauna can still be found in land use systems. To detect key parameters for population development and preconditions for long-term suitability of different land use systems for forest bird populations, we investigated patterns of species richness and abundance of understorey birds using mist-net data, in 24 sampling stations equally distributed over two types of natural habitats and two types of agricultural habitats. We also assessed food avail-ability, nesting sites, parasite loads, fault bars and fluctuating asymmetry in understorey birds of the same sampling stations. We found that the food availability played a great role by attracting many understorey forest birds in agricultural areas, par-ticularly insectivores. Agricultural lands also provided important nesting sites for cavity nesters. A smaller number of bird species and individuals infested with ectoparasites were found in agricultural habitats as compared to natural habitats. The number of bird species and individuals presenting fault bars were significantly higher in the agricultural matrix. Fluctuating asymmetries of the tail feathers, wings and/or tarsi of Andropadus virens, A. latirostris and Cyanomitra obscura were higher in agricultural habitats. The average body weight and territory size across species were smaller in agricultural systems. Adult territory owners in insectivorous birds were less abundant in agricultural habitats. In the Afrotropical context, the manage-ment of agricultural areas should consider preserving some aspects of natural habitats to avoid biodiversity loss. In fact, the closeness of primary forest is very important. Between 15 and 20% of the original basal area and forest tree species and dead trees should be left. Five to eight years of fallow period is also essential in order to create temporal favourable microclimatic conditions suitable to attract many forest bird species.
Environmental determinants of continued breeding attempts by Wattled Cranes in KwaZulu-Natal: Implications for conservation
Richard Pettifor1, Katerina Wojtaszekova1, André Roussouw2, Leon Theron2,4, Raj Amin1 and Kevin McCann3
1Zoological Society of London, UK. [email protected] 2 South African Crane Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. 3Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades 3202, Pietermaritz burg, South Africa. 4Current Address: Peace Parks Foundation, Millennia Park, 16 Stellentia Avenue, P.O. Box 12743, Die Boord, Stellenbosch 7613, South Africa
Over the past decade, around 70 pairs of Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus, have bred in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands. Another 10–20 pairs are breeding elsewhere in South Africa. This area in KZN represents the final stronghold for this species within South Africa, and pairs have been studied since the 1980s. Here we define breeding sites as Currently Active (CA; n = 41), Historical (breeding within past 15 years, but not in past 10 years) (H; n = 28), Possibly Active (known to have bred in past 10 years, but nest site not located over last 5 years) (PA; n = 16), and Test (T; n = 14) sites: wetlands selected at random in the KZN midlands area. These sites were surveyed between July and November 2007, replicating surveys undertaken by McCann et al. in 2004. Wetland characteristics (vegetation community, water depth, effective visibility, and soil penetrability) were measured within each quadrant at 0 m, 5 m, 25 m and 50 m from the nest site. Generalised Linear Models and Generalised Linear Mixed Models were used to assess statistical differences between breeding site category and wetland characteristics. Alongside these field measurements, we extracted the area occupied by standard Land Use Categories and other physical features derived from remotely sensed data for radii of 250 m, 500 m and 1000 m from the (probable) nest sites. Our results indicate that there are significant differences in the wetland characteristics between the four nest site categories, such that the main determinant of Currently Active nest sites compared to Historical sites is in the degree of soil penetrability (a measure of the dampness of the site and the resulting vegetation height, visibility and water depth). Similarly, Currently Active sites tended to have less woody vegetation and significantly more grassland around their nest areas compared to Historical sites. These results give grounds for optimism that Working for Wetlands, in consultation with SACWG, could pro-actively assist in the restoration of both Historical sites and other sites to allow renewed breeding in these wetlands. Similarly, sympathetic wetland management by farmers may be consistent with Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife’s Biodiversity Stewardship Programme.
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2: Plenary: Climate Change and Birds: a Southern Hemisphere Perspective
Dr Lynda E. Chambers
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research – Bureau of Meteorology, P.O. Box 1289, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. [email protected]
Australia is a large island continent with many climate zones (from arid to tropical to alpine). Most of the country does not experience severe winters and as a consequence, much of the avifauna is either sedentary or moves relatively short distances in response to changing seasons or rainfall. As recently as 2001, responses of natural systems to rising temperatures in Africa and Australia were largely undocumented. Since then, considerable effort has been undertaken in Australia to understand current and potential impacts of climate change on the region.
Assessing the impact of climate change on species requires good quality historical species information (e.g. breeding records, presence/absence or distributional data, or migration information). This can come from variety of sources, including government department atlas databases or game records, non-government organizations, universities, published literature or private journals. Australian experiences highlight that this data is often difficult to locate or access and can have irregular coverage, both temporally and spatially. Despite these limitations valuable insights have been gained, indicating climate is already altering phenological events (e.g. timing of migration and breeding), species distributions, productivity and brood survival, and influencing population sizes. In contrast to many northern hemisphere studies, changes in rainfall (with or without temperature changes) may be driving many of these avian changes, especially in waterbirds and species associated with littoral zones.
However, knowledge gaps persist. Most Australian studies cover limited spatial areas, with few covering the northern tropical regions or the arid interior. No phenological or breeding studies include information on climate–species relationships prior to the 1950s, when global temperatures began to rapidly rise. Little is known of interactions between species (fauna and flora) or with other threatening processes, particularly under a changing climate. Given the enormity of the problem, it is critical that we reinvigorate past monitoring programs and initiate new ones, while reducing as many of the non-climate change threats as possible. Engaging the community is one way of achieving this.
With greater global and community awareness of climate change the time is ripe to learn from each other and to work together to better manage threats to our biodiversity.
2a: Symposium: Impacts of Climate Change on Birds in Africa
European studies of birds and climate change
Marcel E. Visser
Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. [email protected]
In this talk I will give an overview of European research on the ecological consequences of climate change in birds. The strength of this field of research in Europe is perhaps due to the existence of many long-term data sets, which enables researchers to look at changes over periods of decades. Phenological events, like for instance laying dates and arrival or passage dates in spring, have shifted forwards for many, but not all, species. A group of birds of special interest are the long-distant migrants, which have to time the departure from their African breeding grounds to arrive on the breeding grounds when food becomes abundant. To understand the (lack of) shifts in the timing of arrival, we need to study these long distant migrants in their overwintering areas. Because of the large number of long term studies in Europe we can now study variation in shifts in phenology among populations. These correlative studies are complemented by detailed studies on quantitative genetic aspects, such as increased selection for earlier arrival or laying. Another field of research that has benefited from long-term datasets is how bird population dynamics is affected by climate change. The current challenges are to connect the effects on individual and population levels, and to connect the processes in the overwinter and breeding areas. The latter will be only possible by collaborative research between African and European ornithologists.
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Building resilience to climate change: an adaptive management framework for Africa’s Important Bird Area network
David G. Hole1, Brian Huntley1, Paul F. Donald2, Lincoln Fishpool3, Stuart Butchart3 and Stephen Willis3
1Institute of Ecosystem Science, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. 2SPB, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK. 3BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK
Species range shifts in response to climatic change constitute a principal threat to the continued effectiveness of protected areas and protected area networks over the coming century. Utilizing the results of a pan-continental modeling study focusing on sub-Saharan Africa’s entire avifauna, we use the Important Bird Area (IBA) network across the region as a model to propose a range of potential adaptive management strategies that could help to increase network resilience. While pan-continental modelling studies are often too coarse in scale and simplistic to target specific management interventions at the site-scale, our work suggests they can usefully inform management strategies at the regional and sub-regional scales. In particular, they can help to assess representation targets, landscape permeability issues and highlight areas of potential conflicts of interest between biodiversity and human land-use. We also test the utility of the framework in a case-study region, the Albertine Rift, and assess whether fine-scale modelling can be used to further enhance its effectiveness.
The impact of climate change on seabirds at the Prince Edward Islands and in the Benguela ecosystem
Robert J.M. Crawford1, Res Altwegg2, Azwianewi B. Makhado1, Leshia Upfold1 and Bruce M. Dyer1
1Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa. [email protected] 2Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
Large changes in numbers of several seabirds that breed at South Africa’s Prince Edward Islands (PEIs) and in the Benguela ecosystem are most plausibly attributed to climate change influencing the distributions of prey organisms. For four seabirds at the PEIs, recent breeding success was inadequate to sustain the populations. For one there was a change in the species composition of its diet. For Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome, there was a sustained decrease in their body mass at arrival for breeding, suggesting poorer or more distant feeding at winter feeding grounds.
In the Benguela ecosystem, an eastward shift in the distribution of prey brought substantial mismatch in the distributions of the breeding localities and prey of seabirds, and led to decreases in seabird populations. In the Western Cape, penguin numbers decreased by 45% between 2004 and 2006, and gannets by 40% between 2001/02 and 2005/06. The proportions of birds breeding, their reproductive success and their survival all decreased. The contribution of sardine to the diet of gannets fell from an average of 40% during 1987–2003 to 5–7% in 2005–2006. However, sardine increased in the diet of gannets in the Eastern Cape over this time, where the colony at Bird Island has grown rapidly. That the shift in prey distributions resulted from climate change-mediated changes in the marine ecosystem and not from human harvesting is suggested by recent large eastward expansions in the breeding distributions of two seabirds that do not feed on commercially-exploited prey, southward movements of other seabirds, and an increased frequency of disease outbreaks at seabird colonies. Climate-driven mismatch in the distributions of the breeding localities and prey of seabirds requires novel interventions, if decreases of threatened seabirds are to be arrested. For species able to colonise new areas, e.g. cormorants, the provision of suitable breeding habitat where prey is abundant, e.g. through fencing off headlands, may mitigate decreases. Species which show strong site fidelity and natal philopatry, such as penguins and gannets, present a greater challenge. Their conservation is likely to require the spatial management of fisheries competing for prey, e.g. through precluding fishing around colonies. Limitation of mortality, e.g. controlling outbreaks of disease, is important.
The importance of the Western Cape population of Blue Cranes to their global population in the face of climate change: implications for conservation
Carmen Bessa Gomes1, Raj Amin2, Leon-Jacques Theron3,4, Helen Prinsloo3, Kevin Shaw5 and Richard Pettifor2
1Ecologie des Populations et Communauté, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard 75231 Paris cedex 05, France. 2Zoological Society of London, UK. [email protected] 3South African Crane Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. 4Present address: Peace Parks Foundation, Millennia Park, 16 Stellentia Avenue, P.O. Box 12743, Die Boord, Stellenbosch 7613, South Africa. 5CapeNature, Western Cape Nature Conservation Board, Private Bag X5014, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
Regional downscaling of global climate change models continues to predict that the mediterranean rainfall area of southern Africa (the “Western Cape”) will become increasingly drier. The Western Cape currently holds around 50% of the global
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population of Blue Cranes, Anthropoides paradiseus. This species is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List (2003) and numbers around 20 000 individuals in total. Using data collected by the South African Crane Working Group and others, we construct a stage-structured, stochastic matrix model that allows differential emigration and immigration between sub-populations in southern Africa, and also accounts for variable fecundity and mortality schedules in each region. We present a model simulating the current population that explores various scenarios impinging on their survival (e.g. mortality through poisoning, powerlines, etc.) and also analyse the elasticities/sensitivities of this model. We then consider the possible con-sequences of various standardized scenarios (SRES’s) on accepted Global Circulation Models (AOGCM’s) as they may affect current agricultural practice, and the resultant changes in crane density-dependent functions. We explicitly consider the impacts of potential change on a range of demographic features of the blue crane in the Western Cape and on the global population, and identify those features of the blue crane populations which should be collected routinely by national bodies such as SACWG, as well as highlighting possible mitigation that could be considered by Cape Nature and other provincial conservation agencies.
The effects, if any, of climate change on Motacilla clara
Steven Piper
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa. [email protected]
Motacilla clara was studied along a 7 km stretch of the Palmiet River just outside Durban (29°30'S 30°55'E) for 30 years from October 1976. For the ten year period from 1995 to 2005 each individual caught was carefully measured in a number of different ways using exactly the same instruments in a standard fashion by a single observer. The following morphometric data were collected: wing length (left and right), tail length, tarsus (left and right), culmen, bill depth and overall head length. Each individual was also weighed. Moult and breeding status were also recorded. As most territorial adults held the same territory for many years they were caught and measured more than once. Weather data from a local weather station will be used to measure climate change in terms of temperature and rainfall – intensity & frequency. The data from this ten-year period will be used to elucidate whether the ‘size’ and ‘shape’ of individuals from successive cohorts changed in ways predicted by modern theories on the effects of climate change on birds.
2b: Symposium:
Current Research and Conservation Initiatives on African Flamingos (2)
Lake Natron: Africa’s most important Lesser Flamingo breeding site
Neil E. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
Lake Natron on the floor of the Eastern Rift Valley in northern Tanzania is the only significant breeding site for the East African population of Lesser Flamingo. It is also an important, perhaps the most important, breeding site for the far smaller population of Greater Flamingo. It is an Important Bird Area and a Ramsar site. Despite this importance there are no accurate counts of breeding colonies in the literature and nothing at all for the past 30 years. Virtually nothing is known of breeding success and recruitment rates. The reasons for this are the very remoteness and shear size of the site that attracts the birds. No nesting sites are visible from the shores of the lake and aerial surveys have been few and far between. Recent threats to this lake include the use of fresh water for hydropower and irrigation in the Kenyan catchment and, of greater concern, the extraction of brine for soda ash. The most recent exploitation project will be presented in some detail along with aerial images of nest sites and the general environment.
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Causes of Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) mortality in Kenya, 2005–2007
J. Lindsay Oaks1, H.L. Shivaprasad2, Timothy Walsh3, Kevin Snekvik1, Timothy Mwinami4 and David M. Harper5
1Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647034, Pullman, WA, 99164-7034, USA. [email protected] 2California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System - Fresno Branch, University of California, Davis, 2789 South Orange Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725, USA. 3National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, USA. 4Zoology Department, Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. 5Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
The Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) is one of East Africa’s most iconic birds and a significant tourist attraction. The total population in East Africa is currently estimated at approximately 1.5 to 2.54 million birds. Previous estimates from the 1970s were given at about double these numbers, suggesting that the population has declined. However, the lack of accurate population data makes it difficult to verify the presence or extent of actual population declines. One of the proposed causes of the decline is mass mortality events which have been documented periodically since the early 1970s, but which seem to have occurred more regularly in the 1990s and 2000s. Each event resulted in deaths of 1000s to ~50 000 Lesser Flamingos over a period of weeks to months. The causes of these mass mortality events, with varying levels of support, include infection with Mycobacterium avium, Pasteurella multocida, or Pseudomonas spp., and intoxication with cyanobacterial toxins, heavy metals, or pesticides. Annual Lesser Flamingo health surveys have been conducted since 2005 at Lake Bogoria, Kenya. At the times of the surveys, mass mortality events were not occurring at Lake Bogoria or other lakes in the region. In July 2005 the mortality rates were 0.004% per day (total population of 7000 birds); in November 2006 the mortality rates were 0.03% per day (total population of 10 000); and in September 2007 the mortality rates were 0.0008% per day (total population 35 871). To determine causes of disease, dead and injured flamingos were collected opportunistically and post mortems were conducted. Ancillary diagnostic testing was performed based on post mortem and histopathologic findings. The primary cause of mortality was different in each year. In 2005, the primary cause of mortality was infection with M. avium, and this was also associated with large numbers of birds crippled by M. avium-induced septic arthritis. In 2006 the primary cause of mortality was starvation and associated predation, and active cases of M. avium were not present. In 2007 mortality was almost nil, and testing is still in progress. Other causes of diseases included aspergillosis, air sacculitis, caustic foot injuries, and trauma.
Statut et enjeux de conservation des populations du Flamant rose Phoenicopterus roseus et du Flamant nain Phoeniconaias minor en Afrique de l’Ouest
Yelli Diawara¹, Tim Dodman², Antoine Arnaud3, Arnaud Béchet³ & Antonio Araujo¹1Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, Bp 3935 Nouakchott, Mauritanie. 2Hundland, Papa Westray, Orkney KW17 2BU, UK. 3La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc 13200 Arles, France.. [email protected]
Le Flamant rose Phoenicopterus roseus est abondant dans les zones humides côtières ouest africaines. On le trouve du nord de la Mauritanie jusqu’au Sierra Leone. Le lien entre cette population et la population méditerranéenne a été confirmé récemment. Le flamant nain Phoeniconaias minor est quant à lui observé toute l’année entre le sud de la Mauritanie et le Sierra Leone, avec les observations rares vers l’est jusqu’à Gabon. La population ouest africaine est probablement renforcée par celles d’Afrique de l’Est/australe, car des effectifs importants sont souvent recensés au Sénégal. Le Flamant rose niche régulièrement au Banc d’Arguin depuis 2005. Il a également été observé nicheur dans l’Aftout es Saheli à la fin des années 80. En février 2008, fut re-découverte une colonie de Flamants roses dans l’Aftout. À la même époque, 10 000 flamants nains étaient observés en parades au Parc National du Diawling sans confirmation d’une reproduction. C’est aussi dans l’Aftout que furent observées les dernières tentatives fructueuses de reproduction du Flamant nain en 1965. Quelques milliers de flamants roses et nains sont observés chaque année au Diawling, dans la Réserve naturelle du Chatt Boul et dans l’Aftout, en hiver, y compris des juvéniles de l’année, observés surtout entre octobre et mars. La zone de l’Aftout n’est pas encore suffisamment protégée et toute la partie littorale est menacée par des recherches pétrolières et affectées par le barrage de Diama. Cependant le projet de Réserve de biosphère transfrontalière tient compte des principaux sites de flamant au delta du fleuve Sénégal. Les autres sites fréquentés par les deux espèces sont soumis à des formes de protection réglementaires (Parcs Nationaux du Banc d’Arguin, du Diawling, du Djoudj, de Cacheu et la Réserve de Biosphère de l’Archipel des Bijagós), mais le principal site en Guinée (Khonibenki et Yongo Sale) n’est pas encore sous protection. La désignation de nouveaux sites protégés et une meilleure gestion des habitats et des plans d’eau importants pour les flamants est capitale, surtout dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal. L’organisation de campagnes d’information environnementale pour sensibiliser les populations et minimiser les dérangements des sites de reproduction est aussi prioritaire.
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[Conservation status of Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor populations in West Africa]
[The Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus is abundant in West African coastal wetlands, from northern Mauritania to Sierra Leone. Links between this population and the Mediterranean population have been confirmed recently. The Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor on the other hand is recorded all year round from southern Mauritania to Sierra Leone, with occasional sightings east as far as Gabon. The West African population is probably supplemented by birds from eastern or southern Africa, as significant numbers are often reported in Senegal. Greater Flamingos have nested regularly in the Banc d’Arguin area since 2005. They had also been noted nesting in the Aftout es Saheli at the end of the 1980s. In February 2008, a colony of Greater Flamingos was rediscovered in the Aftout. At the same time, 10 000 Lesser Flamingos were seen displaying in Diawling National Park, although breeding was not confirmed. The last successful breeding attempts by Lesser Flamingos were also in the Aftout in 1965. Several thousand flamingos of both species are seen each year in winter at Diawling, in Chatt Boul Reserve and at Aftout, including juvenile birds of the year, particularly between October and March. The Aftout region is still inadequately protected, and the entire seaward side is threatened by oil prospecting, and is affected by the barrage at Diama. Nevertheless the proposed transfrontier biosphere reserve would include the important flamingo sites on the Senegal River delta. The other sites frequented by both species do enjoy some measure of formal protection (the National Parks of the Banc d’Arguin, Diawling, Djoudj, and Cacheu and the Biosphere Reserve of the Bijagós Archipelago), but the principal site in Guinée (Khonibenki et Yongo Sale) is still unprotected. Designation of new protected areas, and better management of habitats and water bodies important to flamingos is crucial, especially in the Senegal delta. It is also a priority to organise a campaign for environmental education of the local population to minimise disturbance at breeding areas.]
Tracking the movements of flamingos at a large geographic scale: the band-resighting study of the Greater flamingo metapopulation in the Mediterranean and West Africa
Arnaud Béchet, Christophe Germain and Antoine Arnaud
Tracking the movements of itinerant birds such as flamingos is a challenging issue which is however critical to sound conservation planning. In the west of the Mediterranean, Greater Flamingos were suspected to belong to a unique metapopulation due to frequent exchanges among breeding colonies. In 2002 a network for banding and resighting flamingos was officially launched at several sites in order to better estimate both juvenile and adult dispersal and the factors determining them. The network relies on a standardized banding and resighting scheme completed by breeding and wintering counts at key sites. The network now includes seven countries which share >500 000 resightings of >50 000 birds within a unique database. Breeding monitoring and counts at key sites are also managed collaboratively within the flamingoatlas web site. As a first result, the approach allowed to extend the limits of the metapopulation and to show that breeding dispersal is characterized by a long-term philopatry effect. We advocate that such a banding–resighting scheme could be used advantageously to improve the understanding of flamingo population dynamics elsewhere in the world.
North Africa’s Greater Flamingo banding operation: what have we learned so far?
1Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected] 2Station biologique de la Tour du Valat, le Sambuc, France. 3Institute of Biology, Centre Universitaire Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
The discovery of an important breeding colony of the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus at Garaet Ezzemoul, Algeria, in 2004 was followed by at two successful breeding attempts which allowed the first banding operation of the species in North Africa. In parallel, starting from 2003, a noticeable effort of band reading has been carried out across the country resulting in a sharp increase in the recorded bands. Both efforts (band reading and banding) led to a reassessment of the role of North African wetlands for the Greater Flamingo metapopulation by challenging traditional views that North African breeding is occasional and is dependent on unfavourable breeding conditions in Europe. They also revealed that the extensive exchange between colonies in southern Europe and North Africa is carried out in both ways (north–south as well south–north) and is possibly structured in two distinct flyways. Banding also revealed that survival of chicks at Garaet Ezzemoul is dependent on the hydroperiod and that strong selective pressure is put on late breeders. This result has important conservation implications in the light of the strong anthropogenic impact on local wetlands.
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2c: Symposium: Bird–Industry conflicts (1)
Lighting up the African continent – what does this mean for our birds?
Jon J. Smallie, Megan Diamond and Andrew R. Jenkins
Wildlife & Energy Interaction Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, Johannesburg, South Africa. [email protected]
The World Bank (African Development Indicators) estimates that less than 5% of sub-Saharan Africans have access to reliable electricity. Increasing this access to electricity has been recognised by most African leaders, forums and unions as a top priority for the continent. Electrification will require power generation and distribution of this power to the end users, requiring thousands of kilometres of overhead power lines crossing our continent. In South Africa (certainly the most electrified African country to date), the Eskom – Endangered Wildlife Trust Strategic Partnership was initiated in 1996 in response to the impacts of electrical infrastructure on birds and wildlife. This unique partnership between an electrical utility and a conservation non profit organisation has gained valuable experience in the various interactions between birds and electrical infrastructure. Interactions that are now well understood include collision of birds with overhead cables, electrocution of birds on poles, nesting of birds on poles, electrical faulting caused by birds (direct impacts). Experience has shown that the birds most prone to these interactions include vultures, eagles, cranes, bustards, storks, and flamingos. Indirect impacts include habitat destruction and disturbance. Although there appears to have been little concern for bird – power line issues in African countries north of South Africa to date, this is likely attributable to the relative lack of power line. There is good reason to expect the above mentioned impacts to emerge north of South Africa as increased electrification takes place on the continent. An opportunity exists to ensure that electrification takes place in as ‘bird friendly’ a manner as possible, thereby avoiding the early mistakes made in South Africa, where large scale electrification took place before an understanding of the impacts of power lines on birds existed. The Endangered Wildlife Trust has extensive experience in this specialised field and is perfectly placed to partner with NGO’s in African countries, in order to build capacity and ensure that the impacts of electrification on birds are minimised.
Cyanide from gold mining and birds: Why are the birds there?
Henk Bouwman1, Ian Smith1 and Peter Lotz2
1Persistent Organic Pollutants and Toxicants Research Group, School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, P. Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. [email protected] 2Hydrometalurgt Division, MINTEK, PBag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa
It is well known that birds come into contact with cyanide-containing water on tailings storage facilities (TSFs) of gold mines. A number of bird poisoning incidents have been reported worldwide, including migratory birds. Concern about such impact has lead to the signing of the International Cyanide Management Code (ICMC) by AngloGold Ashanti, South Africa. An ICMC signatory commits itself to inter alia “Implement measures to protect birds, other wildlife and livestock from adverse effects of cyanide process solutions.” We investigated contact patterns of birds on TSFs, water return dams (RWDs) and drainage ditches (DDs) at West Wits and West Vaal gold mines of AngloGold Ashanti. TSFs. A total of 103 bird species were observed, from more than 3000 records. TSFs, RWDs and DDs had mean species richness of 22.8 (17–29), 32.2 (23–48), and 23.0 (13–30) respectively. Various species of waders were frequently encountered on TSFs, and swallows, ducks and geese were seen on occasion to drink as well. Four species of raptors were found on or close by TSFs. Quite a number of species were migratory. Waders on TSFs were seen feeding on the lee shoreline of the TSF ponds. We presume that insects land on the water, become incapacitated, and drift downwind where the waders harvest them from the shallows. Seed-eating birds seem to actively avoid TSFs. No mortalities or poisonings were observed. A better understanding has been reached regarding the effectiveness of current and improved management practices in protecting birds from cyanide.
Airport bird hazard control programmes – effective solutions for African airports
Albert Froneman1 and Claire Patterson-Abrolat2
1P.O. Box 2676, Fourways, 2055, South Africa. [email protected] 2Airport Wildlife Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview, 2122, South Africa. [email protected]
Conflicts between birds and aircraft are a growing concern on the African continent. As air traffic volumes are set to increase, the risk of bird-aircraft interactions can also be expected to rise. Airport authorities are now required through an ICAO Standard to have an effective management plan in place to address aircraft bird strikes. The Endangered Wildlife Trust’s (EWT) Bird
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Strike Avoidance Programme was established eight years ago as a strategic partnership with the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) to assist in developing effective bird hazard control programmes at their airports. Effective airport wildlife hazard management plans are underpinned by a thorough understanding of the local bird population, and ongoing monitoring and research is required to ensure effective co-existence between airports and birds.
The presence of a Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) roost site near the La Mercy International Airport, currently being con-structed north of Durban, has required a unique approach to monitoring bird behaviour and, ultimately, planning airport operations, taking the swallow behaviour into consideration. Large flocks of swallows swarm over the reedbed site in the late afternoon and specialised bird detection radar equipment was used to assess the swarming patterns in terms of height and density. The radar study concluded that the swallows will not pose a significant risk to aircraft. A bird detection radar will, however, be installed and operated on a permanent basis at the airport to monitor the swallow flock in the late afternoon. Such information will be integrated into the operational plan of the airport to assist in avoiding bird strikes with swallows and other birds present at the airport.
Is air pollution a threat to the Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaeruelea?
Henrik Kylin1, Henk Bouwman2 and Steven Evans3
1Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Polar Environmental Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway. [email protected] 2Dept of Zoology, North-West University, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. 3Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X 11, Parkview 2122, South Africa
The Blue Swallow, Hirundo atrocaeruelea, is one of the most threatened bird species in Southern Africa. It is an intra-African migrant that nests in mountainous areas with dense fog. To be able to forage in this environment their plumage is more water repellent than is usual among passerines. Nesting success has been low with many clutches being abandoned. We hypothesize that this is due to environmental changes where the introduction of exotic trees in combination with air pollution may create an environment in the fog banks that affects the water repellency of their plumage, thus making it more difficult for the birds to forage in dense fog. Pines and eucalypts are rich in volatile organics. Together with sulphur dioxide, water, and a radical initiator, all of these present in the nesting area, the organics emitted from the exotic trees may react to form sulphonic acids, i.e., strong detergents, that may alter the surface properties of the fog droplets in a way that counteracts the water repellency of the birds’ plumage. This could make it more difficult for the birds to forage in the fog banks. We sampled vegetation at 1000–1700 m above sea level in the Kaapsehoop area in Mpumalanga. The chemical reaction should take place more rapidly at higher eleva-tions due to higher UV-radiation at higher elevations. The content of sulphonic acids in the surface wax was used as proxy for the concentration of sulphonic acids in the fog. The analytical method was based on selective derivatisation of the sulphonic acids with trifluorodiazoethane and subsequent quantification with direct inlet mass spectrometry using negative ion chemical ionisation. There is a clear gradient with higher concentrations of sulphonic acids at higher elevations than at low elevations. Our knowledge base is too small to interpret exactly what the concentrations of sulphonic acids in the vegetation means for the water repellence of the Blue Swallow’s plumage. However, the results indicate that the presence of exotic trees rich in volatiles as well as the general pollution situation should be included in the discussions about how to protect this species.
Research facility for studying vulture electrocutions on power lines: rationale, design and prelimi-nary results
Johan M.J. van Staden
Eskom Distribution, Central region - Network Services, Network & Plant Performance Section, P.O. Box 217, Germiston1400, South Africa. [email protected]
In February 2008, power utility Eskom launched the ‘Vulture Electrocution Research Project’, in association with the Rhino and Lion Wildlife Conservation NPO. This initiative is aimed at reducing presently high numbers of vulture electrocutions on overhead power lines in southern Africa. To this end, an enclosure for vulture rehabilitation, large enough to house sections of steel lattice and wooden electricity pylons, was constructed at Skeerpoort in the Hartebeespoort Dam area, near Johannesburg. This enclosure will serve a dual purpose. Firstly, it will allow injured and rehabilitated vultures the space and opportunity to recuperate before they are released back into the wild. Secondly, it will support the scientific study of vulture interactions with the various power line configurations. This will be done at close range and under controlled conditions, permitting detailed assessment of exactly how vultures are affected by the current, and widely implemented, mitigation structures and methods. The enclosure will also allow the experimental refinement of mitigation options, and should ultimately contribute to significantly reducing vulture mortalities on Eskom power infrastructure. The design and lay-out of the enclosure are discussed, as are the experimental approaches proposed or applied so far. Preliminary results suggest that this is a very time- and cost-effective way to learn about and manage simple interactions between wildlife and industry. However, this can only be confirmed once observations of captive birds have been used to achieve successful mitigation in the field.
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2d: Symposium: The Great Rift Valley – a mega Scale Innovation
The GRV as an interdisciplinary concept in the cooperation of 22 countries
Yossi Leshem
Tel Aviv University, Dept. of Zoology and The International Center for the Study of Bird Migration, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. [email protected]
Israel’s unique location at the junction of three continents has created one of the most important “bottlenecks”, with 500 million birds crossing twice a year during the autumn and spring migrations. The Israeli Air Force (IAF), maneuvering through this same air space, suffered from numerous aircraft–bird collisions. During three decades, 9 fighter planes crashed and 75 aircraft were involved in accidents with damage between 1–10 million dollars each, as well as the lives of three pilots lost. A large proportion of collisions (74%) involved migrating birds with soaring birds causing the most significant damage. Over the last two and a half decades, long-term monitoring of soaring birds has been conducted with a network of ground observers, motorized-glider, drones and radar stations, reducing collisions by 76% and saving the IAF since 1984 700 million dollars (not to mention the lives of pilots and birds). Over the last 12 years since the establishment of the International Center for the Study of Bird Migration at Latrun, an interdisciplinary concept was developed that combines migration research with flight safety activities, a broad educational network in the schools and bird-watching stations for the benefit of people, migrating birds and their habitats.
In a joint research project of the Max Planck Institute in Radolfzell Germany and the Tel Aviv University in Israel, funded by the German Ministry of the Environment, we tracked 120 migrating White Storks to which satellite transmitters had been attached.
Founded on this joint research, an educational curriculum was developed for 300 schools in Israel, based on an Internet site, www.birds.org.il, which enabled the online tracking of the migrating birds, as well as including field trips for direct observations.
In addition, during the last decade research data about vultures, pelicans and cranes with satellite transmitters has been entered into the site’s database, as well as the data collected from a Russian meteorological radar, MRL-5, which was adapted to track birds and is active during the seven migration months every year.
This scientific–educational project was extended from a local to regional level, funded by US-AID MERC, with the joining of Palestinian and Jordanian researchers and schools between the years 1998–2004. The aim of the project was to use migrating birds as the platform for the furthering of regional co-operation in the Middle East, an area strife with conflict. Later on, with funding by the European Union, we established three tracking stations in Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority along the Great Rift Valley (GRV) in order to develop eco-tourism and bird-watching as well as to nurture the connection to the community.
Since 2001 we have advanced an additional regional project encompassing the use of Barn Owls and Common Kestrels as biological pest control in agriculture in the Beit Shean Valley in Israel (27 km south of the Sea of Galilee), on the eastern side of the Jordan River in Jordan and in Jericho in the Palestinian Authority. This project has led to excellent co-operation between all sides involved from the scientific and agricultural aspects.
The success in the Middle East led us to a new concept, the extension of our activities in the Middle East to the wintering areas of the migrating birds in Africa, with the focus on the GRV. The GRV is one of the unique geological phenomena on earth, stretching from Turkey to Mozambique along 7200 km. As a result it constitutes a migration route of global importance through which hundreds of millions of migrating birds migrate yearly from Europe–Asia to Africa and back.
Instead of the conventional treatment of each country to protect the migrating birds and their habitat, it was proposed to the UNESCO World Heritage Center to declare the entire GRV as one global World Heritage Site as a serial nomination of 22 countries which will together develop policies of research, conservation, education and eco-tourism in a new concept that will be able to apply the idea on a mega scale for the benefit of the migrating birds and their habitat. We believe that even this is an ambitious project, and the probability of success of this interdisciplinary proposal will have a significant impact on migration and wintering grounds, emphasizing the leading role of the African countries in this project.
BirdLife International has already expressed their desire to lead the idea. UNESCO, UNEP and the UN-Foundation have expressed interest in applying the concept in the GRV. In our presentation we will show the unique power of birds to connect between countries, even in conflict-ridden regions, while creating an innovative multidisciplinary scientific concept based on education, conflicts in agriculture, eco-tourism, flight safety and nature conservation of birds and their habitats.
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Conservation of IBAs in the GRV: potential role of local communities and NGO networks
Hazell Shokellu Thompson1 and Leon Bennun2
1BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 00100, ICIPE Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2BirdLife International Global Secretariat, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
The Great Rift Valley (GRV), at just over 7000 kilometers long spanning over 20 countries on two continents, is the longest geological rift on earth. It is a natural phenomenon of immense global biogeographical importance and serves as one of the most important flyways for migratory birds in the world. This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the importance of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within the GRV for migratory birds. IBAs are identified that are essential for the survival of Soaring Birds (c.100); Migrant Waterbirds (c.104) and Migrant Landbirds (c.51). The biotic and physical param-eters, as well as the Protected Area status of these circa 163 IBAs are reviewed and characterized. The threats to the IBAs and the birds they hold are catalogued and a threat analysis undertaken then overlain with Protected Area status (and Management Effectiveness records where known) to determine priorities for conservation action. Finally, recommendations are made for conservation action paying special attention to local community participation, livelihoods and capacity development.
The role of advocacy in saving threatened species: a case study of the Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor and Lake Natron
Ken Mwathe1, Hazell Shokellu Thompson2 and Jane Gaithuma2 1Lake Natron Consultative Group, c/o BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, ICIPE Campus, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2 BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, ICIPE Campus, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
This paper describes the process and key milestones attained in the advocacy to save Lesser Flamingos (Phoenicopterus minor), following a proposal to introduce soda ash mining at their only breeding site in Eastern Africa, Lake Natron. The status of Lesser Flamingo breeding sites in Eastern Africa is reviewed. The paper then describes the coming together of over 30 institutions under the umbrella of Lake Natron Consultative Group to respond to the threat posed by the development proposed by Tata Chemicals Ltd and the Government of the Republic of Tanzania at Lake Natron. BirdLife International’s “Think Pink” Campaign and its outcomes are also described. The advocacy was undertaken through the establishment of a global network of supporters and partners, intensive media publicity, engagement with relevant government authorities and sensitisation and seeking the support of local communities. Involvement in and critique of Environmental Impact Assessment processes and providing imput into review missions such as the Ramsar Advisory Mission played a crucial role. The paper concludes that proper co-odination is key to effective advocacy. Individuals as well as institutions play a critical role in the entire process. Collaboration among a wide range of partners and institutions can be achieved through consistent update and feedback. Global support is key to ensure a successful campaign. The article calls for the establishment of a fund to facilitate proactive and responsive advocacy for threatened species and ecosystems.
The contribution ringing has made to the study of bird migration patterns and bird conservation in Africa, with a focus on the Great Rift Valley
Przemyslaw Busse
Bird Migration Research Station, University of Gdansk, Przebendowo, 84-210, Choczewo, Poland. [email protected]
Bird ringing is more than a 100-year old, traditional method to study bird migration and has revealed much about the migration and wintering grounds for many Palearctic species. However, uneven reporting rates have often led to varying interpretations of recovery patterns. This is most visible for migrants along the eastern European flyway and throughout the wintering grounds in Africa, where the reporting rate is very low. In this paper I describe and discuss strategies that are needed to improve migra-tion data and knowledge for African-Eurasian migrants, with an emphasis on the Great Rift Valley. These include: increased ringing efforts in Africa, which should focus on morphometrics, fat scoring and weight, orientation tests, feather sampling for stable isotopes, microelements and genetical studies, and biotope selection. Identification and protection of critical stopover sites for migrants is crucial for the survival of migrants and more studies are needed in this regard, particularly in Africa. Initiatives such as the Great Rift Valley (GRV) Project, South-East European Bird Migration Network (SEEN) and the African Bird Migration Network can collaborate in unifying aims and methods of research on African-Eurasian migrants, as well as raising awareness and training researchers.
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The significance of the Great Rift Valley as an avian migratory flyway
Hazell Shokellu Thompson1 and Leon Bennun2
1BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, PO Box 3502 00100, ICIPE Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2BirdLife International Global Secretariat, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
The Great Rift Valley (GRV), at just over 7000 kilometers long, spanning over 20 countries on two continents, is the longest geological rift on earth. It is a natural phenomenon of immense global biogeographical importance and serves as one of the most important flyways for migratory birds in the world. This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the importance of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within the GRV for migratory birds. IBAs are identified that are essential for the survival of Soaring Birds (c.100); Migrant Waterbirds (c.104) and Migrant Landbirds (c.51). The biotic and physical param-eters, as well as the Protected Area status of these c.163 IBAs are reviewed and characterized. The threats to the IBAs and the birds they hold are catalogued and a threat analysis undertaken then overlain with Protected Area status (and Management Effectiveness records where known) to determine priorities for conservation action. Finally, recommendations are made for conservation action paying special attention to local community participation, livelihoods and capacity development.
2e: Symposium: energetics and Foraging Behavior
A comparison of summer and winter metabolic rates of Amethyst Sunbirds (Chalcomitra amethystina) over an altitudinal gradient
Claire V. Lindsay, Colleen T. Downs and Mark Brown
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa. [email protected]
Southern Africa is characterised by an unpredictable environment with daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, thus posing challenging thermal conditions and increased energetic stress for endothermic vertebrates. Amethyst Sunbirds (Chalcomitra amethystina) are relatively large African sunbirds (15 g). They are considered non- or locally migratory and thus have to deal with the temperature changes and physiological stresses a new season brings. This study compared altitudinal subpopulations and the seasonal shifts between and within the subpopulations in metabolic parameters. Amethyst Sunbirds were caught in summer and winter at three different altitudinal subpopulations; Underberg, Howick and Oribi Gorge. Upon capture, metabolic rate of the sunbirds were measured indirectly by quantifying oxygen consumption (VO2) using flow through respirometry, at 5 and 25°C. Birds then underwent a 6 week acclimation period at 25°C on a 12L: 12D cycle. VO2 was measured post-acclimation at 8 different temperatures (15, 5, 10, 20, 30, 28, 25 and 33°C). Hematocrit levels were taken pre-acclimation and pre-release. Experiments were repeated for a winter and summer season. In general, Amethyst Sunbird subpopulations from Underberg and Howick showed higher post-acclimation resting metabolic rates per temperature in winter than in summer trials. Underberg and Howick subpopulations respectively showed a significant difference between summer and winter VO2 at 5 and 10°C. Thermal neutral zones of all of the subpopulations of sunbirds shifted between winter and summer. Post-acclimation basal metabolic rate of sunbirds decreased significantly by 38.8% from winter to summer for the Underberg subpopulation, increased by 44.8% for the Howick subpopulation and did not change significantly for the Oribi Gorge subpopulation (5.8% decrease).
Sugar preferences of nectar feeding birds – a comparison of experimental techniques
Mark Brown, Colleen T. Downs and Steven D. Johnson
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa. [email protected]
Experiments to determine sugar preferences of nectarivorous animals have been conducted using a wide variety of experimental procedures, all of which aim at ensuring that the solutions offered in choices are “equivalent”. Each method used historically has controlled for a particular variable, such as number of molecules in solution, weight of sugar in solution, or amount of energy in solution, depending on what question the researchers have tried to answer. Biologists interpreting these results in terms of bird sugar preference have seldom taken these differences into account. The consequences of using different experimental procedures for sugar preferences exhibited by a nectarivorous bird (the Malachite sunbird, Nectarinia famosa) were examined using paired sucrose and hexose sugar solutions made up to be either equimolar, equiweight or equicaloric.
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We found the effect of methodology on bird sugar preference to be quite distinct, especially at low concentrations, where Malachite Sunbirds showed either sucrose preference, no preference, or hexose preference, depending on the method used. This study highlights the need for researchers to consider methodology when interpreting, or comparing among, results from previous studies.
Diel variations in blood glucose levels in Malachite Sunbirds at different temperatures
Andrea E. Wellmann, Colleen T. Downs and Mark Brown
School of Biological & Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa. [email protected]
Blood glucose concentrations of most birds are much higher than those found in mammals and it is still not known how they evade the complications of such high levels. We investigated the change in blood glucose concentrations of Malachite Sunbirds (Nectarinia famosa) at two different ambient temperatures and at different times of the night and day, and explored the possibility that gluconeogenesis might be used by birds to ‘warm up’ during arousal from torpor or overnight adaptive heterothermy in the morning, before daylight. Generally blood glucose levels were fairly high, between 13.6 and 21. 4 mmol/L. Blood glucose levels were higher at 5°C than at 25°C and generally lower in the early hours of the morning. Therefore we reject our assumption that Malachite Sunbirds use gluconeogenesis as an additional form of heat generation during rousal from torpor. It is thought that the difference in the levels of blood glucose might be a function of the cold temperature and the consumption of their nectarivorous diet.
Diurnal patterns of mass gain in tropical granivores best reflects temperature constraints rather than the starvation–predation risk trade-off
Shiiwua A. Manu and Will Cresswell
AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria & School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK. [email protected]
Diurnal patterns of mass gain in small temperate birds are of theoretical interest because they are a consequence of the starvation–predation risk trade-off. In tropical birds diurnal variation in mass may also be influenced by other constraints such as water availability, digestive bottlenecks and avoiding periods of high temperature but there are limited empirical data to explore these constraints and the starvation–predation risk trade-off in tropical birds. We recorded mass and amount of seed eaten with time of day and temperature of three small granivorous birds, feeding on baited balances in savanna habitat of tropical West Africa. Birds fed in the morning and afternoon but almost never visited balances to feed during the middle of the day. Mass increased with time of day, but with a clear bimodal pattern so that mass was gained in the early morning and was then lost again by the time birds resumed feeding in the afternoon. Mass was then mostly regained at the end of the afternoon. There was a significant, but biologically small, increase in mass with temperature. The amount of food eaten per visit to the balance was independent of time of day and temperature. The results suggest that mass in tropical small granivores is not driven by the starvation–predation risk trade-off because mass gain did not occur only early in the day as expected with low predation risk and high starvation risk, and was not deferred to late in the day as expected with high predation risk and low starvation risk. Instead mass gain probably reflected temperature, with the majority of mass gain occurring when diurnal temperatures were the lowest, although digestive and water availability constraints may also be important. The high temperature midday period apparently results in a period similar to the nocturnal period for tropical granivores, where forag-ing is avoided completely for energetic or water conservation reasons, and so diurnal mass gain patterns probably mainly reflect this constraint.
Differences in foraging ecology of African Penguins at two sites of contrasting population trends: Is food a factor?
Katrin Ludynia1, Jessica Kemper2, Joan James2, Rian Jones2 and Jean-Paul Roux2,3
1Research and Technology Center Westcoast, University of Kiel, Hafentoern 1, 25761 Buesum, Germany. [email protected] 2Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz Marine Research, P.O. Box 394, Lüderitz, Namibia. 3Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
Since the 1950’s the Namibian population of African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) has decreased by ~80 % and is still decreasing at a rate of 3.3 % per year. Recent breeding population trends of African Penguins differ between two of the
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main breeding sites off the Namibian coast, Mercury and Halifax Islands. Numbers of active nests at peak breeding have been decreasing since 2002 at Mercury whereas numbers have increased at Halifax Island during the same time. Local food availability might be a factor in explaining these differences.
In order to identify main foraging areas as well as differences in foraging and diving behaviour, we used GPS dataloggers on breeding penguins at both islands in February and March 2008 and monitored diet through stomach flushing. Main foraging areas for birds were located towards the northwest of each island. Maximum distances reached by the birds were shorter for Halifax Island penguins (14.1±7.6 km) than for Mercury Island birds (22.2±9.5 km). Birds spent less time at sea at Halifax than at Mercury Island (11:51±6:16 hrs vs. 16:26±7.41 hrs, respectively). Although mean dive depths and average maximum depths were similar at both locations (13.85±11.64 m vs. 15.59±13.34 m and 49.78±14.35 m vs. 54.59±14.30 m, respectively), there are differences in the depth distribution of dives. Birds at Mercury Island presented more deep dives; almost 30 % of all dives reached depths greater than 20 m whereas less than 18 % of all dives from Halifax Island penguins reached these depths.
All parameters measured indicate a better food availability around Halifax Island; birds travelled shorter distances and spent less time at sea, obtaining prey in shallower depths. Penguins at Mercury Island feed predominantly on Pelagic Goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus), a mostly demersal fish species. Penguin numbers there seem to be most limited by scarce availability of quality prey. Pelagic fish species, which are more nutritious, appear to be more abundant around Halifax Island, making it a promising breeding site.
3: Round-table Discussions
3a: Round-table discussion: Birds and climate change
Phoebe Barnard1, Robert E. Simmons2 and Res Altwegg1
1Climate Change & Bio-Adaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Serious climate change challenges for birds and other biodiversity in Africa are much less well understood than those in Europe, North America and Australia. Given the magnitude of these challenges in Africa, especially as compounded by existing conservation threats from land use change, invasive species, pollution and harvesting, a focus on the vulnerability of African birds and bird habitats is critical. In this round-table meeting we propose drawing on the insights from detailed biodiversity/climate change work in Europe and Australia to kick-start a wave of accelerated, collaborative and more detailed demographic, behavioural, ecological, biogeographic and conservation research on the vulnerability of African birds and bird habitats to climate change.
3b: Round-table discussion: AFRING: current assessment and the way forward
Doug Harebottle
Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa [email protected]
In 2004, the African–Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), through funding provided by the European Commission, contracted the Animal Demography Unit to set up an African Waterbird Ringing Scheme (AFRING). This was in response to a need to increase the knowledge base on movements and ecology of intra-African and Palearctic migrant waterbirds in Africa. The last three years has seen a standardised database created to store and curate waterbird ringing data from Africa; this database is currently stored primarily with southern African ringing data (from SAFRING). A large focus of AFRING has been training of local ringers and raising awareness of the role of AFRING and ringing within Africa. To date, four training courses have been held (Kenya 2004, Botswana 2005, Ghana and South Africa 2006) and nearly 40 Africans have been provided with an introductory course to waterbird ringing. A fifth course is planned for Zambia in November 2008. This round-table will examine the progress of the project to date, consider current tasks and aims and look at the future role of AFRING.
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3c: Round-table discussion: Ethno-ornithology in Africa
Robert Gosford
Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Australia. [email protected]
In recent years Ethnoornithology has emerged as a valuable source of ethnobiological research, partly for its potential to be able to make a valuable contribution to bird conservation and also as a means of empowering people of all cultures to preserve, re-examine and discover the connections between individuals, groups and cultures and the birds that people hunt, venerate and cherish. Following on from the symposia this round-table discussion will examine current ethnoornithological research in Africa, future directions for proposed research and support, and professional development, particularly in the area of methodology, will also be considered.
3d: Round-table discussion: Raptors of Africa
Birds of Prey Working Group (Endangered Wildlife Trust)
André Botha, Birds of Prey Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. [email protected]
Raptors hold a fascination for most people, but many species are threatened and their populations are declining. The Birds of Prey Working Group (BoPWG) of the Endangered Wildlife Trust, a South African NGO, is dedicated to ensuring an environment in which healthy populations of raptors live in harmony with humankind. The Group’s aim is to action, support and coordinate conservation projects for nocturnal and diurnal raptors in southern Africa and to achieve measurable results through considered and informed implementation strategies. The Group’s work is primarily based in southern Africa, but also has links with other projects and researchers in East Africa and West Africa. BoPWG invites you to attend an evening of informal presentations and discussion about the continent’s raptors.
3e: Round-table discussion: The Shoebill: development of a conservation action plan
Tim Dodman1 and Julius Arinaitwe2
1Wetlands International, Hundland, Papa Westray, Orkney KW17 2BU, UK. [email protected] 2BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, CIPE Campus, Kasarani, P.O. Box 3502-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
The Shoebill Balaeniceps rex is one of the most unique birds in Africa, occurring in scattered swamps and other wetlands from Southern Sudan to northern Zambia. This large bird particularly favours extensive swamps. It is classified as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List, threatened by a number of factors, including habitat degradation, floodplain fires, agricultural development, disturbance and capture for trade. This Round-table Discussion will present a current overview of the status of the Shoebill and advance proposals for development of a conservation action plan for the species. Information from various recent surveys will be presented, but the focus will be on identifying conservation priorities, thence developing a proposal and mandates for advancing a species action plan.
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4: Plenary: Seabirds in Africa: a Conservation Overview
Peter G. Ryan
Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
Despite the oceans comprising two-thirds of the world’s surface, only 3% of all birds, some 300 species, feed at sea. Nearly half of these seabirds are threatened with extinction, well above the average of 12% of birds globally. This high proportion of threatened species results from the very conservative life histories of many seabirds, and their reliance on multiple habitats. Southern Africa is bordered by exceptionally rich and diverse marine ecosystems that attract more than 100 species of seabirds from around the world. Only 14 seabird species breed in the region, due at least in part to the paucity of safe breeding sites, but seven of these are endemic to southern Africa. More than half of all globally threatened birds in southern Africa are seabirds. Despite formal protection of most seabird breeding sites, some species face significant threats while breeding, principally from introduced predators. Programmes to remove predators can be highly effective in restoring secure breeding habitat. But for most species, the most significant threats occur at sea, typically either through competition with fisheries or accidental mortality in fishing gear. Understanding what seabirds do at sea is crucial for their effective conservation, and a diverse array of tools is now used to gain insights into their behaviour at sea, including direct observation, tracking, bio-logging and the use of genetic and chemical markers. In this talk I explore the reasons behind the conservative life-histories of seabirds, provide an overview of the threats faced by species off southern Africa, and discuss progress made to date in addressing these threats.
4a: Symposium: Seabird Conservation in Africa
Quantitative approach to the conservation of a tropical seabird population in the western Indian Ocean
David Monticelli1,2
1Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Section of Conservation Biology, 29 Rue Vautier, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. 2Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Forestry, Unit of Forest and Nature Management, Gembloux Agricultural University, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium. [email protected]
The roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) is a long-lived seabird occurring in discrete breeding populations in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, both in temperate and tropical areas, and with a relatively fragile status worldwide. For instance, the annual breeding population found on Aride Island (Seychelles), tropical western Indian Ocean, has fluctuated between a high of 4000 pairs in the 1970’s to a low of 600–1200 pairs from 2000 onwards. An intensive monitoring program was developed at Aride Island between 1998 and 2007 to understand how environmental factors may affect fluctuations in population size. This included (1) the estimation of breeding success in relation to both food supply conditions and characteristics of the breeding habitat, and (2) the estimation of demographic parameters such as age-specific survival and recruitment rates. The growth rate of this population was further estimated by using a population matrix modeling. This approach seemed useful to understand the evolution of different life history characteristics between this tropical population and other temperate (northern hemisphere) populations, and to provide local managers on Aride Island with conservation measures.
Regional study of stable isotope signatures in marine birds in western Indian Ocean: biogeographic and ecological interpretations
Sébastien Jaquemet1, Teresa Catry2, Yves Cherel3, Matthieu Le Corre1, Christopher D. McQuaid4, Jaime Ramos2 and Henri Weimerskirch3
1Laboratoire ECOMAR Université de la Réunion, 15, Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis Messag Cedex 09. Ile de la Réunion-France. 2Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. 3CEBC-CNRS (UPR 1934) BP 14, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France. 4Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa
Seabirds nesting in the Indian Ocean are abundant, especially in its western part. Some of them, like the sooty tern Sterna fuscata, are widely distributed while other species are restricted to specific localities. Oceanic provinces in the western
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Indian Ocean have distinct hydrographical characteristics, which significantly influence the biology of the different seabird species as breeding season and diet often vary regionally in response to different oceanic forcing. It has been demonstrated in many places in the world that specific regions can be isotopically labelled according to the ratios of stable isotopes naturally occurring in the environment. Organisms remaining in a specific region therefore have a “footprint” given by the isotopic signature of their habitat. We investigated the stable-carbon and stable-nitrogen isotope signatures in blood and feathers of breeding adults and chicks of 10 species breeding in the western Indian Ocean. The study included 7 different colonies off East Africa, from the Seychelles Archipelago (5°S) to Bird Island (33°S) in South Africa. The first aim of this study was to test whether isotope signatures of marine birds could discriminate communities belonging to the different oceanic provinces. Second, we analysed age-related and status-related (breeding vs non breeding) isotopic differences in the tissues of seabirds. Specific differences between and within species are discussed in the light of dietary specificities and breeding periods. Overall, the range of carbon values was rather narrow (<3‰) in comparison to the large latitudinal gradient (28°). However, carbon signatures of the different species did segregate the main oceanic provinces in the study area. Adult feather carbon signatures suggest that most of the species remain in the same oceanic habitat yearlong, and do not undertake wintering migration. Nitrogen signatures confirmed differences in diet among species, even though most of them feed on closely related prey. Nitrogen signatures in seabirds from the Seychelles suggest that the nitrogen baseline signature in the marine ecosystems there is higher than at other places in the study area.
Close vicinity of foraging areas and breeding sites may explain positive population trends of endangered Bank Cormorants at Mercury Island, Namibia
Katrin Ludynia1, Rian Jones2, Joan James2, Kathleen Peard2, Jean-Paul Roux2,3and Les G. Underhill3
1Research and Technology Center Westcoast, University of Kiel, Hafentoern 1, 25761 Buesum, Germany [email protected] 2Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz Marine Research, P.O. Box 394, Lüderitz, Namibia. 3Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
The Bank Cormorant (Phalacrocorax neglectus), endemic to the Benguela Region, is declining throughout its range. In Namibia the population crashed between 1993 and 1998 and has not recovered. Mercury Island is the only breeding site where the local breeding population has recovered from the crash. It represents today more than 80% of the Namibian subpopulation and more than 70% of the world’s population, making Mercury Island the largest breeding site for this endangered species. We studied the foraging behaviour of breeding Bank Cormorants from Mercury Island during the 2007–08 breeding season using data logger technology. Foraging areas were identified through MiniGPS devices attached to birds recording their locations at sea. Dive depth recorders allowed a detailed analysis of diving behaviour during foraging. Additionally, we investigated the diet of breeding Bank Cormorants from pellet analysis. Areas frequently used for foraging by breeding cormorants were located within close vicinity to the island (maximum distance 5 km). During the study period, all birds used almost identical areas, showing strong preferences for an area southwest of the island. Birds were mostly feeding at the sea bottom, diving to an average depth of 25 m. The diet of Bank Cormorants at Mercury Island consisted almost entirely of Pelagic Goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus). Size distribution of otoliths in the pellets of Bank Cormorants confirm that demersal adult gobies are the main prey taken, and thus bottom diving by these birds. Increasing numbers of breeding pairs and good breeding success of Bank Cormorants at Mercury Island seem to be due, in part, to good prey availability in the vicinity of the island. Incorporating the identified feeding grounds into the Marine Protected Area (MPA) planned along the southern Namibian coast would be vital to ensure the future of this endangered species.
Using GPS-tracking to design Marine Protected Areas for endemic seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system
Lorien Pichegru1,2, Peter G. Ryan2, Olivier Gimenez3, Samantha Petersen2, Sue Lewis4, Jan van der Westhuizen5, Carl van der Lingen5, Céline Le Bohec1 and David Grémillet1,3
1Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France. [email protected] 2DST/NRT Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, South Africa 3Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France 4Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Banchory, NERC, United Kingdom 5Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town, South Africa
The Benguela is one of the four major upwelling systems in the world, characterized by very high productivity. These favour-able conditions allowed the evolution of numerous endemic species, including seven seabird species. However, during the 20th century most seabird populations have decreased dramatically, due to the combined effects of human disturbance, over-
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fishing, and climate change, threatening some species with extinction. In particular, two endemic species reliant on pelagic fish stocks, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), are both classified as vulnerable, after the decrease of their populations following the collapse of sardine Sardinops sagax stocks in the 1970s.
Both species breed colonially, mainly at offshore islands, and these breeding sites are protected as nature reserves. However, there is growing evidence that their feeding sites also deserve special protection, since seabird foraging success ultimately influences the reproductive output and the size of the colonies. We used GPS-tracking obtained from Cape gannets and African penguins at 7 colonies over 5 years to determine feeding hotspots of those seabirds. We modeled their energetic demands to estimate the amount of prey necessary to sustain populations at current levels and compared them with current fishing activities from competitive purse-seine fisheries in these areas. The aim is to define seabird key foraging areas for possible considerations as Marine Protected Areas while considering impact of seabird protection on local fisheries.
Seabird mortalities and mitigation in South African fisheries
Meidad Goren, Barry Watkins and Bronwyn O’Connell
BirdLife South Africa, c/o Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
Each year, over 300 000 seabirds are accidentally killed world wide as bycatch in fishing operations. South African waters are important foraging grounds for seabirds especially during the non-breeding season (winter) when birds are attracted to fishery discards. South African-flagged longline fisheries are estimated to kill approximately 2900 birds per annum in the pelagic longline fishery and approximately 220 in the demersal longline fishery. Since 1998 mortalities have decreased in both these fisheries. During 2007 over 1000 seabirds were killed by foreign-flagged tuna longline vessels, primarily White-capped Thalassarche steadi and Black-browed T. melanophrys albatrosses, and White-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis. Recently there has been a shift to a holistic, ecological approach to fisheries management in South Africa. As a consequence of the high level of seabird mortality permit conditions include setting a cap on the number of dead seabirds allowed per vessel per season in the tuna and swordfish longline fishery. Observations of trawl warps of deep-water demersal hake trawlers in 2004 and 2005 indicate that albatrosses (Shy and Black-browed albatrosses) were killed most frequently, with smaller numbers of White-chinned petrels, Cape gannets Morus capensis and Sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus. Mortalities occurred mainly during dumping of fishery wastes, and were more frequent in winter, when more birds attended fishing vessels. No birds were killed in the absence of dumping in summer. Crude extrapolation suggests that the total mortality is some 18 000 (8000–31 000) birds per annum, of which 85% are killed on warps and 15% entangled in nets. The implementation of mitigation measures from August 2006 resulted in a significant reduction in mortality rates. BirdLife South Africa works at-sea and on-shore to provide training and education in the use of mitigation devices that, when used correctly, quickly and efficiently reduce the mortality of seabirds in longline and trawl fisheries.
4b: Symposium: Bird Ringing Studies in Africa
Overview of bird ringing in Tanzania
Neil E. Baker and Elizabeth M. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
Ringers in Tanzania use rings of the Ringing Scheme of eastern Africa marked “Museum Nairobi”. There is no official scheme for Tanzania alone nor is ringing considered anything other than a hobby by the responsible government body, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute. The only permanently active ringers in the country are the team members of the Tanzania Bird Atlas Project (TBAP). Independent researchers from overseas use ringing as part of their fieldwork (mostly in forests) but many of them do not return their data to Nairobi or TBAP and some do not even use local rings. The TBAP ringing database currently stands at 46 706 captures of 473 species which includes 2098 recaptures and recoveries (mainly from local forest projects). There is only a single foreign recovery of a Tanzanian-ringed bird but importantly it was a Spotted Ground Thrush Zoothera guttata on the Kenyan coast, the only proof that this coastal non-breeding population breeds on the Rondo Plateau in SE Tanzania. Recently three foreign-ringed Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica were controlled in Iringa in the Southern Highlands and there is a smattering of recovered White Storks Ciconia ciconia and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus. Full biometrics are taken by TBAP ringers of birds caught and there is an accumulation of moult data that warrants analysis and publication. Details will be presented of sites, species and numbers of birds ringed.
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The ongoing role of bird ringing in science – a case study of Darvill Bird Sanctuary
Mark Brown1 and H. Dieter Oschadleus2
1School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa. [email protected] 2Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
We explore the value of bird ringing studies to science using data collected from 1982 to 2008 at Darvill Bird Sanctuary, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Apart from the usual analysis of bird movement and longevity, we show that long term ringing studies at single sites can be important in terms of analyzing annual changes in moult, in determining the effect of climate change on southern hemisphere bird body mass, and in terms of species turnover at a site over time. Using the dataset of over 25 000 birds of over 175 species netted, we examine the relationship between annual rainfall and moult patterns for several different species. We also show that, for some species where enough data has been collected, climate change has not led to an increase in body mass of southern hemisphere birds, which contrasts with data from the northern hemisphere. We show that species abundance and composition has not remained static over time, but fluctuated both seasonally and annually over time. In addition, we explore the role such long term established ringing sites have in training and equipping amateur and professional ornithologists in bird ringing.
Results of long-term bird ringing programmes in the Kakamega Forest, Isecheno Forest Station, western Kenya, 1978–2008
Hans Oelke1 and Titus S. Imboma2
1D-3705, Department of Zoology, Göttingen, Germany. 2Department of Zoology, Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Based on recommendations from historical avifaunal studies, bird ringing sites have been established around the Isecheno Forest Station, Kakamega Forest, western Kenya since 1978. These sites, which conform to Zimmermann’s study plots (1972), were set up to study the long-term composition and abundance of tropical forest birds. Trapping, using mist-nets, was targeted primarily within the lower canopy and herb layer. In this paper we describe results from the ringing programmes in Kakamega Forest between July 1978 and March 2008. Results indicate that the avifauna has remained relatively stable over the 30-year period despite logging attempts and threats from tea and maize cultivation. The bird community is characterized by long-living (>20 years) sedentary species such as Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris and Olive Sunbird Nectarinia olivacea, but paralleled by a low productivity, as evidenced by the absence of juvenile birds during trapping. A few Palearctic migrants were trapped but none were controlled. Although these ringing studies have proved valuable, knowledge on the composition of species, particularly migrants, in the higher canopy and general breeding ecology of species in Kakamega Forest remains limited. Opportunities for additional projects are proposed and discussed.
Weights and migration timing in waders at Mida Creek, Kenya
Colin Jackson1 and David Pearson2
1A Rocha Kenya, P.O. Box 383, Watamu, 80202, Kenya. [email protected] 24 Lupin Close, Reydon, Southwold, Suffolk, IP18 2NW, UK
Weight data were analysed from six wader species caught for ringing at Mida Creek, Kenya, between 1977 and 2008: Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus, Greater Sand Plover C. leschenaultii, Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Little Stint Calidris minuta, Curlew Sandpiper C. ferruginea and Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus. Adults of these species return to the Kenya coast after breeding mainly between mid August and mid September, with first year birds building up in the population during September–October. In spring, adults depart mainly during April, with only a few Curlew Sandpipers, Little Stints and Lesser Sand Plovers remaining to early May. In all species except Little Stint, a substantial contingent of first year birds oversummers. In five species mean weight was relatively constant from (August) September to March, but in Little Stint there was a distinct peak in October/November, suggesting that fattening passage migrants were present in the population. Five species showed a distinct weight trough during January. All species showed a marked spring increase in mean weight in adults which (except probably in Little Stint) was not found in first winter birds. The first species to fatten were Greater Sand Plover and Grey Plover, beginning early in March with mean weight peaking between late March and mid or late April. Terek Sandpiper, Curlew Sandpiper and Lesser Sand Plover fattened from late March, but Little Stints rarely before April. Mean weight peaked in these four species in late April and (in the few remaining adults) early May. In five species, the peak mean spring weight of adults was at least 20% above the winter mean, with a substantial proportion of individuals 30–40% above
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winter mean. Little Stints however averaged only 14% higher in spring, with few birds more than 30% above winter mean. In Little Stint and Curlew Sandpiper, spring pre-migratory fattening and departure strategies at Mida were quite different from those on the rift valley lakes of central Kenya.
Annual adult survival: higher in the tropics and inversely correlated with investment in reproduction?
Penn Lloyd
Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
A central prediction of the evolutionary theory of life histories is that parental investment in reproduction should vary inversely with the residual fitness value of adults, or adult survival. Furthermore, tropical species are expected to exhibit higher annual adult survival than north-temperate and south-temperate species. Verification of these predictions requires accurate estima-tion of annual adult survival, a demographic trait that is notoriously difficult to estimate. I estimated annual adult survival for 18 passerine species in a breeding bird community in south-temperate South Africa, using a mark–resight study of over 1200 colour-ringed breeding adults monitored over seven years. I compared the survival estimates for congeneric species between this study and published studies from tropical Nigeria and sub-tropical Malawi. Almost without exception, survival estimates for south-temperate species in my study were higher than those for tropical and sub-tropical species, opposite the initial prediction. I discuss reasons for these differences, centred largely on differences in study approaches to estimating survival. Finally, I examine the predicted inverse relationship between annual adult survival and female investment in clutch size using data from studies on three continents that used the same approach to estimating survival.
4c: Symposium:
waterbirds and wetland Conservation in Africa (1)
Madagascar’s wildfowl (Anatidae) in the new millennium
Ten wildfowl taxa are resident in Madagascar including four endemics: Madagascar White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus insularis, Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri, Meller’s Duck A. melleri and Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata. These endemic duck taxa were amongst the last wildfowl forms to be described and are undoubtedly currently the rarest in Africa. Described in the mid to late 19th century during a period of European exploration in the island the endemic ducks were almost forgotten through most of the next century during which two were even considered extinct: one, Aythya innotata, effectively disappeared unnoticed in the 1960s. Only a limited understanding of the ducks’ ecology, distribution and conservation requirements existed until recently with the species often, erroneously, thought of as island forms of more widespread and better known taxa. In the last few years of the 20th Century, however, concerted efforts by local and foreign scientists in co-operation with government authorities were made to understand the ducks’ ecology, levels of threat and important sites. Wetland habitat itself in Madagascar was similarly neglected until recent years and no important sites were given protected status until the very end of the 20th century (Madagascar ratified the Ramsar Agreement in 1999). The Durban Vision (2003) includes development of extensive new protected areas including major wetland complexes. Endemic ducks were protected by law for the first time in 2006. The new millennium has started with a much more detailed understanding of the four ducks’ ecology, the protection of several key sites and the re-discovery in 2006 of the Madagascar Pochard. The next few years will tell if the ducks have a future and it is perhaps now ironic that Madagascar’s ducks while not yet safe are now among the better known of Africa’s wildfowl.
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Ecologie et comportement diurne des Anatidés dans le Lac Hadj Tahar (Guerbes-Sanhadja, Nord-Est algérien)
1Département de Biologie, Université de Skikda. [email protected] 2Département de Biologie, Université du 08 mai 1945, Guelma
Le complexe de zones humides de Guerbes-Sanhadja (Nord-Est algérien) par sa diversité de plan d’eau entièrement entourés de forets et par sa proximité de la Méditerranée est un quartier d’hivernage pour de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux d’eau qui le fréquente régulièrement. Les terres entourant certains plans d’eau sont souvent cultivés et attirent de nombreux oiseaux d’eau granivores et herbivores. Après les chutes torrentielles de pluies, certaines graines lessivées se trouvent concentrées dans ces plans d’eau et mélangées à la vase. Cette disponibilité alimentaire inattendues pour de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux d’eau provoque un changement dans leur comportement alimentaire. Certains ajustent leur manière de s’alimenter et plongent plus longtemps que d’habitude alors que d’autres prolongent leur temps d’alimentation.
Nous projetons dans cet exposé de mettre le point sur la manière de s’alimenter chez de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux d’eau hivernants dans le complexe de zones humides de Guerbes-Sanhadja après des chutes torrentielles de pluies, principalement les Anatidés.
[Ecology and diurnal behaviour of Anatidae on Lake Hadj Tahar (Guerbes-Sanhadja, north-eastern Algeria)]
[The wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja (north-eastern Algeria) is a regular wintering area for numerous waterfowl species because of its diversity of lakes wholly surrounded by forests, and its proximity to the Mediterranean. The fields surrounding some wetlands are cultivated, and thus attract granivorous and herbivorous waterbirds. After periodic torrential rains, some grain is washed into the lakes, and concentrated there mixed with mud. This unexpected food source causes a change in the foraging behaviour of many waterbirds. Some adapt by diving more often than usual, while others extend their feeding periods. This study focuses on the foraging methods of wintering waterbirds, primarily ducks, in this lake system, following on heavy rains in the region.]
Eco-éthologie des Sarcelles marbrées Marmaronetta angustirostris dans les zones humides de la région d’Oum El-Bouaghi
1Département de Biologie, Centre Universitaire de Souk-Ahras. 2Département de Biologie, Université du 08 Mai 1945, Guelma
La Sarcelle marbrée Marmaronetta angustirostris est l’espèce la plus énigmatique des canard fréquentant les zones humides algérienne et tous le bassin méditerranéen. Cette espèce très peux étudiée hiverne dans la majorité des plans d’eau (chotts et sebkhas) des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien et dans le Sahara. Elle préfère nettement les plans d’eau saumâtres riches en végétation aquatique submergée constituées principalement par Phragmites australis, Eleocharis palustris et Scirpus triqueter. Nous proposons dans notre étude de mettre le point sur l’évolution des effectifs de cette espèce dans les zones humides des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien et principalement ceux de la région enclavée entre Oum El-Bouaghi, Batna et Khenchela puis étudier son comportement diurne durant toute sa présence dans la Garaet de Timerganine. Pour cela, nous proposons le plan suivant: Un suivi des effectifs totaux des Sarcelles marbrées (abondance, Indices de diversité écologiques et modalités d’occupation et de distribution spatiale dans la Garaet de Timerganine et dans les autres zones humides des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien). L’effectif global avoisine les 900 individus et il semble que l’espèce préfère de loin les milieux plus ou salés. Un suivi des rythmes d’activités diurnes de cette espèce (bilan total, variation intraspécifique et synthèse écologique). Ce bilan est dominé par un comportement de sommeil important (65%), suivi de la nage (26%), de la toilette et l’alimentation (03%), le vol (02%) et en fin de la parade (01%).
[Eco-ethology of the Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris in the wetlands of the Oum El-Bouaghi region, Algeria]
[The Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris is the least-known duck species occurring in Algerian wetlands and the whole Mediterranean basin. This little-studied species winters on most lakes (chotts and sebkhas) on the high plains of eastern Algeria, and in the Sahara. It particularly favours brackish lakes rich in submerged aquatic vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Eleocharis palustris and Scirpus triqueter. We focused on the numbers of birds present in the wetlands of the high plains of eastern Algeria, mainly in the region bounded by Oum El-Bouaghi, Batna et Khenchela. We also investigated
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its diurnal behaviour throughout its stay in the Garaet at Timerganine, under the following topics: (1) A survey of the total numbers of Marbled Teal (abundance, indices of diversity, patterns of occupation and spatial distribution in the Garaet of Timerganine and other wetlands on the high plains. The total population was 900 birds, and they seemed to prefer the most saline environments; (2) We recorded the diurnal activity rhythm of this species (total activity budget, intraspecific variation, and an ecological synthesis). The main element in the daily time budget is sleeping (65%), followed by swimming (26%), preening and feeding (3%), flying (2%) and displaying (1%).]
The Caspian Tern on the Highveld of South Africa
Brian D. Colahan
Free State Tourism, Environment & Economic Affairs, P/Bag X20801, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. [email protected]
The limited historical records of the Caspian Tern Sterna caspia on inland waters in southern Africa are of small numbers of birds appearing irregularly on a few scattered wetlands. And, even a 1992 review of the status of this species in the region stated that “records appear to be mainly of vagrant birds or small groups rather than of resident populations”. However, the collection of data for the first bird atlas for the region (1987–1991) showed it to be quite well established on the Highveld of South Africa. It is now regularly encountered on various inland waters there, especially some of the larger State dams, sometimes in large numbers; e.g., four Free State dams covered in a period of six days in the winter of 2003 yielded 887 birds. Breeding inland, first recorded in 1968 (a pair on Barberspan, and another on Vaal Dam) is now recorded more frequently, and usually in colonies, sometimes quite large; e.g. in July 2004 138 occupied nests were found on an island in Gariep Dam. Unfortunately, not one of these breeding attempts was successful, and neither were any of the 76 replacement clutches, probably because of predation by Water Monitors Varanus niloticus. The construction of large dams on the Highveld appears to have benefited this species (classified as Near Threatened in South Africa), and a significant proportion of the South African population now frequents these.
Spatial and temporal partitioning of colonial herons in Numidia, north-east Algeria
Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected]
Breeding success of colonial species like herons and egrets depend closely on temporal and spatial patterns of nest establish-ment. In Numidia, northeast Algeria, up to six species of Ciconiiformes may nest in mixed-species colonies located in densely vegetated marshes. We investigated laying phenology and the vertical and horizontal nest location in five distinct colonies between 2004 and 2007. Purple herons (Ardea purpurea) and Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) began nesting the earliest whereas the Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides) nested last. There were significant differences in nest stratification between species and nest location varied with the vegetation’s structure and species composition. There was a tendency of some species to nest closer to conspecifics.
4d: Symposium: Bird Communities in Anthrogenically Transformed African landscapes
Avian dynamics of the urban riparian habitats of Potchefstroom, South Africa
Rindert Wyma and Henk Bouwman
School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, P. Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. [email protected]
The objective of this study was to identify the effects of seasonal- and environmental factors on birds along urban riparian habitats of the Mooi River, Wasgoed Spruit and Spitskop Spruit in Potchefstroom. These three streams encompass a wide range of vegetation types and anthropogenic structures (roads, footpaths, bridges, electrical pylons, houses and other human-made structures). The three streams were divided into 79 consecutive transects, each 300 m in length (17 transects along Spitskop Spruit, 12 along Wasgoed Spruit and 50 along the Mooi River). Birds occurring within 30 m on either side of the streams were counted. Observations were conducted monthly from June 2006 to June 2007. Species richness and avian abundances were monitored for each transect. Environmental data collected included vegetation structure (estimated cover percentages and height classes of trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, sedges and reeds), anthropogenic structures and the presence of inhabitants along each transect (the average number of people and the space they occupy). Vegetation was monitored in
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summer (February 2007 until April 2007) and winter months (June 2007 until August 2007). The anthropogenic factors with the presence of informal settlers were monitored simultaneously with the bird counts. Analysis included, avian abundance, species richness, Shannon index, biomass, relative avian densities, geographical avian distribution maps, nesting guilds, feeding guilds, cluster analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS), and indicator species analysis. Environmental factors, as well as seasonality, had an effect on the distribution of birds along these riparian areas. Different types of habitat also had distinctive patterns of change in bird composition and seasonal dynamics.
Breeding success and juvenile survival of urban Hadeda Ibis (Bostrychia hagedasch)
Res Altwegg1 and Doug Harebottle2
1Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
Hadedas rapidly expanded their range over the last 50 years. Part of the reason for this expansion is that Hadedas make use of urban areas with planted trees and irrigated lawns. We examined the population ecology of urban Hadedas around Cape Town. We monitored 189 breeding attempts at 119 nests since 2006. These nests produced up to five successful broods per year. Average breeding success was 2.4 fledglings per year, but the most successful nests produced nine fledglings. The most important cause of nest failure was strong winds that blew the nests from their usual position high up in trees. On average, broods in our study area were larger than broods recorded across the rest of South Africa. We colour-ringed 98 nestlings, which produced 133 resighting records so far. Seven of our ringed Hadedas have been found dead. A preliminary analysis using capture–mark–recapture statistical methods suggests that survival during the first month after fledging was 0.79 and close to 0.1 during the first year, even though the latter is based on low sample sizes. We are still lacking estimates for adult survival, but a matrix model analysis showed that adult survival would have to be at least 0.9 to sustain this population. We hypothesise that good breeding success in urban areas was an important factor in the range expansion of this species.
Avian diversity in three adjacent coastal forest fragments, Mombasa-Kenya
Simon N. Musila, Mwangi Githiru and Shyam Manohar
National Museums of Kenya, Ornithology Section, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi-Kenya. [email protected]
The coastal forests in eastern Africa are refuges of diverse important biodiversity. However, human activities are rapidly causing the declines in the sizes and the qualities of these forests, leading to an increasing loss of avian biodiversity. Between January–March 2008 bird species diversity were investigated in three (Mwache Forest Reserve, Kayas: Gandini and Mtswakara) adjacent Kenyan coastal forests. 22 Timed Species Counts were conducted in each fragment, following footpaths spread across the primary habitats of the forest patches. Observations were conducted for 40 minutes by a single observer, recording all species heard or seen including their numbers, height and time of contact and distance from observer. Counts started at dawn (06:00 am) and ended at 10:00 am. Gandini, the smallest (150 ha) fragment had 42 bird species, Mtswakara (247 ha) had 43 species and Mwache, the largest (345 ha) fragment had the lowest (30) number of species. The three forests had the same numbers (3) of forest specialist birds with Olive Sunbird Nectarinia olivacea recorded in all three sites but the Plain-backed Sunbird Anthreptes reichnowi only recorded in Mtswakara and Mwache Forest. A total of nine Kenyan coastal biome restricted species were recorded in the three forests with the largest number in Gandini (7) and the least in Mwache Forest (3). Four globally threatened bird species were recorded; with Fisher’s Turaco Tauraco fischeri being recorded at Gandini and Mtswakara, and Plain-backed Sunbird recorded at Mtswakara and Mwache Forest. Southern Banded Snake Eagle Cicaetus fasciolatus was only recorded in Gandini. Even though the three forest patches are adjacent to each other, the marked differences in species richness between Kayas; Gandini and Mstwakara with Mwache Forest is probably brought about by quarrying companies (4) operating in this forest, which use explosives and heavy machinery for breaking and crushing rocks. Additionally, even though Gandini is smaller in size, its high species richness probably indicate that it its primary habitat is less disturbed compared to that of Mtswakara and Mwache. To secure the future of biodiversity in these forests, there is a need to work together with all stakeholders to improve the quality of forest habitats.
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An investigation to determine the critical habitat requirements of the breeding Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea (Sundevall)
James Wakelin
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Queen Elizabeth Park, Cascades 3202, South Africa. [email protected]
This study investigated the critical habitat requirements of breeding Blue Swallows Hirundo atrocaerulea Sundevall, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Blue Swallows were tagged and radio-tracked to determine their habitat use while breeding. This information was correlated to the type and nature of the habitat used and to the nature of the land cover to determine the likely impact of habitat transformation and fragmentation. Insect type and abundance was assessed in five surrounding habitat types and the findings correlated to Blue Swallow habitat usage.
Wetland and grassland were first choice habitats, a function of increased individual insect mass in these habitats. Tea plantations were the next most important habitat type and timber plantations were avoided. It was shown that the Blue Swallow is a species that favours ecotones as preferential forage zones, particularly the ecotone between wetland and grassland. The insect samples revealed that significant differences occur in insect order, number and mass between habitat types. Average insect mass per order, was correlated closely to habitat type and selection by the Blue Swallow. This statistically significant correlation is suggested to be the main reason behind the Blue Swallow’s habitat selection.
Fuel-wood collection and reforestation on the Jos Plateau: a concern for birds
Adams A. Chaskda1,2, Georgina S. Mwansat1, Longtong G. Turshak1 and Akwashiki Ombugadu1 1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Insitute, University of Jos, P.O. Box 13404, Laminga, Plateau State, Nigeria. [email protected] 2Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Pvt Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
Fuel-wood collection is regarded as one of the major factors responsible for landscape modification in the widely savannah areas of northern Nigeria. Utilisation is reported to be selective towards plant species with high combustion efficiency which is feared to threaten floral composition of habitats at local levels. In the case of the Jos environment (Nigeria), the situation is further compounded when local reforestation projects employ the exotic Eucalyptus camaldulensis as candidate plant species. This initiative has been carried out to restore mining degraded areas with little or no consideration of neither the gradually declining fuel-wood plant species nor their dependent fauna especially birds which have defined the Jos environ-ment as an important ecological area. This study investigated pattern of avian utilisation of the top three fuel-wood plant species (Parkia biglobosa, Terminalia macroptera and Syzygium guineense) in relation to the exotic E. camaldulensis with a view to understanding consequences on local bird populations. This was done between August 2006 to May 2007 in three surveys that covered the reproductive (flowering and fruiting) and non-reproductive phases of the plants. Avian utilisation of these plant species significantly favoured all top three fuel-wood plant species as compared to E. camaldulensis. Similarly, fuel-wood plant species where observed to support a wider diversity of bird species. These suggest that lanscape modification through reforestation projects need to incoporate anthropogenically threatened plant species to encourage continous existence of local bird populations.
4e: Symposium: Bird–Industry Conflicts (2)
Successful use of Haliaeetus eagles in monitoring water quality in six countries
William W. Bowerman1, James G. Sikarskie2, David A. Best3, Bjorn Helander4, Teryl G. Grubb5, Vladimir B. Masterov6, Simon R. Hollamby7 and Mark D. Anderson8
1Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. [email protected] 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing, MI, USA. 4 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. 5 U.S. Forest Service, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. 6 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation. 7 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 8 North Cape Province, Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, Kimberley, South Africa
Sea Eagles (Genus Haliaeetus) were some of the first avian species that indicated the impacts of anthropogenic compounds and their deliterious effects in the environment. Because of their large size, easily observed nests, and value to humans, they not only are good biosentinels of impacts, but are also good illustrations to teach citizens about the health of their local
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environment. We have been able to utilize sea eagles to monitor water quality in six countries on four continents. Our methods were developed using bald eagles (H. leucocephalus) in the U.S. and Canada, and white-tailed sea eagles (H. albicilla) in the Baltic Sea region. We have successfully used these methods to expand our monitoring program to Steller’s sea eagles (H. pelagicus) in the Russian Far East, and African fish-eagles (H. vocifer) in Uganda and South Africa. Non-lethal methods are used to collect blood and feather samples from nestling eagles. Unhatched eggs are collected from within the nest. Since nestling eagles reflect the contamination within their food since hatching, and eggs reflect adult body burdens, we are able to understand the relative quality of water bodies near these breeding areas. We are also able to understand the relative risk to individuals and populations as well as trends in concentrations using this program. Specific toxic reference values have been developed by combining concentration data with reproductive outcome data. We will illustrate our methods and results from these linked projects.
Challenges and opportunities for bird hazard mitigation strategies in Africa: Airport bird hazard control capacity building programmes in Kenya
George Amutete1, Alfred O. Owino2 and Albert Froneman3
1Wildlife Control Officer, Kenya Airports Authority, P.O. Box 19087-00501, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Research Scientist, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 4024-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 3Project Manager ACSA/EWT Strategic Partnership, Airport Wildlife Hazard Management Project, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X 11, Parkview 2122, South Africa
The civil aviation industry and the military continue to lose both lives and aircrafts in increasing numbers due to bird strikes. In Africa, the situation is exacerbated by the increase in air traffic in Africa’s skies in recent years. In contrast to developed countries, lack of trained and equipped manpower on bird hazard control has often been cited as a major impediment to developing appropriate bird hazard mitigation strategies in Africa’s airports. This has not only hampered long-term data collection and reporting on bird strike incidents but has also impacted negatively on bird hazard control programmes in most airports in Africa. Building the capacity of the airport personnel, especially the ground staff, on the basics of bird biology can be considered as one of the initial steps in bird hazard mitigation strategies on Africa’s airports. However, the subject remains complex as bird hazards vary markedly across Africa’s airports. Thus, adoption of appropriate approaches specific to risks posed by birds to Africa’s airports cannot be over-emphasized. By and large, capacity building programmes that follow sequences to build up an understanding of bird control strategy, starting with nature and severity of bird hazard, and progressing through bird biology, habitat management on and off airports, documentation and analysis need to be adopted. Kenya has had its share of bird strikes incidents in recent years. In an attempt to minimize the impacts of bird strikes to aviation, a number of strategies and initiatives including capacity building programmes and other training programmes have been instituted. These are aimed at assisting stakeholders such as airport operators, municipalities, other government organizations and businesses address this critical issue. We provide an overview of capacity building programmes and other strategies adopted in Kenya to mitigate problems associated with bird strikes on Kenya’s airports, and discuss the potential synergies and policy programmes required to mitigate bird strike incidents on Africa’s airports.
Balls, flashers, flappers and coils: in search of an effective means to mitigate avian collisions with overhead lines
Andrew R. Jenkins, Jon J. Smallie and Megan Diamond
Wildlife & Energy Interaction Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, Johannesburg, South Africa. [email protected]
Many large, terrestrial birds, and some smaller, fast-flying species, are prone to colliding with overhead wires associated with power and communications infrastructure. A high proportion of these are threatened species and, for some, collision with power lines and other man-made structures is a significant and damaging source of artificial mortality. We review the existing literature on the nature, scale and impact of this problem worldwide, and focus on the evidence for and against various line configurations and devices proposed to mitigate the negative effects of overhead lines on bird populations. Cranes, bustards, flamingos, waterfowl, shorebirds, gamebirds and falcons are among the most severely affected avian groups, and collision frequency is a critical factor in ongoing population declines in several species of cranes, bustards and diurnal raptors. The bulk of the research on this issue has been done in North America, Scandinavia, India and South Africa. Very few comprehensive experimental studies have been done on ways to reduce avian collisions with power lines, although most of these have yielded quite clear results. Mitigation options considered have included removing the earth-wire which is usually the highest, thinnest and most problematic component in an overhead power line configuration, or else fitting this wire with
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markers – brightly coloured ‘aviation’ balls, thickened wire coils, luminescent, shiny or hinged flashing or flapping devices. All of these options reduce bird collision frequency overall by at least 50–60%, although the efficacy of line marking may be much lower for certain species (e.g. bustards). There remains considerable uncertainty about the best performing marking device (perhaps because performance may vary with both local conditions and the species involved in each instance), and a durable, all-purpose device, that is effective both during the day and at night, has not yet been developed. We conclude by outlining a proposed experimental evaluation of the full array of available line markers to select the best device for use under typical South African conditions.
Mitigation and compliance in longline and trawl fisheries in South African waters
Barry Watkins, Meidad Goren and Bronwyn O’Connell
BirdLife South Africa, c/o FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
Over the last few decades there has been considerable concern for seabirds being killed in their tens of thousands by long-line fisheries. The magnitude of this mortality has been sufficient to account for the observed decreases in several threatened seabird populations, and as a result there has been considerable effort to mitigate the impacts of this fishery on seabirds. More recently, warp collisions have been recognised as a significant problem in trawl fisheries. Discards of offal and non-target species provide feeding opportunities for a range of pelagic seabird species, probably resulting in fundamental changes in seabird communities off South Africa. South Africa is committed to address seabird mortalities in their waters. Marine and Coastal Management have implemented mitigation measures in the permit conditions for the longline and trawl fisheries. In the longline fisheries, both demersal and pelagic, such measures include deploying bird scaring (tori) lines, setting lines at night and weighting the line. In the demersal hake trawl fishery permit conditions include deploying bird scarers and no offal to be discarded during setting operations. The fishing industry is working closely with Marine and Coastal Management and there are on-going stake holder consultations with Marine and Coastal Management, fishing industry and BirdLife South Africa. We will present some preliminary results on the efficacy of mitigation methods.
Impact of surface mining operations on avifauna species composition and diversity
Erasmus H. Owusu1,2 and Augustus Asamoah2
1Ghana Wildlife Society, P.O. Box 13252, Accra-Ghana. [email protected] 2Zoology Department, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra
As part of the implementation of the National Environmental Impact Assessment over Mining and Exploration Areas and Strategic Environmental Assessment Project, an ecological study was carried out at the Abosso Goldfields Limited (AGL) mine at Damang near Tarkwa in the Western Region of Ghana, to assess the ecological impact of surface mining using the initial baseline studies completed in 1996 on the site as the reference. The initial ecological studies were undertaken in the 52.4 km2 core area of the lease, made up of the proposed open pit and tailings dam area, as well as in two peripheral areas – the Bonsa River Forest Reserve and the Ben West Forest Reserve, which were used as control areas. Ten years later, follow up studies were carried out with the aim of establishing the impact of the mining activities on the natural environment, using the same or identical sampling techniques and methods to enable comparisons with the results of the original, baseline work. Habitat and vegetation assessments showed that rehabilitation of the disturbed areas of the mine was successful in establishing good exotic vegetation cover, but that the floristic diversity of some had not recovered. The two Forest Reserves, Ben West and Bonsa River, were found to have suffered varying degrees of non-mine related structural degradation over the ten year period. Survey of avifauna showed a significant improvement in species richness and diversity at all the sampling sites. Quantitatively, there was an appreciable rise in the number of species recorded in 2007 relative to that of 1996, and a marginal drop in the number of bird species closely associated with primary forest between 1996 and 2007. These decreases in avian diversity were observed at the Damang Pit, South Tailings Dam and the Bonsa River Forest Reserve sites which were affected by direct and indirect mining activities. There was a significant drop in the number of species closely associated with secondary forest with an appreciable rise in the number of edge species at all the four sampling sites between 1996 and 2007. The general increase in the number of species recorded at all the sampling sites could be attributed to the reduction in active farming and other activities such as logging and charcoal burning which have all ceased on the lease with the commencement of mining operations.
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5: Plenary: Challenges for Raptor Conservation in Africa
Dr Munir Z. Virani
The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise Idaho 83709, U.S.A and Ornithology Section, Dept of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Raptors are effective tools for conservation because they occur at the very top of food chains and offer themselves as barometers for environmental and ecological health. The Afro-tropical region including the western Indian Ocean islands harbour nearly one-third of the world’s diurnal raptor species, the majority of which are threatened by a multitude of human-induced factors. Other compounding factors in Africa such as disease, political turmoil, poverty, and low literacy levels combine to create monumental conservation challenges for the 21st century. Rapid human population growth resulting in habitat loss and degradation is the primary threat facing raptor abundance and diversity. Other threats include harvesting and hunting, accidental deaths, direct persecution via poisoning, pollution, disturbance and predation. These threats maybe further compounded by the impacts of global climate change, invasive species, desertification and political apathy towards raptors. Furthermore, basic information on aspects of breeding, feeding, abundance and survival for many species remains either outdated or insufficient to effectively develop scientifically sound management policies for conservation. Recent and long-term ongoing studies on previously “common” species suggest that raptor populations have declined alarmingly in many parts of Africa. This paper summarizes the main threats to raptors in Africa highlighting some case studies that show distressing declines in populations of previously common species. It also discusses the challenges involved to conserve Africa’s raptors through current conservation initiatives for example in research, species restoration, education and public awareness.
The strong correlation between feather δD values and continental/regional annual or seasonal average precipitation δD has provided a novel way of tracing birds to moult or natal origin. Despite impressive success in delineating origins of several species in other continents, the lack of well established data or base maps describing isotope patterns in food webs in Africa challenge the functional use of the method.
I will provide practical introduction to the theory, applications and techniques of stable-isotope ecology that are most applicable to avian biologists. In particular, by applying regional isotope maps constructed from feather samples collected from migratory and local birds residing in Africa, I will show cases how the methods can be applied to inform researchers about avian movements, migration, resource use, physiology and behavioral ecology.
5a: Symposium: Conservation of African Raptors (1)
Raptor numbers in Uganda appear not to be declining
Derek Pomeroy, Herbert Tushabe and Munir Z. Virani
Makerere University Institute of Environment & Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda. [email protected]
Following studies of major population declines in most raptor species in West Africa (Thiollay 2006) we repeated counts that Leslie Brown made in Uganda in the 1960s. Like Brown and Thiollay we used road counts to assess raptor populations. Brown was apparently leading a tour and was probably seated at the front of a small bus which will not have stopped often. In contrast, we had a minimum of three observers, two of whom were usually seated on the roof of the vehicle, allowing all-round vision; and we stopped for almost every raptor. This difference in methods may well account for our recording higher numbers of most species. Thiollay had one experienced colleague, and also made many stops; but counted most routes twice and took the higher figure. We had less repeats, and then used the average as the best comparative figure. Hence Thiollay’s numbers – overall 20% higher than ours – would have been similar to those for Uganda had he used the same method. Like Thiollay, we found higher numbers of large raptors in Protected Areas; some species, such as the larger eagles, are virtually confined to National Parks. Road counts, when standardized, are useful for monitoring large raptors and other large species such as ground hornbills. They work well in open country and hence to allow distance sampling to estimate populations; overall, we calculated that three National Parks in Uganda, totaling some 6200 km2, held about 8000 raptors of at least 35 species in spring 2008. In addition, for monitoring Uganda’s land-birds in general, we use Timed Species Counts, walking in a variety of habitats. These suggest that raptors have not declined in the past 15 years or so, with Protected Areas, pastoral lands and smallholder farmland all showing comparable results. We conclude that raptors in Uganda are currently surviving well but recommend standardization of methods to help compare results across Africa and beyond.
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Estimating Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) and Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) population size overwintering in South Africa
Anthony J. van Zyl1 and Grant Benn2
1Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, Johannesburg, South Africa. [email protected] 2Geocline, Kirstenhof, South Africa
A large proportion of three small migratory falcons (Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, Amur Falcon Falco amurensis, Redfooted Falcon Falco vespertinus) spend their austral summer in southern Africa. The Migratory Kestrel Project was initiated by the Endangered Wildlife Trust in 1994 shortly after the status of the Lesser Kestrel was elevated to Vulnerable in the Red Data Book. Recently the Redfooted Falcon status has also been changed to a Conservation Priority by the European Union. The aims of this project were to estimate the wintering population size and identify conservation issues in the region for these three species. This paper presents the count data for Lesser Kestrel and Amur Falcon in southern Africa from 1995 to 2006. These data show large fluctuations in numbers from year to year. We compare these data to biotic and abiotic factors such as habitat, weather, land use, agricultural productivity and urbanization in an attempt to explain this variation in numbers. Building a model that can help predict expected numbers is a useful tool in monitoring the population status of these birds. Qualitative data on conservation issues in the region are also presented.
Breeding biology, diet and home ranges of the Madagascar (Torotoroka) Scops Owl in the Tsimembo Forest, western Madagascar
I studied the breeding biology and diet of the endemic Madagascar (Torotorka) Scops Owl Otus madagascariensis in the Tsimembo Forest of western Madagascar from 2003 to 2005. Torotoroka Scops Owl had a population density of 0.36±0.07 individuals/ha determined from calling surveys. Breeding coincided with the end of dry season and beginning of the rainy season from September to February. I documented eight nesting attempts, and all nests were in natural tree cavities. Egg-laying was in December and from five nests the average clutch size was 2.4±0.9 (range 1–3 eggs). Incubation was approximately 19 days (n = 4 nests). Young departed from the nest at 20 days (n = 2 young). Young became independent at 30 days after leaving the nest. Fledging success was 33.3% (n = 6 fledglings). A diet analysis of 149 identified prey items composed predominantly (93%) insects (incl. crickets, cockroaches, praying mantis and nocturnal moths) with few reptiles (6%, n = 5, small chameleons, geckos Phelsuma sp. and Geckolepis sp. Uroplatus sp.) and one myriapod (0.2%, n = 1). Home ranges for four breeding pairs ranged from 14.1 to 26.7 ha, and all home ranges overlapped each other.
Ecology and conservation of Montagu’s Harriers Circus pygargus in the Sahel
Christiane Trierweiler1,2,3, Rudi H. Drent2, Jan Komdeur2, Klaus-Michael Exo3, Franz Bairlein3 and Ben J. Koks1
1Dutch Montagu’s Harrier Foundation, P.O. Box 46, 9679 ZG Scheemda, The Netherlands. 2Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands. [email protected] 3Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland”, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven 26386, Germany
Montagu’s Harriers Circus pygargus are long-distance migrating raptors. Breeding populations in Europe are vulnerable, and numbers of wintering harriers in the W-African Sahel have declined dramatically during the last decades (Thiollay 2006). Satellite tracks of Montagu’s Harriers from different parts of Europe have shown the narrow range of their wintering latitudes in W-Africa. The combination between satellite tracking and direct observations of marked as well as unmarked individuals in the winter area is a promising and novel method which we are to extend in future research. We observed that in the Sahel, Montagu’s Harriers were mostly found in natural shrub vegetations and farmland. Night roosts of one up to several hundred individuals were recorded. Pellets collected at night roosts (2006–2008) have been analysed. The main prey category was comprised of grasshoppers. Migratory locusts Schistocerca gregaria were supposed to play an important role in the harriers’ diet (e.g. Cormier & Baillon 1991, Arroyo et al. 1995), but were not found in the pellets we collected. Resident grasshopper species, e.g. Ornithacris cavroisi, seem to play a much more important role in the harriers’diet in average years. Their diet alternatively contained small mammals, beetles and reptiles. Accordingly, the species seems to have an equally diverse diet in the winter as during the breeding season. North–south movements during the non-breeding season in the Sahel have been shown to occurr using satellite telemetry. These movements are most probably linked to rainfall and consequently green vegetation, harbouring grasshoppers and other food sources. The main threats to Montagu’s Harriers in the winter areas that
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we are aware of are non-sustainable intensification of agriculture, direct raptor persecution, and chemical treatment of their grasshopper food. Conservation strategies comprise e.g. information campaigns amongst the countryside population in the Sahel and the treatment of grasshoppers using bio-pesticides, which are not harmful to birds. Results from satellite telemetry indicate core areas where conservation measures should be concentrated.
Breeding biology and diet of Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda madagascariensis in Ambatovaky Special Reserve, Madagascar
The breeding biology of Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda madagascariensis was studied in the eastern rainforests of Ambatovaky Special Reserve, Madagascar from 2005 to 2006. Two nests were built in October and the nests were placed in a fork of a tree consisting of 4 and 5 branches with an average branch diameter of 3.8±0.8 cm (n = 9 branches). Nests were 30 m above the ground with nesting material composed of dry sticks and green twigs with leaves collected around 60 m from the nest site. Egg lying occurred in November with 4 eggs laid in 2 nests. Both sexes incubated and incubation lasted about 31 days (n = 1 nest). Hatching of the 4 chicks occurred in December. In 2006, one young departed from the nest at 43 days of age. Females brooded 76.1% and males 23.9% during 461 h of observation. After fledging, the young did not return to the nests. One fledged young became independent at 86 days of age in 2006. Three young fledged in total and nest success was 100% (n = 2 nests). The Madagascar Cuckoo Hawk diet of 990 identified prey items was composed of amphibians (50.4%; n = 498 prey identified as arboreal and terrestrial frogs of Ptychadena madagascariensis, Boophis sp. and Mantidactylus spp.), insects (43%; n = 427 prey identified as homopterans, coleopterans, mantids, orthopterans and caterpillars), reptiles (6.5%; n = 64 prey identified as small terrestrial lizards (Trachylepis sp.), Uroplatus sp., Brookesia sp. and Phelsuma spp.) and one unidentified bird (0.1%).
5b: Symposium: Birds and African Agriculture (2)
Balancing the bird conservation and economics equation in the privately owned Kinangop Grasslands
Kariuki P. Ndang’ang’a1 and Muchane Muchai2
1BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya. P.O. Box 40658 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Kinangop Grasslands, an Important Bird Area in Kenya, supports a large proportion of the remaining world population of three globally threatened and range-restricted bird species. Changing land-use, unsustainable management practices and social economic factors have been implicated as the primary causes behind the observed patterns in population declines of these species. Financial considerations underlie decision-making as to how landowners manage grasslands within their farms necessitating need to explore financial implications of retaining grasslands structure to standards suitable for bird conserva-tion. We undertook a study to determine which land use regime is ecologically and economically optimal for conserving grassland birds in Kinangop. We collected farm records to examine stock and crop sales and expenditure figures. The stock-ing rates of livestock within grassland units (thus grazing intensity) varied greatly between individual farms irrespective of the grassland structure, with the likelihood of intense stocking rates increasing with decreasing size of farm units. Within farms of the same stocking rates, the highest income was realised in grasslands with Short Grass Without Tussocks (SWT) and those with Short Grass and Dense Tussock (SD) and the least income in those with Tall Dense Grass (TD). The various measures of grassland value for birds (species richness, abundance, nest density, foraging and nesting) had been shown to be highest in SD, lower in TD and lowest in SWT. We therefore suggest that within farms containing the same sizes of grasslands and stocking rates, SD provides the best compromise in both economic and bird conservation terms. This structure is best maintained when grasslands are ploughed less frequently. Within this optimal grassland structure (SD), economic returns increased with increasing stocking rates only up to 8 LAU/ha, beyond which increasing returns cannot be guaranteed without employing intensive livestock management. Stocking livestock below this rate is seen as optimal in both economic and bird conservation terms. Apparently, the recommended management measures (ploughing frequency, stocking rates) that result in the appropriate grassland structure for birds are achievable if properly advocated for. The challenge remains in controlling for grassland sizes within farms, a measure that is determined by human demographic and social factors.
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Biodiversity and agriculture in Uganda: the effects of policy change on the farmland bird assemblage
Philip W. Atkinson1, Simon Bolwig2, Achilles Byaruhanga3, Raymond Katabaka4, Theodore Munyuli4, Maurice Mutabezi4, David Mushabe3, Annet Nakyeyune5, Dianah Nalwanga-Wabwire4, Olivia Nantaba5, Derek Pomeroy4 and Juliet A. Vickery1
1British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK. [email protected] 2Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), Strandgade 56, DK-1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. 3NatureUganda, P.O.BOX 27034, Tufnel Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda. 4Makerere University Institute of Environment & Natural Resources (MUIENR), P.O. Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda. 5Uganda Wildlife Society, P.O. Box 7422, Kampala, Uganda
The intensification of agriculture is recognized as one of the most important global threats to wildlife. Farming in Uganda is undergoing a series of rapid changes. One of the main pathways by which the government is committed to eradicating poverty is to modernize farming by improving crop husbandry and increasing farmer access to suitable markets. These changes will inevitably impact on the farmed landscape and its associated biodiversity. We assessed the distribution and abundance of birds in the banana–coffee growing area around Lake Victoria across an agricultural gradient from low intensity farming, with much fallow land, to very intensive crop production in tea, coffee and sugarcane plantations. We use this information to identify those practices that were associated with relatively high levels of diversity in the studied groups. In addition we relate this to information about yields and farmer incomes at the same sites to determine those practices that could provide benefits to biodiversity whilst maintaining agricultural yields and income.
The influence of agriculture on the diet and foraging ecology of Mackinder’s Eagle Owl (Bubo capensis mackinderi) in central Kenya
Darcy L. Ogada1,2 and Paul Muriithi3 1National Museums of Kenya, Ornithology Section, Kenya. [email protected] 2Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. 3Mackinder’s Youth Group, Kiawara, Kenya
Land conversion for agriculture is an increasing threat to biodiversity conservation and its effects on African raptors is practically unknown. We investigated the influence of agriculture on the diet and foraging ecology on a small population of Mackinder’s eagle owls (Bubo capensis mackinderi) in central Kenya and suggest mechanisms by which agriculture influenced owl diet. Small mammal abundance as determined by live-trapping was low and averaged 7.4 sm mammals/ha in farms and 0.5 sm mammals/ha in grassland, suggesting owls foraged primarily in farms. Owls consumed a wide diversity of prey. The majority were mammals (87%) followed by birds (7%) and insects (5%). Reptiles and crustaceans accounted for <1% of prey. The percentage of small mammals in owl diet correlated positively with their relative abundance during monthly trapping and was an important determinant of owl diet composition. Diet composition did not influence owl breeding success. Farming activities affected owl diet through the selective planting of various crops. The total hectares of various crops correlated with the abundance of different prey species in owl diet. Agricultural activities had a large, mostly positive effect on Mackinder’s eagle owl diet in central Kenya. The ecological benefits of owls to farmers should be promoted to discourage indiscriminate killing of owls due to cultural taboos in Africa and other parts of the world.
Effect of fire on the foraging strategies of birds in farmlands
Ademola A. Ajagbe
Nigerian Conservation foundation, Km 19 Lagos-Epe Expressway, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. [email protected] and A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, PO Box 13404, Laminga, Jos, Nigeria
Fire is used as a management tool by some small scale farmers in Afrotropic savanna areas to prepare their farms for the next cultivation season after harvesting. This study investigated the effect of fire on the foraging strategies of birds in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The study was conducted at the peak of the dry season using 20 line transects randomly selected in contiguous farmlands of three communities, namely: the Kerker, Laminga and Gidan Babao Communities. Results showed a negative correlation between burnt farmlands and bird diversity; although bird abundance increased. Burnt farmlands with hedgerows supported higher bird diversity than those without hedgerows. A unique switch was observed in the foraging strategy of the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) from usual foraging pattern of following cattle (during the wet season) to using presence of smoke and fire as indicators of food hotspots during the dry season. Large congregations of Adamawa Turtle-Dove (Strep-topelia hypopyrrha) and Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) were observed in freshly burnt farmlands underscoring the positive impact of common roosts as information centres for locating habitat with food abundance.
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Different farmland habitats have varying effects on the densities of two common bird species on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria
Mark F. Hulme and Will Cresswell
Bute Medical Building, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. [email protected]
The area of land farmed in Africa is predicted to double by the year 2050 yet few African studies have investigated the impact of different farmland habitats on bird densities. This study models the densities of two common birds on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, over a gradient of differing farming intensities. Over 2500 100 m-transects were carried out between November 2003 and March 2006, mostly during the dry season. All birds observed were recorded along with their distance from the transect and habitat variables related to the farming habitat and intensity were recorded along each transect. The densities of a generalist omnivore, the common bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus), and a granivore, the red-cheeked cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus bengalus), were calculated for each transect using distance sampling. The density of common bulbuls and the number of red-cheeked cordon-bleu, with an offset to account for detectability, were used as dependent variables in Generalized Linear Models with habitat as independent variables. The information theoretic approach to model selection was used to determine the models and variables that best predicted the density of each species. Tree density and the extent of fallow farmland were the most important variables determining common bulbul densities on the Jos Plateau. As tree density increases and the proportion of fallow land decreases common bulbul densities increase. This is consistent with the preference of this species for savanna woodland habitats, with recently-farmed land having few shrubs and trees. Tree density was also a good predictor of red-cheeked cordon-bleu density, with higher bird densities at medium levels of tree density, consistent with the preference of red-cheeked cordon-bleu for open savanna rather than dense woodland. Rock cover and short vegetation had positive influences on red-cheeked cordon-bleu density, possibly due to the retention of savanna close to rock outcrops and the use of short crops such as acha as a food source. These results provide examples of how managers of farmland will have to consider the differing needs of different species if biodiversity is to be taken into account.
5c: Symposium: evolutionary Processes on Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean Birds
Adaptive radiation in island finches: is allopatry necessary?
Peter G. Ryan1, Paulette Bloomer2, Tyron Grant2, Coleen L. Moloney3 and Wayne Delport1
1Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Percy Fitzpatrick Centre of Excellence at the Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. 3Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Conventional theory suggests that most if not all speciation of island birds occurs in allopatry. However, genetic studies of Nesospiza buntings from the Tristan da Cunha archipelago suggest that small and large-billed forms have evolved independently on Inaccessible and Nightingale islands. Adaptive speciation provides a plausible explanation for the sympatric evolution of morphologically distinct forms, but we cannot conclusively exclude the possibility that initial segregation was allopatric, and that the phylogenetic signal has been lost through extensive introgression. At Nightingale Island the large and small-billed forms are well segregated and behave as good species, but at Inaccessible Island there are three incompletely segregated genetic lineages corresponding to three bunting ecomorphs. Hybridisation occurs especially at ecotones, and appears to be driven by the abundance of key resources even at a very fine spatial scale.
Biogeography and evolutionary relationships among the Indian Ocean drongos (Passiformes: Dicruridae)
Eric Pasquet1,2, Jean-Marc Pons1,2, Jérôme Fuchs1,2, Corinne Cruaud3 and Vincent Bretagnolle4
1UMR5202 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. 2Service de Systématique Moléculaire, IFR CNRS 101, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. 3Genoscope. Centre National de Séquençage. 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France. www.genoscope.fr 4CEBC-CNRS, 79360, Beauvoir sur Niort, France
We address the phylogenetic relationships of the drongos (Dicruridae) at the species-level using sequences from two nuclear (myoglobin intron-2 and c-mos) and two mitochondrial (ND2 and cytochrome b) loci. The resulting phylogenetic tree shows
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that the most basal species is D. aeneus, followed in the tree by a trichotomy including (1) the Asian D. remifer, (2) a clade of all African and Indian Ocean islands species as well as two Asian species (D. macrocercus and D. leucophaeus) and (3) a clade that includes all other Asian species as well as two Australasian species (D. megarhynchus and D. bracteatus). Our phylogenetic hypotheses are compared to a “tree” based on traditional phenotypic analysis and biogeography. We point out a general discrepancy between the so-called “primitiv” or “unspecialized” species and their position in the phylogenetic tree, although our results for other species are congruent with previous hypotheses. We conduct dating analyses using a relaxed-clock method, and propose a chronology of clades formation. A particular attention is given to the drongo radiation in Indian Ocean islands and to the extinction–invasion processes involved. The first large diversification of the family took place both in Asia and Africa at 11.9 and 13.3 Myr, respectively, followed by a dispersal event from Africa to Asia at c.10.6 Myr; dispersal over Wallace line occurred later at c.6 Myr. At 5 Myr, Principe and Indian Ocean Islands have been colonized from an African ancestor; the most recent colonization event concerned Anjouan by an immigrating population from Madagascar.
Bird speciation in the Gulf of Guinea islands system
Martim Melo1 and Peter J. Jones2
1Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] 2Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
The Gulf of Guinea island system constitutes a spectacular centre of bird endemism, with 33 species unique to the region. It comprises three oceanic islands (Annobón, São Tomé, Príncipe), one land-bridge island (Bioko) and one ecological island (Mount Cameroon), all part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes. São Tomé and Príncipe are of particular interest as they are by far the islands with the highest concentration of endemic bird species in the world (17 and 8 respectively, plus 3 shared endemics). Genetic, morphological and behavioural data from several bird groups were used to investigate the processes behind such high endemism levels. The high number of endemic bird species in the Gulf of Guinea islands was the result of speciation events rather than of the accumulation of relict species extinct on the mainland. Because the oceanic islands are surrounded by one of the richest centres of biodiversity in the world they were colonised by several bird groups which, by occupying different niches, reduced the possibilities of radiations within the archipelago. Therefore, most species originated by diverging in isolation from their mainland source populations (allospeciation). Nevertheless, one case of archipelago radiation was demonstrated for the five oceanic islands white-eyes (Zosteropidae) taxa. Additionally, molecular evidence strongly suggested that the São Tomé grosbeak Neospiza concolor has speciated in full sympatry. Species that diverged the most in phenotype were those that speciated after establishing sympatry with related populations, providing strong evidence for the importance of secondary contacts in promoting phenotypic diversification and speciation. Data from the Príncipe seedeater Serinus rufobrunneus, present on three islands, showed that selection rather than drift was the main driver of population divergence in allopatry, thereby supporting the applicability of the ecological model of speciation, developed in parapatric and sympatric situations, to allopatric situations. Finally, data on S. rufobrunneus showed that mate recognition traits were the first to diverge, suggesting that they may be implicated in the first stages of the speciation process.
Evolution and extinction of birds on the smaller western Indian Ocean islands
Robert Prŷs-Jones1 and Ben Warren2
1Bird Group, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Akeman St., Tring, Herts HP23 6AP, U.K. [email protected] 2Laboratories PVBMT & ECOMAR, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue rené Cassin BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis cedex 9, Réunion, France
Predominantly on the basis of molecular phylogenies of four genera of passerines (Nectarinia, Hypsipetes, Zosterops, Foudia) that have radiated widely across the region, the presentation will discuss factors likely to have contributed to the evolution and extinction of birds over the past few million years on the smaller islands of the western Indian Ocean. Disentangling of the factors involved is hugely complicated by the massive natural and human-induced environmental changes that have taken place over the period in question, but suggestive evidence regarding the key processes involved is beginning to emerge.
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Tracing the colonization history of the Indian Ocean scops-owls (Strigiformes: Otus) with further insight into the spatio-temporal origin of the Malagasy avifauna
Jérôme Fuchs1, 2, 3, 4, Jean-Marc Pons1,2, Steven M. Goodman5, 6, Vincent Bretagnolle7, Martim Melo8, Rauri C.K. Bowie4, David Currie9, Roger Safford10, Munir Z. Virani11,12,13, Simon Thomsett11, 13, Alawi Hija14 , Corinne Cruaud15 and Eric Pasquet1,2
1UMR5202 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. 2Service Commun de Systématique Molécu-laire, IFR CNRS 101, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. 3DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. 4Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA. 5 Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA. 6 Vahatra, BP3972, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar. 7CEBC-CNRS, Beau-voir sur Niort, 79360, France. 8UMR5175 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. 9 Nature Seychelles, PO Box 1310, Victoria, Mahé, Republic of Seychelles. 10 BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK. 11 The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise Idaho 83709 USA. 12 Department of Biology, Leicester University, LE1 7RH, UK. 13 Department of Ornithol-ogy, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi Kenya. 14Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Cooperatives, Zanzibar Revolutionary Government, P.O. Box 811, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 15Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
The lineage of Indian Ocean scops-owls (Otus: Strigidae) includes six or seven species that are endemic to Madagascar and portions of the Comoros and Seychelles archipelagos; little is known about the species limits, biogeographic affinities and relationships to each other. In the present study, using DNA sequence data gathered from six loci, we examine the biogeographic history of the Indian Ocean scops-owls. Our analyses revealed that Indian Ocean islands scops-owls do not form a monophyletic assemblage: the Seychelles Otus insularis is genetically closer to the South-East Asian endemic O. sunia than to species from the Comoros and Madagascar. The Pemba Scops-owls O. pembaensis, often considered closely related to, if not conspecific with O. rutilus of Madagascar, is instead closely related to the African mainland O. senegalensis. Relationships among the Indian Ocean taxa from the Comoros and Madagascar are unresolved, despite the analysis of over 4000 bp, suggesting a diversification burst after the initial colonization event. We also highlight one case of putative back-colonization to the Asian mainland from an island ancestor (O. sunia ). Our divergence date estimates, using a Bayesian relaxed clock method, suggest that all these events occurred during the last 3.5 myr; albeit colonization of the Indian Ocean islands were not synchronous, O. pembaensis diverged from O. senegalensis about 1.7 mya while species from Madagascar and the Comoro diverged from their continental sister-group about 3.6 mya. We highlight that our estimates coincide with estimates of diversification from other bird lineages.
5d: Symposium: Trade in Birds and its Impact on wild Bird Populations in Africa
Trade in wild species in Africa: Status, impacts and way forward
Hazell Shokellu Thompson, George W. Eshiamwata, Julius Arinaitwe and Paul K. Ndang’ang’a
BirdLife International – African Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Africa is rich in avifauna and supports about 23% of the entire world’s 9917 bird species. However, almost 10% of the continent’s bird species are globally threatened. Factors that greatly contribute to the high levels of threat in the region range from habitat loss, exploitation, invasive species, natural disasters and human disturbance. Studies have demonstrated that exploitation is the second most important decimating factor after habitat loss and destruction. At a global level, over 2600 of the approximately 9917 described bird species have been recorded in international trade during the past 20 years. Pre-export mortality varies between 5% and 60% and mortality during international transport and during the first weeks after importation is between 12% and 27%, in both cases depending on circumstances and species. Accurate numbers for most species involved are unknown. In 1990, the international trade was estimated to be between 2 and 5 million birds per year. However, inadequate information means that these figures should be treated cautiously as it could be an underestimation. The number of birds removed from the wild for the international trade is largely not known. The size of trade, factors that drive the trade and other underlying issues, impact of trade on wild species, habitat, human health, and on ecological processes is largely unknown. This paper is based on a review of existing information on this topic, existing legislation and international laws regulating and enforcing global convention and identifies existing gaps in knowledge. It is meant to highlight the plight of wild bird
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populations in face of wild bird trade and to stimulate discussion and further research on this subject as a mechanism to gather and document the much needed qualitative and qualitative assessments of the extent and impact of trade on species. Improved knowledge and empirical data is critical for policy, advocacy and appropriate science-based conservation intervention.
African Crane Trade Project: a preliminary assessment of the trade in African cranes
Kerryn Morrison1, Simon Milledge2, Jimmy Muheebwa3, Zipporah Musyimi4, Samson Phakathi5, Achilles Byaruhanga3, Cecilia Gichuki6 and Nathan Gichuki4
1ICF/EWT Partnership, P. Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. [email protected] 2TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, c/o WWF Programme Officer, P.O. Box 106060, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 3The East Africa Natural History Society, Nature Uganda, Plot 83 Tufnel Drive Kamwokya, P.O. Box 27034, Kampala, Uganda. 4University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 5Endangered Wildlife Trust, P. Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. 6National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
Grey Crowned Balearica regulorum, Black Crowned Balearica pavonina, Wattled Bugeranus carunculatus and Blue Cranes Anthropoides paradiseus are resident in Africa. Unsubstantiated reports over several years indicated that trade in these species was impacting on wild populations. To better understand the situation, short term localised preliminary investigations were conducted in Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Cranes were removed from the wild in each of these areas in varying numbers for either food, traditional use, domestication and/or the international trade market. An assessment of the CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, showed inconsistencies in information recorded between the importing and exporting countries. South Africa was the largest exporter of Blue Cranes, and several countries in the Middle and Far East, and the Netherlands, the major importing countries. Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo were the biggest exporters of Wattled Cranes, and China and Singapore the biggest importers. Tanzania was the biggest exporter of Grey Crowned Cranes, and the Netherlands, China and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the biggest importers. Mali and Sudan were the biggest exporters of Black Crowned Cranes, and Belgium, France, Qatar and the UAE the biggest importers. A preliminary assessment of the stud books kept by formal zoo associations around the world suggests that captive populations are not viable and that there are few actively managed populations internationally. The Wattled Crane captive population is however an exception, and although not viable yet, stud books are available from most regional zoo associations and the captive population is managed. The results of these studies were used as a basis for a trade mitigation planning workshop held in Kenya in October 2007. Mitigation activities for the supply and local demand, international demand, legislation, research and conservation action were developed to better understand the threat and to minimise the threat to wild populations. The conservation status of African cranes will be documented, efforts made to upgrade the threatened status of the species and a proposal developed to upgrade the species to Appendix I on CITES.
Monitoring exploitation and marketing of waterbirds in the Inner Niger Delta, Mali
Bakary Kone and Mori Diallo
Wetlands International Mali office, BP 97, Mopti/Sévaré, Mali. [email protected]
The Inner Niger Delta (IND) is one of the largest and most important wetlands in Africa. Among its rich natural resources there is an abundant concentration of birds, especially waterbirds. Of some 350 bird species recorded, over 100 are migrants from Europe and the Western Palearctic. Many birds are captured and brought to the regional centre of Mopti, from where they are sold. One of the oldest and most dominant tribes in the IND is the Bozo. Waterbird catching is controlled largely by Bozo women’s groups, who provide traps, hooks and nets for catching and who control most of the market and prepare the birds for sale and consumption. For understanding the scale and number of waterbirds harvested, Wetlands International has undertaken a study with the following objectives: a) quantify number of waterbirds caught, b) estimate monetary income derived from their marketing and c) suggest an action plan for sustainable harvesting. The study has covered the four flooded départments of the Mopti region (Mopti, Djenne, Tenenkou and Youwarou). In 1999, a year of weak flood, 61 297 captured waterbirds were registered, though in 2000, a year of high flood, this decreased to 17 700. Garganey Anas querquedula and various wader species are the most commonly caught and marketed for consumption, making up 85% of the total harvest in 1999 and 50% in 2000. Monetary incomes for marketing waterbirds were €26 665 in 1999 and €2896 in 2000. 10% of birds caught are consumed locally as protein sources. In conclusion, any policy for environmental protection in the IND, especially relating to waterbirds, should be preceded by or be linked to a food security policy. Developing income generation activities through the bio-rights micro credit scheme for empowering economic status of involved groups might reduce the harvest of waterbirds in the IND, which is currently unsustainable.
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The impact of traditional use on vultures in South Africa
Myles Mander1, Nicci Diederichs1, Lungile Ntuli1, Khulile Mavundla1, Vivian Williams2 and Steven McKean3
1FutureWorks, P.O. Box 2221, Everton 3625, South Africa. 2School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, Wits University, P. Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. 3KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades 3202, South Africa. [email protected]
Use of vultures is an important component of traditional medicine, particularly in South Africa and there is evidence to suggest that traditional use is at least partly responsible for the rapid decline in vulture populations in this country. Until very recently, little information on the extent of the trade in animal parts, particularly vultures, for traditional medicine was available. The trade in animal parts is secretive and mostly illegal in South Africa. This makes it extremely difficult to obtain reliable information on amounts and turnovers of species traded, which is essential to assess potential impact on species populations. Recent research confirms that vultures are used in the traditional medicine industry for a range of purposes, but are believed to be most effective for providing clairvoyant powers, foresight and increased intelligence. The main drivers of demand for these uses are betting and gambling, for improved business success, and intelligence in school children. Vulture is also prescribed by traditional healers for various ailments, including headaches. This paper reports on species traded, demand, numbers of birds killed for the trade, killing methods, reasons for use, market value, turnover and trade dynamics. We examine whether the trade is likely to be sustainable or not and discuss the implications of “best and worst case” use scenarios on vulture populations in South Africa. Recommendations to address this issue are made.
An assessment of the biological impact of bird hunting in Lake Chilwa
William O. Mgoola
Lengwe National Park, P.O. Box 18, Nchalo, Malawi. [email protected]
Lake Chilwa wetland in Southern Malawi is a wetland of international importance. In 2006, a bird hunting study was carried out in the wetland to gain better knowledge and understanding of bird hunting, and assess the biological impact of bird hunting on bird populations. A combination of four data collection techniques were used. The assessment of the biological impact of the different hunting methods on bird populations revealed a decline in bird catches in terms of catch per unit efforts between the present time and the past ten years. Bird catches and species composition varied according to hunting method. There was a significant difference in bird catches between the different hunting methods. An estimated 1 335 367 birds were harvested per year for livelihood through various hunting methods of which 1 106 566 comprised mostly of queleas, bishops and weavers. A total of 228 801 waterbirds hunted composed mainly of Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio madagascariensis), Lesser Gallinule (Porphyrio alleni) and Black Crake (Amaurornis flavirostris).The abundance of birds was high in areas not easily accessible for bird hunting compared to areas where hunting was regular and easily accessible. Pearson Chi-square analysis showed a strong association between areas not easily accessible and abundance of birds. There was a significant difference in the amount of time hunters invested in bird hunting at present and the past 10 years. The increase in the number of traps a hunter sets per day at present compared to the past 10 years was significant. The use of indiscriminate hunting methods is placing enormous pressure on bird species. The study recommends the strengthening of local institutional capacity for the conservation and protection of birds, development of a bird management plan for the wetland, enforcement of rules and regulations of bird hunting, management of bird sanctuaries, monitoring of bird harvests through catch per unit efforts, and sensitization and awareness campaigns to ensure sustainable bird hunting.
5e: Symposium: ethno-Ornithology in Africa – Bird Knowledge, Culture and Conservation (2)
Pitfalls in ethno-ornithological research
Fleur Ng’weno
Nature Kenya, the East Africa Natural History Society, P.O. Box 44486, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. [email protected]
Birds are part of our daily lives, our traditions, art, songs, dances and legends. Chicken for Sunday dinner, a ceremonial ostrich-plume headdress, the frightening call of an owl in the night or the joyous birdsong that wakes us at dawn; all are ways in which birds are part of our lives. Each community has its knowledge about birds, worthy of recognition and preservation. Many communities have observed and understood the complex lives of birds, and have local names for nearly every bird. Scientists, too, have their sets of knowledge, including internationally agreed scientific and common names. Yet a disconnect sometimes occurs when researchers try to match the indigenous knowledge to the bird. In two decades of working with researchers in ethno-ornithology in Kenya, a number of pitfalls have been noted. Researchers often do not have the in-depth
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knowledge of birds that traditional elders possess, and may not be able to interpret the stories they are told. Too often the researchers rely on the pictures in a field guide book to identify a bird, whereas a traditional person may know the bird by its voice or its habits, but is unfamiliar with printed materials. A case in point, there is a bird whose call announces the coming of visitors, in several communities in Kenya. It is confusing to identify by appearance, since it is black and white like many other birds. But it has a characteristic song that easily identifies it – if the researcher is familiar with bird songs. This presentation highlights the need for researchers in ethno-ornithology to be well-informed about birds in order to match the right bird with its local name and associated indigenous knowledge.
Ethno-ornithology: a key to the cultural and socio-economic development and bird conservation of the Natta people of the Serengeti
John M. Wambura1, Omary A. Chambegga2 and Mokiti T.C. Tarimo1
1Department of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3073, Morogoro. [email protected] or [email protected] 2College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi
This study was conducted in and around the two villages of Mbisso and Motukeri in Natta ward, Serengeti district in Mara region, Tanzania. This paper presents the first survey and documentation of the indigenous knowledge on birds in regards to cultural and socio-economic values and conservation by the Natta people. Data were collected by way of structured question-naires, group discussions and checklist for key informants. The analysis of results showed that many wild birds’ species are used in different cultural and socio-economic value purposes. The environmental knowledge especially ethno-ornithology, its practice and ethical approaches to life have emerged in tandem with this co-evolution of nature and culture, and hold a key repertoire to our understanding of ecosystem management and the effective conservation of birds in many generations to date and in the future. The aim of this work therefore is to create awareness to wide audiences, and to work as a foundation for future researches on birds and other biodiversity in the community areas. In addition, this study had contributed to the knowledge of a domain that is still understudied and undocumented in Africa context.
Is indigenous conservation a science? – an examination of the bird naming system in Luhyia of the Western Province, Kenya
George Amutete
Kenya Airports Authority, Box 19087 00501 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Modern societies often dismiss indigenous knowledge as non-scientific and frequently ignore the values enshrined in it when considering biodiversity conservation options. This has commonly resulted in conservation efforts that the indigenous people don’t feel part of and which they fail to fully participate in. In order to find out if Luhyia indigenous bird naming system is a science and provide a hint to how this ethnic community interpret and classify organisms in relation to their environment, vernacular bird names were collected and analysed. The aspect from which each bird name was derived was recorded and categorised in broader group established from conventional scientific naming system. By simple comparison of the resulting categories, it is evident that Luhyia community and scientific bird naming systems are to a large extent well-matched. The Luhyia bird naming system, like scientific system, makes it possible to put most of birds into categories that can easily be related to environment. Such an established categories and relationships to environment are important in interpreting the protection perspective an ethnic group has towards an aspect of biodiversity, such as birds. This study therefore avails a possible effective tool to instil and encourage positive conservation ethics while at the same time discouraging the negative conservation beliefs and practices through public education programmes.
Kori Bustard conservation in central and western Botswana: how serious is the threat of poaching?
Kabelo J. Senyatso1,2
1BirdLife Botswana, Private Bag 003, Suite 348, Mogoditshane. Botswana. 2School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. [email protected]
The Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori, the world’s largest bustard, is currently experiencing rapid population declines across most of its range states. In Botswana, a stronghold for the southern Africa population, the conservation status of the species appears favourable only inside protected areas; outside these, the main threats are thought to be habitat loss due to overgrazing and poaching. In this study, we investigated in-depth the threat of poaching, specifically, 1) how prevalent poaching is in settlements
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bordering protected areas in central and western Botswana; 2) the “general profile” and characteristics of Kori Bustard poach-ers; 3) to investigate how, when and why these birds are killed; and, 4) document what could be done counter this threat. We interviewed a total of 372 respondents in 16 settlements bordering the Kalahari Transfrontier Park (KTP, western Botswana) and Khutse Game Reserve (KGR, central Botswana). We found that overall, Kori Bustard poaching is still widespread, and more than 70% of the respondents reported that they had at one stage in their lives eaten a Kori Bustard, with more incidences in areas near KTP. The majority of people who had eaten Kori Bustards were males, and aged over 31 years of age. Snares and guns were the most common ways of killing the birds, and there are site-specific cultural norms and beliefs guiding who can use or kill this bird. The primary reason for killing Kori Bustards is for home consumption, although the capture for medicinal use could also be important, given that many body parts and other derivatives are perceived to have medicinal properties. Additionally, there appears to be illegal cross-border trade of this bird along the Botswana – South Africa border, a previously undocumented threat with implications for the global conservation of the bird. Possible management strategies at national and regional levels are also discussed.
Indigenous knowledge of birds as indicators of changes in seasonal and global weather patterns
Mercy N. Muiruri and Patrick Maundu
Ornithology Dept, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Ethno-ornithology is the study of people and how they relate with birds. Over millennia birds have been used as indicators of changes in seasonal weather pattern among Kenyan communities. Through indigenous knowledge, people predict changes in weather patterns just by observing the behaviour of birds. This paper outlines some of the birds used among Kenyan com-munities to identify and explain seasonal weather patterns.
6: Round-table Discussions
6a: Round-table discussion: Implementation of the Lesser Flamingo Action Plan
Peter A. Cranswick1, Mark D. Anderson2 and Arnaud Béchet3
1Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge GL2 7BT, United Kingdom. [email protected] 2Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, P.O. Box 10469, Beaconsfield 8315, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. 3Station biologique, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
The Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is also listed in Column A of the 2006–2008 Action Plan of the Agreement on the Conservation of African–Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds. Consequently, a workshop was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2006 to prepare an AEWA International Single Species Action Plan for the Lesser Flamingo. The action plan identifies the threats to the species, knowledge gaps, and key issues to be addressed to improve the conservation status of the Lesser Flamingo. It specifies key activities to be undertaken in the range states in order to achieve the plan’s goals. Prior to PAOC12, a questionnaire will be distributed to range states to review progress with implementation of national activities. The Round Table Discussion will (a) review new threats to the species, (b) identify obstacles to implementation, (c) prioritise activities, (d) identify opportunities and needs for international collaborative projects and (e) review mechanisms that might enhance implementation, eg an International Working Group, a project register. The expected outcome of the RTD will be a series of outline project proposals, and recommendations to facilitate and enhance the development and implementation of projects.
6b: Round-table discussion: Status review for sub-Saharan African raptors: A regional Red List
Geoffrey M. Wambugu1, Mwangi Githiru1, Munir Z. Virani2 and Kariuki P. Ndang’ang’a3
1Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2The Peregrine Fund, P.O. Box 45111, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. 3Birdlife International Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya
Birds of prey in Africa face numerous threats. As a result, 26 species in Africa are currently globally categorized in the IUCN Red List as threatened and nine as Near Threatened. However, the situation within Africa as a continent and more so at sub-regional and national levels, could be more serious than is expressed by this global assessment. Many raptor experts in Africa have now found it urgent and necessary to do a detailed review of raptor status in Africa. This paper aims to: (1) provide a regional platform that highlights African raptor species, their threats and advocacy measures required; (2) set a broader agenda for research, monitoring and conservation into African birds of prey within an appropriate geopolitical region and (3)
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Set up conservation priorities for Africa’s Birds of prey to pave way for a more focal approach in advocacy and conservation action. A combination of structured questionnaires to raptor experts across the region, publications and more than 10 years of monitoring data were used in this undertaking. Both diurnal and nocturnal raptors were assessed in this review. Sub-Saharan Africa was divided into five regions – East, Central, South, East and Indian Ocean Islands – from which raptor experts were approached and requested to complete a questionnaire describing population trends and threats facing the species in their region. A desk study was done that involved analyzing information from scientific papers and other publications, the IUCN Red List and Global Raptor Information Network (GRIN). Preliminary results show that many endemic raptor species in the Indian Ocean islands (notably Madagascar) are faced with serious threats mainly from habitat loss, loss of nesting sites and human persecution, and require urgent conservation interventions. On the mainland, fluctuations within and between species and regions are evident, whereby some species appear to be favoured by human habitation and urban growth while others show steep population declines. A comprehensive sub-Saharan Africa Regional Red List is underway, with priorities for conservation action for each bird of prey.
6c: Round-table discussion: Coordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC): Are we still heading in the right direction?
Marius Wheeler
Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
The Coordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC) project was initiated in 1992 by the then Ramsar Working Group of the Depart-ment of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in part-fulfilment of South Africa’s commitment to the Ramsar Convention. Since its inception the project has been coordinated by the Animal Demography Unit, previously known as the Avian Demography Unit. CWAC also forms part of the African Waterbird Census (AfWC), a programme coordinated by Wetlands International. The objective of CWAC is to monitor South Africa’s waterbird populations and the conditions of the wetlands which are important for waterbirds. This is being done by means of a programme of regular mid-summer and mid-winter censuses at a number of South African wetlands. Currently the project monitors approximately 400 wetlands around the country on a regular basis, and furthermore curates waterbird data for approximately 600 wetlands. This round-table discussion is intended to discuss general project matters as well as offer an opportunity for general interaction between the CWAC project team, project participants and other African waterbird researchers. It is hoped that this session will serve as a platform to discuss the current state of the project and how to move forward.
1ACAP, UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, P.O. Box 585, Ross Road, Stanley, Falkland Islands FIQQ 1ZZ. 2 Marine and Coastal Management, Dept of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa
Africa supports a wide variety of seabirds ranging from tropical to sub-Antarctic forms, many of which have an unfavour-able conservation status. Factors that are adversely influencing their conservation, through affecting either breeding success, recruitment or mortality, include the degradation and modification of breeding habitat and ecosystems, oiling and other forms of pollution, introduced predators, disturbance by humans, disease, climate change, competition with fisheries for food and mortality in fisheries. This RTD will comprise a mini-symposium of five shortened oral presentations (listed below) followed by a general discussion on these and other threats and research that is being undertaken to establish means by which their impacts on seabirds can be mitigated.
The breeding success of the Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum) in the restricted diamond mining area of southern Namibia
Justine Braby1, Jean-Paul Roux2 and Les G. Underhill1
1Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz Marine Research, P.O. Box 394, Lüderitz, Namibia
The Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum) is a near-endemic, near-threatened seabird that breeds along the Namibian coastline. Its breeding range extends into the Sperrgebiet, a diamond mining area along the southern coast of Namibia about to be proclaimed as a National Park. A study is being conducted to investigate the potential impact of diamond mining on the breeding productivity of the Damara Tern at one mined locality, Elizabeth Bay, and three non-mined nesting sites along the southern Namibian coastline. Diamond mining may impact the breeding productivity in several ways: habitat destruction,
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disturbance, and foraging efficiency due to sediment discharge. Parameters monitored are colony size, breeding success, chick growth and condition, and adult foraging success. Off the four breeding sites monitored, Elizabeth Bay has the smallest number of nests. The number of nests decreased from 30 in 1979 (before mining), to 13 (during mining) in 2008. Nests were previously found in areas which have since been mined and are now unsuitable nesting habitats. The non-mined sites were Marmora Pan (55 nests), Grossebucht (21 nests) and Hottentot’s Bay (80 nests). Breeding success and chick predation rates differed between sites. So far no differences in chick growth rates and adult foraging success have been established between mined and non-mined sites. Chick growth and condition, however seem to be dependent on the distance between colony and feeding sites.
Spotting the difference: towards autonomous population monitoring of African Penguins, Spheniscus demersus
Richard B. Sherley1,2, Tilo Burghardt1, Antje Steinfurth2, Peter J. Barham3, Neill Campbell1 and Innes C. Cuthill2
1Computerised Monitoring and Biometric Identification in Natural Environments (COMBINE), Department of Computer Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK. [email protected] 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK. 3Department of Physics, H.H. Wills Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
African Penguins Spheniscus demersus are currently listed as vulnerable to extinction. At present, researchers identify by deploying synthetic monitoring devices such as flipper bands or transponders. There are a variety of ways in which these approaches may produce deleterious effects on performance in seabirds but, with the full nature of these impacts uncertain, the ethical guidelines for acceptable practise are currently poorly defined and difficult to quantify. Consequently, there is a growing interest in alternative identification methods that minimise disturbance, yet still permit robust monitoring of animal populations. Each African Penguin carries a unique pattern of black spots on its chest which appears to remain stable for life. These markings are exploited by a real-time computer vision technique to create a biometric identifier for each bird. This identifier can then be compared against a database of known individuals each time a penguin is filmed or photographed. An early version of the system was deployed at Robben Island, South Africa from April to September 2007. An initial 652 individuals were enrolled into a population database which represents a minimal monitoring capacity of 13% of the birds that passed the camera. Thus the system will identify more penguins than is possible with the current levels of flipper banding at Robben Island. Further comparisons to established monitoring techniques during 2008 will provide ground-truth data for foraging duration and short-term survival analysis. This approach has the potential to vastly improve the level and quality of data available for conservation biologists, and possible extensions of the method to allow for 24-hour monitoring and to provide information for behavioural analysis will be discussed.
Seabird conservation on Dyer Island: the threats they face and current research to address them
Lauren Waller1,2 and Les G. Underhill1,2
1Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Dyer Island Conservation Trust, P.O. Box 78, Gansbaai 7220, South Africa
Dyer Island is a 20ha island off the south coast of South Africa. It is a breeding island for Cape Cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis, White-breasted Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Bank Cormorants Phalacrocorax neglectus, Crowned Cormorants Phalacrocorax coronatus, African Penguins Spheniscus demersus, African Black Oystercatchers Haematopus moquini, Swift Terns Sterna bergii, Hartlaub Gulls Larus hartlaubii and Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus. The main threats that breeding birds on this island face are competition with commercial fishers, oiling, seal predation and disease. Current research and monitoring projects involve the assessment of the impact of seal predation on seabirds; the impact of fishing on the breeding success of African Penguins, quantifying the number of oiled African Penguins and managing disease outbreaks. This presentation will provide feedback on the extent of oiling and predation on seabirds. Initial results will also be provided on the new research programme initiated in 2008 designed to investigate the impacts of fishing on the breeding success of African Penguins, which includes the monitoring of chick growth and the deployment of GPS_TD devices on breeding adults.
Long-term restoration success of African Penguins de-oiled following the Apollo Sea oil spill
Anton C. Wolfaardt1,2*, Les G. Underhill2 and Anthony (Tony) J. Williams1,2
1Western Cape Nature Conservation Board, Private Bag 5014, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. [email protected] 2Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. *Current address: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, P.O. Box 585, Stanley, Falkland Islands, FIQQ 1ZZ
The bulk ore carrier Apollo Sea sank south-west of Dassen Island in June 1994. Heavy fuel oil washed ashore at both Dassen and Robben Islands, contaminating about 10 000 African Penguins. Approximately 50% of these birds were successfully
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de-oiled and released back into the wild. Our study documents the systematic follow-up of de-oiled African Penguins after the Apollo Sea oil spill over a period of 10.5 years, from 1994 until 2005, to assess the restoration success (percentage of de-oiled birds that attempt breeding after release) of cleaning oiled African Penguins. We examine the extent to which African Penguins are successfully restored into the breeding population, how successfully they breed, and whether they experience any long-term costs of reproducing. In total, 73% of the de-oiled penguins from the Apollo Sea oil spill that were re-sighted at Dassen Island were estimated to have been restored, which represents the most successful restoration effort of any seabird globally. However, the mean proportion of de-oiled breeders which abstained from breeding each year during the study period was greater than expected. The overall breeding success of de-oiled birds was significantly lower than un-oiled birds. Further, there was a negative relationship between breeding and subsequent survival and breeding, suggesting a cost of reproduction for de-oiled birds. Overall, de-oiling of contaminated African Penguins is considered to be a crucial conservation tool for a species which is classified as “Vulnerable” to extinction, and faces a range of other threats. The ultimate conservation aim should, however, be the prevention of oil spills in the first place, especially in the vicinity of seabird breeding colonies and foraging areas.
Population change, age structure and movements of the Kelp Gull on the Indian Ocean coast of South Africa
Philip A. Whittington1,2
1East London Museum, P.O. Box 11021, Southernwood, 5213, South Africa. [email protected] 2Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 77 000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
The Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus is a widespread species occurring in South America, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia, southern Africa, southern Madagascar and on subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean. The southern African form L. d. vetula is recognised as a distinct subspecies and is endemic to the region, breeding from southern Angola on the coast of the Atlantic to Algoa Bay on the shores of the Indian Ocean. Following persecution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the population has recovered and continues to increase. Numbers of breeding birds on a 350 km section of the Indian Ocean coast rose by 71% between the late 1970s and 2004 but trends were not uniform within this region. Populations on the islands of Algoa Bay fell by 90% during this period and the largest colony in the region in 1979 had been abandoned as a breeding site by 2004. This pattern was not observed on the Atlantic coast of southern Africa where island populations were generally stable or increasing. Mainland colonies on the Indian Ocean coast increased significantly in size, some by 400–500%. This increase in the breeding population is likely to be related to the abundance and availability of supplementary food from fishing activities and open landfill sites. Birds in adult plumage comprised between 79% and 86% of the population and peaked during the austral autumn, whereas most juvenile birds were found in autumn and winter. Juvenile birds from two colonies showed differing patterns of movements, some dispersing up to 900 km from their breeding colony. Adult birds showed comparatively little movement but 11% of breeding birds ringed at the Keurbooms River, Plettenberg Bay, in 2006 were later recorded in Port Elizabeth, 200 km to the east.
6e: Round-table discussion: Setting up a west-African bird migration network to facilitate field research into declining migrants
Will Cresswell1 and Volker Salewski2
1AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria & University of St Andrews, UK. [email protected] 2Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
There are increasing concerns for declining populations of Palaearctic–African migrants. These declines have been linked to conditions on migration or on the wintering grounds in Africa, yet there is almost no research within Africa to identify how changing conditions are affecting bird populations. The reason for the lack of research is the logistical difficulties, and lack of capacity and infrastructure within many African countries. A research network that identifies, undertakes and promotes current and future research opportunities within Africa will therefore help to address the problem of declining migrant birds. Nineteen researchers from eleven European countries met at the Vogelwarte Radolfzell at the Max-Planck-Institute of Ornithology on 6 May 2008 to start to set up a network to facilitate research on European migrant birds within Africa. This RTD aims to bring this to the attention of African based researchers and seeks to join them into the network. The RTD will discuss how the network can best facilitate research on migrants within, particularly, West Africa and the concrete steps it can take to function properly as a useful network.
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7: Interest Group meeting:
Conservation status of the Taita Falcon: what do we know, what don’t we know, and what do we need to know?
Andrew R. Jenkins1, André Botha2 and Munir Z. Virani3
1Research Associate, FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Manager, Birds of Prey Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, Johannesburg, South Africa. 3African Program Director, The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, Idaho 83709, USA
The Taita Falcon Falco fasciinucha is a small and highly specialized, bird-hunting raptor, which is sparsely and patchily distrib-uted down the eastern side of sub-Saharan Africa. While it is poorly known throughout much of its discontinuous distribution, it is generally thought to be rare where it occurs, and is largely restricted to well-wooded habitats, and to mountains or incised river valleys where high, sheer rock-faces are available as nesting and foraging sites. Even in known areas of concentration, it seems to occur irregularly, with territories prone to abandonment and poor breeding success. The global population of the Taita Falcon is probably <500 pairs, probably <40 nest sites are currently known, and it is classed as ‘Globally near-threatened’. This round-table discussion session will bring together raptor biologists from Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa and possibly other parts of the Taita Falcon’s range, with the aim of pooling and consolidating existing knowledge, highlighting information gaps, and planning an effective, Pan-African research and conservation effort for the future.
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8: Plenary: The Black Tern Chlidonias niger in europe and Africa: linking two continents
Black Terns breed from Western Europe to central Asia. After breeding they concentrate in a few European wetlands before moving to wintering areas along the coast of West Africa as south as Namibia. Terns are less easy to study than waders due to their behaviour (flying) and habitat (open waters). However, a long term study in wetlands and coastal areas in Europe and Africa provided enough information to solve part of the puzzle of the annual cycle of the Black Tern. Terns are highly mobile and have specific moult strategy and winter ecology. The Black Tern is used as an example to enlighten these strategies. Other long distance migrant northern tern species are compared to this species. The studies on plumage, moult, body mass and feed-ing ecology in the postbreeding staging sites and in three African wintering areas (Ghana, Benin and Namibia) are reviewed. Northern migrants moult almost all year, primary moult is only suspended during the first part of the breeding period. The wing gap is generally minimised and is largest just before migration in spring and late summer. At Lake IJsselmeer body mass increased with 25–30% within a period of two to three weeks. Such departure masses enable long non-stop flights of more than 3590 km. Black Terns ascend in the evening to high altitudes (>500 m) and start migration at night, a behaviour similar to long-distance migrating waders. In Namibia a similar mass increase was noticed prior to northward spring migration. In both stopover areas Black Terns were able to combine primary moult and fat storage.
During the non-breeding season Black Terns depend mainly on relative large prey, especially shrimps and fish. In Namibia and Benin shrimps were the dominant prey type. Food availability seems to explain their migration patterns to a major extent. IJsselmeer and Sivash appear rich enough for Black terns to combine a rapid moult with fat storage. In West Africa, Black Terns concentrate at rich coastal ecosystems characterized by deep water upwellings and high primary production. In August–October, upwellings occur locally along much of the West-African coastline and in February–March warm water eddies cause high shrimp availability in Namibia. In March high shrimp abundance in coastal lagoons in Benin again provide Black Terns with good feeding conditions. In the period December–February large concentrations of Black Terns are unknown, but this study suggests them to be present at the highly productive offshore upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea or off the Angola coast. From a conservation point of view, terns can be used very well to identify important coastal areas in which they function as indicators for coastal marine wildlife. Examples for this are presented.
8a: Symposium: Intra-African migration
Patterns of intra-African migration in relation to reproduction and moult
Peter J. Jones
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, UK. [email protected]
Long-distance intra-African movements are performed seasonally by a wide range of Afrotropical species and immigrant Palearctic visitors alike. Among terrestrial Afrotropical birds a large proportion of savanna species are migrants; few rainforest-dependent birds are migrant. Intra-African migration patterns are determined by regional differences in the seasonality of rainfall and resultant changes in food availability for essential events in the annual cycle such as breeding and moult. Although such movements may differ between insectivorous and granivorous species, and may be complex, all are controlled by the north–south seasonal shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). ‘Northern tropical migrants’ remain north of the equator, moving to higher latitudes with the ITCZ as the wet season extends northwards in the middle of the year; such species may then breed in more seasonal habitats at higher latitudes than those at which they spend the non-breeding season. ‘Southern tropical migrants’ mirror this pattern but six months out of step as the ITCZ returns southwards and brings rain to higher latitudes in the southern hemisphere at the end of the year. ‘Trans-equatorial migrants’ may remain with wet season conditions all year by traversing the equator with the ITCZ, though they breed at only one end of their migration. Such seasonal events involve Palearctic migrants too. Immigrants spending their winter in Africa initially encounter favourable conditions in the northern tropics when they arrive in autumn, but conditions worsen dramatically as the dry season progresses. Many respond to seasonal changes in resource availability as African species do: they perform further, long-distance intra-African migrations during mid-winter to seek more favourable conditions in wetter regions. Although these Palearctic species do
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not breed in Africa, many must find suitable conditions to carry out their annual moult, which varies greatly in timing and extent, even within the same species, depending on their migration schedule and where they overwinter. There remains much to understand about the timing and patterns of moult among Palearctic immigrants and how both reproduction and moult are scheduled around migration in the annual cycles of Afrotropical species.
Movements of Palearctic and Afrotropical bird species during the dry season (November–February) within Nigeria
Will Cresswell1, M. Boyd2 and Matthew Stevens1 1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria & University of St Andrews. [email protected] 2University of Durham, UK
That wintering Palearctic migrants and Afrotropical bird species make migratory movements during the dry season within West Africa, and that Palearctic migrants are commonest at more northerly latitudes is well established, but there are actually very few studies that have quantitatively measured this change in the distribution of bird species within a season and with latitude. We recorded bird species in 25–40 point counts carried out at each of 17 sites spread from the Sudan savannah zone of north-east Nigeria to the forest zone of south-east Nigeria, in the early dry season in November 2007 and again in the late dry season in February 2008. Of the species recorded often enough to test distribution changes between the surveys, for 9 Palearctic migrant species, 22% (Subalpine Warbler and Woodchat Shrike) moved south, and 33% (Common Whitethroat, Tree Pipit and Willow Warbler) moved north, and for 63 Afrotropical species, 22% moved south, 14% moved north and 13% changed their distribution with no clear pattern of northward or southward movement. There was no significant difference in average latitudinal shift between terrestrial Palearctic and Afrotropical species. The number of terrestrial Palearctic migrant species decreased significantly with increasing tree density independent of latitude. Significantly fewer terrestrial Afro tropical species were recorded in the north and with increasing canopy height, and significantly more species in the east, and with increasing tree density. There was a significant difference in the relationship between latitude and number of Afrotropical species over the dry season, with relatively more species in the north in November. Consequently there was a significant increase in the proportion of species that were Palearctic migrants with latitude overall and this relationship was significantly steeper in the late dry season. The proportion of Palearctic migrant species also significantly decreased with tree density, controlling for latitude. The results confirm that some species move during the dry season, but that these movements are spe-cies specific rather than any general movement south in response to the greater degree of drying out and habitat deterioration generally accepted to occur at more northerly latitudes as the dry season progresses. The observed pattern of relatively more terrestrial Palearctic species being found in the north is driven by their preference for less dense habitats that occur there, and so Palearctic distribution is likely to become more southerly as deforestation in the region continues.
The intra-African migration strategy of the Garden Warbler
Ulf Ottosson1,3, Yahkat Barshep1,2, Anders Helseth3, Mark F. Hulme4, Soladoye Iwajomo1 and Matthew C. Stevens4
1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, P.O. Box 13404, Jos, Nigeria. [email protected] 2Animal Demography Unit,
University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. 3Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden. 4University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
The Garden Warbler Sylvia borin breeds in the Palearctic and migrates to sub-Saharan Africa for the non-breeding season. We studied one part of the species’ migration in terms of body mass and fat deposition patterns. We sampled birds during autumn, winter and spring at three geographically well-separated places in Nigeria: Malamfatori (Sahel savanna), close to Lake Chad (1999–2000); Amurum (Guinea savanna) in north-central Nigeria (2001–2006); and on the Obudu Plateau (Submontane), in Southeast Nigeria (Oct–Dec 2005 and Dec 2007–Jan 2008). In Nigeria, Garden Warblers start to arrive in the northern Sahel zone at the end of August and spread southwards into the Sudan and Guinea savanna zones. In October–November Garden Warblers in the Guinea zone increase in body mass, apparently in preparation for an onward migration southeast towards the Congo Basin. Generally, the rate of mass increase in relation to lean body mass was higher in spring than in autumn and winter. Moreover the spring data was largely collected at Amurum as compared to Malamfatori. Perhaps most individuals fatten up during spring at the guinea savanna zone owing to its comparatively better conditions than the Sahel. Hence, if there are no other opportunities to feed en route, more fuel must be deposited at such suitable sites to effectively complete the long migration across Sahara. The relatively higher winter mean rate of increase in body mass as compared to the autumn mean may be attributed to the relatively longer distance from Obudu to the final wintering grounds as compared to the distance from Amurum to Obudu. Although a higher percentage of birds with higher fat scores, i.e. with more visible fat accumulated in the tracheal pit and on the abdomen, were trapped in Amurum (6.9%) in autumn and winter as compared
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to Obudu (4.2%), the mean fuel deposition rate of recaptured individuals at Amurum was negative (mean FDR: –0.86, n = 54). Garden Warblers recaptured from late Dec – early January at Obudu had reduced body masses. Moreover fewer individu-als were captured during this period. This suggests that many Garden Warblers continue their journey beyond Obudu while others spend the winter there.
Activités hivernales de Guêpier à gorge blanche (Merops albicollis) à Kisangani (RDC)
Andemwana Bapeamoni1, Agenong’a Upoki1, Marcel R. Libois2 & Michel Louette3
1LEGERA, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, RDC. [email protected] 2Unités de Recherches Zoo géogra-phiques, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège 3Royal Museum for Central Africa, B 3080 Tervuren, Belgique
Les migrations sont importantes et pas encore bien étudié depuis le travail de Moreau (1966). Cette étude contribue à la connaissance de ce migrateur interafricain dans son aire hivernale et elle a consisté à évaluer l’aire de son domaine vital, exploitation spatio-temporelle de ce dernier, à décrire son comportement alimentaire et ses considérations culturelles à Kisangani. Merops albicollis se reproduit au sahel et hiverne plus au sud. En RD Congo, les Uéles (au nord du pays), étaient jadis connues comme des régions accueillant ces oiseaux en cette période d’hivernage (Schouteden 1963, Chapin 1939). Cependant, à Kisangani, ville qui est située nettement plus au sud, ce guêpier était auparavant très peu connu étant donné qu’il s’agit d’une région forestière. Sa présence ici constitue un bio indicateur qui renseigne sur l’évolution paysagère de la région laquelle connaît une dégradation, non précédente, des habitats naturels à cause d’une exploitation anarchique de sols et de forêts. Le moment d’installation au dortoir variait relativement en fonction des périodes, le minimum étant observé en février et maximum, en juin. L’espèce exploite 4 biotopes pour la chasse et 13 espèces dont 12 Orthoptères et 1 vipère, ont été dans son régime alimentaire. Les pluies abondantes sont des paramètres environnementaux qui influent sur le choix de zone de chasse. L’étendue de domaine vital variait entre 200 à 5.000 m2, se compose de zone ‘gîte’, d’activités et de zone ‘non-active’. La végétation des dortoirs est décrite. Parmi la population locale, 30% des exploitants de la concession prospectée sont capables de le distinguer des autres guêpiers résidents. Nous pensons qu’il est nécessaire de présenter cette contribution au symposium.
[Winter activity of the White-throated Bee-eater (Merops albicollis) at Kisangani (DRC)]
[Intra-African migration is very significant, yet little studied since Moreau’s review more than 40 years ago. This study examines the habitats utilised by an intra-African migrant in winter, its feeding behaviour and its cultural significance in the Kisangani region. Merops albicollis breeds in the Sahel region, and “winters” further south. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the northern Uele region was long known as a wintering ground for this species. However, at Kisangani, much further south, this bee-eater was seldom recorded since the region was forested. Its current presence there reflects the degradation of the original natural habitat through uncontrolled exploitation of the forest and the clearing of the ground. The time of arrival at the roost sites varies seasonally, earliest in February, latest in June. The bee-eaters hunt in four biotopes, and 12 species of Orthoptera and one viper have been recorded as prey. Heavy rains are the main environmental factor determining the choice of foraging area. The area of the home range varies from 200–5000 m², comprising a core home area, a zone of active foraging, and a zone which is much less utilised. Among the local population, 30% of the sample questioned could recognise the other resident bee-eaters.]
Database of Western Palearctic birds migrating within Africa to guide conservation decisions
Bruno A. Walther
DIVERSITAS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Maison Buffon, 57 rue Cuvier – CP 41, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France. [email protected]
During the last seven years, a database on the African distributions of Western Palearctic migrants has been collated which currently contains about 250,000 point-locality records (www.macroecology.ku.dk/africamigrants). This interactive website allows records to be entered and downloaded. This database has allowed research to be done that has led to an improved understanding of the distribution and migration patterns of migrants, especially threatened species such as the Basra Reed Warbler Acrocephalus griseldis, the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola, the Cinereous Bunting Emberiza cineracea and the Corncrake Crex crex. It has furthermore improved our knowledge of habitat use, macroecology and conservation priorities of Palearctic migrant birds in Africa. This presentation will detail data sources, data analyses and the main results from this long-term research project. In particular, I will present (1) new GIS-based methods of modeling the distributional niche of migrant birds, (2) continent-wide species richness analyses which show the importance of distance to breeding
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grounds and habitat variables for species richness patterns of migrants, and (3) continent-wide analyses of conservation priority sites using the program WORLDMAP. This latest unpublished research pinpoints three main regions as conserva-tion priority regions for Palearctic migrants: (1) the Senegal River basin and the Inner Niger delta basin, (2) the coastal and mountainous regions of Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia, and (3) Kenya and north-eastern Tanzania. Future research priorities will be mentioned and discussed in brief.
8b: Symposium: Breeding Strategies in African Birds
The battle of the females: mate choice in cooperatively breeding birds
Amanda R. Ridley
Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
Mate choice, where individuals assess potential mates through characteristics that may indicate value as a potential breeding partner, has been extensively researched in biparental species. In cooperatively breeding species, where reproduction is monopolised by a small proportion of the adult population, breeding opportunities are rarer and more difficult to attain than in biparental species. Despite this, relatively little attention has been paid to the effect such differences may have on the occurrence of mate choice behaviour. In cooperative species, individuals looking for breeding opportunities must commonly fight and evict resident same-sex breeders, since vacancies arise relatively rarely. Fighting can be costly, resulting in significant loss of body mass and occasional injury. Individuals therefore benefit from being able to assess both the quality of their rival and the mate they are fighting for. In the highly cooperative pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor), dispersal and conflict behaviours suggest that females are able to accurately assess the quality of both rivals and males. In this species, females only attempt to usurp another from the breeding position if they are either (a) an equivalent or heavier weight or (b) part of a cohort of females fighting a resident female. Male body mass is an important influence on female dispersal behaviour: breeding females divorce their partners for heavier males, and subordinate females will not take up vacant breeding positions if the dominant male is relatively light. It appears that heavy males are worth fighting for: males with high body mass maintained their weight throughout the breeding season, provisioned young at a higher rate, lost less adult helpers to dispersal, and aggressively defended territory borders. Females may thus be willing to pay large costs (ignoring vacancies, delaying breeding, investing in costly fights) to pair with a heavy male. These costs highlight the importance of good quality males for breeding success and suggest that mate choice and rival assessment is an important and overlooked aspect of breeding behaviour in cooperative species.
Host-specific adaptation in African brood parasites
Claire Spottiswoode1 and John F.R. Colebrook-Robjent2
1Dept of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. [email protected] and Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa 2Musumanene Farm, PO Box 630303, Choma, Zambia
Brood parasitic birds exploiting multiple hosts sometimes show specialised adaptations that act to reduce egg rejection by different host species, leading to the evolution of distinct host-specific races or ‘gentes’ within a single parasitic species. Egg colour is well established to be specialised in this way in several cuckoos. However, host rejection behaviour may also exert selection for intraspecific divergence in other host egg traits. I show that eggshell thickess and egg size and shape also appear to have been involved in coevolutionary interactions in cuckoos and honeyguides, respectively, and have selected for intraspecific specialisation as expected from host rejection behaviour. Eggshell thickness was greatest in Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus gentes experiencing highest levels of host rejection, and in Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius gentes parasitising thicker-shelled hosts, as expected if strong eggshells in brood parasites serve to increase the costs of host rejection. In the Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator, egg size and shape were subtly adjusted to resemble those of different host species, as expected if tactile rather than visual cues are important to host rejection in the darkness of hole nests. These findings suggest that host-parasite arms races might involve egg properties beyond the shell surface.
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Breeding systems of shorebirds: is there a south–north chasm?
Tamas Szekely1 and Daniel Sol2
1Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. [email protected] 2Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
Shorebirds exhibit an unusual variation in many ecological, behavioural and life-history traits, and some of these traits are known to differ between temperate zone and tropical species. For example, polygamous breeding systems tend to be more common among temperate-zone shorebirds than in the south. We have two objectives in this presentation. First, to overview previous tentative relationships in the context of temperate versus tropical geographic distributions, and thoroughly test those using advanced phylogenetic comparative analyses. Second, using directional phylogenetic analyses test specific hypotheses on the likely sequences of phylogenetic events. Using the most extensive dataset on environmental, behavioural, and life-history traits of shorebirds to date, we anticipate that our analyses will reveal how and why different life-history adaptations are exhibited by shorebird species, and link this variation to breeding systems: mating systems and parental care. In addition, we will explore the implications of such a schism for cognitive abilities and conservation.
Influence of rainfall on timing and success of reproduction in Marabou storks, and post-fledging dispersal of juveniles
Ara Monadjem1 and Andrew J. Bamford2
1All Out Africa Research Unit; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland. [email protected] 2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics. LE12 5RD, UK
A decline in breeding success with later laying dates throughout a nesting season is a widespread phenomenon in species with a distinct breeding season, and some environmental correlate of timing is at least partly responsible in many species. This correlate is often thought to be food availability, but few studies have examined the role of climate. We studied a breeding colony of Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) in southern Africa over five breeding seasons. Timing of breeding was related to rainfall preceding the breeding season. Fecundity (chicks fledged per nest) declined through each season. The probability of an individual hatchling surviving to fledge was influenced by rainfall during the first 60 days after hatching. This suggests that overall rainfall during each breeding season should affect overall breeding success of the population, a prediction that is supported. Rainfall, which tends to increase through the breeding season, is therefore at least partly responsible for the decline in breeding success. We were unable to find evidence to support an effect of other factors, such as colony size and nest re-use, known to affect nest success in this species and other colonial breeding storks.
A total of 114 Marabou stork chicks were ringed in this five year period. Just one of 35 chicks fitted with colour rings had been resighted by December 2007, while 14 of 79 chicks fitted with patagial tags were resighted. Juvenile Marabou storks can disperse over 1500 km within their first year, sufficient to cover the large distances between breeding colonies.
Helpers enhance multiple components of breeding performance in the cooperatively breeding Karoo scrub-robin
Penn Lloyd1, Andrew Taylor1, Morné A. du Plessis1 and Thomas E. Martin2
1Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2USGS Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
Most studies examining helper contributions to breeding performance of cooperative breeders have focused on single forms of helper contribution, particularly offspring provisioning, and few have evaluated the relative importance to group reproductive performance of a broader range of helper contributions. We examined helper contributions to multiple components of breeding performance in the Karoo scrub-robin Cercotrichas coryphaeus, a facultative cooperative breeder in which 15–20% of pairs breed with usually a single helper. To separate the effect of helpers from the effect of territory and breeder quality, we measured helper versus breeder contributions directly, used mixed models to include female and territory identity as random terms, and compared pairs in successive years with and without helpers. We used the nest survival module of Program MARK to include individual and group- and time-specific covariates in building detailed models to investigate the influence of biological factors of interest on nest survival.
Helpers assisted the breeding male in allo-feeding the incubating female, but had a marginal effect on increasing allo-feeding rates. Yet, allo-feeding correlated positively with female nest attentiveness. Daily nest mortality during the egg stage,
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mostly from predation, was substantially lower among pairs breeding with one or more helpers than among pairs breeding alone. Helpers provisioned nestlings at almost the same rate as the breeding male and breeding female, leading to higher provisioning rates, reduced nestling starvation and increased nestling mass at nests with helpers. Nestling mass had a strong positive effect on post-fledging survival. In response to helper improvements of conditions for raising young, females started breeding earlier in the season (when nest predation was lower) and laid larger clutches when breeding in a cooperative group. Annual production of fledged young correlated strongly with the presence of helpers, being 83% greater for females breeding with one or more helpers. Although helpers enhanced multiple components of breeding performance, their strongest effect on annual productivity was through reducing nest predation during the egg stage.
8c: Symposium: The importance of IBAs and KBAs in international development
IBAs, KBAs, conservation policy and the 2010 Biodiversity Target
Leon Bennun, Lincoln Fishpool, M.N. Foster, Frank A. Hawkins and D.H. Knox
The Important Bird Area (IBA) approach took shape some 25 years ago, answering the need to move beyond Red List information to identify the places essential for species conservation. Since then, the BirdLife International Partnership has identified and documented over 10,000 IBAs and published over 100 national and regional directories, including that for Africa. Key Biodiversity Areas extend the IBA concept to other taxonomic groups, building up a more complete network of sites to conserve biodiversity as a whole: all IBAs are KBAs, but the reverse is not true. Key features of the IBA/KBA approach include (1) a participatory identification process, owned and driven nationally and using local expertise, but involving (2) the application of internationally agreed criteria reflecting vulnerability and irreplaceability. KBAs thus set national priorities within an international context. KBAs frequently bring important but neglected sites on to the conservation agenda. They are a starting point for Protected Area gap analysis and site-based conservation planning, a focus for advocacy and action, and a means of engaging local communities. As a very practical tool for achieving effective conservation, KBAs are gaining increasing recognition and traction in policy at the national, regional and global levels. For many parts of the world, KBAs have only been identified so far for the best-known group of organisms, birds. Fortunately, there is increasing evidence that IBAs are an excellent first cut of the overall KBA network, and form a sound initial basis for planning and directing conservation efforts.
Conservation and development in Africa: the contribution of IBAs and KBAs to sustainable human development
Hazell Shokellu Thompson, Jane W.N. Gaithuma and Julius Arinaitwe
BirdLife International – African Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
At the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000, the world leaders adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as measurable, time-bound goals and targets to guide nations towards sustainable human development. Although only MDG 7, on ensuring environmental sustainability, deals most explicitly with biodiversity, wise use of biological resources is important for the full range of development priorities encompassed by all eight MDGs. This paper looks at how the Important Bird Areas/Key Biodiversity Areas approach to conservation of biodiversity is contributing to sustainable human development. The main contributions are in terms of capacity development and human empowerment, planning and execution of conservation projects that contribute to alleviating poverty, as well as monitoring progress towards attaining the goals with accompanying advocacy. Some lessons on linking conservation with development are shared.
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KBAs/IBAs in a changing climate: reduction in emissions from deforestation and degradation opportunities for conserving KBAs in Madagascar
Zo L. Rakotobe1, Luciano Andriamaro1, Rasolohery Andriambolatsoa1, David Knox2, James MacKinnon1, Jeannicq Randrianarisoa1 and Harison Randrianasolo1
1Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Madagascar. [email protected] 2CABS-Conservation International, c/o Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa
In Madagascar, Conservation International and its partners have identified 171 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs). All of these KBAs should be future protected areas under the new protected areas system. This paper provides an overview of the opportunities that Reducing in Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) provides for ensuring the protection of these KBAs. Using the current national forest cover and the business as usual deforestation rates within and outside of protected areas, we estimate the future forest cover and thus deforestation avoided by the government’s planned KBA protection. Using data on national forest cover and historical deforestation rates, we estimate the future remaining forest cover based on two scenarios: business-as-usual and expansion of protected areas. Avoided carbon emissions are derived from the difference between the deforested areas under both scenarios. We demonstrate that REDD provides multiple benefits, including maintenance of carbon stocks and other critical ecosystem services, as well as providing added resources for biodiversity conservation and direct benefits to local communities.
Protected Area monitoring in Botswana: achieving CBD obligations and the target to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 using the Important Bird Area approach
Motshereganyi V. Kootsositse1, Dr. Lucas Rutina2 and Kabelo J. Senyatso1 1BirdLife Botswana, Private Bag 003, Suite 348, Mogoditshane, Botswana. [email protected] 2Department of Wildlife and National Parks, P.O. Box 131, Gaborone, Botswana
Biodiversity is one of the world’s natural resources that is disproportionably distributed within the tropical areas, and coincidentally where the majority of the world’s poor also live. The designation of Protected Areas (PAs) constitutes one of the principal means of conserving this biological diversity. However, most of the se areas are under huge pressure from various activities especially from human-induced factors. Therefore to stem the tide of biodiversity loss efforts are needed not only to meet conservation targets but also poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Hence in order to maximize conservation efforts and development benefits from limited resources, innovative, cheap but effective approaches are called for. A pre-requisite for this use of Protected Areas is an effective monitoring programme to ensure that activities are undertaken within the ecological limits of such areas. With funding from the European Commission, BirdLife International and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), BirdLlife Botswana and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks have instigated a four-year project to institute effective monitoring tool in Botswana, which deliver information on biodiversity trends in Protected Areas that overlap Important Bird Areas. The system will provide measures of trends in biodiversity conditions as early warning systems and to inform decision makers in the conservation of these conservation areas. The CBD The CBD program of work on protected areas obliges nations to make sure that by 2010, national and regional systems are established to enable effective monitoring of protected area coverage, status and trends at a national regional and global scale and to assist in evaluating progress in meeting the global biodiversity targets. The action also addresses strategic weakness of the formal PA systems as identified in the CBD COP 7 work program, especially the program Goal 4.3, which aims “to assess and monitor protected areas status and trends”.
Land cover changes on sites of high conservation importance in Africa assessed by remote sensing
George W. Eshiamwata1, Julius Arinaitwe1 and Graeme M. Buchanan2
1BirdLife International – African Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom
Changes in land cover are the main drivers of biodiversity loss, and these changes can occur at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The importance of biodiversity monitoring is increasingly recognised, with information urgently needed for conservation. This is used for planning, identification of threats and setting priorities for timely interventions, effective and efficient allocation of scanty conservation resources and evaluation of the likely impact of conservation activities at site, landscape and ecosystem level. Since conventional ground-based monitoring has its logistical implementation challenges, new tools, techniques and methodologies are being developed and promoted to compliment traditional methods and ensure effective, cost-effective, timely monitoring and analysis of land cover changes at key biodiversity sites. Using earth observation
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data, changes in land cover on a subset of sites of high conservation importance (Important Bird Areas) were assessed based on multi-temporal data from 1972 to present. Spatially explicit, quantified estimates of land cover are described and correlates of these changes considered. Additionally we highlight the potential use of remote sensing in monitoring IBAs.
8d: Symposium: Conservation of African Raptors (2)
Vultures in Tanzania: current status, threats and conservation initiatives
Neil E. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
With some 26% of its land well protected in large National Parks and Game Reserves Tanzania must be one of very few countries where these large raptors are still doing rather well. However with a human population growth of 2.5–2.9% there is little hope for the future. The Tanzania Bird Atlas now holds 807 000 records for the past 28 years and there are 8841 records for the seven species of vultures. A simple analysis based on the number of records for each species against the total number of records for that year will be presented. Trends from this analysis indicate that, as yet, there are no noticeable declines, except perhaps for the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus which is on the edge of its range in arid areas of north central Tanzania. Distribution and seasonality maps for each species will be presented against a background of protected areas and human demography.
Current status of the vulture populations within Yankari Game Reserve, Nigeria
Talatu Tende and Ulf Ottosson
A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria. [email protected]
Vultures have been observed to drop almost to extinction in Asia, a decrease that has been shown to be due to the use of the drug Diclofenac; a decrease of similar magnitude, including other raptors has been observed in West Africa though here Diclofenac is hardly used. During a ten month survey in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Northern Nigeria, three species of vultures: African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus), White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) and Rüppell’s Griffon Vulture (G. rueppellii) were regularly encountered. Two species were encountered just once; the Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) and the Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus). The highest number of individuals recorded at one time was 22 which can be compared to an observation of about 660 vultures at hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and elephant (Loxodonta africana) carcasses in 1984. From our observations we estimate that the minimum total number of vultures in Yankari is 22, though it is hard to estimate the real total number. The decline of vultures in Yankari agrees with the decline recorded in protected areas in the neighbouring countries. Two records of people hunting vultures for commercial purposes makes us believe that it is human persecution, and probably a dwindling number of game, that are the reasons for the decline in vultures in Yankari, and in Nigeria as a whole.
Does the presence of vulture restaurants influence the movement of Cape Vultures (Gyps coprotheres) in the Magaliesberg?
Kerri Wolter1, Vinny Naidoo2, Craig Whittington-Jones3 and Steven Piper4
1P.O. Box 285, Skeerpoort 0232, South Africa. 2University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, P. Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa. 3Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, P.O. Box 8769, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. [email protected] 4School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
Cape Vulture numbers have been declining throughout their range and while the reason(s) for this are not well understood, food shortage, poisoning and powerline collisions and electrocutions are thought to be the main threats. Interestingly, the Cape Vulture population in the Magaliesberg appears to have stabilized and may well be increasing despite substantial habitat transformation. Construction-related disturbances are thought to have caused the Nooitgedacht colony to be abandoned in the 1960s and while breeding resumed there in 1991, poisoning and powerline-associated mortalities have resulted in the virtual extinction of the Robert’s Farm colony. Only the Skeerpoort colony has continued to thrive. The establishment of an artificial feeding site at Nooitgedacht is thought to have been instrumental in promoting the recolonization of the abandoned colony at that site. The subsequent establishment of a further, regularly provisioned restaurant at the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve
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(RLNR) has possibly also contributed to the recovery of this species in the Magaliesberg, though the dependence of Cape Vultures on these artificial food sources remains to be determined. Cellular tracking devises with pre-programmed points of download, were used to determine the foraging ranges of nine free-ranging adult Cape Vultures in the Magaliesberg area. Vultures were captured at the RLNR in a purpose built aviary. An additional 121 Cape Vultures were tagged with individually numbered, yellow patagial tags for visual re-sightings. 540 GPS locality readings per bird were obtained over a 6 month period. All movements were south of the Magaliesberg breeding colonies with the maximum distance recorded of 262 km. All re-sightings of tagged adult were within a 100 km radius of the colonies whereas the immature birds were occasionally re-sighted as far as Botswana. The cell phone telemetry and re-sightings of patagial tagged vultures suggests that they largely restrict their movements to the areas they associate with food. With the ongoing urbanisation around Hartbeespoort Dam and the Magaliesberg Mountains, there are limited natural areas available for the vultures to forage. Therefore it is possible that these vultures have developed a dependency on vulture restaurants for their survival.
Monitoring breeding success of Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus in northern Botswana
Pete Hancock1, Mark Muller1, Brian Bridges1 and Wendy D. Borello2
Little is known about the breeding population and distribution of the Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus in Botswana. At the onset of a long-term project to address the situation, aerial searches were initiated in August 2006 in parts of northern Botswana during the main Lappet-faced Vulture breeding season to locate and map distribution and preferred habitat of nesting pairs. Further aerial surveys were flown during 2006, 2007 and 2008. The majority of nests were located on trees in grasslands within the Makgadikgadi Pan complex (20°30'S, 25°15'E) and some measure of breeding success was obtained. A proportion of nests were unoccupied in successive seasons and may be alternative nesting sites.
Ranging behaviour of juvenile Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis in southern Africa
Sonja C. Krüger1, Alfonso Godino2 and Daniel Hegglin3
1Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades, 3202, South Africa. [email protected] 2Bearded Vulture Project, 18190, Cenes de la Vega, Granada, Spain. 3SWILD, Wuhrstrasse 12, 8003 Zürich, Switzerland
The Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis population has declined drastically in southern Africa over the last century, resulting in an isolated population restricted to the Maloti-Drakensberg mountains. The species is classified as endan-gered based on its small and declining population, restricted and contracting range, and its susceptibility to several threats in Lesotho and South Africa. The baseline model of a population and habitat viability assessment for the species indicated that the southern African Bearded Vulture population will be extinct within 100 years at its current rate of decline. Modelling of different management scenarios suggests that this trend could be reversed by decreasing juvenile mortality rates. There was little data on juvenile mortality, behaviour, movements and foraging range and satellite telemetry was identified as the ideal way to obtain these data within the mountainous study area. Three juvenile Bearded Vulture were captured and fitted with satellite-tracking devices in 2007. This paper presents the spatial and temporal use of the home range of a male and a female bird during the six month summer period following their release. Both individuals ranged extensively across Lesotho and the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The ranging behaviour of the birds will be compared with the location of known threats, nest sites and feeding sites within their home range. This study provides the initial data required to identify the factors impacting on these birds which will be used to established mitigatory measures to reverse the decline of the species.
8e: Symposium: Causes and Conservation Consequences of Rarity
Conservation implications of differing life-history traits in two Afrotropical shorebirds
Philip A.R. Hockey
DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
Rarity is often a corollary of ecological specialisation, whereby the abundance of specialist species is regulated by the availability of one or more scarce, yet essential resources: this has been termed the ‘rarity trap’. This study uses the concept of the rarity trap as a backdrop to explore differences in abundance between two, very different shorebirds. The African Black
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Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini and the Crab Plover Dromas ardeola have exclusively and predominantly Afrotropical distributions, respectively. The oystercatcher is part of an extensive global radiation of the Haematopodidae, while the family Dromadidae is monotypic and range-restricted. The two species differ dramatically in their life-histories, with the few shared features including social monogamy, delayed maturity, small clutch sizes, sub- or semi-precocial chicks and extended post-fledging parental care. At face value, the Crab Plover is by far the more specialized of the two, breeding colonially in self-excavated burrows in level ground (a very rare breeding strategy across all birds), specializing on crabs as prey, and being migratory, with most of the population being clumped at a handful of non-breeding localities. Indeed, the lack of radiation in this family, thought to have persisted for some 35 million years, could be interpreted as a consequence of this super-specialised lifestyle. By contrast, African Black Oystercatchers are territorial (over-dispersed), fairly catholic in diet choice, and are non-migratory. However, despite these differences and the potential ‘rarity trap’ into which Crab Plovers could have fallen by virtue of extreme specialization, especially when breeding, Crab Plovers are some ten times more abundant than African Black Oystercatchers. This study contrasts the life-histories of the two species in the search for an explanation of why a super-specialist shorebird, seemingly with little or no evolutionary plasticity, is so much more numerous than a species with a more conservative evolutionary strategy in terms of both its life-history traits and its behavioural plasticity.
From abundant to extinct in the blink of an eye: floaters as an early warning of population collapse in territorial species, using the Aldabra Rail
Ross M. Wanless and Philip A.R. Hockey
DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
Floaters are key to the maintenance of a stable breeding population in territorial species. However, floaters are usually the most difficult portion of population to monitor. Here we use a population model to explore the impacts of an introduced predator (cats) on the demographic resilience of a territorial island bird, the Aldabra Rail Dryolimnas [cuvieri] aldabranus. Many small populations of insular birds have experienced extremely rapid extinctions. Our model predicts that a small population (3500 pairs) of Aldabra Rails can be driven to extinction extremely rapidly (≤20 years). Even if predation targets individuals at random, breeding vacancies get filled by floaters (typically in very short timeframes), which has the effect of depleting the floater population very rapidly while numbers of territory-holders remain stable. Thus, monitoring of only the number of territory-holding pairs is unlikely to reveal catastrophic impacts of predation until the population is on the verge of collapse. By contrast, the predicted rapid collapse of floaters gives a valuable early warning of impending extinction, providing a longer window of opportunity for conservation interventions.
Why is the Réunion Cuckoo-shrike Coracina newtoni, an island species, so rare?
Marc Salamolard1, Thomas Ghestemme1,2, Jean-François Centon1, Jerry Larose1, Vincent Robert3 and Damien Fouillot1
1Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de la Réunion, 13 ruelle des Orchidées, Cambuston, 97 440 Saint-André, Reunion Island, France. [email protected] 2Société d’Ornithologie de Polynésie -Te Manu, B.P. 21098, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. 3IRD, UR 016 Caractérisation et contrôle des populations de vecteurs, et MNHN, USM 504 Biologie fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, case postale 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
On the French Réunion Island, the endemic Réunion Cuckoo-shrike Coracina newtoni became very rare during the 20th century. Currently classified as Endangered, the species could be considered as a Critically Endangered with less than 30 breeding pairs. Research from the last decade illustrates how rarity can be underestimated using different approaches: e.g. field difficulties, bias in the censuses and in the sex ratio of the breeding population. The three main known threats for island bird species were tested on the Réunion Cuckoo-shrike, namely: bird disease, food availability and predation. No blood parasites were found (n = 10 birds), but two parasites (Trypanosoma avium and Leucocytozoon sp.) were found in Réunion Stonechat, Saxicoles tectes. Insect capture rates and feeding frequencies at the nest were compared with the closely related C. typica from Mauritius, a Vulnerable species but with a larger population than C. newtoni. Results suggest that C. typica tends to find food easier in its lowland environment than C. newtoni. The hypothesis that C. newtoni’s refuge area is sub-optimal habitat needs to be explored further. Artificial nests show high levels of nest predation by rats; this was confirmed by high densities of the two species of Rattus in trapping lines. Poisoning of rats resulted in a sharp increase (33% to 92.5%) in the breeding success of the cuckoo-shrike, and suggests that rat predation was the main cause of the rapid population decline, particularly mortality of the females – in 2006, the breeding population consisted largely of unpaired males (67 males compared with 25 females). Based on this study and conservation management principles, we propose that conservation actions need to be implemented as soon as possible to avoid drastic population declines and possible extinction in rare species.
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[Sur l’île française de la Réunion, île française de l’Océan Indien, l’Echenilleur Coracina newtoni CN est devenu extrême-ment rare au cours du 20ème siècle, passant récemment, d’un statut UICN ‘En Danger’ à ‘Critique’. Les études menées ces dernières décades montrent comment un niveau de rareté peut rester sous-estimé du fait des difficultés d’observation sur le terrain, de biais dans les dénombrements et l’estimation du sex ratio sur cette espèce.
Trois principales causes de menaces sur les oiseaux insulaires ont été testées: les maladies aviaires, la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires et la prédation.
Les parasites sanguins n’ont pas été trouvés chez l’Echenilleur (n = 10), et seulement chez 2 des 16 oiseaux indigènes de la même zone analysés (Trypanosoma avium et Leucocytozoon sp. ont été trouvé chez le Tarier de la Réunion, Saxicoles tectes).
Le taux de capture des insectes et la fréquence de nourrissage des poussins au nid est beaucoup plus faible chez l’Echenilleur de la Réunion que chez le Coracina typica, l’espèce la plus proche qui vit à plus basse altitude sur l’Ile Maurice. L’hypothèse d’un déplacement de cette espèce (et ses causes) vers un habitat suboptimal d’altitude reste à explorer dans l’avenir.
La pose de nids artificiels a montré un très fort taux de prédation par les rats, menace confirmée par les fortes densités de Rattus rattus et R. norvegicus mesurées par le piégeage (taux de piégeage de 19 à 32%). Les résultats encourageants des grilles d’empoisonnement autour des sites de nidification ont démontré que la prédation par les rats était la principale cause de déclin de l’espèce: le succès reproducteur est augmenté de 33,0% à 92,5 % pour les couples située sur les quadrats où les populations de rats sont contrôlées. Cette prédation explique également le sex-ratio de la population reproductrice biaisé en faveur des mâles: 67 mâles et seulement 25 femelles en 2006.
Les études et les actions de conservation ont été conduites en parallèle. L’expérience dans le cas de cette espèce montre que les actions de conservation doivent être mises en œuvre aussi tôt que possible dans le cas des espèces rares.]
How research on endangered birds in Madagascar has assisted in their conservation
Lily-Arison Rene de Roland and Russell Thorstrom1The Peregrine Fund Project, P.O. Box 4113, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar. [email protected] 2The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, Idaho 83709, USA
In 1990, the Peregrine Fund, an American nongovernmental species restoration and conservation organisation, began working in Madagascar. One of their main goals in Madagascar was to conserve raptors and other biodiversity in nature. During the past 18 years, we have rediscovered three endemic and critically-endangered birds: the Madagascar Serpent-eagle Eutriorchis astur (1993), the Madagascar Red Owl Tyto soumagnei (1994), and the Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata (2006), a diving duck and first nests were described for these three species in November 1997, September 1995, and in June 2007, respectively. Research on these species has lead to important information on their natural history, nesting ecology, food habits, habitat use, present distribution and major threats. This knowledge gathered on these endangered species has helped in their conservation in nature and in protecting important habitat for them and other biodiversity.
An assessment of key habitat criteria for the critically endangered Djibouti francolin Francolinus ochropectus in Djibouti
The Djibouti francolin Francolinus ochropectus is a Critically Endangered bird species inhabiting only two mountainous areas in Djibouti, east Africa. The population is estimated to be only 500–1000 birds in its stronghold, the Forêt du Day in the Goda Massif, where only about 14–15 km2 of its preferred habitat remains. Djibouti Nature initiated a conservation programmes for the species in collaboration with the World Pheasant Association (WPA). The first, exploratory phase, was carried out in February 2004 to assess the extent of the remaining habitat, undertake pilot work for detailed research on the species’ population and habitat requirements, initiate a questionnaire survey of local people and build a consortium in Djibouti with conservation organisations, under the auspices of the Ministère de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Environnement, et de l’Aménagement du Territoire. Further analysis of data gathered during the first phase has enabled the WPA to estimate the population of the Djibouti francolin in the Goda Massif at 612–723 adult birds. This is towards the lower end of the 1998 estimate and may indicate a further decline in numbers. Analysis of data from point samples reveals that the francolins appear to be searching for habitat as close to the original Juniper forest cover as possible, although many birds were still in the wadis and in the lower, more open woodland at the end of the breeding season. A second phase field work was carried out in January–February 2006. The main focus of this phase was to capture and radio-tag birds in order to track them to see which habitats and part of the range they are using over the year. Unfortunately, the team was not successful in capturing and tagging any birds. As this work is fundamental to understanding the francolin’s behaviour and current requirements, we
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will need to re-assess the trapping methods for the coming season. Continuing research on francolin ecology and monitor-ing of the population will be required over the next few, critical years. Further surveys of local villagers are also required to enable targeted stakeholder involvement. Further protection measures, including constructing more stock enclosures and establishing a Juniper nursery in the Day Village area are proposed and seen as priority actions. Building capacity among the Djibouti Government, nature conservation NGOs and people of the Goda and Mabla regions is also seen as a priority as it is vital that these stakeholders are fully involved in any conservation plans for the Djibouti francolin and its habitat. Urgent action is required to ratify Protected Area status for the Forêt du Day, together with management plans for both the habitat and the Djibouti Francolin.
9: PleNARy: Habitat Fragmentation and Avian Conservation in Africa
Dr Mwangi Githiru
Ornithology section, Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is both overwhelming and diverse. Different people concep-tualise and measure fragmentation differently, making the drawing of general conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction difficult. The first part of this paper seeks to provide some theoretical foundation. Essentially, habitat fragmentation is defined here as a landscape-scale process involving both habitat loss and the break in habitat connectivity. These two ought to be measured explicitly and independently. Based on the island biogeography theory, extensive contiguous habitats are expected to hold more bird species than smaller isolated ones. Do such patches retain any usefulness for conservation? This is discussed in the light of the SLOSS debate and metapopulation theory.
In the second part of the paper, the impacts of habitat fragmentation on birds in Africa are assessed from three thematic slants – habitat and species vulnerability; patterns vs. mechanisms; and management. This part will review the type and quality of empirical evidence available in Africa for the three themes. Species and habitat sensitivities section assesses the species and habitats that are most vulnerable, especially because habitat fragmentation is almost synonymous with forest fragmentation. Patterns vs. mechanisms evaluates whether underlying processes driving the impacts of habitat loss and/or fragmentation are as clear as patterns. For instance, are demographic causes of population declines always more important than genetic or abiotic causes? Finally, evidence for effective management of the conservation problem is appraised. Does understanding spatial structures and metapopulation dynamics result in formulation of effective within-patch or between-patch conservation strategies?
In all, it is clear that more empirical studies of the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation per se are needed throughout the continent, which also calls for better ecological knowledge of Afrotropical forest avifauna. The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) in the central Brazilian Amazon is briefly described here as an example of a unique fragmentation experiment. Finally, unresolved issues for research and conservation in Africa with regard to habitat fragmentation are highlighted.
9a: Symposium: Habitat fragmentation in African landscapes
Effect of surrounding landscape matrix and distance on bird distribution in highly fragmented cork oak forest (Mamora forest, Morocco)
Imad Cherkaoui1, Vincent Devictor2, Romain Julliard2, Slaheddine Selmi3, Dakki Mohammed4 and Hamid Rguibi Idrissi5
1U.F.R., Biodiversité et Aquaculture, Univ. Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Dépt. de Biologie, Rabat-Agdal, Morocco. [email protected] 2C.R.B.P.O, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France. 3Dépt. des Sciences de la Vie et de la terre, Faculté des Sciences de Gabés, Zrig 6072, Gabès, Tunisia. 4Centre d’Etude des Migrations d’Oiseaux, Institut Scientifique, Charia Ibn Battota, BP 703, 10116 Rabat-Agdal, Morocco. 5Faculté des Sciences, Dépt. de Biologie, Univ. Chouaib Doukkali, Laboratoire. Biodiversité Valorisation des ressources Naturelles, El Jadida, Morocco
We examined the effects of cork oak fragments connectivity with Eucalyptus and Acacia plantations and the influence of distance between fragments on Mamora forest bird communities. Systematic sampling for habitat and birds was carried out
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in 44 pure cork oak fragments. We assumed that long-term avian monitoring stations, using counting points, can provide data useful for quantification of relative avian use of biological corridors. The mosaic approach considers fragments as integrated parts of a complex landscape composed of patches of habitat of different qualities. The Mamora cork oak forest is extended actually on about 130 000 ha from 300 000 in the beginning of the 20th century, severely fragmented, and it is imbedded in a matrix of exotic plantations. We calculated similarity indexes: Sorensen (Is) and Jaccard (Ij) using COMDYN program for different bird communities according to their migration phenology and forest sensitivity. Both indexes as well as autocorrelation term namely Autocor served to calculate distance effect on bird assemblages. While the forest birds recruitment within different cork oak fragment was studied according to the matrix type using ANOVA test. Results suggest that there is no significant effect of distance on different bird assemblages while the landscape matrix had a high significant effect on bird distribution. We concluded that the type of vegetation adjacent to oak forest fragments had a significant effect on the composition of the bird community inhabiting them. This would reduce temporarily the effect of fragmentation.
The effects of fragmentation on bird species diversity on the Obudu Plateau, south-eastern Nigeria
Filibus D. Sami1, Shiiwua A. Manu2, Jeremy Lindsell3 and Georgina S. Mwansat2
1Dept of Zoology, University of Jos, Nigeria. [email protected] 2A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria. 3Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UK
The Obudu Plateau is the most important single site in Nigeria for globally threatened bird species (White-throated Mountain Babbler Kupeornis gilberti, Bannerman’s Weaver Ploceus bannermani and Green-breasted Bush-shrike Malaconotus gladiator). This study examines how fragmentation through changes in patch size and further increasing distances between forest patches affect the species diversity and their mean numbers. Mean numbers of bird species were higher in large forest patches and decrease as patch size decreases. Isolation of forest patches had a significant effect on bird species as their mean numbers decrease with increase in isolation distance.
Landscape use of three frugivorous bird species in a heavily fragmented cloud forest system in south-east Kenya
Valérie Lehouck1,2, Toon Spanhove1,2 and Luc Lens1
1Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. [email protected] 2Ornithology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Habitat fragmentation, loss and degradation are among the major threats to tropical forests and have long-term effects on life communities. The landscape structure strongly influences movement patterns of birds and the ability of birds to use the matrix strongly depends on their specific habitat requirements and the structural resistance of the matrix habitat.
We studied movement patterns of three frugivorous forest specialist birds, the Stripe-cheeked greenbul (Andopadus milanjensis), the Taita thrush (Turdus olivaceus helleri) and the Hartlaub’s Turaco (Tauraco hartlaubi) in the Taita Hills, south-east Kenya. Our study area comprises only few fragments of mostly degraded indigenous cloud forest persisting in a landscape otherwise dominated by a mosaic of dry shrub land and farmland. The smaller fragments are 2–8 ha and the larger ones around 100 ha, only. In an earlier study, we found no evidence for fruit tracking behaviour between fragments, but exchange with the landscape surrounding the indigenous forest fragments seemed to occur. In this study, 32 greenbuls, 9 thrushes and 2 turaco’s were fitted with a light-weight radio transmitter and their detailed movements registered. Although the movements of the rare, endemic subspecies of T. olivaceus was almost restricted to the forest interior, both T. hartlaubi and A. milanjensis regularly left the indigenous forest to feed on isolated fruiting trees, either indigenous or exotic, scattered in the landscape. Between-fragment movements were also observed for the latter species. The consequences of the landscape use of these species are discussed in relation to seed dispersal and forest regeneration potential. Finally, suggestions are given to increase connectivity in heavily fragmented landscapes.
Landscape composition influences the restoration of bird assemblages in regenerating subtropical dune forest
Matthew J. Grainger1, Rudi J. van Aarde1 and Theo D. Wassenaar1,2 1Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria 0001, South Africa. [email protected] 2African Wilderness Restoration, P.O. Box 11997, Klein Windhoek 9000, Namibia
The seminal theory of Island Biogeography, and its subsequent incarnations of metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics, dictates that landscape pattern influences colonisation and extinction within a discrete habitat patch. Essentially,
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the distance from a source of colonisers to a habitat patch, as well as the patch size, determines the probability of successful colonisation. This relationship between landscape pattern and colonisation has several implications for the restoration of bird assemblages after mining. For example, changes in the landscape outside a restoration area may influence the probability that birds disperse from source areas, and even if they disperse, that they find rehabilitating areas to colonise. If this is true, management must focus on both the rehabilitating site and surrounding landscape. We studied the pattern of bird colonisations (and non-colonisations) in dune forest restoration sites close to Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Here Richards Bay Minerals has been mining, and subsequently rehabilitating coastal sand dunes, aiming to restore a dune forest on part of the mined area. We looked for evidence that current landscape pattern and landscape changes over the past decade are related to bird community structure and composition on remnant forest patches, some of which are regenerating spontaneously after past anthropogenic disturbances. We surveyed birds in these patches and tested for the effect of i) distance to a large undisturbed forest patch, ii) size of remnant patch and iii) shape of remnant patch on the probability of finding birds of different ecological characteristics. We found that certain forest specialists did not occur further than 20 km from the largest and least disturbed continuous primary forest patch. Patch size and shape, and changes in these parameters, had less influence on bird colonisation. Our results strongly suggest that landscape changes, a regional effect, have major implications for local success in restoration. Restoration management should therefore focus on protecting remnant forest patches from degradation, and enhancing habitat quality for birds in these patches.
Inverse edge effects on nest predation in Afrotropical forest fragments: a case study with natural and artificial ground nests
Toon Spanhove1,2, Valérie Lehouck1,2 and Luc Lens1
1Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium. [email protected] 2Ornithology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Habitat fragmentation progressively increases the edge to interior ratio and might alter ecological interactions due to edge-effects. In several studies, nest predation rates are typically higher close to the edge, due to the penetration of predators from the matrix and edge habitat in the forest interior. Empirical support for these edge effects on nest predation, however, remains weak or heterogeneous among studies, probably because nest predators differ in their response to habitat change. We studied spatiotemporal variation in predation on natural and artificial ground nests in a fragmented forest of south-east Kenya during three consecutive years. In the absence of avian predators closely associated with agricultural fields or forest edges, predation rates on natural nests were found to decrease, rather than increase, closer to forest edges and in smaller forest fragments. Other studies from the Afrotropics reveal similar patterns in nest predation. These inverse edge effects were believed to result from shifts in mammalian predator communities, with forest-restricted predators being more abundant in forest interior parts than near edges. In contrast, predation of nests in other biogeographical regions is more often attributed to avian predators that are associated with edges. In the specific case of inverse edge effects, breeding success of forest generalist birds can be predicted to be positively, rather than negatively, affected by habitat fragmentation, while forest specialists may suffer high predation and increased competition with forest generalists. These findings might have important consequences for population dynamics, ecosystem processes and conservation planning.
9b: Symposium: Using land Bird monitoring to Develop Biodiversity Indicators
From land bird monitoring to policy-relevant biodiversity indicators in Africa
Richard D. Gregory
Department of Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom. [email protected]
When properly designed and implemented land bird monitoring provides a vital tool tracking changes in bird populations, determining conservation priorities among species, identifying threats in the environment, and in constructing policy-relevant biodiversity indicators. Unsurprisingly perhaps, we often know more about the status of rare bird species than common ones, and yet trends in the latter show us how the environment is changing and about the sustainability of human resource and land use. In countries and regions where bird monitoring has occurred, many widespread species have been found to be in severe decline and in need of urgent conservation action. To be effective bird surveys should follow formal designs (sampling strategies and fieldwork methods), but they can use relatively simple methods and do not necessarily require high levels of expertise, or time investment. Surveys aimed at skilled volunteers can be low-cost, sustainable and deliver high
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quality results. By focussing on birds around us, monitoring of widespread and common birds can raise public interest in an enjoyable participatory activity and increase participation in other conservation activities. Indeed, multi-species synthetic indicators derived from such data have proven excellent tools in communicating on the state of nature to a wide audience. Biodiversity indicators based on bird data can provide a tangible measure of progress towards the global and regional targets to reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, as agreed by world leaders. The CBD promotes the use of twenty-two indicators, including: Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species. In a new initiative, we are seeking to encourage the development of land bird monitoring across Africa, helping to establish new count schemes where appropriate, and to make use of ongoing and recent bird monitoring activities. We are keen for national representatives and organizations to contribute to and help guide the development of bird population monitoring in Africa as part of the wider Global Wild Bird Indicator project.
How much ‘common’ bird population monitoring is being done across Africa?
Kariuki P. Ndang’ang’a
BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
‘Common birds’ are the everyday birds around us, in both altered and natural habitats, whose populations we want to maintain. In addition to helping in detecting changes in populations and highlighting declines, consistent monitoring of common wild bird populations has been used elsewhere to indicate change in the wider environment. This paper reviews the existing wide range of bird population monitoring activities in Africa and attempts to seek a common ground from them. It suggests ways of building upon them to come up with a coordinated system of monitoring common birds in Africa. A detailed review is provided for 13 countries in Africa in which the current on-going Common Bird Monitoring efforts are described. Ways of enhancing the current monitoring efforts to increase their utility for Common Bird Monitoring are explored.
Monitoring bird populations in Uganda
Derek Pomeroy
Makerere University Institute of Environment & Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda. [email protected]
Concerned about global trends, birds and other biodiversity have been monitored in Uganda for more than a decade. Waterbirds are counted at more than 20 wetland sites, and many breeding colonies are regularly checked. Other occasionally monitored birds are cranes, raptors, weavers and urban scavengers. So far, we find that most birds, unlike many mammals, have populations that are stable or increasing – but not all. The biggest programme is that for landbirds, which, by the end of 2008, will include more than 950 counts of nearly 500 non-forest species at 39 sites. These sites are geographically dispersed and are stratified by land use (natural, pastoral and agricultural) and by original natural vegetation (forest, moist savanna, dry savanna and impeded drainage). Counts began in 1983 but those from earlier years were not originally intended for monitoring. Regular twice-a-year counts at all sites began only in 2004. All landbird counts are Timed Species Counts (TSCs), which were originally developed to cope with species-rich habitats (lists can go up to 50 species in an hour within a single habitat). For analysis, we are currently using a subset of about 100 commoner species, which have reasonable amounts of data and which can be reliably identified by volunteers. Of this set, 27 are common farmland species and these have shown a significant increase during this period, as has a set of birds that require trees as a major part of their environment, despite extensive tree-felling in some areas. Even more interesting, the species of conservation concern have also shown a significant increase (although these are mainly regionally- rather than globally-listed species). Two groups have declined, although not significantly – aerial species such as swallows and swifts, and Palearctic migrants. Some 20 African countries are currently monitoring waterbirds, using total counts. But as yet, there are far fewer schemes for landbirds. In Europe, point counts and transects are the most commonly used methods. There are a number of problems with point counts, but both transects and TSCs yield good data, the latter after transformation. Indices can be created from either method, allowing comparisons across different countries, regions and times.
Kenya Birdfinder: promoting effective bird monitoring and conservation through online databasing
Philista A. Malaki
National Museums of Kenya, Zoology Department Ornithology Section, P.O. Box 40658, 00100GPO, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
The call for for information on biodiversity is increasingly becoming a necessity due to threats at global, national and local levels. Adequate, correct, timely and accessible information can be used for effective planning and formulating realistic
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conservation priorities. Kenya Birdfinder, an internet-based electronic database linked to Worldbirds, facilitates the collection of current and updated records of bird observations as a source of information to monitor bird populations. A lot of information on birds currently exists as either ‘grey’ literature or museum specimens and may consequently never be re-utilized for conservation action once the initial results are published. Through Worldbirds, Kenya Birdfinder communicates the major findings of submitted records to organisations concerned with conservation and advocacy, allowing data to be shared and disseminated more widely, thus contributing to avifaunal conservation on a larger scale. Since the inception of the database tremendous achievements have been made on the kinds of information being submitted by volunteers across the country, and the number of users has greatly increased – currently there are over 400 registered users of the database. Being web-based, continued promotion of the system will allow Kenya Birdfinder to continue to provide a highly effective means of collecting data, as well as having the facility to allow scientifically rigorous analysis and presentation of data. These will provide a comprehensive picture of the status of Kenya’s avifauna, whilst at the same time providing a continuous, valuable and feasible source of data for monitoring bird populations for conservation.
The Global Wild Bird Indicator Project and developing Common Bird Monitoring in Africa
Danaë K. Sheehan, Mark Eaton and Richard D. Gregory
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Conservation Science Department, UK. [email protected]
The ‘Global Wild Bird Indicator’ project began in 2007, coordinated and funded by the RSPB and BirdLife International, with additional support from the 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, with the ultimate aim to develop a Global Wild Bird Indicator to monitor and report on the impact of environmental change on bird populations worldwide. The project will work with local partner organisations in a number of countries, firstly through BirdLife International’s network of partners, with the intention of building local and regional capacity for Bird Population Monitoring, and engagement with local/regional policy forums. The scheme will aim for long-term sustainability by engaging volunteer observers in simple and rewarding bird monitoring with clear objectives and conservation value, and with high quality support for participants. Following a successful review of ongoing bird monitoring activities in Africa, a detailed global review of existing bird monitoring schemes, and capacity assessment of potential participating countries is currently being carried out. Counts of particular species or groups are well established, popular and extend back some time. Some of these existing schemes could be expanded, whilst others could be harmonized, enhanced and joined up to maximise their effectiveness and usefulness. The project will also coordinate the development of systematic, widespread Bird Population Monitoring within representative habitats across countries. Initially, this is being piloted in selected African countries, but will be extended to other continents in time. The project supports the implementation of appropriate survey designs at an appropriate number of sites per country, using local observers. This will cover abundant and widespread species both inside and outside of protected areas. The project will also implement online data collection through bespoke new development of the ‘Worldbirds’ system. This paper reports on the results of the review of ongoing bird monitoring schemes, and the development of new Common Bird Monitoring schemes with selected African BirdLife NGOs.
9c: Symposium: waterbirds and wetland Conservation in Africa (2)
Waterbirds and wetland conservation in Tanzania
Neil E. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
The first national waterbird count did not take place until January 1995 (Baker 1997) and the second not until ten years later (Baker in prep.). There have been only ad hoc counts at rather few sites during other years (AfWC refs). However a good feel for the distribution of both important sites and individual species can be drawn from the 807 000 database records held by the Tanzanian Bird Atlas Project. Information from the 1995 count and the TBAP database enabled the identification of 40 shadow Ramsar sites (Baker & Baker 2002). Five sites are now gazetted with others identified and under review. Current government legislation and wildlife policy focuses on protecting watersheds and wetlands, especially those holding populations of threatened species. Single Species Action Plans are underway for 11 AEWA listed species and others will follow. An overview of sites and species will be presented, updating the site lists given in the IBA which is now ten years old.
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Effects of management practices on the use of rice fields by waterbirds in Eastern Uganda
Sarah Nachuha1 and John Quinn2
1Islamic University in Uganda, Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 2555, Mbale, Uganda. [email protected] 2Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
Rice is gaining importance in Uganda both as a commercial and local food crop. Rice fields in eastern Uganda are an important habitat for waterbirds and therefore it is important to understand the potential impacts that changes in management practice would have to the distribution and abundance of waterbirds. Eighty-two total counts of 26 four ha-plots were made, from which 43 waterbird species and 20 821 individuals from 15 families were recorded. Of the 15 families censused, the family Threskiornithidae represented 30%, Ardeidae 27%, Anatidae 16%, while the remaining 27% were accounted by 12 waterbird families. Spatial and temporal variation in species diversity and abundance were examined in the fields at different phases of rice growing. Each variable was tested for differences among 1) ploughed fields, 2) fields with rice at Phase One, 3) fields with rice at Phase Two, and 4) harvested fields. Invertebrate feeders were the main component of the waterbird community, comprising 21 species (49%). Ploughed fields and fields with rice at Phase One were more species diverse (1.90±0.47, 1.77±0.56) and supported more waterbirds (662.8±830.9, 246.3±279.9) respectively. Variation in water depth had significant effects on some aspects of the waterbird community. Water quality was remarkably similar in all the plots. My finding suggests that the rice farming practice creates a simple mosaic of habitats some of which are attractive to waterbirds.
Differential harvestability of fish by birds and man leaves Lake Victoria’s piscivorous birds marginal prey
Jan H. Wanink1,2 and Kees (P.C.) Goudswaard1,3
1Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. [email protected] 2Koeman en Bijkerk bv, Ecological Research and Consultancy, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Nether-lands. 3Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen IMARES, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands
Harvestability of Lake Victoria’s major fish species by man, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis was investigated in the Mwanza Gulf (Tanzania). The harvestable fraction of the fish stock was defined as the fish that are available (detectable, accessible and ingestible) and profitable. Before the upsurge of introduced Nile Perch Lates niloticus, small-sized haplochromine cichlids dominated the fish community. After the Nile Perch boom, most offshore living haplochromines vanished, while the inshore species declined in numbers. Numbers of the much larger Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, a demersal species with an inshore distribution, increased. Nile Perch, predominantly a bottom dweller, became dominant in the offshore waters, together with Dagaa Rastrineobola argentea, a very small cyprinid. Adult Dagaa dwell near the bottom during daytime and near the surface at night. By day, most surface-dwelling Dagaa are juveniles and parasitized adults. Various fishing techniques applied during day and night make the larger part of all fish stocks harvestable to man. The bird species investigated hunt during daytime only. Fish dwelling more than 30 cm below the surface are inaccessible to Pied Kingfishers. To Great Cormorants fish are accessible and partly profitable up to about 8 m deep. Before the Nile perch boom haplochromine cichlids dominated the diet of both bird species, Dagaa being additional prey for Pied Kingfisher. Thereafter, the birds fed on Dagaa and to a small extend on juvenile Nile perch. To both bird species only a small fraction of relatively small-sized haplochromines were available and profitable, while the most profitable sized Dagaa were inaccessible. Dagaa harvestable by Pied Kingfishers comprised juveniles and parasitized adults mainly. Great Cormorants (and probably Pied Kingfishers) took Nile Perch smaller than the average size accessible and ingestible. This was attributed to a dangerously enlarged spine in the dorsal fin of the fish. Most Nile Tilapias are inaccessible or not ingestible to the birds. In comparison to man, the birds are left marginal prey. Based on their abundance and prey selection, Great Cormorant and Pied Kingfisher cannot be regarded as serious competitors of fishermen in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria.
Impact de la flore flottante dans les étangs de Scolasticat à Kisangani (RDC) sur les fréquentations d’oiseaux d’eau
Andemwana Bapeamoni1, Agenong’a Upoki1 & Michel Louette2
1LEGERA, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani (RDC). [email protected] 2Royal Museum for Central Africa, B 3080 Tervuren, Belgique
Cette étude compare quatre étangs de la concession scolasticat à Kisangani (00°32'669 N, 25°12'844 E; alt. 393 m) en évaluant la fréquentation des oiseaux d’eau dans chacun d’eux. Les observations et le comptage se faisaient chaque dimanche pendant
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deux ans (du 28 janvier 2006 au 30 novembre 2007) et elles nous ont permit de recenser, au total, 4.906 oiseaux appartenant à 25 espèces. Ces oiseaux étaient présents en nombres égaux entre 07h00 et 09h00 (27,9%) et entre 16h00 et 18h00 (26,8%). Mensuellement, les mois de février (41,32%) et de janvier (19,6%) ont présenté des nombres les plus élevés. Les espèces Actophilornis africana (28,5%) et Phalacrocorax africanus (12,2%), etaient les plus fréquentes. Trois espèces végétales, Nénuphar (Nymphaea lotus), Jacinthe d’eau (Eichhornea crassipes) et Azolla (Azolla pinata) envahissaient habituellement les étangs. L’étang à Nymphéa a présenté la diversité d’oiseaux la plus grande tant spécifique que numérique. Cette plante aquatique stabilise l’eau et attire, par la disposition de ses feuilles à la surface de l’eau, des insectes aquatiques et/ou semi aquatiques divers, créant ainsi une longue chaîne alimentaire à disponibilité permanente et abondante de ressources pour les oiseaux et leurs oisillons. Les étangs envahis par les deux autres plantes apparaissaient nettement moins attractifs pour les oiseaux en question.
[The influece of floating vegetation on waterbird usage of the ponds in the Scolasticat at Kisangani (DRC)]
[This study compares four ponds in the Scolasticat concession at Kisangani (00°32'669 N; 25°12'844 E; alt. 393 m) with respect to their utilisation by waterbirds. Observations and counts were carried out every Sunday over two years (28 January 2006 to 30 November 2007). We recorded in total 4906 birds of 25 species. The numbers of birds were similar at two different times of day, 07h00–09h00 (27.9%) and 16h00–18h00 (26.8%). On a monthly basis, the highest numbers were noted in February (41.3%) and January (19.6%). Actophilornis africana (28.5%) and Phalacrocorax africanus (12.2%) were the most frequently recorded species. Three plants, Nymphaea lotus, Eichhornea crassipes and Azolla pinata regularly covered the ponds. The pond with Nymphaea had both the greatest species diversity as well as the largest numbers of birds. This aquatic plant stabilises the water and with its leaves on the surface, attracts a wide range of both aquatic and semi-aquatic insects, providing ample food resources for birds and their young. The ponds invaded by the other two plants, notorious alien invasive species, appeared much less attractive to the birds in question.]
Ecologie de l’avifaune aquatique dans la sebkha de la sebkha de Bazer-Sakra (Sétif, Algérie) – Etat des lieux 2004–2007
Naima Baaziz & Moussa Houhamdi
Département de Biologie, Université du 08 Mai 1945, Guelma
Les hautes plaines de l’Est algérien s’étalant de Sétif (1200 m) à Oum El-Bouaghi (800 m) renfermant une grande variété de plans d’eau de faciès très diversifiés. La sebkha de Bazer-Sakra se trouvant dans l’extrême ouest de ces hautes plaines représente un écosystème aquatique hypersalé et elle est fréquentée par une avifaune aquatique très adaptée. Dans notre étude étalée sur trois années (décembre 2004–décembre 2007), nous avons inventorié tous les mois à raison d’une sortie par quinzaine (soit 72 sorties) tous les oiseaux d’eau ayant fréquentés ce plan d’eau. Au total 47 espèces appartenant à 17 familles ont été recensés. Ce peuplement est composé principalement d’Anatidés et de Rallidés (53%), des Limicoles (37%), des Laridés (07%), des Phœnicoptéridés et des Gruidés (03%). La majorité de ces espèces sont observés durant la période hivernale (oiseaux hivernants 61%, estivants 18%, de passage 13% et considérés rares 08%). Ces espèces utilisent le plan d’eau de différentes manières, un grand nombre se concentrent au centre du plan d’eau alors que de faibles effectifs en quête de nourriture fouinent les secteurs vaseux et les zones de balancement des eaux de la sebkha. Nous projetons dans notre poster de donner dans un premier lieu une check-list plus ou moins détaillée de toutes les espèces d’oiseaux d’eau observés dans la sebkha, tout en mentionnant leurs statuts dans le site et en Algérie puis exposer les variations des effectifs totaux des principales familles tout en indiquant leurs modalités d’occupation spatiale du plan d’eau.
[Ecology of the aquatic birds in the sebkha of Bazer-Sakra (Sétif, Algérie): the situation from 2004–2007]
[The high plains of eastern Algeria extend from Sétif (1200 m) to Oum El-Bouaghi (800m) including a wide variety of water bodies of different types. The sebkha of Bazer-Sakra lies inthe extreme west of the high plains, and represents a hypersaline ecosystem, frequented by specialised waterbirds. Over three years (December 2004–December 2007), we have counted all the waterbirds on this lake every month on fortnightly visits (72 counts). In total 47 species belonging to 17 families were recorded. The avifauna is comprised mainly of ducks and rallids (53%), waders (37%), gulls and terns (7%), flamingos and cranes (3%). Most species are observed in winter (wintering birds 61%, summer visitors 18%, birds on passage 13%, and rare species 8%). These birds utilise the lake in different ways, with a large number of birds concentrated in the centre of the water body with smaller groups foraging in the muddy margins and the areas of inflow into the sebkha. We will present a checklist of all bird species recorded on the sebkha, discussing their status at this site and in Algeria, noting the changes in abundance of the main family groups, and their spatial distribution on the water surface.]
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9d: Symposium: Volunteers and Biodiversity Conservation
Empowering local community engagement in biodiversity conservation in Africa through BirdLife’s Site Support Group approach
Julius Arinaitwe1, Hazell Shokellu Thompson1, Enock Kanyanya2, Geoffroy Citegetse3 and Isaac Olesu-Adjei4
1BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Nature Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 3Association Burundaise pour la protection des oiseaux, Bujumbura, Burundi. 4Ghana Wildlife Society, Accra, Ghana
The engagement of local communities in the management of natural resources, including biodiversity, is embedded at the core of conservation programmes at local, national and international levels. For many sites of high biodiversity importance, this is inevitable because access to resources by the local community is essential for livelihoods. The BirdLife Partnership in Africa has developed an approach for engaging local communities in conservation, so called the Site Support Group (SSG) approach, mainly because: a) local communities are appropriate long-term guardians of biodiversity and habitats in Africa as they stand to lose most if resources are depleted; b) local people have the knowledge, skills and organisational capaci-ties necessary to play the guardian role; and c) to achieve the behavioural change necessary for ensuring sustainable natural resources use, local communities have to make input into development and enforcement of agreements and rules guiding resources use. We focus on three SSGs working in forest ecosystems in Kenya, Burundi and Ghana to illustrate how the SSG approach is enhancing conservation and livelihood benefits in Protected and Unprotected sites.
A newly established protected area in the north-west of Madagascar – how local people are helping to conserve the Mahavavy-Kinkony Wetland Complex
Jean Jacques Randriamanindry, Marie V. Clementine and Mamonjy Razafindrakoto1BirdLife International Madagascar Programme, PB 1074 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. [email protected]
The Mahavavy-Kinkony Wetland Complex is situated in the north-west of Madagascar and comprises an area of 238 600 ha. The system is composed of sea shore, mangrove forest, the Mahavavy River Delta and Kinkony Lake (the second largest lake in Madagascar), 22 smaller lakes and large marshlands. Interlaced with the wetlands, are some large blocks of dry forests, savannas and cave systems. The Complex supports 143 bird species, half of them waterbirds. Twelve bird species are threatened and all but one are wetland associated species. Other important faunal species include one of the largest populations of a critically endangered lemur species, a critically endangered turtle and the largest known colony of the Fruit bat Roussetus madagascriensis. The Mahavavy-Kinkony Wetland Complex is one of a few newly proclaimed protected areas established since 2003. Overall, Madagascar has doubled the size of its protected area network in the last five years. In all cases, BirdLife International Madagascar Programme worked together with local people in establishing the newly designated protected areas. The creation of new economic activities through Conservation International Madagascar also took place. Ecotourism has benefited local communities and resulted is less exploitation of natural resources. Mangrove forests are now better conserved, including adjacent marshland where the endangered Sakalava Rail occurs.
Collective community action in forest habitat action for adaptation to climate change – a case study of Trees for Global Benefits Programme
The Environmental Conservation Trust of Uganda has been for nine years assisting communities in Uganda to access finance for conservation. One such programme is Trees for Global Benefits, a cooperative carbon offset scheme, targeting the restoration of degraded important forest habitats. Experience for the last five years indicates that communities can collectively use carbon finance for the conservation of important bird habitats. This paper examines the role played by communities in this cooperative carbon offset scheme to restore formerly degraded habitats neighboring four different forest reserves, some of which are Important Bird Areas. The paper also gives some insight on the potential for conservation or restoration action within these reserves.
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Ecotourism in Mount Moco, Angola: an opportunity for avian research and conservation
Aimy Cáceres
Ecovisão Angola. Largo Comandate Kusse s/n Bairro Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Huambo, Angola. [email protected]
The Angolan Scarp is an eco-region of great importance as its where the principal ecological zones of Africa converge. Due to the altitudinal gradients, high species diversity and endemism, Mount Moco is one of the best represented areas of this ecoregion. It is designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, due to the occurrence of endemic species such as the Angola Cave-chat Xenocopsychus ansorgei, Angola Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis brunneus, Montane Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris ludovicensi, and Swierstra’s Francolin Francolinus swierstrai. Unfortunately due to the political situation in Angola, little scientific research had been done in Mount Moco and resulted in a poorly known and studied avifauna of this region. During the 1970s the principal threat for this area was habitat destruction through logging and agriculture which still persists today. Ecotourism is a conservation strategy successfully used around the world which assigns an economic value according to the natural resources thus assisting in its conservation. Mount Moco is a favoured destination for bird-watchers or tourists who appreciate incredible landscapes. Ecovisão Angola, a company specializing in environmental conservation, is developing an ecotourism project in Mount Moco that will focus on conservation and scientific research. Wildlife inventories will be made, particularly bird lists, and ecological assessments carried out. This information will contribute to the ongoing conservation of Mount Moco and its special aviafauna.
Utilizing the internet revolution to benefit bird conservation in Africa: What do we learn from North America’s ebird?
Abdou Karekoona and Ramon Harris
Governors State University, 1 University Parkway, University Park, Illinois 60466, USA. [email protected]
Developments in information technology need to benefit conservation in Africa, much like it has done in the western hemi-sphere. ‘eBird’ has revolutionized the way that the birding community reports and accesses information about birds in North America. Launched in 2002 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and National Audubon Society, eBird provides rich data sources for basic information on bird abundance and distribution at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. It aims to maximize the utility and accessibility of the vast numbers of bird observations made each year by recreational and professional bird watchers. It is amassing one of the largest and fastest growing biodiversity data resources in existence. In 2006, participants reported more than 4.3 million bird observations across North America. In this paper, we describe with specific examples from Illinois state, USA and other selected birding areas in North America how eBird has been successful in documenting the presence or absence of species, as well as bird abundance through checklist data. We propose how this simple and intui-tive web-interface can be utilized to benefit African Birders to share their observations or view results via interactive queries into a general African eBird database and supplement the existing country bird Atlases to benefit conservation efforts. We describe modern internet tools and suggest portals that maintain substantial bird records and enable them to visualize data with interactive maps, graphs, and bar charts.
9e: Symposium: weaver Research in Africa
Range expansion in the Southern Masked Weaver Ploceus velatus
H. Dieter Oschadleus
Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
The historical distribution of the Southern Masked Weaver Ploceus velatus covered the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal inland to Botswana and Namibia and north to southern Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and presumably Mozambique. The first published record of this species in the Western Cape was in 1940. In the last century it has expanded its range to the Western Cape and western Northern Cape. This paper investigates ecological and demographic factors in the range expansion of the Southern Masked Weaver. This expansion probably occurred due to farming activities in the Northern Cape Karoo, i.e. building dams and weirs, irrigated cultivation and tree planting. Away from human habitation it was able to expand its range in the Nama Karoo by the spread of the alien Prosopis tree. Several newly discovered records of this species in the Western Cape earlier than 1940 indicate that the major rivers (the Breede and Berg rivers) were used as corridors to cross the Cape
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mountains. Thus ecologically the weaver has adapted to a variety of habitats to enable its spread across the barriers of the arid Karoo and steep mountains. Current research is investigating the demographic aspects of this range expansion by studying the survival rate and breeding success of this weaver. These are compared to those of the Cape Weaver P. capensis, a bird with a less extensive world distribution. The Cape and Southern Masked Weavers were studied on the Cape Peninsula during 2006 and 2007, checking nests for breeding productivity (which is similar in the two species) and regular ringing for survival analysis (higher in Southern Masked than Cape Weavers).
Identity signalling and signals of need in begging calls of Ploceus weavers
Hendrik Reers and Alain Jacot
Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology, Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, P.O. Box 1564, 82305 Starnberg, Germany. [email protected]
The begging behaviour of a young bird plays a crucial role during its early life. It is well established that begging calls signal the chick’s hunger level to the feeding parents. However, in many species begging may additionally serve as a signal of identity or kin during the post-fledging phase with parental care where parents have to reliably locate their offspring within a colony of conspecifics. We predict that begging calls will include dynamic components reliably indicating the hunger level, and static traits that reflect the identity independent of hunger level. Ploceus weavers are ideal to study these two signalling mechanisms because they breed in huge colonies, the breeding onset and, consequently, the time of fledging is highly synchronized and chicks still rely on parental food provisioning once they have fledged. In a combination of different field studies with colonially breeding Ploceus weavers, we try to disentangle age-, gender-, family- and hunger-related variation in begging calls, in order to understand the evolution of the multiple acoustic components within the complex begging calls.
Here, we are going to focus on the ontogeny of begging calls from hatching to fledging in different species of Ploceus weaver nestlings. Specifically, we will present data about the plastic development of potential identity and hunger-related calling components with special interest on the period close to fledging. Differences in the development of calling parameters among and within species indicate which acoustic parameters in a chick’s begging call show potential for individual recognition, which is crucial for the reliable recognition of chicks by parents during the extended post-fledging phase.
Who’s the boss? Dominance and plumage colouration in male–male competition in the Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix)
Alice U. Aidnik and Thomas W.P. Friedl
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie, AG Zoophysiologie & Verhalten, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. [email protected]
In many species, secondary sexual characters serve a dual role in intra- and intersexual selection. In birds their visual signals, such as plumage characteristics, have a key function in these selection processes. We studied the role of plumage coloration in males of the Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix), a sexually dimorphic and polygynous weaverbird species occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and breeding in colonies around water. Using male–male competition over a limited food source, we wanted to determine if ornamentation in this species serves as a dominance signal between individuals. If the orange-red breeding plumage functions as a badge of status and is used to assess individual fighting ability, those males with redder and/or brighter plumage should be dominant over those with duller plumage. To determine if and which plumage characteristics function as status badges, we conducted two sets of experiments, both of which consisted of dyadic contests over a limited food source. In the first set of experiments, we staged contests between unfamiliar and unmanipulated males. The setup of the second set of experiments was identical to the first, with the exception that the plumage of one male of each dyad was experimentally manipulated within the range of the natural plumage variation. Using several parameters such as time spent at the feeder and the number of interactions won by an individual, we were able to determine if plumage characteristics influ-ence the outcome of these male–male contests.
Evolution of sexually selected carotenoid coloration in widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes spp.)
Maria Prager and Staffan Andersson
Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. [email protected]
Male breeding plumages of African widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes spp.) show dramatic variation in hue (yellow, orange or red) and extent (area) of their striking carotenoid-based coloration. Given similar polygynous mating systems, and presumably
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generalised sexual selection of more saturated and redder signals, genetic or ecological constraints seem likely to explain the diversity. As an initial step towards identifying such constraints, we reconstruct ancestral character-states and examine macroevolutionary patterns in carotenoid coloration within the genus. Parsimony and likelihood analyses are performed on discrete and continuous measures of reflectance-based hue, and patch size, each with specific relevance to signal information content (i.e. carotenoid acquisition, metabolism or deposition). Our results suggest that widowbirds and bishops derive from a yellow ancestor, subsequent to which orange or red coloration has been repeatedly gained, but later also lost in some branches. Whereas patch area and discrete hue show a strong phylogenetic signal, continuous hue (‘redness’) is phylogenetically labile. Results are discussed in relation to other recent reconstructions of avian display traits, and tentatively to possible mechanisms underlying carotenoid colour diversity among birds.
Molecular phylogenetics of weaverbirds (Ploceinae): preliminary estimates
Allen Spaulding and Staffan Andersson
Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. [email protected]
The comparative study by Crook (1964) on the ecology and mating systems of weaverbirds (Ploceinae) is a cornerstone of behavioural ecology. The central findings, further elaborated by Lack (1968) and Emlen & Oring (1977), were that forest species tend to be insectivorous, monogamous, and sexually monomorphic, while savanna species typically are seed-eaters, polygynous and sexually and seasonally dimorphic. However, judging from obvious congruences with current taxonomy (e.g. all Malimbus spp are monogamous insectivores, and all Euplectes spp are polygynous seed-eaters), and if these reflect phylogenetic relationships, the adaptive explanations may be invalid or at least indistinguishable from non-adaptive common ancestry. To allow phylogenetic analyses and comparative tests of the above and other aspects of this fascinating evolutionary diversification, we are working on a molecular phylogeny (mtDNA and nuclear introns) of the subfamily. Here we report our current estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among eleven weaverbird genera. We also analyse parts of the ecological radiation in the large genus Ploceus, which does not seem to be monophyletic. We discuss the results in relation to previous, morphologically based taxonomic treatments, and begin to address the problem of phylogenetic non-independence in Crook’s classic adaptive scenario.
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10: Plenary: Stable isotopes and migration in Africa
Dr Elizabeth Yohannes
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Postfach 1564, 82305 Starnberg, Germany. [email protected]
In recent years, stable isotope analyses have become standard tool for avian biologists interested in several aspects avian ecology and life histories. The method is based on the use of the natural variation and composition of stable-carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), deuterium (δD or δ2H) and sulphur (δ34S) measurements. The applications of this technique include the use of isotopes in avian tissues such as feather, claw, blood and plasma.
10a: Symposium: General ecology
Bird community response to woody cover increase in southern African savannas
Clelia Sirami1,2, Colleen Seymour3, Guy Midgley1 and Phoebe Barnard1
1Global Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Botany Department, University of Cape Town, P. Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. 3Conservation Science Programme, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
Increase in woody cover is a general trend in various savannas of the world, including in Africa. Its causes are still understood only poorly, as the determinants of tree-grass coexistence are complex, but photographic evidence shows that woody cover has increased in many areas over the past few decades. Little is known about the consequences of this fundamental ecosystem shift on biodiversity. We studied the response of bird communities to woody cover increase in three South African savannas with different vegetation types, soils and rainfall conditions. We censused bird communities in six habitats along a gradi-ent of increasing woody cover. Species richness increased along this gradient, as expected according to the increase in the number of niches available. Turnover was highest in open habitat and tended to decrease along the gradient of woody cover increase, suggesting that increases in woody cover had a higher impact in homogeneous than in heterogeneous wooded habi-tats. There is a dramatic shift of bird community composition along the gradient of woody cover increase. This is consistent with longterm trends -- southern African bird species associated with open savannas have decreased over the last decades, while those associated with wooded savannas have increased. Changes in bird community composition were explained by changes in both vegetation structure and composition, although their relative importance seemed to vary in different sites. Our results suggest that in mesic savannas, changes in bird species composition might be driven mainly by changes in vegetation composition, while in arid savannas, vegetation structure may be the dominant factor. This hypothesis was also supported by the similar bird community composition of shrublands dominated by Acacia melifera and by Tarchonanthus camphoratus. In the arid savanna site, bird communities of shrubland were distinct from those of the rest of the gradient, suggesting that shrub thickening could have dramatic consequences on biodiversity in arid savannas.
Niche separation of African parrots
Michael R. Perrin
Research Centre for African Parrot Conservation, School of Biological and Conservation Biology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa. [email protected]
Several taxa of African parrots are segregated by size and differ markedly in Hutchinsonian ratios. Most of the small lovebird Agapornis species are allopatric although the equatorial Red-headed Lovebird A. pullarius and Black-collared Lovebird A. swinderianus are separated by habitat type and diet. The smaller Poicephalus parrots are also allopatric although four spe-cies show partial spatial overlap with the similar-sized Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri. Coexistence in their semi-arid environment may be mediated through low densities, different foraging behaviour (flight and bill morphology) and/or thermal biology. Greatest spatial overlap occurs between the large parrots (Poicephalus and Psittacus species) where niche separation equates with forest type and altitude, body mass and feeding specialization. Several African parrot species of different body mass inhabit the same habitat type, which may be regarded as specialized, such as afromontane yellowwood (-juniper) forest or semi-arid scrub: i.e. Brown-necked Parrot and Yellow-fronted Parrot (P. robustus and P. flavifrons), and
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Rüppell’s Parrot and the Rosyfaced Lovebird (P. rueppelli and A. rosiecollis). Dietary specializations include graminovory, and feeding primarily on figs or the kernels of yellowwood fruits. The size segregation of African Parrots is mirrored in the parrots of Madagascar.
The role of a lake fly species in the sustenance of aquatic avifauna of a tropical shallow saline lake
Nickson E. Otieno1, Rebbeca S. Long2, David M. Harper3 and Reuben Ndolo1
1National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Environment Agency, Southern Region, Guildbourne House, Chatsworth Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN11 1LD, UK. 3University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
Lake Bogoria, found in Kenya’s Rift Valley in is a highly saline lake, with mean conductance of 60 mS/centimetre and alkalinity of about 1500 m equ/ litre. Its mean and maximum depths are 5.6 and 10 m, respectively. To investigate the relationship between relative density of lake fly larvae (benthic chironomids) and the distribution of aquatic birds at the lake, we sampled the lake’s three main semi-distinct basins for benthic fauna, moving in an inflatable dingy and using an Ekmon grab to collect benthic material and sieving the mud to isolate benthic larvae. The larvae were then separated into various instars and counted before determining their wet weight. We also estimated, from a boat, the number of birds that dive for the larvae in the water column, sieve them up from the shallow edges or pick them up from the surface as they emerge. The benthic avifauna was comprised almost exclusively of a single chironomid (lake fly) species, Paratendipes sp. High density significantly coincided with higher abundance of aquatic birds and influenced their spatial distribution across the lake. This density rose steadily to a mean depth of about 1.5 m beyond which it declined sharply presumably because of aphotic conditions. Sediment volume however showed little impact on the density of the larvae. Small larval instars made the highest contribution (55%) to sheer abundance of Paratendipes sp., while total wet weight was because of the contributions of the pupal and adult stages, suggesting a continuous supply of food for two main bird species which depend on them (Cape Teal Anas capensis and Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis, with the largest concentrations of these two species at this lake. Paratendipes. sp is also a major source of food for the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus rubber on the lake. Thus in spite of its simple food web, Lake Bogoria, also an Important Bird Area, may remain a significant habitat for East Africa’s populations of the three aquatic birds, as well as other aerial feeding species which utilize the adult lake flies which emerge from the water, as long as anthropogenic activities around the lake do not adversely affect the lake’s current ecological integrity.
Ecologie des Grues cendrées Grus grus dans l’éco-complexe des chotts et des sebkhas des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien
1Institut des Sciences de la Nature, Centre Universitaire d’Oum El-Bouaghi Algérie. 2Département de Biologie, Université du 08 mai 1945, Guelma, Algérie. [email protected] 3Département de Biologie, Université de M’sila, Algérie
Les zones humides des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien par leur position géographique entre le Tell et le Sahara jouent un rôle primordial pour de nombreuses espèces animale entre autre la migration des oiseaux d’eau. Cet éco-complexe renferme plus de 255 000 ha de plans d’eau salés et saumâtres. Les terres entourant ces zones humides sont destinées régulièrement et exclusivement à la culture de blé dur Triticum durum. Cependant, suite à la sécheresse qu’à connue la région depuis l’année 2004, de nombreuses zones humides ne se sont pas remplies d’eau ou ne reçoivent que très tardivement ce qui a influencé le comportement de nombreuses espèces animales (disparition des espèces nicheuses, effondrement des effectifs des espèces hivernantes et diminution de l’abondance totale des oiseaux d’eau…). Ainsi, par manque d’eau, les grands terrains au alentours de ces milieux humides destinés habituellement aux culture de blé dur n’ont pas été labourés. Nous projetons dans ce travail l’écologie d’un des plus grands oiseaux granivores des hautes plaines “la Grue cendrée Grus grus” et de mettre le point sur les dommages qui lui ont été causés suite à la sécheresse de ces dernières années. De plus, nous montrons les différences entre les effectifs des hivernants de la première année d’étude (2001) et ceux que nous observons actuellement.
[The ecology of Common Cranes Grus grus in the complex of chotts and sebkhas on the high plains of eastern Algeria]
[The wetlands of the high plains of eastern Algeria through their geographical position between the Tell and the Sahara play a crucial role in the lives of numerous animal species, notably for waterbirds on migration. This ecosystem includes more than 255 000 ha of brackish and saline lakes. Fields around these wetlands are devoted to the cultivation of durum wheat Triticum durum. However, following the drought which has plagued this region since 2004, many wetlands have not filled up
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or only received water very late, which has affected many species (nesting birds have disappeared, the numbers of wintering birds have declined, and the overall abundance of waterbirds has been reduced). Similarly because of the lack of water the extensive fields where durum wheat was usually planted have not been cultivated. Our focus is the ecology of one of the largest granivorous birds of the high plains, the Common Crane Grus grus, and to show the impact of the drought of the past few years on this species. This highlights the differences in numbers of wintering birds between the first year of the study in 2001 and the current population.]
In search of the sub-Saharan non-breeding areas of the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola
Volker Salewski1, Martin Flade2 and Ibrahima Diop3
1Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany. [email protected] 2Landesumweltamt Brandenburg, Tramper Chaussee 2, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany. 3Directions des Parcs Nationaux du Sénégal, Parc Forestier et Zoologique de Hann, B.P. 5135, Dakar, Senegal
The Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola is the rarest breeding passerine species in continental Europe and the only one that is globally threatened. Its range includes the breeding areas from Western Siberia to the Oder River in central Europe (May–August), western Europe, the Iberian peninsula and north-west Africa during migration (March–April/August–October) and staging areas in sub-Saharan Africa during the non-breeding season (November to March). Actions to protect Aquatic Warblers on their breeding grounds and on migration were met with success in recent years, but poor knowledge of the non-breeding range and habitat requirements in Africa prevented the inclusion of an important period during the species’ annual cycle in a global conservation strategy. Previous field observations, isotope analyses and habitat modelling hinted to the Senegal delta as a potentially important staging and moulting area. In January/February 2007 a high number of Aquatic Warblers were discovered within and north of the Djoudj National Park, Senegal. From intensive mistnet surveys the birds were found exclusively in large flooded grass marshes of Scirpus littoralis, S. maritimus and Sporobolus robustus, but were absent in the vast Typha australis stands and almost dry grassy habitats with bushes. This result highlighted the importance of the Djoudj area for the conservation of the species and directed further activities towards the search of areas with suitable habitats.
In January 2008 surveys were carried out in the Diawling National Park near Lac R’Kiz, Mauritania, and along the Senegal River in Senegal for Aquatic Warbler habitats. No suitable habitats were found, and although the survey times were limited, the results confirmed the importance of the Djoudj area as the only known sub-Saharan site harbouring large numbers of Aquatic Warblers during the non-breeding season. We suggest that this may be due to the species’ habitat requirements and transformation of formerly suitable sites to fresh water reservoirs and hydro-agriculture. Further research efforts will con-centrate on the habitat requirements during the non-breeding season and the search for additional sites.
10b: Symposium: Conservation
Threatened birds and conservation issues on the islands of Sao Tome and Principe
Fabio Olmos1 and Longtong G. Turshak2
1Largo do Paissandú 100/4c, 01034-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected] 2A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, P.O. Box 13404, Jos. Plateau State, Nigeria
São Tome and Príncipe constitute two beautiful oceanic islands located in the Gulf of Guinea island of West Africa. This is the smallest country in Africa with three critically threatened, six vulnerable and two near threatened birds in the five important bird areas IBAs, one of which is the Tinhosas Island which holds over 100 000 pairs of nesting seabirds. Among 33 breeding landbirds in Príncipe and a little over 50 found in São Tomé, there are 25 to 28 endemic birds depending on the systematic treatment. The survey was conducted in São Tomé and Príncipe between July and August 2007. We conducted recce walks mostly along the trail system in selected localities according to accessibility and where threatened birds were expected to be found. The characterization of different vegetation types followed Jones and Tye. Birds seen or heard were recorded along the trails, including species with far-reaching calls. Play-back and tape recording of bird calls were also carried out mostly for species with threatened status. The number of individuals recorded per 10 hours was used as the detection index. A total of 60 bird species were recorded including almost all the endemic species. Montane forests in São Tomé had higher bird densities, as assessed from encounter rates than forests in lower elevations. Numerically dominant species in both habitats were the endemic São Tomé Sunbird Anabathmis newtoni, São Tomé Prinia Prinia molleri, São Tomé Weaver Ploceus sanctithomae and Príncipe Seedeater Serinus rufrobrunneus. Dwarf Ibis Bostrychia bocagei and São Tomé Grosbeak Neospiza concolor were recorded in the forest of Ribeira Peixe while the Tomé Fiscal Lanius newtoni and the São Tomé Short-tail were found
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in an additional site for São, thereby extending the altitudinal range for the later. New records were also made with more to be discovered for the islands. Hunting, clearing for agriculture and logging for timber is widespread and local culture is not helpful to wildlife either as depicted from the treatment given to captured Sea-turtles, Lovebirds, Pigeons, Doves and African Grey Parrots.
Trends in bird conservation in Africa
Hazell Shokellu Thompson
BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat, P.O. Box 3502 00100, ICIPE Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Thompson (2001) examined selected issues that were felt would impact significantly on future directions for bird conservation work on the African continent in the 21st century. Several major trends were predicted as follows: (i) international develop-ment assistance for biodiversity conservation in Africa would fall, (ii) pressure on biodiversity, land and natural resources would continue to increase not decrease, (iii) biodiversity conservation would continue to have a low priority on government agendas, (iv) governments would decentralize and reduce their control over land use providing opportunities for increased land-use responsibilities by NGOs, (v) the main constraints to biodiversity conservation in Africa will not be technical or monetary but economic, political and institutional frameworks and (vi) the cadre of African ornithologists will continue to increase in numbers and become technically stronger. This paper revisits these predictions seven years after they were made and assesses the degree to which these predictions (or hypotheses) have been vindicated. A variety of quantitative indicators are used to analyse current trends in bird conservation within the frameworks of the selected themes, and predictions made for the next seven years.
Forest bird communities along the central Angolan scarp: towards a conservation plan for one of Africa’s highest bird conservation priorities
Michael S.L. Mills
DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, and Birding Africa, 21 Newlands Road, Claremont 7708, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]
The Western Angola Endemic Bird Area is a critical priority for bird conservation in Africa. It hosts 13 range-restricted spe-cies, of which one is vulnerable and five endangered. The forests of the central scarp form the core distribution of four of the endangered endemics, yet are historically and presently entirely unprotected. By the 1970s, as much as 95% of forest was thought to have been converted to farmland, mostly for coffee. During the protracted civil war some areas may have reverted to more natural vegetation, although high human population densities along the scarp are leading to rapid but unquantified habitat loss due to slash-and-burn agriculture. Further, poor knowledge of bird distributions has made it difficult to pin-point areas of highest conservation concern. I spent 3 months (August–October 2005) surveying 11 sites along the central scarp. Three distinct bird communities emerged from this work and the distributional information of many localized species has been improved. I present these data and outline a suggested conservation plan for the central scarp, highlighting challenges that lie ahead in protecting the area and unanswered questions that can help improve the conservation plan.
An atlas of the breeding birds of the Comoro Islands
Michel Louette, Danny Meirte, Garin Cael, Bart Meganck and Patricia Mergen
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Department of African Zoology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium. [email protected]
Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) zoologists, collection managers and cybertaxonomists work together on a digitising and georeferencing project in order to produce distribution maps useful for biodiversity capacity building, conservation and ecotourism. Here we use bird observations obtained during 1981–2006 by RMCA ornithologists and collaborators to produce the Atlas of the breeding birds of the Union des Comores, consisting of the Grand Comoro, Moheli and Anjouan islands (the fourth island, Mayotte, while claimed by the Union, is at present administered by France). This part of the archipelago, situ-ated between the African mainland and Madagascar, has in total 59 breeding birds: 47 on Grand Comoro, 44 on Moheli and 39 on Anjouan, including a grand total of no less than15 endemic bird species and 51 endemic other taxa. This atlas, which shows grid maps with the squares where each species was recorded, is the first atlas of this kind for this archipelago and points to the conservation problems in the Comores for breeding bird species and their habitats. We construct ecological envelopes around these squares to delimit potential ranges in distribution and altitude. For this analysis, Comoro maps were scanned
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and geocoded, and layers of special interest (in particular altitude, forested/non-forested parts, rainfall, presence of rivers, villages and roads) constructed. Maps grouping the ecological envelopes of all taxa, all endemic taxa and all endemic species show that the “Important Bird Areas” are situated at higher altitude on each of the islands. This is simply the main forest on Grand Comoro. However, on Moheli which is the smallest island, intermediate altitudes also contain much endemism while on Anjouan, the forest habitat is restricted to a “network of patches”.
Economic valuation of the proposed degazettment for Mabira central forest reserve, Uganda
Mabira Central Forest Reserve (29 964 ha), located on the Kampala–Jinja highway, Mukono District, central Uganda is categorized as a protected area of core conservation value and one of the critical biodiversity hotspots in Uganda. The forest is an Important Bird Area (IBA) and home to 300 bird species representing 30% of total for Uganda including the endangered Nahan’s Francolin (Francolinus nahani). Nine other endemic species including a primate sub-species, the Grey-cheeked Mangabey (Lophocebus albigena johnstoni) are also confined here. In 2006, Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited (SCOUL), a joint venture between Uganda government and Mehta Group of Companies submitted a proposal for 7100 ha to be hived off the forest for the expansion of the sugar plantation estate. Based on the above threat to degazzette the forest for sugar growing, a study was conducted to determine, and then compare the economic value of the area to be degazetted if left under conservation instead of agriculture. For purposes of determining the magnitudes of net benefits lost due to the conversion of a forest to other development options, the total economic value (TEV) approach was used considering use and non-use values. At the individual ecosystem services level other techniques including enterprise budgeting, partial budgeting and the net present value (NPV), market prices, and contingent valuation methods (CVM) approaches were used. The results indicated that: (a) if only annual stream of net benefits are considered, sugarcane growing would represent a better land use option than conservation of Mabira CFR. Sugarcane growing would generate net benefits of US$3.6 million per year compared to US$1.1 million per year from conservation; (b) while the economic life of the natural tropical forest stand can stretch over a 60-year period, the economic life of a sugarcane stand is economically optimal and maintained for about 5 years; (c) when the value of the standing crop of timber alone (excluding other uses) was compared to the present value of net benefits from sugarcane growing, conservation was better than agriculture. The value of timber growing stock (only trees of 40 cm diameter and above) was estimated at US$35.2 million compared to present value of annual stream of net benefits from sugarcane growing of US$29.9 million, over a similar life-time i.e. 60 years; (d) when the value of ecological services was added to that of the standing crop of timber, conservation registers a net present value of US$45.1 million, an amount much more superior than sugarcane growing of US$29.9 million. In other words, converting a part of Mabira CFR for sugarcane growing would incur a net loss of US$15.2 million to Ugandans; and (e) if the useful life of the sugarcane plantation is restricted to the five-year regime, the cane has a present value of US$ 12.3 million, which is a shortfall of US$ 32.8 million to the present value of conserving the forest.
10c: Symposium: Behaviour
A 10-year study on the activity patterns of birds in the central Free State, South Africa
D. Johan van Niekerk
Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. [email protected]
The activity patterns of birds were studied over a ten-year period (1998 to 2007) at Glen Agricultural College in the central Free State, South Africa. The study area consists of open grassland bordered by a drainage line with trees and bushes. The primary aim of the study was to determine how environmental variables influence the behaviour of birds. The dataset con-sists of separate checklists compiled every 5 minutes, from before sunrise until after sunset, usually once every week. The database includes more than 100 000 checklists representing data for approximately 600 full days of observation. The data for each species was divided into sight and sound records and each category analysed separately. In many cases only the re-porting rates based on sound records were used as an index of activity. Meteorological variables used in the analysis include temperature and rainfall. Of the 187 species recorded, 26.2% were found during one to three of the ten years, while 52.9% were recorded during more than seven years. Within the latter group, the overall reporting rates ranged from less than 0.1% to 67.9% per species, the highest being that of the Cape Turtle Dove Streptopelia capicola. Fluctuations in both annual and
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seasonal reporting rates are evident for many species. The Northern Black Korhaan Afrotis afraoides, for example, attained a reporting rate of 82.0% during 2001, but the following year this was only 35.6%. Annual fluctuations are also reflected in the seasonal reporting rate; for example, the reporting rate of the Northern Black Korhaan was 86.8% in mid-summer 2001, but only 42.4% during the same period in 2002 when relatively wet conditions prevailed. This and a number of other examples suggest that the amount and timing of rainfall could play an important role in determining the level of activity in any particular year. For certain species there are also long-term patterns in activity superimposed on the year-to-year fluctuations. The study makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the effects of environmental variables on bird behaviour.
Bio-acoustic gender determination of the Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus
Ursula Franke1,2 and Henk Bouwman1
1School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. 2Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview, 2122, South Africa. [email protected]
A vital component of both fieldwork and captive breeding programmes for vulnerable species involves the correct identification of sex. As with many morphologically monomorphic bird species, visual sex determination in the Blue Crane is difficult. A variety of techniques have been used to sex adult cranes, but all require the birds to be captured and handled, which can be dangerous for both humans and cranes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the sex of Blue Cranes could be determined through vocal analysis of their calls. Spectral and temporal parameters were examined for six types of calls for both sexes. Sex determination by discriminant analysis proved highly successful with the fundamental frequency, or pitch, of a call being the most reliable parameter. A person with good frequency discrimination abilities might therefore be able to determine the sex of Blue Cranes by ear. This will hopefully become a new and non-intrusive way of sexing Blue Cranes in the future.
Behavioural differences between territorial Red-cheeked Cordon-bleus in farmland and woodlands
Samuel T. Osinubi1,2 and Shiiwua A. Manu1,3
1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos Biological Conservatory, P.O. Box 13404, Laminga, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. [email protected] 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. 3School of Biology, Bute Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK
Individuals of the Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu, Uraeginthus bengalus, were observed in both farmlands and woodlands around and within the Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria, to determine whether birds behaved differently in response to variation in the quality of both habitats, and to establish which habitat provided better resources for the species. At the start of the breeding season, between May and July 2005, territory mapping and time budget studies were conducted to assess behavioural differences, and physiognomic habitat components were recorded to assess habitat quality differences within two sets of “mirror” sample plots – a farmland in close proximity to a woodland – of 10 hectares each. Individuals in the farmlands defended smaller-sized territories than in woodlands. Birds in farmlands spent a greater proportion of time foraging in the morning than individuals in woodlands, but less time foraging in the afternoon and evening. A greater proportion of time was also devoted to singing and displaying within farmlands; the greatest proportion of which was in the morning, then in the evening. Vegetation cover was lower in farmlands and distance to water further than in woodlands. However, only individuals in farmlands showed a preference for vegetation cover as a microhabitat component, possibly related to shelter from predators, and provision of perches from which to display. As individuals in farmlands defended smaller-sized territories and spent less time actively foraging, habitat quality, for individuals of the Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu, appears to be higher in farmlands than in woodlands.
Sex-specific foraging strategies of the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini on the south coast of South Africa: insights from stable isotope analysis
Sophie Kohler1,2, Sébastien Jaquemet1, Yves Cherel3 and Christopher D. McQuaid2
1Laboratoire ECOMAR, Université de La Réunion, Avenue René Cassin BP7151, 97715 Saint Denis Cedex Messag 09, France. [email protected] 2Costal Research Group, Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. 3Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UPR 1934 CNRS, BP 14, 79369 Villiers-en-Bois, France
We investigated the feeding ecology of African Black Oystercatcher breeding pairs during the summers of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 on the south coast of South Africa. A total of 15 breeding pairs were trapped on their nests during incubation in
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three main areas: East London, Kenton and Port-Elizabeth. Blood was collected from each bird for molecular sexing as well as stable isotope analysis. Biometric parameters were also measured. Samples of the main prey available to birds were also collected from the foraging territory of each pair for comparative isotope analysis. The carbon isotope analysis segregated mus-sels and limpets, with the oystercatchers showing intermediate values. An enrichment of 3.4 ‰ in nitrogen occurred between the main prey and the oystercatchers, indicating that the birds foraged both on mussels and limpets. Bill length and body mass significantly segregated males and females; as previously reported for oystercatchers, females were bigger and had longer bills than males. Carbon isotope signatures were more depleted in females than males, while the nitrogen isotope signatures did not demonstrate significant sex-related differences. These results indicate that while feeding at the same trophic level, males and females have different main diets, with females foraging preferentially on mussels and males favouring limpets. This suggests that sex-specific strategies occur in the oystercatchers that feed on rocky shores and we interpret this as a means of reducing within-pair food competition in order to optimize the exploitation of foraging habitats. The shape and length of the bill demonstrated morphological adaptation to specific prey, as previously shown in other oystercatcher species.
Foraging behaviour and diet of the endemic Hook-billed Vanga Vanga curvirostris in Madagascar
Hajanirina Rakotomanana
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. [email protected]
Foraging techniques, foraging heights and diet of the endemic Hook-billed vanga Vanga curvirostris, were investigated in the Ankarafantsika National Park, northwestern Madagascar, from October 2000 to January 2001, and in Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar, from October to December 2007. The external morphology of the specimens showed a straight, stout, fairly thick bill with a hooked tip, perching feet of moderate length, a long tail and rounded wings. Data on aerodynamic measurements reveal that the species has a low wing loading, and its wing tip is slotted. Quantitative data from the field indicate that: (1) Hook-billed Vanga prey items were composed of invertebrates (10.35%), small vertebrates (65.04%) and unidentified prey (25.20%), and (2) prey was mostly taken while moving along branches, and by gleaning or probing at heights from the canopy to just above the ground. My diet data suggest that the Hook-billed Vanga is essentially carnivorous.
10d: Symposium: Population Dynamics
Madagascar Sacred Ibis, Threskiornis bernieri: current population status, distribution, and implications for conservation
Aristide Andrianarimisa1,2 and Gilbert Razafimanjato3
The Madagascar Sacred Ibis, Threskiornis bernieri, has recently been classified as an endemic species separate from the closely related African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus based on ecology and morphological characteristics. This species is generally confined to coastal ecosystems of western Madagascar. We investigated changes in the population and distribution of the Madagascar Sacred Ibis over the last 10 years, through literature reviews and field surveys undertaken from June 2005 to February 2006. A total of 91 sites were identified and documented, 55 of which were new sites and 26 were previously documented sites. About 69% of sites were situated within 2 km of the coastline, and only 2% were found more than 40 km inland. Average altitude was 14.9±3.81 m.a.s.l (n = 91) and ranged from 0 to 191 m.a.s.l. Coastal ecosystems were significantly more important habitats for Madagascar Sacred Ibis than inland wetlands – overall 82.8% of individuals were recorded within 2 km from the coast. Over 70% of individual birds recorded in this study were seen outside current protected areas, which included three important breeding colonies. The average number of individuals recorded at each site was 9.47±3.81 (n = 81) (mean ± S.E), and 74% of the sites had no more than 10 individuals per site. Over 90% of the 26 historically known sites which were revisited during the last 10 years showed drastically declining populations (z = –3.63, p < 0.0005, n = 26). We estimate the current population to be about 2000 birds, and sparsely distributed along the west coast. This low population figure implies an increased conservation concern for the Madagascar Sacred Ibis especially in light of habitat loss and direct persecution.
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Movements and site fidelity of some rainforest bird species endemic to Madagascar
Friederike Woog1, Narisoa Ramanitra² and Rasolondraibe Lovahasina Tahiry 2
1Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. [email protected] 2Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar
From 2003–2007, a total of 2148 birds were ringed at five sites at Maromizaha, a rainforest area close to Andasibe (Perinet), eastern Madagascar. Each site displayed varying degrees of degradation and fragmentation and were situated between 1000–1200 m.a.s.l.
In consecutive years, 21 species comprising 146 individuals were recaptured between 1–4 times in a total of 554 recapture events. Madagascar Bulbul (Hypsipetes madagascariensis) was the most frequently recaptured species (n = 35) followed by Madagascar White-Eye (Zosterops maderaspatanus; n = 29), Madagascar Brush Warbler (Nesillas typica; n = 14), Nelicourvi Weaver (Ploceus nelicourvi; n = 9), Souimanga Sunbird (Nectarinia souimanga; n = 9), Dark Newtonia (Newtonia amphichroa; n = 6), Long-billed Greenbul (Bernieria madagascariensis; n = 6), Magpie Robin (Copsychus albospecularis; n = 5) and Madagascar Stonechat (Saxicola torquatus; n = 5). All these were almost exclusively site-faithful regardless of habitat. Four individuals comprising three species were caught four times at the same location (Nesillas, Zosterops and Copsychus), while 16 individuals moved to other or between other sites (Hypsipetes madagascariensis (n = 8), Ploceus nelicourvi (n = 2), Bernieria madagascariensis (n = 2) and one each of Vanga curvirostris, Neodrepanis coruscans, Zosterops maderaspatanus and Nectarinia souimanga). We predict that bird species with high site-faithfulness will be more gravely affected by forest fragmentation than those that are able to move between patches. Introduced fruit-bearing plants also flourish more at degraded sites than at non-degraded sites and we suggest that birds utilising both habitats could aid in spreading these plants to pristine areas, thereby changing forest structure and species composition.
Survey of the population status of Short-clawed Lark Certhilauda chuana: what is the trend in Botswana?
Chris Brewster1, Keddy Mooketsa1 and Marc Herremans2
The Short-clawed Lark Certhilauda chuana is endemic to southern Africa, with two isolated populations – a large population in south-east Botswana and a smaller one in North West, Northern Cape and north-western Free State provinces of South Africa. Herremans (1993) estimated >10,000 pairs in south-eastern Botswana, and suggested a favourable conservation status for the species. However, Engelbrecht et al. (2007) observed some reduction in Short-clawed Lark numbers in neighbouring South Africa, and proposed that the species be considered for Red listing. However, due to the fact that most of the birds’ population is in Botswana, a survey was conducted between November 2007 and January 2008 in south-eastern parts of the country to investigate if there has been any population change for Short-clawed Lark since Herreman’s (1993) study. Forty transects were surveyed in which bird sighting coordinates, number of pairs, distance from transect, and suitable and unsuitable habitat were recorded in each transect. The results suggest that population numbers have increased by as much as c.20% and the amount of suitable habitat has decreased by c.10% when compared to Herremans (1993). While Engelbrecht’s (2007) survey results from South Africa considered a much smaller population, these initial results also lead us to recommend that the species be left as Least Concern. Management actions to sustain the population are also discussed.
Population density of the Rock Firefinch and some other finches in different habitat types on the Jos Plateau, central Nigeria
Jacinta I. Abalaka1 and Peter J. Jones1,2
1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, P.O. Box 13404, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. [email protected] 2Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, UK
The range-restricted Rock Firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis and its brood parasite, the Jos Plateau Indigobird Vidua maryae, are restricted to a small part of West Africa and are of great conservation importance within Nigeria’s Jos Plateau Forest–Grassland Mosaic eco-region. This study estimated their population densities and habitat associations along with some other estrildine and viduine finches on the Jos Plateau during June–July 2006, February–March 2007, and June 2007 as a contribution to their conservation management. Random line transects (n = 54), totalling 45.75 km, were defined and surveys carried out using Distance Sampling protocols in four habitat types: (i) flat farmland with few or no rocks, (ii) farmland in
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rocky areas or near inselbergs, (iii) uncultivated flat areas with few or no rocks, and (iv) rocky, uncultivated areas. Results were compared with previous estimates from a protected site in the same region. Rock Firefinches were locally common where there are large boulders and around inselbergs, but less so where this habitat is farmed; they avoided farmland on flat areas without rocks. The Jos Plateau Indigobird was seldom recorded and is evidently very scarce. It remains uncertain to what extent increasing habitat degradation may affect these species’ ability to persist as small populations in isolated habitat fragments in the face of increasing human pressure on farmland.
Exploring measures of reproductive success in breeding colonies of Southern Bald Ibis
Catherine L. Henderson
BirdLife South Africa, P.O. Box 1751, Harrismith 9880, South Africa. [email protected]
Southern Bald Ibis (Geronticus calvus) are southern African endemics, inhabiting the high altitude grasslands of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Breeding colonies range in size from a single pair to over 150 pairs at the largest sites. Nests are built on cliffs, often near or over water. Colonies have been monitored by various individuals and groups in different areas of South Africa from the early 1970s to present. This presentation brings together results of these studies and explores the different measures of reproductive success used. Information on nest numbers, breeding pairs, lay dates, clutch size, number of attempts, chicks fledged and other measures of breeding success is compared with data collected in the Free State and Mpumalanga over the past three years. Some studies are in-depth and focus on individual colonies, others cover many colonies but not in great detail: the merits of these methods are discussed. Size of colonies in relation to breeding success is also investigated. Adverse factors such as drought, flood, predation and human disturbance are discussed in relation to reproductive output at the colonies.
10e: Symposium: Parasites, Diseases and Pollutants
Do island bird species experience lower parasite pressure than mainland ones? Diversity, prevalence and host specificity of avian Haemosporidia in the Gulf of Guinea
Rita Covas1,2, Jon S. Beadell3, Martim Melo2 and Robert C. Fleischer3
1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JT Edinburgh, UK. [email protected] 2CEFE-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France. 3Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park & National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 USA
Bird species on islands are expected to experience lower parasite pressures than their mainland counterparts. This in turn is expected to influence their ability to mount an immune response, making them more susceptible to new parasites. However, few studies have investigated the effects of insularity on parasites and host immunity. Here, we used molecular-based methods to identify genetically distinct avian blood parasites and describe parasite diversity, prevalence and host specificity between the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea and nearby mainland areas. In addition, we conducted an immune assay (PHA) to evaluate immune response in relation to parasite levels and insularity. We recovered a total of 50 mitochondrial DNA lineages and found reduced diversity of lineages on the islands. However, parasite prevalence overall was not significantly different between islands and mainland areas. There was lower prevalence of mixed infections on islands when controlling for the number of lineages and host-specificity was lower on the islands, indicating niche-enlargement and possibly reduced virulence on the islands. Thus, many aspects of parasite pressure decrease on these islands, but prevalence can increase, suggesting that islands are not necessarily benign environments regarding parasites as it is usually believed. Finally, there were no differences in immune response to the PHA test. Overall these results indicate that the differences in parasite levels and immunity between island and mainland birds might not be as marked as previously thought.
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Host feeding pattern, avian malaria dynamics and diversity of forest mosquitoes and birds in Cameroon
Kevin Y. Njabo1, Ravinder N.M. Seghal2, Wolfgang Buermann1, John Pollinger1 and Thomas B. Smith3
1Center for Tropical Research, UCLA Institute of the Environment, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA. [email protected] 2Dept of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA. 94132, USA. 3Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room LS5120, P.O. Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606 USA
The past decades have experienced an unprecedented increase in the rate of emerging infectious diseases throughout the world, with serious implications for human and wildlife populations. To examine the patterns of host specificity and the way they affect the transmission of avian blood parasites of the genus Plasmodium, we used wild-caught mosquito gut for molecular identification of the parasites and blood meal analyses for host identification. Results were overlapped with pre-dicted potential distributions of avian Plasmodium parasites produced with Maxent using various environmental predictor sets at which infected birds were detected. Over 20 species of mosquitoes were collected in 11 paired sites in Cameroon and results revealed that Mansonia africanus fed primarily on Homo sapiens and Canis familiaris and their feeding habits support their implication as enzootic vectors of human filariasis. Blood meals from Coquellettidia annettii could not be identified but all parasite lineages recovered from these mosquitoes were avian Plasmodium that clustered interestingly with parasites identified from several bird species in Africa suggesting that this vector is capable of infecting birds belonging to different families of passerine birds. The relationships between the frequency of avian Plasmodium and climate as well as remote sensing variables were found suggesting highest prevalence in moist, densely vegetated environments, and gradually lower prevalence in forest–savanna mosaics and woody savanna. Understanding parasite and vector population biology will allow us to predict threats to wildlife species and communities.
Active surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in migratory birds in Kenya
Muchane Muchai1, Samuel Limbaso2, Peter Njoroge1, David Schnabel3, Carlos De Mattos4, M. Katz4, Kariuki Njenga2 and Samuel L. Yingst4 1Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54628, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya. 3US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, P.O. Box 606, Nairobi, Kenya. 4US Army Medical Research Unit-Egypt, PO Box Cairo, Egypt
Active avian influenza surveillance in Kenya may supply relevant information on circulating influenza viruses, and establish an early warning system of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) transmission to humans. The surveillance was conducted in wetlands along the migratory bird flyways from Asia and Eastern Europe to Africa in the Kenyan Rift Valley, Central highlands, the coast, Lake Victoria region, and near Nairobi during the migratory and non-migratory season (2005–2008). Birds were humanely trapped and banded. Cloacal swabs were then collected and placed in viral transport medium in a cryovial, and transported in liquid nitrogen. All samples were tested for influenza A matrix gene, and those positive were further screened for H5 and N1. All influenza A positives were also inoculated into embryonated hen’s eggs, subtyped by hemagglutination inhibition, and sequenced at the Navy Medical Research Unit – 3, Egypt. A total of 2306 waterbirds of 59 species were caught, sampled and registered. All samples were screened by real time PCR. Of the total birds sampled, 1394 were resident birds, and 912 were Palaearctic migrants. Specimens have been tested from 2005 through March 2007. Although 36 Influenza A matrix and 1 H5 gene were detected, none were found to be highly pathogenic. Sampling for the present season (October 2007–April 2008) is ongoing. The fact that the surveillance system detected an H5 virus indicates that this surveillance program will be able to be used to warn Kenya when HPAI is present in Kenya’s bird population.
Flamingolepis liguloides: parasite du Flamant rose Phoenicopterus roseus et d’Artemia salina dans les sebkhas algériennes
1Département de Biologie, Centre Universitaire de Mascara, Algérie. baghdi [email protected] 2Département de Biologie, Université de Biskra, Algérie. 3Institut des Sciences de la Nature, centre Universitaire d’Oum El-Bouaghi, Algérie. 4Département de Biologie, Université du 08 mai 1945, Guelma, Algérie
La faune aviaire est hautement nomade. Elle est caractérisée par une variété de lieux et d’habitats, donnant ainsi l’opportunité à une vaste gamme de parasites. Ainsi, un bon nombre d’espèces changent de régime alimentaire durant l’année, et la plupart d’entre elles sont soumises à des migrations annuelles, ce qui peut avoir un impact sur la faune parasite. Chez les oiseaux
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d’eau, les helminthes sont les macroparasites prédominants qui sont plus particulièrement diversifiée. Nous avons réalisé une étude dans les zones humides des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien et principalement dans la région enclavée entre Batna, Khenchela et Oum El-Bouaghi et ceux de l’Ouest sur une espèce de Phoenicoptéridés, le Flamant rose Phoenicopterus roseus. Des individus considérés comme hôtes définitifs de parasites ont été examinés au laboratoire, et nous avons isolé et identifié un grand nombre de parasites appartenant à la famille des Hymenolepididae en l’occurrence Flamingolepis liguloides qui est un parasite à l’état larvaire des Crustacés et principalement d’Artemia sp. Ces parasites sont concentrés dans l’intestin de ces oiseaux d’eau et ils bloquent ainsi le passage régulier des aliments.
[Flamingolepis liguloides a parasite of the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and of Artemia salina in Algerian sebkhas]
[The avifauna of the saline lakes is largely nomadic, frequenting a variety of sites and habitats, and thus being exposed to a wide spectrum of parasites. In addition, a number of bird species change their diet during the course of the year, and may carry out annual migrations, which will influence their parasite fauna. In waterbirds, helminths are the main larger parasites, and these platyhelminths are highly diverse. We investigated the endoparasites of the Greater Flamingo in the wetlands of the high plains of eastern Algeria, primarily in the region bounded by Batna, Khenchela and Oum El-Bouaghi and waterbodies to the west. Individual birds assessed as definite hosts of parasites were dissected in the laboratory. We recovered and identified many parasites in the family Hymenolepididae, specifically Flamingolepis liguloides a parasite of Crustaceans (chiefly Artemia sp.) in its larval phase. It occupies the intestines of waterbirds, where it can even obstruct the passage of food material.]
Brominated and chlorinated pollutants in egret, ibis, cormorant, and darter eggs from South Africa
Henk Bouwman1, Belinda Venter1, Anuschka Polder2 and Janneche Utne Skaare2,3
1Persistent Organic Pollutants and Toxicants Research Group, School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, P. Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. [email protected] 2The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. 3National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
Organic pollutants of anthropogenic origins have been known to occur in bird eggs for decades. However, little work has been done on this issue in the last 15 years in southern Africa. We report on chlorinated compounds such as DDTs and PCBs in eggs from darters, ibis, cormorants and egrets from various localities in South Africa, and indicate associated eggshell thinning in the African Darter, Anhinga rufa. The presence of mirex in all species was unexpected, since this compound was never registered in South Africa. We raise a concern that generally longer living birds in warmer climates, laying fewer eggs per clutch, might be at increased risk when compared with trophically similar birds exposed to equivalent levels of pollution in colder climates. We also report on the first findings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in all the studied species, but showed large differences reflecting different trophic levels, migratory behaviour, distance to the source, and, exposure to different PBDE mixtures, among others. Deca-brominated BDE-209 and HBCD were detected in four species. Highest levels of PBDEs and HBCD were measured in African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus egg. We have also found that the contamination of BFRs is not only concentrated around industrialized areas, but has entered the food chain along the western coastline. Given the scarcity of water and high biodiversity in southern Africa, changes in climate and environment will exert strong pressure, and any additional contamination at levels that can cause subtle behavioural, developmental and reproductive effects could have serious consequences.
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POSTeR ABSTRACTS
A. Behaviour and Bird Song
A1. Individual and inter-population variation in African Rock Pipit Anthus crenatus songs
Dawid H. de Swardt
Department of Ornithology, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. [email protected]
African Rock Pipit Anthus crenatus (ARP) songs (n = 56 singing bouts) were recorded from 22 localities in the Free State and Eastern Cape provinces, South Africa, and Lesotho between March 1995 and November 2007. ARP song comprises a two-syllable “whee-preeuuu” vocalization, repeated during a singing bout. Syllable 1 is a drawn-out whistle while syllable 2 is a more complex trill, consisting of up to 4 sub-types with varying numbers of notes in each sub-type. ARP song can be classified into three variations, based on differences in syllable 2: (1) has syllable 2 comprising 1 to 4 sub-types, with vary-ing numbers of notes in each sub-type, and with frequency of the final trill constant; (2) has more notes in sub-type 2 than in variation 1 and the final trill descends from an initial higher frequency to a final lower frequency; and (3) comprises a more complex variation in sub-type structure and composition, showing similarities with both variations 1 and 2. Variations 1 and 2 were most frequently recorded in ARP singing bouts. Duration of song phrases (mean = 1.34 sec; n = 1470) and intervals between song phrases (mean = 5.43 sec; n = 1263) varied considerably between individuals and between the different popula-tions. Sonograms of song phrases from different localities also indicate considerable variation in the structure of the compo-nents comprising the song phrases. Principal component analysis indicates significant differences in sub-type 1 and sub-type 2 characters of syllable 2 in vocalizations between different localities. Preliminary data indicate variations in the number of notes and the positioning of these notes in sub-types 1 and 2 of syllable 2 of song phrases; these also differ significantly between localities. Differences between songs at different localities may be attributed to separation of ARP populations from each other as a result of the isolated nature of preferred hilly habitat, areas of which are separated by unsuitable level, plains habitat, with each ARP population developing its own particular song characteristics. This study of ARP vocalizations tends to support Peacock’s (2006) suggestion to separate the ARP into western karoo and eastern grassland forms.
A2. Geographical variation in Red-winged Starling songs: adaptation or accident?
Florence Levrero¹, Martine Hausberger² and Adrian J.F.K. Craig¹
¹Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. [email protected] ²Laboratoire Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie/UMR 6552, Université de Rennes, 263 Ave General Leclerc, Campus Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
The Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio has a natural range extending from the southernmost parts of South Africa to the Ethiopian highlands. Use of buildings for nesting has enabled this species to colonise many areas which lack appropriate natural nest sites on cliffs and rocky outcrops. Nevertheless some populations remain relatively isolated. Following detailed studies of song in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, we now have comparative data on song from other regions within and beyond South Africa, along with molecular data to examine the phylogeography of these populations. We have also compa-red the songs of urban and rural Red-winged Starlings within the Eastern Cape, to investigate the possible influence of the auditory environment on song structure in this bird. Song types appear to be consistent over wide areas, which may indicate either continued genetic exchange between these populations, or a conservative mode of song learning with a strong inherited component, or that the parameters used to compare songs do not sample the variable aspects adequately.
A3. Territorial behaviour of Common Fiscals on a university campus
Esther Mostert and Samantha Bodhill
Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. [email protected]
Common Fiscals Lanius collaris are sexually dimorphic shrikes which hunt and defend territories from elevated perches. We studied the behaviour of colour-marked birds on Rhodes University campus from March to September 2007, and compared our results with those from previous student projects for the years 2005–2006. Both male and female birds sing, and defend the territory during the breeding season. Male birds show a greater tendency to remain on the territory throughout the year, whereas females are often absent for extended periods during the non-breeding months. Although some birds ringed in 2005 are still present, and the boundaries of all the monitored territories are very similar from one year to the next, most territories
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have changed ownership in successive years. Female shrikes sing less than males, but both sexes produce mimetic song which includes imitations of other bird species. Initial play-back experiments suggest that male shrikes respond aggressively to both typical shrike song and mimetic song. Most birds sing mimetic song from conspicuous perches, which do not support the hypothesis that it serves to attract potential avian prey, and suggests that it is more likely to function in territorial advertise-ment. The structure and functions of mimetic song are the main focus of a current study.
A4. Assessment of bird activity and behaviour at Entebbe International airport, Uganda
Entebbe International Airport in Uganda is located on the shores of Lake Victoria and on the flight path of migratory birds moving to and from the northern and southern hemispheres. Its position has greatly contributed to high bird numbers and associated hazards to aircraft operations at Entebbe Airport. This paper illustrates the methods used to categorize the most “problematic” bird species identified within the vicinity of the airport, their activities and behaviour as well as recommenda-tions to manage them.
B. Birds and Agriculture
B1. Agricultural pest status and control of weaver birds in rice in Central Nigeria
Ephraim Bright1 and S. Ogunyemi2
1National Cereals Research Institute, PMB 8 Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. [email protected]. 2Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Village weaver birds Ploceus cucullatus and red-headed queleas Quelea erythrops constitute a serious threat to rice production in Niger State, Central Nigeria causing about 55% grain damage in the field. This study examined the pest status, population dynamics and control of these weaver birds. Line transect surveys were carried out along fixed routes at a speed of approxi-mately 1 km/hour across rice fields to obtain the monthly density of birds. Gut content analysis of captured birds was used to assess food preferences. At feeding sites we used mark–recapture sampling to determine home ranges. Efficacies of some plant-based and synthetic pesticides, and cultural practices at harvest as methods of reducing damage were evaluated. During mid-November to mid-January, population density was 1049 birds/km2 for P. cucullatus and 1588 birds/km2 for Q. erythrops but bird damage was <1%. In February to October population density was 2146 birds/km2 (50–5024 birds/km2) and 1324 birds/km2 (10–5386 birds/km2) for P. cucullatus and Q. erythrops respectively. Damage ranged from 14.9% to 25.6%. Population density was positively correlated with annual rainfall in P. cucullatus (r = 0.91) but negatively correlated with rainfall for Q. erythrops (r = –0.34). Cultivated rice was the major food item ingested by P. cuculatus (49.8%) and Q. erythrops (63.4%) rather than grass seeds, insects and other plant matter. Chemical pesticides (monocrotophos, cypermethrin+dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, apron plus and apron star) significantly (P < 0.05) repelled weaver birds more than plant-based products. Neem (Azadirachta indica) cake slurry was the most effective plant product tested on caged birds. Red flash tape was more effective in deterring birds than pink and yellow tapes (P < 0.05). P. cucullatus and Q. erythrops are serious pests of rice from July–October and February–April respectively. Overall, control of weaver birds should be initiated in August for P. cucullatus and in March for Q. erythrops. Integrated pest management involving cultivating persistent-awned rice; soaking rice seeds in monocrotophos or Apron Plus at planting; mounting red flash tapes on maturing rice fields; and avoiding rice maturing during periods of high prevalence of birds would be appropriate.
B2. Red-billed Quelea: The impact of ground-based fuel–air explosion control operations in wet-lands in South Africa
Lianda Lötter
Pesticide Science Division, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private bag X 134, Queens wood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa. [email protected]
The feeding activities of large flocks of Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) can cause extensive damage to food crops such as maize, wheat, manna and millet, resulting in significant crop losses to commercial and subsistence small-grain farmers and severely affecting food security. Habitats preferred by quelea include natural areas such as reeds, shrubs, and thorny acacia trees. These areas also provide the highest concentrations of roosting quelea, presenting the best opportunity for control,
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usually after sunset. The building of farm dams and the location of cultivated land in close proximity to rivers and environ-mentally sensitive wetland areas provide ideal quelea roosting and breeding sites, with these birds annually causing extensive damage to small-grain crops cultivated nearby. Although control of Redbilled Quelea using ground-based fuel–air explosions in wetlands is an accepted and standard method used by the Department of Agriculture in South Africa, a multi-disciplinary task team was established to investigate the possible biological and ecological impacts on amphibians, birds, terrestrial- and aquatic invertebrates, small mammals, and vegetation, and to assess the impact on, and recovery of the wetland system follow-ing such control actions. Results obtained from the pre- and post ground-based fuel–air explosions on non-target vertebrates and invertebrates, indicate that species which are closely associated with aquatic habitats and surrounding areas are likely to suffer the highest impact and mortality from the explosion control method. Although incidental mortality of non-target animals will occur as a result of the explosion, the long-term effects of these quelea control actions are negligible. This was suggested by increased butterfly species richness and abundance that occurred three months after the control operations took place. Results also suggest that the long-term effects of explosion control actions on anuran and butterfly populations were insignificant.
C. Breeding ecology
C1. Breeding biology and diet of Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptius at the Manambolomaty Lakes, western Madagascar
Tolojanahary R.A. Andriamalala
The Peregrine Fund Madagascar Project, B.P. 4113, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar. [email protected]
The breeding biology of Yellow-billed Kites Milvus aegyptius was studied during two breeding seasons from May to February in 2002 and 2003 at the Manambolomaty Lakes Complex of western Madagascar. Fifty-nine pairs were documented with nests in the 2 years. Nest trees were predominantly Tamarind Tamarindicus indica at 69.5% (n = 41 trees) and nests averaged 9.6 m above the ground (range 4–14.8 m; n = 59 nests). Nineteen nesting attempts were monitored for breeding activities of the 59 nesting pairs. Breeding began with pair formation from May to June, mating took place in July and egg lying in August. Clutch size averaged 1.7 eggs (range 1 – 2 eggs, n = 32 clutches). The incubation period varied from 29 to 33 days (n = 6 nests). Two pairs re-nested after losing their first clutches during early incubation. First flights of young from the nest averaged 51 days of age (range 42 – 58 days; n = 9 young) and young dispersed from their natal territories at 86 days of age (range 79–104 days; n = 9 young). Overall nest success was 42% (8 of 19 nesting attempts). The Yellow-billed Kite diet of 505 identified prey items was composed of 71.7% dead fish (n = 395), 13.1% carrion (n = 72), 2.9% rats (n = 16), 2.4% young chickens (n = 13), 1.1 % insects (n = 6), and 0.5 % of reptiles (n = 3).
C2. Egg investment is influenced by male colouration in the Ostrich
Maud Bonato1, Matthew R. Evans2 and Michael I. Cherry1
1Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa. [email protected] 2Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females mated to attractive males invest more in offspring than those mated to less attractive ones. To date, there has been no evidence that female Ostriches Struthio camelus discriminate between males as potential mates, but the degree of dimorphism in this promiscuous species and the variation in chick size within clutches suggest that differential maternal investment is highly likely to occur. We investigated the relationship between egg mass and colouration (measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry) of feathers, bill, neck and legs of 15 male Ostriches, maintained in a breeding flock. Eggs were collected and weighed on a daily basis, and parentage analysis was performed using microsatellite markers. We found that the combination of the colour of the neck, white and black feathers and the brightness of black feathers predicted egg mass. Females laid larger eggs for males with higher principal component values for the colour of their neck and white feathers; and with lower values for the brightness and colour of their black feathers. Reflectance spectra for these traits showed two peak reflectance values at 500.5 nm and 540.5 nm, in the “green” area of the spectrum. All these traits are exposed during the male courtship display, so we suggest that these visual cues influence the degree of maternal investment in eggs.
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C3. The breeding success of the Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum) in the Restricted Diamond Mining Area of Southern Namibia
Justine Braby1, Jean-Paul Roux2 and Les G. Underhill1
1Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected]. 2Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz Marine Research, P.O. Box 394, Lüderitz, Namibia
The Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum) is a near-endemic, near-threatened seabird that breeds along the Namibian coastline. Its breeding range extends into the Sperrgebiet, a diamond mining area along the southern coast of Namibia about to be pro-claimed as a National Park. A study is being conducted to investigate the potential impact of diamond mining on the breeding productivity of the Damara Tern at one mined locality, Elizabeth Bay, and three non-mined nesting sites along the southern Namibian coastline. Diamond mining may impact the breeding productivity in several ways: habitat destruction, disturbance, and foraging efficiency due to sediment discharge. Parameters monitored are colony size, breeding success, chick growth and condition, and adult foraging success. Off the four breeding sites monitored, Elizabeth Bay has the smallest number of nests. The number of nests decreased from 30 in 1979 (before mining), to 13 (during mining) in 2008. Nests were previously found in areas which have since been mined and are now unsuitable nesting habitats. The non-mined sites were Marmora Pan (55 nests), Grossebucht (21 nests) and Hottentot’s Bay (80 nests). Breeding success and chick predation rates differed between sites. So far no differences in chick growth rates and adult foraging success have been established between mined and non-mined sites. Chick growth and condition, however seem to be dependent on the distance between colony and feeding sites.
C4. Year-to-year changes in breeding bird community in a suburb habitat at the foothill of the Maloti/Drakensberg
Grzegorz Kopij
Institute of Natural Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland. [email protected], and Department of Zoology & Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, ul. Kożuchowska 5b, 51-651 Wrocław, Poland
The mapping methods has been employed to assess densities and dominance of birds breeding in a suburb habitat on the NUL campus at Roma, Lesotho, which is an artificial parkland nestled against the Drakensberg. Studies were conducted in three breeding seasons: 1998, with dry spring; 1999, with wet spring; and 2001, with close to average spring. The community remained remarkably similar throughout the years, both in respect to species composition, densities and dominance relation-ships. A total of 55 breeding species has been recorded. The similarity of breeding bird community was between S = 0.81 and S = 0.94 in particular year. In all years, dominant species included the Laughing Dove, Grey-headed Sparrow, Speckled Dove, Cape Turtle-Dove and Common Fiscal. The Cape White-eye in 1999, and the Southern Red Bishop in 2001 were also in the group of dominants. The group of dominant species comprised 57.7–60.2% of all pairs recorded in particular year. The group of subdominants (2.0%–4.9% of all breeding pairs) included seven other species, viz. the Red-eyed Bulbul, Red-eyed Dove, Red-winged Starling, Masked Weaver, Streaky-headed Seedeater and Speckled Mousebird. Twenty-eight species (50.9%) were represented by 1–2 pairs only.
C5. Nest site selection and survival by the Grey-crested Helmet-shrike Prionops poliolophus and the implications for their conservation in Naivasha, Kenya
Philista A. Malaki
Dept of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Understanding habitat usage by species is fundamental to knowing their conservation status and providing adequate management. The present investigation examined how the Grey-crested Helmet-shrike selected nest sites at different habitat levels. Nest sites were selected randomly and habitat variables in the immediate vicinity and areas surrounding the nests measured. These were done for nests that were successful and those that failed. Habitat attributes associated with successful nests differed from those of unsuccessful nest sites with high values for variables recorded at the successful nest sites. This suggests that choice of habitat features influence reproductive success for the birds at different levels. Results also showed that cover and density of vegetation are important parameters determining nesting success. Nest site characteristics were related to nesting success. The results of the present investigation have implications for the conservation and management of the species. Management should focus on improving habitat conditions, particularly availability and suitability of nest sites based on habitat attributes surrounding nests at a range of scales. To enhance nesting success and productivity of the bird
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species, management should focus on manipulating, increasing and maintaining habitat features that increase reproductive success as these have direct fitness consequences.
C6. Habitat use and breeding ecology of the globally threatened Rudd’s Lark Heteromirafra ruddi
David H. Maphisa1, Paul F. Donald2, Peter G. Ryan3 and Steven Piper4
1BirdLife South Africa, Ingula Partnership Project, 239 Barkston Drive, Blairgowrie, P.O. Box 515, Randburg, Gauteng, South Africa. [email protected] 2RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. 3DST/NRF Centre of Excel-lence at the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 4School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
Habitat use and breeding ecology of the threatened and poorly known Rudd’s Lark Heteromirafra ruddi were studied in south-eastern Mpumalanga, South Africa, from October 2002 to April 2004. Birds establishing territories at the start of the summer breeding season selected grassland of lower than average height. Although grass in these territories had reached average height by the late breeding season, grassland selected by the birds could still be distinguished from unoccupied grassland using a combination of other habitat variables. First egg dates of 93 nests ranged from late October to late March, with peak laying in January and February. Most clutches were of three eggs, and both incubation and nestling periods appear long for a lark, at 14 days and 13 days respectively. Average nesting success, estimated using an extension of the Mayfield method, was around 30%, but showed a significant decline as the breeding season progressed and was lowest during the peak nesting period. Predation was the main cause of nest loss and examination of the remains of dummy eggs identified mongoose, rodents and snakes as the main predators. Late winter burning of grassland might shorten the potential breeding season of Rudd’s Lark and lead to a peak of nesting activity at a time that coincides with high predator numbers.
C7. Nesting success of grassland girds relative to grazing and ploughing management practices on Kenyan high altitude grasslands
Muchane Muchai and Kariuki P. Ndang’ang’a
Dept of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]
Grassland management practices have been implicated as a cause for the significant population declines of grassland-nesting birds. One possible link between management practices and avian population decline could be a reduction in nesting success. Between 2004 and 2006, we examined effect of grazing and removal of tussocks by ploughing on nesting vegetation and nesting success of the grassland birds, including Sharpe’s Longclaw Macronyx sharpei (Globally Endangered) and Jackson’s Widowbird Euplectes Jacksoni, that breed in the high altitude grasslands of Kinangop, Kenya. The grazing–ploughing inter-actions in our study system result to three micro-habitat types, viz. (1) heavily grazed (>5 cows per hectare) that are regularly ploughed short grassland with no tussocks (H-T); (2) lightly grazed (<5 cows per hectare) that are never ploughed open short grassland with tussocks (L+T); and (3) lightly grazed (<5 cows per hectare) that are never ploughed closed tall grasslands (L+TT). We collected data on vegetation composition and monitored nesting success of the study species at each of these three micro-habitat types. Vegetation was lowest on H-T, intermediate on L+T and highest on L+TT. Most of the species avoided H-T for nesting, and within lightly grazed grassland showed a strong preference for L+T than L+TT. Independent analysis of all study species showed that nest density was lowest on HT, intermediate on L+TT and highest L+T. Daily nesting success was generally lowest on H-T, intermediate on L+T and highest L+TT. Nest predation was the major cause (accounting for >80%) of nest failure during the study period for all species. Livestock grazing and ploughing clearly reduces availability and quality of nesting substrates for grassland birds thus increasing nest predation. The likelihood of nest predation clearly depended upon foliage in the immediate vicinity of the nest (nest site) and vegetation within 10 m radius of the nest (the nest patch). We concluded that nest predation is one of the potential causal links between management regimes and population declines in grassland birds. Conservation effort for grassland species should be directed at ensuring grasslands are ploughed less frequently and grazed only moderately.
C8. Breeding success of Little Egret, Egretta garzetta, in north-east Algeria
Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected]
Nest site selection, laying chronology and reproductive success of Little Egret, Egretta garzetta, nesting in five mixed species heronries in Numidia, north-east Algeria were first documented from 2003 to 2007. Mean laying dates varied between
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colonies and between years ranging from early May to early June. Mean nest heights were also found to vary significantly from 29.79±17.16 cm at Chatt to 120.60±42.95 cm at Lake Tonga. The overall mean clutch size was 4.50±1.18 (282 nests) with larger clutches recorded at Lake Fetzara: 5.00±1.04 (71 nests) in 2006 and 5.77±1.16 (47 nests) in 2007. During the study, hatching success was high averaging 77.4% whereas fledging success varied significantly between colonies with an overall mean chick survival per nest averaging 2.98 chicks (138 nests). We also investigated relationships between breeding success and environmental factors.
D. Conservation
D1. IUCN-SSC/Wetlands International Flamingo Specialist Group
Brooks Childress1,2, Nigel Jarrett1, Arnaud Béchet3 and Felicity Arengo4
1Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge GL2 7BT, United Kingdom. [email protected] 2Ornithology Section, Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya. 3Tour du Valat, Station biologique, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. 4American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 USA
The Flamingo Specialist Group (FSG) is a global network of flamingo specialists (both scientists and non-scientists) concerned with the study, monitoring, management and conservation of the world’s six flamingo species. Its role is to actively promote flamingo research and conservation worldwide by developing conservation action plans for the most threatened species, and by encouraging information exchange and cooperation amongst flamingo specialists, and with other relevant organisations, particularly the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Wetlands International, Ramsar Convention, WWF International and BirdLife International. The group is coordinated from the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust at Slimbridge, UK, as part of the IUCN Species Survival Commission/Wetlands International Waterbird Network. Our main accomplishments during the past quadrennium have been the completion of the AEWA/CMS International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo, the drafting of an international conservation action plan for the Vulnerable Andean and Near-threatened Puna Flamingos of the high Andes, and the launching of a new Caribbean Flamingo research network. FSG membership is open without charge to flamingo specialists worldwide. Members include experts in both in-situ (wild) and ex-situ (captive) flamingo conservation, as well as in fields ranging from population surveys to breeding biology, diseases, tracking movements and data management. There are currently >240 members from 57 countries around the world, ranging from India to Chile, and from France to South Africa. Members are encouraged to participate in FSG activities, including the development of conservation Action Plans, for species in which they have special expertise, workshops and other international meetings. FSG members are automatically enrolled in the FSG list serve and receive Flamingo, the annual bulletin. They also become members of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. If you wish to join please e-mail your name, address, contact details, and areas of special interest (species and geographic regions) to [email protected]. We look forward to hearing from you.
D2. Lesser Flamingo Action Plan
Brooks Childress1,2, Peter A. Cranswick1,2, Rebecca Lee1,2 and Baz Hughes1,2 1Species Conservation Department, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge GL2 7BT, UK. [email protected] 2IUCN/SSC Wetlands International Flamingo Specialist Group
The Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor is an itinerant species adapted to respond to changes in local environmental conditions by moving among wetlands, and thus depends on a network of suitable sites. The species occurs regularly in 30 countries from West Africa, across sub-Saharan Africa and along the southwest Asian coast to south Asia, and occurs as a vagrant in 26 additional countries. Its global population is, however, concentrated in 11 countries with just six confirmed breeding sites, of which only three are officially protected. The Lesser Flamingo is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2008). The major threats to the survival of the Lesser Flamingo are the loss and/or the degradation of its specialised habitat at these key sites through altered hydrology and water quality, wetland pollution, extraction of salt and soda ash, and the disruption of its few breeding colonies by human activities. Other threats include disruption of nesting colonies by predators, poisoning, disease, harvesting of eggs and live birds, human disturbance at non-breeding sites, predation, and competition for food and breeding sites. The CMS/AEWA International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo identifies measures to address these threats and fill current knowledge gaps, providing a framework for its conservation in all 11 primary range states. The priority activities for the range states are (1) maintain all key sites in good ecological condition, (2) ensure that breeding colonies are not disturbed, and (3) reduce the impact of poisoning and diseases on Lesser Flamingo populations. Because the Lesser Flamingo is dependent on a network of sites in several countries, successful implementation of the plan will require effective international coordination of organisations and action.
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The long-term goal of the plan is to upgrade the Lesser Flamingo from Near Threatened to a species of Least Concern. In the short term, the aim is to maintain the species’ current population and range, and the medium-term goal is to promote an increase in population size and range.
D3. Livelihood issues and the conservation of Blue Swallow habitat in the Sanyatwe Communal Land of the Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe
The Sanyatwe Communal Lands is part of the Nyanga Mountains Important Bird Area, an important breeding and foraging area for the Blue Swallow, Hirundo atrocaerulea. Most of the Blue Swallow habitat is protected as it lies under national parks estates. A study was carried out to establish the relationship between threats to the Blue Swallow and livelihood issues in the Sanyatwe community. The community members knew the major causes of environmental degradation in the area, and these included fire and invasion of grassland by the wattle (Acacia mearnsii) and the pine (Pinus patula). Fire outbreaks were highly probable in Sanyatwe as revealed by a proxy indicator showing that 84% of households had been involved in fire control awareness. Households in Sanyatwe had almost the same sizes of outfields that measured 4.8 ha. There is still demand for land and, if this demand is fulfilled, more grassland will be cultivated. Seventy eight percent of households knew of the local Natural Resource Conservation (NRC) site support group set up in the community and 47% knew something about the training undertaken by community leaders focusing on basic conservation of natural resources. The NRC spearheaded conservation of natural resources in the area. The Sanyatwe Community is poor and thus very dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. The majority of the households in this community were however not aware of by-laws governing the use of natural resources in their area.
D4. Why are Afro-montane birds so important for biodiversity conservation? Altitudinal distribution of the avifauna of the Tchabal-Mbabo montane Forest in Adamaoua, Cameroon
Jean-Bernard Dongmo1 and Serge K. Bobo2
1Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon. [email protected] 2Ministry of Forest and Wildlife, Yaoundé, Cameroon
The value of Afro-montane forests for the conservation of biodiversity has gained importance during last decades. We studied the distribution of the avifauna of the Tchabal Mbabo montane forest in the Adamawa Cameroon to show the high degree of species turn over along an altitudinal gradient and to discuss the sensitivity of montane species to habitat loss. We counted all bird species found along the 24 transect lines established in all three altitudinal forest zones namely the lowland (600–800 m), the sub-montane (800–1800 m) and the montane (1800–2330 m) forests. The species richness of each forest block was estimated using the Rarefaction method. We also analysed separately species restricted to the Afro-montane, to the Guinea-Congolian and to the Savannah forest biomes across forest block boundaries. The species composition was also compared along the same altitudinal gradient. We found that overall rarefied species richness was higher in the montane habitat, significantly lower in sub-montane and lowland forests. While the number of species restricted to the Guinea-Congolian forest biome decreased with increasing altitude, species restricted to the Afro-montane forest biome showed the opposite trend and species restricted to the Savanna biome remained fairly constant. Almost all the Restricted range species (10 out of 11) were found in the montane forest block. The similarity in species composition was low between the lowland and the sub-montane forest blocks (29%), medium between the sub-montane and the montane forest blocks (41%) and lowest between the lowland and the montane forest blocks (21%), indicating a high degree of species turn over between the lowland and other altitudinal forest types. We suggest that if montane forest is degraded as it is usually the case in highly populated areas, species of conservation concern could become locally extinct.
D5. Conservation impacts of environmental change on populations of threatened large terrestrial bird species in South Africa
Sally Hofmeyr
Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
This poster presents a summary of my PhD project proposal. The principal question for my PhD is: What are the causes of observed population trends of selected threatened large terrestrial bird species in the areas covered by the Coordinated
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Avifaunal Roadcounts (CAR) project? Specifically, I will be looking at land-use changes and climate change and their effect on the birds’ populations; the use of some of the bird species as indicators of ecosystem health, and the utility of the CAR project data. The CAR project data span up to 15 years of biennial roadcounts, carried out over much of the south-eastern half of South Africa. I will begin by producing population trends from the CAR project database, and based on these I will select several threatened species to focus on, whose populations have increased or decreased in some or all areas. I will consult databases on land-use and climate in the relevant areas, and also visit the areas in question to consult the land managers themselves. I will endeavour to identify the relationships, if any, between the changes recorded and the population trends observed. I also plan to examine the selected species’ habitat requirements and sensitivity to environmental change, to assess their potential value as indicator species. I hope to be able to produce management recommendations based on these findings, which, if implemented, will improve conservation of the birds as well as the biodiversity on which they depend. Finally, I plan to statistically assess the CAR project data’s sensitivity and robustness, and if they are found wanting will attempt to recommend suitable changes to the design of the counts.
D6. Conservation status of the critically endangered Long-billed Tailorbird Artisornis moreaui in Tanzania: Do anthropized habitats have a role to play?
Jasson John1, Luca Borghesio2, Fadhili Njilima3 and Norbert J. Cordeiro4
1Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., 60607, Chicago, IL, USA. 3Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, P.O Box 70919, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 4Zoology/Botany Departments, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, USA
The Long-billed Tailorbird Artisornis moreaui is among the rarest birds in the world with only two disjunct populations in the East Usambaras in Tanzania and Njesi plateau, Mozambique. Although it is relatively well-studied in Tanzania, with limited observation from Mozambique, new details in relation to its distribution and habitat requirements continue to be observed in the East Usambara Mountains. Using available literature and previous experiences on its habitat requirements, a playback method was employed to identify the distribution and monitor the Long-billed Tailorbird population in the submontane area of the East Usambaras. This study reports findings gathered from 2005–2008 in the southern portion of the East Usambara Mountains, namely the environs of Amani Nature Reserve. Survey sites include the following habitats: pristine forest blocks, disturbed forest, exotic Eucalyptus and tea plantations, and agricultural fields with different crops and different intensities of cultivation. Initial data indicate that although the tailorbird has been observed to be a forest dependent species, visiting forest edges and forest gaps, as suggested by previous studies, anthropized habitats close to main forest blocks can also provide suitable habitat for this species. These include dense shrublands developing on abandoned fields, Eucalyptus plantations with dense undergrowth and forest edges adjoining traditionally cropped fields. Average encounter frequencies were similar in undisturbed forest and along forest edges, while disturbed forest had lower densities, probably due to heavy invasion of Maesopsis eminii. Agricultural mosaics far from the forest have also lower densities of this species. Many new territories are continuously discovered in the study area, especially in large, natural forest gaps and glades, suggesting that population size might be higher than previously estimated. Conservation of critically endangered species like the Long-billed Tailorbird need to focus on broader landscape features in this study area. Since unprotected forest tracts and anthropized habitats close to forest appear to host a significant proportion of the population, it is extremely important to involve local villagers and plantation managers to mitigate conservation measures, perhaps by, reducing disturbance to secondary growth in plantations during the breeding season, and encouraging ecotourism in sites where the species can be observed.
D7. Protection of a Greater Flamingo breeding site in Algeria: an integrated approach
Farrah Samraoui1, Mouloud Boulkhssaïm2, Abdallah Ouldjaoui2 and Boudjéma Samraoui1
1Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected]. 2Institute of Biology, Centre Universitaire Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
In the past five years (2003–2007), The Greater Flamingo bred or attempted to breed for the fourth year in a row at Gareat Ezzemoul, Algeria, where a breeding colony was discovered in 2004. The species has bred at Garaet ezzemoul, an unmanaged salt lake within the Oum El Bouaghi wetlands complex for the last century and probably before that whenever climatic conditions were favorable. In recent times, disturbance due to egg collecting and poaching, as well as hydrological changes due to dam construction represent the main threats to the continued existence of the Ezzemoul colony. Long-term conservation efforts targeting different stake-holders aimed at protecting the Greater Flamingo and its habitats in the region have been initiated and have met with some success.
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D8. Seabird conservation on Dyer Island; the threats they face and current research to address them
Lauren Waller1,2 and Les G. Underhill1,2
1Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] 2Dyer Island Conservation Trust, P.O. Box 78, Gansbaai 7220, South Africa
Dyer Island is a 20 ha island off the south coast of South Africa. It is a breeding island for Cape Cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis, White-breasted Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Bank Cormorants Phalacrocorax neglectus, Crowned Cormorants Phalacrocorax coronatus, African Penguins Spheniscus demersus, African Black Oystercatchers Haematopus moquini, Swift Terns Sterna bergii, Hartlaub Gulls Larus hartlaubii and Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus. The main threats that breeding birds on this island face are competition with commercial fishers, oiling, seal predation and disease. Current research and monitoring projects involve the assessment of the impact of seal predation on seabirds; and the impact of fishing on the breeding success of African Penguins, quantifying the number of oiled African Penguins and managing disease outbreaks. This presentation will provide feedback on the extent of oiling and predation on seabirds. Initial results will also be provided on the new research programme initiated in 2008 designed to look at the impacts of fishing on penguin breeding success. Chick growth will be monitored from known African Penguin adults, and GPS_TD devices placed on known breeding African Penguins.
D9. Birds of conservation concern at Lake Ol’ Bolossat raise her status as Kenya’s 61st Important Bird Area
Wanyoike Wamiti1, Philista A. Malaki1 and Andrew W. Mwangi2
1Department of Zoology (Ornithology Section), National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] 2Friends of Kinangop Plateau, P.O. Box 265 – 20117, Naivasha, Kenya
Located in Nyandarua North District in Kenya’s Central Province, Lake Ol’ Bolossat is a small natural wetland with an area of 43.3 km2 of which open water covers about 4 km2. The riparian land around this wetland holds a suite of significant area of unique montane highland grasslands like those found in Kinangop Plateau. We conducted a riparian grasslands bird survey in August 2007 concentrating at seven blocks, including selected private farms on the western side covering a total area of c.600 acres. We made opportunistic observations and used no-rope method to flush out birds in open fields. We collected data on birds, grassland habitat quality and number of grazing livestock. The survey counted 29 individuals of the globally-threatened and Kenyan high-altitude grassland endemic, Sharpe’s Longclaw Macronyx sharpei. They were recorded at densities of 0.01–0.15 birds acre–1, whereas eleven individuals of the East African endemic, Jackson’s Widowbird Euplectes jacksoni, were observed only in private farms at a density of 0.08–0.17 birds acre–1. Also recorded were the regionally-threatened Long-tailed Widowbird Euplectes progne, Hunter’s Cisticola Cisticola hunteri, Great White Egret Egretta alba and African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus. Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa, Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus and White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus were recorded previously. These species makes the site qualify as an Important Bird Area bringing the total IBAs for Kenya to sixty one. The site’s species qualifies under criteria A1 (globally-threatened), A2 (restricted-range) and A3 (biome-restricted). This listing elevates her biodiversity conservation status both locally and internationally. Threats to this wetland and catchment are of anthropogenic origin and include encroachment and settlement, quarrying, overgrazing, uncontrolled water abstraction, and poor soil and water management practices. Owing to her potential of conserving highland grassland bird endemics, other national genetic resources and attracting avi-tourism, we recommend that the area is gazetted to stop destruction and loss of habitat, biodiversity inventory, comprehensive bird surveys in non-visited sections and northern sector of Kinangop Grasslands and implementation of site’s management plan. Further, a national IBA review exercise is needed to allow listing of additional sites, updating and publishing of a second edition of the directory.
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e. Distribution and Abundance
E1. Predicting impacts of climate change on the distribution of threatened forest-restricted birds in Madagascar
Rado Andriamasimanana1 and Alison Cameron2
1BirdLife International Madagascar Programme, P.O. Box 1074, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [email protected] 2Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management; 137 Mulford Hall #3114, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
The bird fauna of Madagascar is characterized by high endemicity and high dependency on forest habitat. Of the 204 breeding species, 120 are endemic to Madagascar and almost 91% of the forest-restricted species are endemics. Three bird families are endemic to Madagascar; Mesitornithidae, Brachypteraciidae and Bernieridae. Almost fifty per cent (50%) of globally threatened birds constitute forest-restricted species, and the greatest common threat has been deforestation of these areas. During the last few decades concern over global climate change has increased, and is expected to impact differently on each species depending on its biology and ecology. This study explores how potential climate change could affect the 17 threat-ened forest endemic birds in Madagascar, using a range of climate variables from two IPCC scenarios and climate change models. The effects of including forest cover as a modelling variable are also explored. Suitable climate envelopes for the study species generally moved from the lowlands to the highlands. The models showed that birds occurring in the western forests of Madagascar could be more vulnerable to climate change than birds in the eastern forests, and for the latter, species occurring at high altitude could be more vulnerable than species occurring in middle and low altitude forests. Many birds of the western biome have highly restricted distributions which seem to be limited by a range of microhabitat variables and species-specific biogeographical barriers. These aspects may restrict the outcome of these models in predicting the potential distributions of these species in relation to climate change.
E2. The birds of Tanzania: an atlas of distribution and seasonality
Neil E. Baker and Elizabeth M. Baker
Tanzania Bird Atlas, P.O. Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania. [email protected]
From humble beginnings in the early 1980s the Tanzania Atlas database now exceeds 800 000 records with 93% coverage at the level of the atlas grid. Although data collection is still based around the ¼ degree square in recent years more detailed records have been collected within 500 m of a geo-referenced point. This has enabled habitat data to be incorporated into the Atlas and is particularly useful in defining altitude limits for a number of species. Presence and breeding season records have been collected monthly allowing a far better understanding of Afrotropical movements. With more than 25 years of data to analyse range expansion is apparent for several species with some apparently reacting to a gradual drying of the environment. The ubiquitous Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus will occur in every square in every month and is used to illustrate coverage. The usefulness of this approach is clear when expressing negative data for several species. At 945 000 km2 Tan-zania is one of the larger African countries and coverage remains poor for huge swathes of western and south-eastern areas. With some 1140 species on the Working Checklist and high avian diversity in the better worked areas there are 3 squares that exceed 600 species and no squares should have less than 300 species. Some species maps are available on the TBAP website www.tanzaniabirdatlas.com but it will be several years before the project is concluded and a book produced.
E3. Effects of altitude and habitat types on the abundance and diversity of bird species at Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross River State, Nigeria
Edu O. Effiom1,2 and Shiiwua A. Manu2
1Wildlife & Ecotourism Department, Cross River State Forestry Commission, Calabar, Nigeria. [email protected] 2A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
The Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, found in the southeast region of Nigeria represents one of the few diverse rainforest reserves in the country that is still fairly intact. This Sanctuary, although gazetted by the Government of Cross River State for the conservation of the Cross River Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla dehli and other charismatic primates, also has high ornitho-logical significance. It is the western extension of the Cameroon highlands, an endemic bird area. It is home to most of the Cameroon highland range-restricted species that occur in Nigeria, including the Red-necked Picathartes, Picathartes oreas (Stattersfield et al. 1998). A total of 163 bird species in 35 families were recorded during our study using line transects between March and May 2006. Seven species new to the area were recorded during this study, including two range-restricted species.
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The results showed that habitat type and altitude significantly influence bird species diversity and abundance. Bird species diversity varied significantly across different habitat types at varying altitudes and the total number of birds recorded varied significantly across different habitat types. Landscape level conservation management is thus suggested for safeguarding not just the flagship species but also the rich bird species, other taxa and the landscape structure of Afi Mountains as well.
E4. Aloe nectar as a seasonal bonanza: bird diversity and abundance at Aloe ferox stands in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Ross Forbes, Daniel Parker, Patrick E. Hulley and Adrian J.F.K. Craig
Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. [email protected]
Winter-flowering aloes may provide a significant food source during a period of relative food scarcity for many bird species. Whereas studies at a stand of Aloe marlothii in Gauteng, South Africa, suggested that nectarivores such as sunbirds (Nectariniidae) were an insignificant component of the avifauna during the flowering period, our previous data from both game reserves and farmland in the Eastern Cape showed that Malachite Sunbirds Nectarinia famosa were often the dominant species at stands of Aloe ferox. We have now used point counts and measured-effort mist-netting before, during and after the flowering period at an aloe stand on farmland (unaffected by elephant damage which is prevalent in the reserves) to examine the changes in bird populations at this site related to the availability of aloe nectar and pollen. All birds handled were examined for aloe pollen, to confirm which species were potential pollinators. Our results indicate an influx of birds, notably weavers and sunbirds, during the flowering period, while ringing has demonstrated that individual birds revisit specific sites in successive years, and also visit different sites within at least a 5 km radius.
E5. Composition and distribution in relation with the type of habitat of the passerine in the natural forests and substitution surroundings to the South of Benin
Olou T. Lougbégnon1,2, Jean T.C. Codjia2 and Marcel R. Libois1
1Unité de recherches Zoogéographiques, Université de Liège – Ulg, Belgium. [email protected] 2Laboratoire d’aménagement forestier et de biogéographie, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’abomey-Calavi, Bénin
The passerine constitutes a key group of forest birds on which it is necessary to found for the follow-up of the avian and the dynamics of the landscape. Those of the forest surroundings and substitution (plantation and fallow) of the south of Benin are counted by the technique of point of monitoring through 45 stations of 2003 to 2007. Their distribution done by Analysis of the Multiple Correspondences and Ascending Hierarchical Classification revealed a clear opposition between the forest birds communities and those of the plantations and fallows. Thus, on the set of the prospected stations, the avian population is structured well and one can put in relation this structure with the gradient of vegetation prospected. Groups of indicatory birds of the different biotopes in presence have also been put in inscription: avian species wooded surrounding ubiquities, those distinctly ubiquities or “versatile” in all surroundings, the birds of the wooded surroundings of substitution (planta-tion and old fallow or under plantation) and those of the non wooded surroundings of substitution (fallows bushy or young), the birds typical of humid forests and those forest in general. One notes of it all the same the non-existence of difference of avian composition between fallow and plantation. In the same way group of passerine doesn’t discriminating in the planta-tions of Elaeis guineensis and Tectonia grandis, that behave as fallows evolved whereas the plantations of Cocos nucifera are individualized well.
E6. Distribution and abundance of some regionally and globally threatened bird species in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Victor Mkongewa, Luca Borghesio, Jasson John, Fadhili Njilima, Martin P. Joho, Norbert J. Cordeiro
Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, P.O. Box 70919, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [email protected]
There are several regionally threatened and globally threatened bird species in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. The submontane forest is very fragmented due to tea estates, cultivation and plantations. Because very little is known about the distribution and abundance of many of these species, we studied them by counting these birds over two years using 340 fixed point count stations spread around all these different habitats. Here we present information on 10 bird species (Southern Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Fischer’s turaco Tauraco fischeri, Olive (Usambara) Thrush Turdus (olivaceus) roehli, Dapple-mountain Robin Modulatrix orostruthus, Spot-throat Modulatrix stictigula, White-chested alethe Alethe fuelleborni, Sharpe’s akalat Sheppardia sharpie, Usambara hyliota Hyliota usambarae, Banded Sunbird Anthreptes rubritorques, and
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Amani Sunbird Hedydipna pallidigastra) occurring in this highland area. We show that some species can forage in habitats with some degree of disturbance, but that most species have higher detections in native forest. Conservation therefore needs to be focussed on protecting the larger forest such as Amani and Nilo Nature Reserves, but also the remaining large forest patches that have no government protection.
E7. Diversity of breeding bird communities of Feija National Park, Tunisia
Moez Touihri and Faouzia Charfi
Unité de Recherche de Biologie Animale et Systématique Evolutive, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisia. [email protected]
The Feija National Park has been an Important Bird Area since 2001, recognized in terms of BirdLife International’s criteria. It represents a forest ecosystem typically Mediterranean, and formed by various biotopes. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between vegetation structure and breeding bird richness and abundance in the study area. We were interested in two principal questions. The first was how specific richness varies according to certain vegetation parameters? The second was how the structure of the vegetation determines the distribution of breeding bird abundances? Canonical correspondence analysis and stepwise regression were used in this study. Our results suggest that there is a positive correla-tion between the specific richness and the height of the scrub layer. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the breeding birds of the park form six functional groups according to their distribution and abundance.
E8. The second Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP2): changes and conservation outcomes
Doug M. Harebottle1, Les G. Underhill1 and Phoebe Barnard2
1Animal Demography Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Climate Change & BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
The first Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP1) was published in 1997 after five years of fieldwork (1987–1992) and accumulated over 7 million bird records. The publication was hailed as a conservation milestone for southern Africa’s avifauna and the data were used extensively by research scientists, conservation planners and environmental consultants. For the first time the distribution and relative abundance for southern African birds had been accurately mapped and documented. The second Southern African Bird Atlas was launched in July 2007 and plans to build on the success of SABAP1. Here we describe how changes to the fieldwork protocol aim to provide information that will help answer and reveal trends in bird populations and distributions, particularly in light of global environmental change. In addition, we show how changes in technology have contributed to advanced data processing and outputs. The SABAP2 dataset will meet, or help meet, a number of pressing conservation and research needs.
F. education, Awareness and etho-ornithology
F1. Could traditional customs be helpful in conserving Galliformes in Central Africa? The case of the Congo Peafowl in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Emile M. Mulotwa1, Benjamin Akaibe M. Dudu1, D. Agenong’a Upoki1, P. McGowan2, R.A. Fuller3, R. Wilkinson4 and Michel Louette5
1Université de Kisangani, Faculté des Sciences (Biologie), Département d’Ecologie et Gestion des Ressources Animales, Laboratoire LEGERA, BP. 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. [email protected] 2World Pheasant Association, 7–9 Shaftesbury Street, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1JF, UK. 3Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. 4Head of Con-servation and Science, North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton, Chester CH2 1LH, UK. 5Royal Museum for Central Africa, Zoology Department (Vertebrates/Ornithology), Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
In the DRC, the keeping of traditional customs can make valuable contributions to biodiversity conservation in general and particularly to bird conservation. In order to assess which customs could be beneficial, specifically to Galliformes conser-vation, this study was carried out on parts of the eastern and the western range of the Congo Peafowl Afropavo congensis. This is the only pheasant in Africa and it is endemic to the RDC and listed as vulnerable (VU: C2a) by the IUCN (IUCN
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2005, BirdLife 2008). From 2003 to 2007, a survey was conducted throughout the species’ range. In total 101 people were interviewed from six tribes in the western range of the species and 133 people were interviewed from about 20 tribes in the species’ eastern range. In general, the species is hunted without consideration in the west. In the eastern part of its range some tribal customs have a potential to make considerable contributions to its conservation. Further studies could be helpful in gaining insight to conserve these traditions.
F2. Tools for bird conservation and eco-tourism: bird names in Natta, Serengeti
John M. Wambura1, Omour A. Chambegga2, Mokiti T.C. Tarimo1 and Nsajigwa E. Mbije1 1Department of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agricul-ture, P.O. Box 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania. [email protected] 2College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania
This study on Natta bird names was carried out from 5–16 May 2005 in the two Natta villages of Mbisso and Motukeri nestled in Natta Ward, Ikorongo-Grumeti Division in the Serengeti District in Mara Region. This paper presents a survey of birds and a preliminary Natta checklist of bird species of Mbisso and Motukeri villages, Serengeti. Questionnaires and group discussions were administered to traditional leaders, elders and other age groups to obtain the Natta bird names. Information was also gathered from personal communication with various people in the general public and by the help of bird field identification guides. A total of 191 bird species from 63 families were recorded in and around human habitation of the named villages. Of the 191 birds species, 131 (72.2%) have local Natta bird names. Yet, most species lack distinctive names in Natta, which is vernacular language spoken throughout several divisions within the Serengeti District. We argue that vernacular languages are the most important tools for bird conservation since such languages can act as catalyst for learning, studying sciences at schools and colleges and also disseminating information to enable people to understand birds, their habitats, values and the need to conserve them. It will also contribute and promote tourism especially the growing cultural and ecotourism in the country by establishing conservation based eco-tourism enterprises that would deal with selling printed and published bird checklists, guide booklets, books, brochures, and also providing professional local guide services and thereby increasing wealth and reducing poverty among community members. The local Natta communities need to establish cultural tourism programmes to create more conservation-tourism based enterprises to eradicate poverty and raise their standard of living. We recommend further improvement of the Natta checklist in the focal area as well as for other areas.
G. energetics, foraging and diet
G1. Patch-use by granivorous birds under different levels of predation risk and food abundance
Oluwabunmi O. Jegede1, Mary N. Molokwu2 and Gbolagade A. Lameed1
1Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria [email protected] 2A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, P.O. Box 13404, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
Local resource availability coupled with energy deprivation, and predation, contribute to the environmental variables that affect the foraging behaviour of animals. This study aims at determining the effect of predation risk and food abundance on the patch-use behaviour of granivorous birds. The study was carried out at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria (07°30'N 03°55'E) for a period of two weeks between February and March, 2008 (dry season). Data was collected in two microhabitats; under vegetation cover (protection against predation) and away from tree cover (less protection against predation). Giving-up density (GUD) was used to assess the response of granivorous birds to food variation amidst predation and different food abundance. More feeding activity was recorded under cover than in the open patches, while birds reacted to food augmentation, as GUD increased irrespective of the microhabitat. This research buttresses previ-ous literatures on patch-use decisions amidst different foraging costs (energetic cost, predation cost and missed opportunity cost). Results showed that birds responded to food availability and survival, which leads to long-term reproductive success. From the study, GUD can be used to determine patch-use and consequently as a tool in monitoring habitat conditions.
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G2. Ecological consequences of metabolism in the tropics: seasonal variation in the diet of granivo-rous birds
Mary N. Molokwu1,2, Ola Olsson1,2, Ulf Ottosson1 and Jan-Åke Nilsson2
1A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Laminga, Jos East. P.O. Box 13404 Jos, Nigeria. [email protected]. 2Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
The behavioural responses of foraging, granivorous birds to seasonal environmental changes were studied in Jos, Central Nigeria, using the giving-up density (GUD, i.e. amount of food left in depletable food patches). We supplied birds with two food types (groundnut Arachis hypogaea and millet Panicum spp.) of different caloric value throughout the year, covering both dry and wet seasons. GUDs were collected in three sites. Generally, birds fed more on groundnuts, especially in the dry season, leaving lower GUDs. Groundnuts, by being more fatty (31% fat) than millet (6.4% fat), provides a larger amount of energy per seed. Also, fat oxidation produces more metabolic water than oxidizing carbohydrates and this water, may replenish part of the water lost through respiration. Preference for groundnuts increased in the dry season probably as a means of replenishing water lost through respiration and reducing metabolic costs during this period of low water availability, and high temperatures. Fatty seeds such as groundnuts should therefore have a greater value during periods of low water and food availability, such as the hot, dry season. Interestingly, selectivity for groundnuts declined and relatively more millet seeds were taken in the cooler wet season, when water was more available and naturally occurring seeds more abundant. Since seasonal variation in the availability of food and drinking water influence the birds’ foraging decisions, it should be possible to use these behaviours as indicators of habitat quality, rainfall patterns and seasonality in water and background food availability.
G3. Insect diet of the Cattle Egret, bubulcus ibis through analysis of faecal droppings
Georgina S. Mwansat, Shiiwua A. Manu, Adams A. Chaskda and Mary O. Okolie
A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, P.O. Box 13404, Laminga, Plateau State, Nigeria. [email protected]
Insects constitute a major part of avian diet and are regarded as nutritionally adequate for a number of bird species. However, the type of insect species consumed, could vary from one bird species to another depending on the foraging strategy and preferences of a particular bird species. Similarly, abundance, ease of capture, body patterns, familiarity and digestibility could render some insect species or an insect developmental stage susceptible to predation by birds. This study, explored the diet of the Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, an insectivorous heron through analysis of faeces from two roosts in central Nigeria. The digestibilities of various insect parts were also analysed. Results showed the insect families Acrididae and Formicidae as constituting a major part of cattle egret diet in the two localities. However, site examination of specimen collected from the two study sites showed slight differences in the composition and digestibility of insect families fed upon a phenomenon suggestive of variations at foraging quarters.
G4. Unpredictable resources and the foraging strategy of Cape Gannets: life history consequences
René A. Navarro
Animal Demography Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected]
It has been generally assumed that pelagic seabirds’ extreme life history characteristics such as low fecundity and slow chick growth have evolved as adaptations to unpredictable and patchy distribution of food resources. This can be further exacerbated during the breeding season when seabirds become central foragers as they have to make frequent trips between the foraging areas and their breeding colonies in order to brood and feed their offspring. Predictability of food resources is scale dependent; it appears to be high at mesoscales, i.e. shelf edge, frontal and upwelling zones. However, resources are less predictable within these mesoscale areas, and birds have to search for patches at a finer scale. In this study I use GPS loggers to investigate the foraging behaviour of Cape Gannets to investigate predictability at different spatial and temporal scales. The results indicate that such unpredictability has important consequences in the life history, breeding success and population dynamics of this species in particular and seabirds in general.
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G5. Diet of nestling Purple Herons (Ardea purpurea)
Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected]
The Purple Heron Ardea purpurea is a marsh-dwelling species that prefers dense, extensive reed beds. Although its feeding ecology is relatively well known, no information has ever been gathered about its diet in North Africa where the species is a regular breeder. The diet of chicks was investigated in four distinct sites across Numidia, northeast Algeria between 2005 and 2007. We examined 73 food boluses collected from nestlings in May and June and found that fish (mainly Cyprinus carpio, Gambusia affinis, and Barbus callensis) were the most prevalent vertebrate prey whereas Coleoptera larvae (Hydrous piceus and Cybister spp.) and Odonata larvae (mainly Aeshnids) were the most frequent and the dominant invertebrate food items.
G6. Statut et budget d’activité diurne du Flamant rose, Phoenicopterus roseus dans les Hauts Plateaux du nord-est algérien
1Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. 2Institute of Biology, Centre Universitaire Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria. [email protected]
Nous avons suivi la population de flamants roses, Phoenicopterus roseus, dans le complexe de zones humides des Hauts Plateaux du nord-est algérien entre décembre 2002 et août 2004. Le dénombrement régulier de flamants roses nous a permis de réévaluer le statut de cette espèce en Algérie à travers des effectifs pouvant atteindre 22 000 individus. Durant deux années (2002–2003), nous avons également analysé le budget d’activité diurne du Flamant rose dans deux sites du complexe. L’alimentation domine toutes les autres activités avec 66.7% et 51% en 2002–2003 et 2003–2004, respectivement. Deux autres activités telles que le sommeil et la toilette, occupent une part relativement modeste des activités diurnes du Flamant rose et leur somme totalise à peine 17% (2002–2003) et 37% (2003–2004) de ses activités. Le statut du Flamant rose dans la région reste tributaire de l’hydrologie des plans d’eau du complexe, elle-même sujette aux aléas climatiques et à un impact anthropique croissant.
[Status and diurnal activity budget of the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus on the Hauts Plateaux of north-eastern Algeria]
[We monitored the population of Greater Flamingos, Phoenicopterus roseus, in the wetland system of the Hauts Plateaux of north-eastern Algeria from December 2002 to August 2004. Regular counts led us to re-evaluate the status of this species in Algeria, since up to 22 000 birds were recorded. For two years (2002–2004), we also recorded the diurnal activity budget of the Greater Flamingo at two wetlands. Feeding was the dominant activity, taking up 66.7% of their time in 2002–2003, and 51% in 2003–2004. Two other activites, sleeping and preening combined, took up much less time, in total 17% (2002–2003) and 37% (2003–2004). The status of the Greater Flamingo in this region is dependent on the hydrology of the water bodies, which in turn are subject to climatic fluctuations, and increasing human impact.]
H. General ecology
H1. Oiseaux nicheurs dans le Parc National du Diawling et sa zone périphérique, Mauritanie
1Nature Mauritanie, BP 2647 Nouakchott, Mauritanie. [email protected] 2Direction des Aires protégées et du littoral, Mauritanie. 3Parc National du Diawling, BP 3935 Nouakchott, Mauritanie
Dans cet article, les auteurs mettent en exergue l’importance des zones humides du bas delta du fleuve Sénégal, en Mauritanie, pour la nidification d’un certain nombre d’oiseaux d’eau. Les investigations effectuées sur le terrain de Août 2005 à Avril 2006, ont permis d’identifier, de nichoirs au niveau de la mangrove du Ntiallakh (16°20'51"N, 16°26'37"W), de l’Aftout Es Saheli (16°44'51"N, 16°21'69"W; 16°41'49"N, 16°22'17"W) et dans le bassin du Diawling Tichillit (16°29'35"N, 16°24'61"W; 16°29'82"N, 16°21'92"W; 16°29'51"N, 16°23'32"W). Ces sites ont accueilli respectivement 3450; 2250 et 14210 oiseaux nicheurs entre 2005 et 2006. Les espèces les plus importantes sont: Anhinga roux Anhinga rufa, Cormoran africain Phalacrocorax africanus, Grande aigrette Casmerodius albus, Héron garde-bœufs Bubulcus ibis, Grand cormoran Phalacrocorax carbo, Spatule d’Afrique Platalea alba, Héron Bihoreau gris Nycticorax nycticorax, Ibis sacré Threskiornis aethiopica, Sterne Caspienne Sterna caspia et Sterne royale Sterna maxima. Les nids sont construits sur les arbres de Tamarix
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senegalensis dans le bassin du Diawling et entouré d’eau d’une profondeur moyenne de 1 à 1,30 m. Les nids étaient placés à une hauteur approximative de 1m du sol. Les nids sont, pour la majorité, construits à partir de branches de tamarix, bois morts, tiges d’herbacés, etc. Une particularité est à mentionner, celle de l’utilisation des anciens nids de flamants par les sternes caspiennes. Trois ou quatre espèces peuvent nicher ensemble sur les mêmes arbres mais on peut aisément trouver 15 à 20 nids sur un seul arbre. En général la taille de la ponte varie entre 02 et 05 œufs. Chez les espèces nicheurs, le succès de la reproduction est jugé très satisfaisant: 75 à 85% de poussins ont réussi à quitter les nids.
[Birds nesting in the Diawling National Park, Mauritania, and on the periphery of the protected area]
[We would like to highlight the importance of the wetlands of the lower Senegal River delta in Mauritania for the breed-ing of certain waterbirds. Fieldwork from August 2005 to April 2006 located nesting sites in the mangroves of Ntiallakh (16°20'51"N 16°26'37"W), at the Aftout Es Saheli (16°44'51"N, 16°21'69"W; 16°41'49"N, 16°22'17"W) and in the basin of Diawling Tichillit (16°29'35"N, 16°24'61"W; 16°29'82"N, 16°21'92"W; 16°29'51"N, 16°23'32"). These sites held 3450, 2250 and 14 210 breeding birds respectively over this period. The most numerous species were the African Darter Anhinga rufa, Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus, Great White Egret Casmerodius albus, Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, African Spoonbill Platalea alba, Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica, Caspian Tern Sterna caspia and Royal Tern Sterna maxima. The nests were built on Tamarix senegalensis trees in the Diawling basin over water of an average depth of 1.0–1.3 m, with the nest about 1 m above the surface. Most nests were constructed from tamarisk branches, dead wood, grass stalks, etc. It was notable that Caspian Terns made use of old flamingo nests. Three or four species might nest together in the same tree, but there were often 15–20 nests in a single tree. Clutch sizes generally varied between 2 and 5 eggs. Breeding success seemed satisfactory with 75–85% of the hatchlings leaving the nest.]
H2. Habitat requirements of the Long-billed tailorbird Artisornis moreaui in Tanzania
Fadhili Njilima1, Luca Borghesio2, Jasson John3, Victor Mkongewa4, Martin P. Joho5 and Norbert J. Cordeiro6
1Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, P.O. Box 70919, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [email protected] 2Dept Bio-logical Sciences (M/C O66), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL 6060, USA. 3Dept of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. 4P.O. Box 29, Amani, Tanga, Tanzania. 5P.O. Box 57, Amani, Muheza, Tanzania. 6Dept of Botany & Zoology, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
The Long-billed tailorbird Artisornis moreaui is a poorly known, Critically Endangered bird that occurs in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, and in the Jeci Plateau, Mozambique. Very little is known about its distributional requirements, and we therefore studied it by using field observations the East Usambara Mountains. We quantified percent vegetation cover and forest gap sizes for all locations with existing territories. We also counted these birds as well as four other globally threatened bird species over two years using 340 fixed point count stations spread around cultivations, little disturbed forest, disturbed forest and plantations. Here we present information on this tailorbird’s habitat preferences and we also compare its distribution to four other globally threatened bird species (Fischer’s turaco Tauraco fischeri, Olive (Usambara) Thrush Turdus (olivaceus) roehli, Banded Sunbird Anthreptes rubritorques, Amani Sunbird Hedydipna pallidigastra) occurring in this area. We found that the presence of vines and gaps within a certain size range influenced the presence and abundance of the Long-billed tailor-bird. While this species requires habitats under some degree of disturbance, and the two sunbird species can forage outside of forest, we also show that the thrush and turaco are more dependent on native forest tracts. Conservation of the tailorbird is dependent on working with stake-holders, such as small scale farmers and the tea estate managers.
H3. Régime alimentaire de Bulbul noir, Hypsipetes madagascariensis dans la forêt de Maromizaha, Est de Madagascar
Lovahasina T. Rasolondraibe1, Hajanirina Rakotomanana1 and Friederike Woog2
1Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar. [email protected] 2Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Stuttgart, Allemagne
Le régime alimentaire du Bulbul commun ou Hypsipetes madagascariensis a été étudié dans la forêt de Maromizaha, Est de Madagascar, en utilisant la méthode d’observation directe et l’analyse des matières fécales. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que son régime alimentaire est constitué de 76,9 % de fruits et de 23,1 % d’insectes non identifiés. Six familles de plantes ont été identifiées mais les familles les plus fréquemment recensées dans les matières fécales et durant l’observation directe
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sont: Verbenaceae (Lantana camara) et Solanaceae (Solanum mauritianum). Environ quatre vingt dix neuf pourcent des fruits prélevés appartiennent à la strate arbustive et la plupart des fruits consommés (environ 60%) sont des drupes. Ces résultats suggèrent que Hypsipetes madagascariensis est une espèce à régime à tendance frugivore, et il peut jouer un rôle dans la dissémination des graines dans les forêts tropicales de Madagascar.
[The diet of the Malagasy Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis in the forest of Maromizaha, eastern Madagascar]
[The diet of the common Malagasy bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis was investigated in the forest of Maromizaha, eastern Madagascar, by means of direct observation and faecal analysis. The results indicate that its diet consists of 77% fruit and 23% unidentified insects. Six plant families were recorded as food, but the species most frequently represented both in faecal material and in observations of feeding birds were Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and Solanum mauritianum (Solanaceae). Almost all (99%) of the fruit eaten was from the shrub layer, and the bulk of the fruits were drupes (60%). These results suggest that Hypsipetes madagascariensis is essentially a frugivorous species, and may play an important role in seed dispersal in Malagasy forests. It is thus of concern that the two main plants in its diet are invasive alien species.]
H4. Avitopes and the urban ecology of birds in a town and city in South Africa
Nikki Smith, Henk Bouwman and Sarel Cilliers
School for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, P. Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. [email protected]
Biodiversity is a significant element of our everyday experience in towns and cities. Fragmentation of habitats is recognized as a significant threat to biodiversity, and urban landscapes are characterised as highly fragmented. These levels of distur-bance and broad range of environments have the potential to facilitate and accomodate a diverse avifauna. Various socio-economic factors can also affect the distribution and abundance of birds. It is therefore important to make use of research that integrates aspects of natural and social sciences in order to better understand the functioning of urban ecosystems. For this reason, socio-economic factors have been included in this study. Cities in the grasslands of southern Africa are often characterised by secondary woodland, resulting from urbanisation, and vegetation structure analysis was also included. This study is based on a continuation of a study that started in 2004. This current study aims to further refine the dual concepts of Active Habitat Selection and avitopes, to try and establish the delineation of avitopes in Potchefstroom, and to determine whether this technique is applicable to other types of cities or towns. Various parameters were measured on a grid basis in Potcheftsroom and Viljoenskroon with two repetitions at each site for summer, fall and winter. Distribution maps indicated similar patterns between the two urban areas.
H5. Inventaire et écologie des peuplements de Laro-Limicoles et d’Echassiers dans les hautes plaines de l’Est algérien
Sihem Seddik1, Mohamed-Chérif Maazi1 and Moussa Houhamdi2.
1Département de Biologie, Centre Universitaire de Souk-Ahras, Algérie. 2Département de Biologie, Université du 08 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algérie. [email protected]
La diversité biologique de la région méditerranéenne est exceptionnellement élevée du fait de sa situation géographique entre trois continents, sa géologie, son climat varié et à sa richesse de ses habitats. L’un de ces habitat est le complexe de zones humides des hautes plaines du Constantinois qui renferme une vingtaine de sites d’importance variables dispersés sur 150 km d’Est en Oust, répartis principalement entre quatre wilayas à savoir: Sétif, Khenchela, Batna et Oum El-Bouaghi. Cette dernière est dotée d’une superficie en milieux humides qui s’élève à 160 000 ha. Nous nous proposons (dans cet exposé) de faire le point sur les zones humides de la wilaya d’Oum El-Bouaghi en l’occurrence les Garaets salées à travers l’une de ses composantes «les oiseaux d’eau» qui sont de véritables descripteurs du fonctionnement d’un milieu, et en particulier les peuplements de Laro-Limicoles et d’Echassiers hivernants au niveau de ces sites. Ces espèces utilisant les différents plans d’eau de différentes manières et certaines présentent le statut de nicheur-sédentaire. Notre étude réalisée durant la saison d’hivernage (août 2004–décembre 2007) portera sur un suivi hebdomadaire l’évolution des effectifs de ces espèces tout en mettant l’accent sur les descripteurs biotiques et abiotiques du milieu, ainsi nous adopterons le plan suivant: (a) la description de la région et du site (caractéristiques biotiques et abiotiques et bioclimatologie); (b) la diversité biologique de ce milieu (flore et faune dont principalement l’avifaune); (c) la phénologie et la structure de ces peuplements au niveau des différents sites qui sont et (d) leurs modalités d’utilisation de l’espace et les facteurs régissant ces derniers.
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[Distribution and ecology of gulls, terns and waders on the high plains of eastern Algeria]
[The biodiversity of the Mediterranean region is exceptionally high due to its geographical position between three continents, its geology, varied climate, and habitat diversity. One of these distinctive habitats is the wetland system on the high plains of Constantinois which encompasses about 20 significant sites scattered over 150 km east of Oust, distributed chiefly in four wilayas: Sétif, Khenchela, Batna and Oum El-Bouaghi. The last-named covers a total wetland area of about 160 000 ha. We focused on wetlands around the wilaya of Oum El-Bouaghi and the waterbirds in the saline Garaets of one section, concen-trating attention on the wintering gulls, terns and waders. These species utilise the different water bodies in various ways, and some are sedentary, breeding birds. We carried out weekly surveys of these species during the winters from August2004 to December 2007, with emphasis on the following biotic and abiotic factors: (a) a description of the region and the specific site (biotic, abiotic and climatic aspects); (b) the biodiversity of the system (flora and fauna, primarily the avifauna); (c) the phenol-ogy and population structure at the different sites and (d) the pattern of habitat utilisation and the factors controlling this.]
J. morphology and Genetic Variation
J1. Genetic variability and historical bottleneck of Great White Pelicans in southern Africa
Marta de Ponte Machado1,2, K.A. Feldheim3, A.B. Sellas2 and Rauri C.K. Bowie2
1Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. 3Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL60605, USA.
Great White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus are capable of flying large distances to feed their chicks, undertake seasonal migration or dispersal. Other than recoveries or resights of a few banded individuals, little information is available on pelican movements in southern Africa. The degree of gene flow and intermixing among reproductive colonies are not known. Pelicans breed annually in three localities in southern Africa, two in the west coast: Dassen Island (Western Cape, South Africa) and Walvis Bay (Namibia); and one in the east coast, in St Lucia Wetland Park (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). When conditions are favourable they also breed at Hardap Dam in Namibia. Atlas data show few records of pelicans between the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. We suspected reproductive isolation between the western and eastern coastal populations. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected at Hardap Dam (Namibia) and on Dassen Island (South Africa). Museum specimens were sampled for the pelican population in KwaZulu-Natal. Mitochondrial DNA (NADH2) and 10 microsatellite loci were screened and sequenced. We found evidence for a bottleneck in the Western Cape pelican population, which consists of a single mtDNA haplotype (n = 46). Demographic data confirm that this population consisted of 20–30 breeding pairs in the 1950s, expanding to c.700 pairs by 2003. The Namibian population is represented by seven haplotypes (n = 23), one of them shared with the Western Cape (n = 17) and six single individual haplotypes. Microsatellite results confirmed larger homozygosis and fewer alleles for the Western Cape population, and greater heterozygosis for the Namibian population, which indicates a more mixed origin and higher genetic diversity. No population structure was found between pelicans from the West and East coasts. Three haplotypes (ND2) were identified for St Lucia’s population (n = 6), of which one is shared with the western population, and two are unique, suggesting high genetic diversity, independent of Namibia. The Okavango Delta may act as a bridge for nomadic movement between the Namibian and KwaZulu-Natal populations. More sampling may reveal additional haplotypes for the eastern population. Further research could include other African and European populations, testing popula-tion structure and gene flow across the continent, contributing to pelican’s long-term management and conservation.
J2. Comparative phylogeography of Otus and Dicrurus on Madagascar: insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dataJérôme Fuchs, Rauri C.K. Bowie, Jean-Marc Pons, Steven M. Goodman, Marie-Jeanne Raherilalao, Corinne Cruaud and Eric [email protected]
The understanding of the genetic structure within Malagasy endemic bird species is still very partial. Indeed, previous work on Malagasy vertebrates (mostly reptiles, amphibians and mammals) suggested very different patterns of phylogeographic structure among taxa and highlighted either the occurrence of North/South or East/West genetic breaks, or even highlight the impact of river courses or altitudinal gradients for genetic transitions among closely related populations. So far, no studies have conducted a multi-taxa survey based on DNA sequence variation from both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Here we aim to compare the phylogeographic history of two widespread Malagasy birds, the Malagasy Scops-Owl (Otus rutilus,
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34 individuals) and the Crested Drongo (Dicrurus forficatus, 35 individuals) using DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes, seven autosomal introns and one Z-linked locus. Our result indicate that the Malagasy drongo exhibits more genetic diversity than the Scops-Owl. We further compare the biogeographic pattern we observed for our two study species with the patterns highlighted by previous studies on Malagasy vertebrates.
J3. Geographic variation in Socotra Sparrows Passer insularis
Peter G. Ryan1, Lisa Nupen1, Barrie Rose1 and Ahmed Saeed Suliman2
1Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. [email protected] 2Socotra Conservation and Development Programme, Ministry of Water and Environment, P.O. Box 16494, Sana’a, Yemen
The Socotra Sparrow Passer insularis is the only Socotran endemic landbird that occurs on other islands of the Socotra archipelago: Abdelkuri, Samha and Darsa. It is widely reported to occur on Abdelkuri, but the populations on Samha and Darsa have been largely overlooked. We present genetic data to support a recent call to elevate the Abdelkuri population to species level, Abdelkuri Sparrow P. hemileucus. The divergence between hemileucus and insularis is limited (1.5% sequence divergence in cytochrome b), suggesting that sparrows colonised Abdelkuri relatively recently. However, the evolutionary history of the sparrows on Socotra cannot be inferred reliably until other taxa in the motitensis superspecies have been sampled. The population on Samha is not genetically distinct from that on the main island of Socotra, but the birds are appreciably smaller, with no overlap in any of the measurements made among birds of the same sex. We propose a new taxon, Passer insularis samhaensis, for this population. Birds on nearby Darsa were not caught, but photographs suggest they are similar to the birds on Samha. The Abdelkuri Sparrow qualifies as Vulnerable, due to its small population (<1000 mature birds) and limited range (<100 km2).
J4. Rate of plumage pattern divergence among widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes) in relation to genetic distance and overlap in geographic range
Allen Spaulding, Maria Prager and Staffan Andersson
Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. [email protected]
Sexual selection may cause rapid evolution, and therefore may be important in the process of speciation. The striking plumage patterns of many avian species are likely to contain elements that are sexually selected by female choice or male contest competition, and this may result in rapid pattern divergence. Color patterns on breeding plumages of widowbirds and bishops (Euplectes) consist of one or more patches of carotenoid (yellow or red) or melanin (brown) based colors, strongly contrasting with highly melanistic (black) regions which, in most cases, is a much larger area of the plumage. I compared divergence in courtship plumages among species of Euplectes, coded as discrete character data, to divergence among non-courtship characters. The relative divergence between these two classes of characters was compared to genetic divergence and degree of geographic overlap. The results of these analyses are discussed in relation to a potential role for female choice in speciation within Euplectes.
J5. Feet modifications of doves (Streptopelia), with respect to epidermal integuments
Varsha Trivedi1, V.C. Soni1 and Grishma Trivedi2
1Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot -360005, Gujarat, India. [email protected] 2C-81, Oscar Tower, 150 ft. Ring Road, Nr. Silver Stone Society, Rajkot -360007, Gujarat, India
We studied the foot (podothica) epidermal integuments of two species of doves in the genus Streptopelia, S. decaocto (Eurasian Collared Dove) and S. senegalensis (Laughing Dove).
The aim of this study was to investigate how the structure and modifications of these elements support behavioral patterns for these species. A total of nine specimens were examined (S. decaocto n = 3; S. senegalensis n = 6). Only adult birds were examined and specimens were obtained from natural mortalities in rural, urban and forest habitats. Data on foot morphology and morphometrics were recorded and included: the scales (scuta) and the claws (unguis digiti), distribution of pads (pulvinus digitalis) and interpad spaces (area interpulvinaris) over digits (digitus pedis), and their relation to the phalanges in section. A system of coding the relationship of pulvinus digitalis to the area interpulvinaris for each phalanx and joint of each toe was determined. The results show that different feet modifications support different behavioural and ecological adaptations and that epidermal structures are good indicators of adaptations for locomotion, food finding, nest-building, perching and several behavioral patterns. Studies have shown that the scale patterns of birds have phylogenetic links and we discuss our findings in respect to eco-morphology and phylogeny.
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K. Population dynamics and monitoring
K1. Evolution des effectifs de la Grande outarde Otis tarda dans la Zone Humide de Oued Tahaddart, 1999–2006
Zine L. Arhzaf1, Juan C. Alonso2, Ahmed Yahiaoui3 and Ahmed Chahlaoui4
1Emirate Wildlife Scientific Research Centre, B.P: 9056 Ocean Rabat, Maroc. [email protected] 2Museo Nacional des Ciencias naturales de Madrid, Espagne. 3UFR: Biodiversité et Aquaculture, Facultés des sciences de Rabat, B. P. 1014-Rabat, Maroc. 4Faculté des sciences de Méknès, Maroc.
La dernière population en Afrique de Grandes outardes (Otis tarda), se trouve au Maroc, principalement au niveau d'Oued Tahaddart à Asilah, avec un petit groupe dans le Gharb. Cette espèce est en grave danger d'extinction en Afrique, c'est pourquoi nous avons entamé en 1999 une recherche scientifique qui contribuerait à établir les bases scientifiques nécessaires pour proposer un plan de conservation. Entre 1999 et 2006 nous avons effectué sept recensements printaniers de la population de Grande outarde (Otis tarda) au Maroc. Des recensements supplémentaires ont été faits en novembre 2004, 2005 et 2006. Les objectifs étaient de faire le suivi de l'espèce dans les zones où sa présence est confirmée, pour d'une part déterminer la taille de la population, de diagnostiquer les diverses menaces qui pèsent sur l'espèce et sur son biotope et d'autre part, de déterminer la diversité génétique de cette population et sa relation avec l'espèce de la péninsule Ibérique. Le but final est d'évaluer le statut de conservation de cette population en danger. Sept zones ont été prospectées chaque année avec l'analyse de la structure d'âge et du sexe Ratio. Les effectifs de Grandes outardes compté étaient de:72 oiseaux en 1999, 84 oiseaux en 2001, 76 oiseaux en 2002, 54 oiseaux en 2003, 71 oiseaux en 2005 et 27 oiseaux en 2006. Les Grandes Outardes sont soumises à une haute mortalité des mâles adultes; la proportion sexuelle a été extrêmement influencée du côté des femelles avec 3,9 femelles par mâle (observées) et 4,1 femelles par mâle (estimées). Les analyses des échantillons d'ADN de sang, de plumes et d’excréments de la population de Grandes outardes marocaines et de diverses populations d'outardes espagnoles, ont montré que les oiseaux marocains descendent de leur homologues ibériens, mais les deux populations ont été isolées l'une de l'autre il y a très longtemps. La survie des Grandes outardes marocaines dépend des mesures de conservation prises dans leurs zones de reproduction.
[Population changes in the Great Bustard (Otis tarda) in the wetland region of Oued Tahaddart: census data from 1999–2006]
[The last surviving African population of Great Bustards occurs in Morocco, chiefly in the region of Oued Tahaddart to Asilah, with a few in the Gharb area. This species is in grave danger of extinction in Africa. Consequently in 1999 we began research to establish the scientific basis for a conservation plan. From 1999 to 2006 we carried out seven spring censuses of Great Bustards in Morocco. There were supplementary counts in November in 2004, 2005 and 2006. Our aim was to monitor the species where it is known to occur, both to determine the population size and the threats facing the birds and their habitat, and to investigate the genetic characteristics of this population in relation to the population on the Iberian Peninsula. Finally we intend to assess the conservation status of this relict population. In total seven areas were surveyed each year, noting the age structure and sex ratio of the birds sighted. The numbers of Great Bustard recorded each year were: 72 (1999), 84 (2001), 76 (2002), 54 (2003), 71 (2005) and 27 (2006)! The species appears to suffer high mortality among the adult males, with the sex ratio extremely female-biased: 3.9 females per male (observed) and 4.1 females per male (estimated). Analysis of DNA samples from blood, feathers and faeces of the Moroccan population of Great Bustards compared to various Spanish bustard populations indicated that the Moroccan birds are derived from the Iberian Peninsula, but that the two populations have been isolated for a very long time. The survival of this bustard in Morocco will depend on effective protection of their breeding areas.]
K2. The population status of Wattled Cranes (Bugeranus caranculatus) in the Driefontein Grasslands in Zimbabwe: Is there a real decrease in the number of Wattled Cranes?
BirdLife Zimbabwe has been carrying out annual surveys of Wattled Cranes Bugeranus caranculatus in the Driefontein Grasslands of Zimbabwe since the year 2000. Driefontein Grasslands, an Important Bird Area, is home to Zimbabwe’s largest population of Wattled Cranes. The birds are categorized as “vulnerable” according to the IUCN threat criteria. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Act of 1975 declared the species as “specially protected”. Data on Wattled Cranes were collected through ground surveys in the Chivhu, Felixburg and Mvuma areas. One aerial survey was carried out in November 2005. Surveys
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carried out in October 2000 recorded 123 Wattled Cranes of which 116 were adults and seven were juveniles. The 2002 ground survey recorded 107 Wattled Cranes. A survey conducted in September/October 2004 yielded 138 Wattled Cranes. This was the highest population record since 2000. The number of Wattled Cranes started to decline in 2005. In 2005 aerial and ground surveys were carried out in November. The 2005 surveys showed a 30% decline in the numbers recorded from the previous survey. This was attributed to human disturbance due to the increased number of gardens in wetlands that are used by the Wattled Cranes as breeding and foraging grounds. More and more land in the Driefontein area was converted to agricultural land during the land reform programme that was started in 2000. In the 2007 ground surveys, 70 Wattled Cranes were recorded. This was a 20% decline compared to records of the 2005 survey. Agricultural practices on the wetlands and grasslands could be seriously impacting on the population of Wattled Cranes.
K3. The Lesser Kestrel at communal roosts in the Free State, South Africa – a coordinated survey
Brian D. Colahan1 and D. Johan van Niekerk2
1Free State Tourism, Environment & Economic Affairs, P/Bag X20801, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. [email protected] 2Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
In a mainly postal survey of Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni communal roosts in South Africa in the summer of 1966/67, the Free State province was found to harbour nearly 50% of the estimated 154 000 birds overwintering in this country. A repeat of this survey in the Free State (but concentrating on towns and villages, where most roosts are), by the senior author 26 years later, indicated a large decline in the number of roosts, and in the number of kestrels using those remaining. Unfortunately, there were major flaws in these surveys, probably the most important being that the counts / estimates obtained were not co-ordinated (the number of birds using any roost can fluctuate significantly in the course of a summer). In the summer of 2005/6 we attempted to conduct a more refined survey of the Lesser Kestrel roosts in the province, by recruiting nature conservators, and observers with an interest in birds, or who were familiar with particular roosts, to carry out a coordinated mid-summer count. Good coverage was obtained and the total collated, considered conservative, is greater than the 2007 total population estimate (50 000 – 60 000) of BirdLife International.
K4. Reporting the results of bird population monitoring: temporal and spatial trends in single and multiple species
Mark A. Eaton
Species Monitoring & Research Section, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom. [email protected]
The monitoring of widespread birds can produce data of great utility for the reporting on trends in the state of biodiversity at sub-national, national, continental and global scales, as shown by the wild bird indicators developed in the UK and Europe. In this presentation I will give an overview, with examples, of different ways of using the data derived from generic multi-species surveys for reporting on the status of wild bird populations, and by proxy, the wider environment. Uses of data from bird population monitoring to be reviewed will include: (a) the use of single-species trends in priority-setting exercises (com-mon and widespread species can frequently undergo declines that warrant the highest levels of conservation concern); (b) the generation of multi-species indicators based upon species indices, such as the well-known example of the Pan-European Wild Bird Indicator, but also developments at sub-national scales (including how to deal with insufficient data at smaller spatial scales), and different approaches to indicators for specific habitats and species groups; (c) alternative techniques for indicator production, including novel approaches to species weighting, target-orientated indicators, and measures of species diversity and biotic homogenization, and (d) the generation of maps of both relative abundance and trends in abundance across single and multiple species to produce visual ‘indicator maps’. As well as the technical aspects of wild bird indicators, I will discuss how such indicators can be best communicated to various audiences such as the general public, conservationists, scientists and policy makers, and hence can be a valuable tool in an evidence-based approach to conservation.
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K5. Records of mortalities of Blue Cranes in the Karoo from 2005 to 2008
Bradley Gibbons1, Helen Prinsloo2 and Richard Pettifor3
1Karoo Crane Conservation Project, South African Crane Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 40, Middel-burg 5900, Eastern Cape, South Africa. [email protected] 2South African Crane Working Group, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Private Bag X11, Parkview 2122, South Africa. 3Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus populations occur in three distinct eco-regions in South Africa, namely the Overberg, Karoo and Grasslands. They are subjected to many threats such as collisions with power lines and phone lines, illegal removal from the wild (for trade), poisonings, diseases, twine entanglement, predation by dogs and fence entanglement. The mortalities of cranes in the Karoo population have been recorded for the last three years with the majority of the mortalities resulting from power line collisions. The South African Crane Working Group, a working group of the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT), is addressing these threats. Power line collision mitigation is handled by the EWT’s Wildlife and Energy Interaction Group, assisting Eskom with the identification of power lines that need to be made more visible to cranes by fitting devices to the power lines. Telkom has also handled cases where cranes have collided with phone lines by fitting similar devices to their lines. A solution to fence entanglements is still being investigated. Other threats such as poisoning cases are also investigated and landowners are made aware of ways to make their farms safer to cranes, and the removal of bailing twine on farms is also encouraged. In order to manage and conserve cranes, it is vital to understand the causes of mortalities before mitigation measures can be put in place.
K6. Les comportements du Canard Souchet Anas clypeata (Anatidae) dans les zones humides algériennes
Moussa Houhamdi and Boudjéma Samraoui
Département de Biologie, faculté des Sciences et de l’Ingénierie, Université de Guelma. Algérie. [email protected]
Le Canard Souchet Anas clypeata est une espèce hivernante dans presque la totalité des zones humides algériennes. Ses comportements diurnes ont fait l’objet d’un suivi de trois saisons d’hivernage consécutives (2002/2003, 2003/2004 et 2004/2005) dans les zones humides de la Numidie orientale «Annaba et El-Tarf», les sebkhas des hautes plaines de l’Est algérien «Batna, Khenchela et Oum El-Bouaghi» et dans les chotts de la vallée de Oued Righ «El-Oued et Ourgla»: Lac des Oiseaux, Lac Tonga, Lac Oubeira, Lac El-Mellah, Marais de la Mékhada, les lacs des Salines; Ougla touila, Sebkhas de Tarf, Guellif, Ank-Djemel, Timerganine, Tinsilt, Ezzemoul, Djendli, Chott Mérouane, Chott Tindla, Lac de Oued Khrouf, Lac Ayata et les Chotts de Hamraia. Ce canard zooplanctonophage a manifesté un comportement alimentaire qui domine de loin le bilan des rythmes d’activités diurnes (57%). Cette activité est suivie de la nage (31%), l’entretien du plumage (7%), du sommeil (3%) et en fin du vol (2%). Cet engraissement diurne est généralement associé à la nage, et peut se faire de deux manières assez distinctes; soit par basculement durant lequel ce canard plonge entièrement sa tête dans l’eau, soit simple-ment par des mouvements pulsatifs à la surface du plan d’eau, où il utilise son bec très adapté pour recueillir les aliments disponibles à la surface de l’eau. Ces deux modes d’alimentation semblent être fortement liés à la nature de ses hydrosys-tèmes et au degré de salinité de l’eau. Ainsi, nous proposons, d’étudier les comportements diurnes de cette espèces dans divers quartiers d’hivernage habituel puis essayer de faire ressortir les différences liées aux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques qui conditionnent ce comportement.
[Behaviour of the Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata (Anatidae) in Algerian wetlands]
[The Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata is to be found in virtually every Algerian wetland during winter. We studied its diurnal behaviour through three consecutive seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004 and 2004/2005) in the wetlands of eastern Numidie Annaba et El-Tarf, at the sebkhas of the high plains of eastern Algeria Batna, Khenchela et Oum El-Bouaghi and in the chotts of the valley of Oued Righ El-Oued et Ourgla: the Lake of Birds, Lake Tonga, Lake Oubeira, Lake El-Mellah, the Marsh of Mékhada, the saline lakes; Ougla touila, Sebkhas de Tarf, Guellif, Ank-Djemel, Timerganine, Tinsilt, Ezzemoul, Djendli, Chott Mérouane, Chott Tindla, Lake Oued Khrouf, Lake Ayata and the Chotts of Hamraia. This zooplankton-feeding duck spends by far the greater part of the day foraging (57%), followed by swimming (31%), preening (7%), sleeping (3%) and finally flying (2%). Diurnal feeding is generally associated with swimming. There are two distinct feeding methods: dabbling, where the duck immerses its head completely; or where it uses its specialised bill for collecting food particles from the water surface. These two feeding modes are closely tied to the type of water body and its salinity. We aim to compare the behaviour of this duck in different wintering areas to tease apart differences related to biotic and abiotic factors.]
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K7. Dynamique de population de la Cigogne blanche Ciconia ciconia au Maroc
Hamid Rguibi Idrissi1, M.A. El Agbani2, R. Julliard3, L. Laamrani4 & A. Qninba2
1Lab Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Biodiversité, Dépt. Biologie, Fac. Sci., El Jadida, Maroc. [email protected] 2CEMO, Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Maroc 3UFR, Biodiversité et Aquaculture, Fac des Sci., Rabat, Maroc 4CRBPO, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Au Maroc, la population nicheuse de la Cigogne blanche était de 24.000 couples en 1935, principalement concentrée au Nord de la côte Atlantique. La situation s’est nettement dégradée par la suite, et la population a subi un déclin rapide dès 1940 (12.000 couples), atteignant le seuil de 13.500 couples en 1974. En 1995, la population nicheuse de la Cigogne blanche ne compte que 5000–6000 couples. Le sixième recensement international de la Cigogne blanche, coordonné par le centre d’étude des migrations d’oiseaux (Institut Scientifique, Rabat), a été réalisé durant le printemps-été 2006, dans un but d’élucider la situation actuelle et les tendances évolutives de la population à l’échelle du Maroc. De plus, un programme de baguage concernant la Cigogne blanche a été lancé au Maroc durant le printemps 2006 en collaboration avec le Centre de Recherche sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux (CRBPO, France), avec comme objectif le suivi des mouvements et des haltes migratoires qu’effectue la population marocaine au niveau de toute son aire de répartition, ce qui va permettre de compléter les nombreuses études menées à travers toute l’Europe sur cette espèce.
[Population dynamics of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Morocco]
[The breeding population of the White Stork in Morocco was 24 000 pairs in 1935, mainly concentrated on the northern sector of the Atlantic coast. The situation deteriorated subsequently, and by 1940 the population had declined rapidly to 12 000 pairs, recovering slightly to 13 500 pairs in 1974. By 1995, the breeding population was only 5000–6000 pairs. The sixth international White Stork census took place in spring and summer 2006, with the aim of establishing the current situa-tion and describing the population trends in Morocco. It was coordinated by the centre for the study of bird migration at the Institut Scientifique, Rabat. In addition a ringing programme was launched in Morocco in spring 2006 in collaboration with the Centre for Research on the Biology of Bird Populations (CRBPO, Paris, France). The aim is to establish the movements and stop-over points of the Moroccan population throughout its range, which would complement the numerous studies of this species in Europe, many of them based on ringing.]
K8. Body mass variation of Caldris sp. and Acrocephalus sp. in Morocco during spring migration
Hamid R. Idrissi1, R. El Hamoumi2, G. Gargallo3 and M. Dakki4
1Lab Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Biodiversité, Dépt. Biologie, Fac. Sci., El Jadida, Morocco 2Dépt. Biologie, Fac. Sci., Casablanca, Morocco 3Institut ornithology Catalania, Barcalone, Spain 4CEMO, Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Morocco
Many wetlands are interconnected by the utilisation of these areas by populations of birds, who during some parts of their lives use the wetlands as breeding areas, migration or wintering sites. In large, waders form the most abundant group of these populations, and the migratory conditions of this group of birds makes it necessary to have a holistic view on their conservation, and to globalise the means of protection of the areas they frequent. Morocco plays a major role in the migration and wintering of several Palaearctic–African passerines and waders, because of its geographical position and great diversity of wetlands used as stopover sites. The coastal wetlands of Morocco form some of the key areas in the migration route for aquatic birds along the Eastern Atlantic, of which the complex Sidi Moussa-Waladia is one of the most important judging by the vast number of waders using this site during their migration, see census further on.
However, only little is know about passage and stopover of waders in Morocco. Therefore, we conducted standardised ringing at a coastal wetland, Sidi Moussa-Walidia, Atlantic Morocco, during spring migration. Peak migration varied between the three species, Dunlin Calidris alpine, Little Stint Calidris minuta and Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea. Body masses of first trapped birds were rather high revealing that Dunlin do regularly stopover in the area during southward migration. In addition, some Palearctic Acrocephalus spend the northern winter in tropical Africa. There is growing evidence that Morocco serves as a crucial stopover and fuelling area for many trans-Saharan migrants, including Reed warblers and Sedge warblers, both in autumn and spring. In Morocco, peak migration varied between the tree different seasons and site. Body mass and fat scores of first trapped birds were rather high revealing that Reed warblers do regularly stopover in the area during their southward migration. Stopover duration is higher in lighter birds, and these birds gained mass and fat during stopover. The data clearly suggest that Morocco serves as an important staging area of migrants and wintering birds where they seem to gain much of their energy for subsequent trans-Saharan migration.
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K9. Population size and habitat requirement of Grauer’s Swamp-Warbler (Bradypterus graueri) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
C. Nsabagasani and K. Fawcett
Karisoke Research Center, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, P.O. Box 105, Musanze, Rwanda. [email protected]
Grauer’s Swamp Warbler (GSW) is an endangered bird species endemic to the Albertine Rift and restricted to highland swamps of Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Relatively little is known about the biology of this species. Between July 2006 to June 2007, we estimated the population size of GSW in eight swamps of Volcanoes National Park (VNP) using point count transects, and assessed its habitat requirements using vegetation quadrats. Surveys were conducted during the long dry, short rain, short dry and long wet seasons. A total of 390 individuals were recorded during the survey and the species confirmed in four swamps. Using Distance software we estimated the population of GSW in the four swamps to be of 166.00 (129.00–213.00) individuals. The vegetation in swamps where the species was found to occur was dominated by Mariscus sumatrensis, Cyperus denudatus, Schoenoplectus brachycerus. Cyperus nigricans, Erica bengualensis and Hyperi-cum revolutum. The heterogeneity of the vegetation was higher in swamps where GSW was not recorded while the vertical structure of the vegetation was found to be higher in swamps where GSW was present. Offspring of GSW were discovered during the survey but more details on the species breeding behavior are needed. Threats to GSW habitat include illegal grass cutting and buffalo trampling, however the VNP is still a crucial habitat for this species due to its protection.
K10. Trends in the occurrence of bird species over a six-year period in a peri-urban area of Bloem-fontein, central Free State, South Africa
Rick J. Nuttall
National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa. [email protected]
The occurrence of bird species in a peri-urban area of Bloemfontein, bordering on farmland, has been recorded from March 2002 to March 2008, using both sight and sound records. More than 1300 daily lists (averaging 18 lists per month) have been compiled; each list represents a total period of at least 30 minutes on a particular day. Of a total of 146 species recorded, 21% are common residents, 8% uncommon residents, 13% uncommon visitors, 5% common migrants, 3% uncommon migrants and 50% rare or vagrant species. Furthermore, 48% of species recorded occurred in the garden (the core of the study area), while 52% were considered as overflying or distant records. Total species recorded per month peaked during summer and were lowest in winter; the average monthly species count was 56 species over the six-year period. Reporting rates for certain species (e.g. Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata, Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus and Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus) increased over the study period; they are now considered resident in the area. Other species (e.g. Cape White-eye Zosterops virens capensis, Red-headed Finch Amadina erythrocephala, Cape Canary Serinus canicollis) show distinct seasonal trends in occurrence that would not have been evident without detailed data as collected during this study. Certain species were recorded mainly on the basis of vocalizations (e.g. Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis); reporting rates for these species indicate seasonality of calling activity rather than occurrence. Annual arrival and departure dates of certain migrant species (e.g. Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata) were consistent, while those of others (e.g. Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius) were variable; possible environmental factors involved require investigation. The effect of fire on the occurrence of certain species in the study area (e.g. Black-chested Prinia Prinia flavicans) was also clearly shown following a devastating fire. This study illustrates how regular recording of species in a specific area over an extended period of time can contribute significantly to a better understanding of avian populations and the possible effects that alteration of natural habitat through urban development has on birds.
K11. Population and genetic structure of the Nahan’s Francolin Francolinus nahan in Uganda
Eric Sande1, Sylvester Nyakana2 and Christine Dranzoa3
1Makerere University, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. [email protected] 2Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda 3Makerere University, Department of Wildlife and Animal Resources Management (WARM), P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
We studied the population and genetic diversity of the globally endangered Nahan’s Francolin Francolinus nahani. This species has a unique distribution, known from a few localities in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and central and western Uganda. With the global population of about 35,000 individuals found in only ten isolated forests in Uganda and the DRC, it not surprising that Nahan’s Francolin is threatened and that the population is decreasing. Nahan’s Francolin was first placed by Dubois (1905) in the genus Francolinus, then as a monotypic genus, Acentrortyx, by Chapin (1926), back to Francolinus
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by Hall (1963) and near to members of the Scaly Group, closest to F. ahantensis by Crowe & Crowe (1985). Crowe et al. (2006) indicated that Francolinus nahani and Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus may be sister species. This show that the genetics of the Nahan’s Francolin is continuously evolving and thus the need for more information about the species. We collected blood samples from the three isolated Ugandan forests, the only sites where the species is found in Uganda. Here we report on the results of genetic analyses for this species and discuss the conservation implication of the results.
K12. Keeping common birds common: Guidelines for the development of Common Bird Monitor-ing in Africa
Kabelo J. Senyatso1,2, Stuart Butchart3, Danaë Stevens4, Mark Eaton4, Kariuki P. Ndang’ang’a5 and Ian Fisher3
1BirdLife Botswana, Private Bag 003, Suite 348, Mogoditshane, Botswana. 2School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. [email protected] 3BirdLife International Secretariat, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 4Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge, Sandy, United Kingdom. 5BirdLife International African Partnership Secretariat, ICIPE Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
Birds can act as excellent barometers, or indicators, of trends in the state of wildlife and nature, and thus of the sustainability of human use of landscapes and resources. This is more so for ‘common birds’, which in general are the commoner and more detectable species, and most will probably be placed in the Least Concern category of the IUCN Red List. In line with the global BirdLife International Partnership, “Keeping common birds common” is a key objective of the BirdLife Africa Partnership. A Common Bird Monitoring (CBM) scheme in the sense used here refers to a generic monitoring approach covering a wide suite of common and widespread species (i.e. it is a multi-species approach). This can be used to produce an aggregated population trend as an indicator of the general condition of the habitat in which they are found. However, what CBM there is across Africa is not currently standardised nor coordinated, thus precluding synthesis and collation of trend data at regional level. This has been the main motivation for the production of CBM guidelines, which are meant to capture and synthesize experiences of BirdLife International Partners (both within and outside Africa) with regards monitoring common birds. Specifically, the guidelines 1) Describe current on-going CBM efforts in Africa, 2) Present sampling design and survey technique considerations for on-going and new schemes, 3) Provide information on what organisations running CBM schemes can do to train, enthuse and communicate with participants of such programmes, 4) Highlight some of the opportunities and considerations for using the monitoring data for advocacy and communication, and 5) Draw attention to some of the key references and sources of additional information related to the subject. The guidelines are designed to promote consistent approaches to CBM by African BirdLife Partners and their collaborators.
K13. The Global Wild Bird Indicator Project
Danaë K. Sheehan, Mark Eaton and Richard D. Gregory
Species Monitoring & Research Section , Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, United Kingdom. [email protected]
The ‘Global Wild Bird Indicator’ project began in 2007, coordinated and funded by the RSPB and BirdLife International, with additional support from the 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, with the ultimate aim to develop a Global Wild Bird Indicator to monitor and report on the impact of environmental change on bird populations worldwide. The project will build upon existing terrestrial bird monitoring schemes (e.g. the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme), support the establishing of new monitoring programmes in a representative sample of countries worldwide, and investigate the novel use of existing datasets, and new monitoring approaches, for the purpose of measuring population trends in widespread bird species. The project will work with local partner organisations in a number of countries, firstly through BirdLife International’s network of partners, with the intention of building local and regional capacity for Bird Population Monitoring, and engagement with local/regional policy forums. The scheme will aim for long-term sustainability by engaging volunteer observers in simple and rewarding bird monitoring with clear objectives and conservation value, and with high quality support for participants. A detailed global review of existing bird monitoring activities, and capacity assessment of potential participating countries is currently being carried out. Counts of particular species or groups are well established, popular and extend back some time. Some of these existing schemes could be expanded, whilst others could be harmonized, enhanced and combined to maximise their effectiveness and usefulness. The project will also coordinate the development of systematic, widespread Bird Population Monitoring within representative habitats across countries. The project supports the implementation of appropriate survey designs at an appropriate number of sites per country, using local observers. This will cover abundant and widespread species both inside and outside of protected areas. The project will also implement online data collection through bespoke new development of the ‘Worldbirds’ system.
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l. Ringing, migration and movements
L1. The influence of above- and below-average summer rainfall on seasonal movements of Gurney’s Sugarbird Promerops gurneyi populations at Lydenburg, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Dawid H. de Swardt
Department of Ornithology, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. [email protected]
The seasonal occurrence of Gurney’s Sugarbird Promerops gurneyi in the Lydenburg area, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, has been recorded since the early 1980s. The occurrence of sugarbirds in the mountains surrounding Lydenburg coincides with the peak summer flowering period of Protea roupelliae, the preferred food plants of sugarbirds, growing in these areas, after which birds disperse to suburban areas during the winter months, where cultivated proteas and aloes are flowering. Observations, as well as recapture, recovery and resighting data from ringed sugarbirds between 1986/87 and 2007/2008, indicate that relative amounts of summer rainfall influence the timing of sugarbird movements. Observations indicate that relative amounts of summer rainfall also influence the flowering period of Protea roupelliae, which is extended following high summer rainfall. Following dry summers, higher numbers of sugarbirds have been recorded dispersing to suburban areas than in years with above-average summer rainfall, when fewer birds were observed here, with birds more numerous in the mountain areas. During winter months, following a period of high summer rainfall, when more Protea flowers were available in the mountains, higher numbers of sugarbirds remained here and also exploited aloe nectar in areas adjacent to Protea clumps. During such times, fewer or no sugarbirds were observed in the suburban areas and late breeding was also observed in the mountainous areas. Between 1990/91 and 1995/96, a period of above-average summer rainfall, ringing and recapture data for sugarbirds at Paardeplaats, one of the mountain study sites, indicated unusually high numbers of sugarbirds present in the area during the winter months.
L2. Results of recent surveys in South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo including records from Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Robert B. Kizungu1, Charles Kahindo2 and John Bates3
1Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, Laboratoire d’Ornithologie, D/S Bukavu, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. [email protected] 2Département de Biologie, Université Officielle deBukavu, B.P. 570, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo. 3Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
As part of the Programme Biodiversite des Ecosystemes Aquatiques et Terrestres dans le Rift Abertin (P-BEATRA), we surveyed the avifauna of the highland sector of Kahuzi-Biega National Park from 7–23 July 2005. Three forest sites were surveyed bordering on montane swamps: two on the eastern edge (Chashoga swamp and Karaherere (Mbayo) Swamp) and Musisi Swamp, in the center of the National Park. Along with surveys by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) this work represents the first recent avian inventory work in the National Park. The sites surveyed included habitat between 2000–2300 m elevation and were carried out under similar conditions to the WCS surveys. Mist-nets were erected and opened from dawn to 16h00 for four net-days, and then moved to the following site. Time between net checks was devoted to looking for species along trails, roads and the forest edge. A total of 67 species including 40% of the recognized Albertine Rift endemic birds (19 out of 47) were recorded during this study. We found notable differences in the presence of common species at the different sites. Although more quantitative studies are needed, our results suggest that many montane species select multiple habitats at a local scale level.
To date, the results of four satellite tracking projects involving flamingos in Africa (McCulloch et al. 2003, Amat et al. 2005, Baker et al. 2006, Childress et al. 2007), have provided us with great insights into flamingo movements, migration behaviour, and habitat selection and connectivity. We have established that flamingo migration is predominantly directed to and concentrated around the main breeding sites. Movement is, however, highly scattered and dispersed among many different wetlands during the non-breeding season. Certainly, the importance for flamingos of a network of wetland sites across Africa is clearly evident. The vulnerability of flyways and habitat important to flamingos that lack a protected status is a great concern for flamingo conservation. An emphasises on the need to further establish and define flyways and international
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habitat conservation and management is, therefore, surely motivation enough to fuel further satellite tracking studies of African flamingos. In addition, controversy still surrounds the geographical origin of flamingos that migrate to and from the main breeding sites across Africa. For example, evidence of movements to and from the direction of the Makgadikgadi and Etosha are well documented (summarized in Borello et al, 1998, Anderson, 2000, McCulloch et al. 2003), but the possibility of interchange with the East African population in years of exceptional rainfall and flamingo numbers (e.g. Berry 1972, Simmons 1997, Borello et al. 1998) still begs further investigation. Also, we still don’t understand flamingo movement and migration behaviour in relation to breeding site ‘suitability’, i.e. their movement in relation to different environmental/climatic triggers. Detailed targeted monitoring of this movement at the beginning of the breeding season, for example, will give us greater insight into the triggers that influence migration. Going forward, there is certainly plenty of room for more satellite tracking studies of flamingos in Africa, with lots of questions still unanswered. However, these studies need to be targeted and directed at specific questions in order to help in their effective design and maximise their results. Learning from the experiences already gained from previous studies and directing efforts towards specific locations, individuals and timing will be important in future project design and strategy.
L4. Assessing the risks of the spread of H5N1 from Africa to Russia: a look into seasonal bird migration patterns
Eugeny Zavialov1, Vasily Tabachishin2, Ekaterina Mosolova1 and Tatiana Khomutova1
1Faculty of Biology, Saratov State University, 83 Astrahanskay st., Saratov 410012, Russian Federation. 2Saratov branch of A.N. Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution RAS, 24 Rabochaya st. Saratov 410028, Russian Federation. [email protected]
On the basis of field surveys (1996–2007) in Russia’s Saratov region and analysis of bird ringing data (from about 2000 individuals from 1932–2007), we consider that there is potential for delivery of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 to the region from wintering localities in Africa, where H5N1 has been repeatedly detected in the 21st century. The geographical links of birds nesting in the Saratov region have been found to be very wide and are connected to the territories of various regions of the world, including southern and western Africa. Most of the flyways of the Saratov region’s breed-ing birds coincide with their East European migration flow. The southeastern areas of the Saratov region, in particular the northern Caspian Lowland, are classified as areas with a high probability of formation of secondary centers of H5N1. Here, birds are concentrated due to the presence of numerous shallow food-rich reservoirs. H5N1 antigens have been revealed in several species, namely Circus aeruginosus, Larus ridibundus, Aythya ferina, Oenanthe oenanthe and Vanellus vanellus. The historically migration paths of many species (e.g. Falco tinnunculus, Circus macrourus, Hirundo rustica, Motacilla flava, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Luscinia luscinia etc.) from the African continent also traverse the territory. The potential for distribution of the bird flu virus rises considerably in spring, when conditions appear to be favorable for infection between domestic and wild birds. Due to the real danger of formation of secondary centers of H5N1 in the Saratov region we recom-mend permanent eco-epizootological monitoring over places of mass gathering of birds of passage.
L5. The ringing scheme of eastern Africa – 45 years of ringing in eastern Africa
Bernard A. Amakobe1 and Colin Jackson2
1Ringing Scheme of eastern Africa, East Africa Natural History Society, P.O. Box 44486, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. [email protected] 2A Rocha Kenya, P.O. Box 383, Watamu 80202, Kenya
The ringing scheme of eastern Africa has been operating for over 45 years under the East Africa Natural History Society (EANHS). It mainly covers ringing activities in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania but has also included ringing carried out in Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Mozambique. For the first 25 years, ringing was carried out by a relatively small group of active European ringers living in East Africa or visiting researchers. Since the early 1990s, however, there has been significant growth in interest from local African people in birds and bird conservation with many keen to be trained as ringers, particularly in Kenya. Since 1994, when active training began, over 200 people have received training at various levels. Currently there are 32 active ringers in Kenya and 24 trainees. Trainees have also come from Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda & Ghana to receive training in Kenya. Several ringers have turned professional and thus invaluable field workers for research projects. A major ringing project has been the Ngulia Ringing Group. The Group has ringed almost half a million Palaearctic migrants since 1969 and has contributed significantly to our knowledge of Palaearctic passerine migration through East Africa. The Nairobi Ringing Group based at the Nairobi Museum and the coastal A Rocha Kenya centre in Watamu are two additional ringing sites that are regularly used. A new Ringing Coordinator has recently been appointed to the Scheme and an office set up in collaboration with the Ornithology Section, National Museums of Kenya. Data collected to date is being digitized and there are plans to forge closer links with AFRING.
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m. waterbird Conservation
M1. Diurnal activity budget of the Ruddy Shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea, in the Hauts Plateaux, north-east Algeria
Mouloud Boulkhssaïm2 and Boudjéma Samraoui1
1Institute of Biology, Centre Universitaire Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria. 2Laboratoire de Recherche des Zones Humides, Department of Biology, University of Guelma, Algeria. [email protected]
In North Africa, the Ruddy Shelduck’s status is poorly known and its ecology has scarcely been studied. We investigated the status of the Ruddy Shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea, within the salt lakes complex of the Hauts Plateaux, north-east Algeria between September 2003 and June 2006. Our data suggest a seasonal displacement of the species between the Sahara and the north-eastern Hauts Plateaux where the species occurs with a peak number that do not exceed 1000 birds. A two-year study (2003–2005) of the activity budget revealed that feeding dominated all other activities with similar values for the two study years: 50.6% and 50.53%. No significant changes in activities were recorded between the two years with loafing (21.03% and 22.47%) occupying substantially more time than sleeping (10.45% and 12.58%), swimming (8.37% and 6.3%) and preening (7.52% and 5.88%). Both years displayed the same seasonal trend with more time devoted to feeding during the early part of winter. Surface feeding was, in both study years, the main feeding strategy (66% and 63%).
M2. Numerical importance of waterbird populations wintering in low valley of Majerda
Nabil Hamdi and Faouzia Charfi
Ecologie Animale et Systématique Evolutive; Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092, El Manar, Tunisia. [email protected]
Information on the number of individuals in a population represents some of the most data base that are needed to conserve populations. Over the past decades, many waterbird populations have undergone rapid changes in number as well as in distribution in response to the creation of refuges, management of populations, the creation of man-made wetlands and climate change. These continuing changes make it necessary to update population estimates on a regular basis. To this point of view, surveys of wintering waterbirds in wetlands belonging to the low valley of Majerda were carried out. A total of 25 375 individuals and 44 species were detected belonging to 8 orders and 16 families which were in general occurring in flocks. Charadriiformes are the most abundant taxonomical group with 14 097 individuals (55.55 % of the total) as well as the most diverse with 23 species (52.27% of the total). The most abundant species accounted for more than 92.01 % of the total abundance were Phoenicopterus ruber (33.89%), Calidris alpina (24.71%), Vanellus vanellus (12.24%), Calidris minuta (9.88%), Tadorna tadorna (5.91%), Larus ridibundus (3.09%), Tringa totanus (1.24%), Anas clypeata (1.04%). Furthermore, only sebkhat Ariana site satisfied three selection criteria of the Ramsar Convention (Ramsar 2005: criteria 2, 5 and 6) confirming its international importance in waterbird conservation. Indeed, the carrying capacity of this site is higher than 2000 individuals, one threatened species is present on the site (Oxyura leucocephala) and two species wich constitute more than 1% of the original population (Tadorna tadorna and Phoenicopterus ruber). However, the continuing changes considered winterquarter and its avifauna. Thus, it’s essential to use appropriate management strategies to enhance the value of this area for the waterbird species.
M3. Etude du peuplement d’oiseaux d’eau du complexe des zones humides de Mangoky-Ihotry en vue de la mise en place d’une nouvelle aire protégée à Madagascar
Rivo Rabarisoa1, Nicolas Ranaivoson2, Marie V. Clementine2, Alain Andriamazava3 and Angeline Razafiarimanana3
1BirdLife International Madagascar Programme, PB 1074 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. [email protected] 2BirdLife International Madagascar Programme, PB 1074 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. 3Ligue Malagasy pour la Conservation des Oiseaux (Asity), BP 7503 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
En 1999, le complexe des zones humides de Mangoky Ihotry a été identifié comme étant l’un des 84 sites importants pour la conservation des oiseaux à Madagascar. Avec une superficie de 213.500ha, ce site comporte un écosystème de zone humide très varié composé du lac Ihotry avec ses lacs satellites, de marécages, de zones d’inondation, du fleuve Mangoky prolongé par un delta, ainsi que de 29 400 ha de mangrove. L’étude de la répartition et de la zone de fréquentation des espèces au niveau de ces différents types d’habitat a permis de prioriser les actions de conservation à apporter au site. Ainsi, 73 espèces d’oiseaux d’eau réparties dans 23 familles ont été dénombrées dont 33 espèces lacustres et marécageuses, 20 espèces côtières comportant une majorité d’espèces migratrices fréquentant les mangroves, les zones vaseuses intertidales, les estuaires et
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les plages sableuses, et cinq espèces marines. Neuf espèces sont globalement menacées: Ardea humbloti (En danger EN), Ardeola idae (EN), Anas bernieri (EN), Threskiornis bernieri(EN), Haliaeetus vociferoides (Critique Cr), Tachybaptus pelzelnii (Vulnérable Vu), Charadrius thoracicus (Vu), Circus macrosceles (Vu) et Phoenicopterus minor (Presque menacée NT). Une importante concentration d’oiseaux a été observée au lac Ihotry et au niveau de la mangrove. Outre les oiseaux d’eau, les investigations ont fait état de 46 espèces de l’herpétofaune dont Erymnochelys madagascariensi (EN) parmi les trois espèces de tortue d’eau douce enregistrées. Par ailleurs, l’ichtyofaune riche de 25 espèces comporte trois espèces endémiques malagasy dont Arius madagascariensis, Chonophorus macrorhyncus et Paratilapia polleni (Cr), témoignant de l’importance de la biodiversité du site. Diverses pressions s’exercent de manière intense sur les ressources naturelles. Elles sont souvent d’origine anthropique mais elles relèvent en particulier de la pratique du défrichement au niveau des bassins versants, de la conversion des marécages en riziculture et de l’exploitation de la bordure pour les cultures vivrières, entraînant la perte des habitats naturels. Des efforts ont été déployés pour maintenir l’intégrité et l’état de l’écosystème, notamment un processus de mise en place d’une nouvelle aire protégée associant les communautés locales. Ainsi, en 2007, le lac Ihotry a reçu son statut de protection temporaire pour une nouvelle aire protégée de Madagascar.
[A study of the waterbirds of the Mangoky-Ihotry wetland complex with a view to the establishment of a new protected area in Madagascar]
[In 1999, the wetland complex of Mangoky Ihotry was recognised as one of 84 sites important for bird conservation in Mada-gascar. Covering an area of 213 500 ha, this site constitutes a very varied wetland ecosystem made up of Lake Ihotry and its satellite lakes, marshes, floodplains, the Mangoky River extending into a delta, as well as 29 400 ha of mangroves. A survey of bird distribution and habitat use in these zones led to the prioritisation of conservation measures for the site. There were 73 waterbird species representing 23 families; 33 species were birds of lakes and marshes, 20 were coastal birds, most of them migrants frequenting the mangroves, the muddy tidal flats, estuaries and sandy beaches; 5 species were seabirds. Nine spe-cies are globally threatened: Ardea humbloti (Endangered EN), Ardeola idae (EN), Anas bernieri (EN), Threskiornis bernieri (EN), Haliaeetus vociferoides (Critically endangered Cr), Tachybaptus pelzelnii (Vulnerable Vu), Charadrius thoracicus (Vu), Circus macrosceles (Vu) and Phoenicopterus minor (Near-threatened NT). Large concentrations of birds were noted at Lake Ihotry and in the mangroves. Apart from waterbirds, the survey recorded 46 species of reptiles and amphibians, including Erymnochelys madagascariensi (EN) among three species of freshwater terrapin. In addition, there is a rich ichthyofauna of 25 species, including three Malagasy endemics Arius madagascariensis, Chonophorus macrorhyncus and Paratilapia polleni (Cr), which attests to the significance of this site in terms of biodiversity.
There is intense human pressure on these natural resources, as seen in the clearing of the hillsides, conversion of marshes into rice paddies, and the exploitation of their margins for food crops, all of which entails loss of the natural habitats. There were immediate efforts to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem, through the establishment of a protected area incorporating the local communities. Thus, in 2007 Lake Ihotry gained temporary protected status.]
M4. Population influx and adaptive foraging behaviour of Little Egret following the invasion and collapse of Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria
Jan H. Wanink1,2
1Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. [email protected] 2Koeman en Bijkerk bv, Ecological Research and Consultancy, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
During the 1980s, the upsurge in Lake Victoria of Nile Perch Lates niloticus, an introduced large predator, resulted in a strong decline of the haplochromine cichlids, which used to comprise more than 80% of the lake’s fish biomass. Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes invaded the lake in the early 1990s. The surviving cichlids used the hypoxic water under the vast hyacinth mats as a refuge against the oxygen-sensitive Nile Perch. During the pre-hyacinth era, Little Egret Egretta garzetta was not an abundant species. Hunting birds typically stood still on shoreline rocks, aiming to spear cichlids. Their numbers were probably limited by the low availability of suitable hunting sites. Hyacinth emergence was followed by a massive influx of Little Egrets. The birds were strolling the hyacinth mats and could easily catch the cichlids below. After the abrupt disappearance in 1998 of the Water Hyacinth, there was no sign of a decline in Egret numbers. Once more, the birds showed adaptive foraging behaviour, by switching to the small pelagic Dagaa Rastrineobola argentea. The population of this cyprinid fish species had increased explosively after the collapse of the cichlids. A special hunting technique is used for this novel prey. Cruising over the water at low heights, up to several kilometres offshore, Little Egrets catch and swallow surface-dwelling Dagaa on the wing. Dagaa-hunting birds can be recognized by low-speed flight, with dangling legs and a typical head–neck posture, which is more S- than Z-shaped. Comparable behaviour has been reported for Little Egrets scavenging for fishery discards, but not for birds hunting for live fish.
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Index of authors and presenters
Abalaka, Jacinta I. 80Abdelaziz, Bouzegag 74Abebe, Yilma Dellelegn 4Adeniyi, Taiye 5Adeyanju, Adeniyi Taiye 6Aicha, Medjadba 82Aidnik, Alice U. 71Ajagbe, Ademola A. 39Alonso, Juan C. 103Altwegg, Res 13, 23, 32Amakobe, Bernard A. 110Amin, Raj 11, 13Amutete, George 34, 45Anderson, Mark D. 2, 33, 46Andersson, Staffan 9, 71, 72, 102Andriamalala, Tolojanahary R.A. 86Andriamaro, Luciano 57Andriamasimanana, Rado 93Andriambolatsoa, Rasolohery 57Andrianarimisa, Aristide 79Araujo, Antonio 15Arengo, Felicity 89Arhzaf, Z.L. 103Arinaitwe, Julius 24, 42, 56, 57, 69Arnaud, Antoine 15, 16Asamoah, Augustus 35Atkinson, Philip W. 39Atoussi, Sadek 30
Baaziz, Naima 68Bairlein, Franz 37Baker, Elizabeth M. 27, 93Baker, Neil E. 6, 14, 27, 58, 66, 93Bamford, Andrew J. 55Bapeamoni, Andemwana 53, 67Barham, Peter J. 48Barnard, Phoebe 23, 73, 95Barshep, Yahkat 52Bates, John 109Beadell, Jon S. 81Béchet, Arnaud 15, 16, 46, 89Benn, Grant 37Bennun, Leon 6, 20, 21, 56Best, David A. 33Birds of Prey Working Group 24Bloomer, Paulette 40Bobo, Serge K. 11, 90Bodhill, Samantha 84Bolwig, Simon 39Bonato, Maud 9, 86Bonnevie, Bo T. 8Borello, Wendy D. 59Borghesio, Luca 91, 94, 99Botha, André 24, 50Boucheker, Abdennour 31, 88, 98Boulkhssaïm, Mouloud 16, 91, 111Bouwman, H. 17, 18, 31, 78, 83, 100Bowerman, William W. 33Bowie, Rauri C.K. 42, 101
Boyd, M. 52Braby, Justine 47, 87Bretagnolle, Vincent 40, 42Brewster, Chris 80Bridges, Brian 59Bright, Ephraim 85Brown, Mark 21, 22, 28Buchanan, Graeme M. 57Buermann, Wolfgang 82Burghardt, Tilo 48Busse, Przemyslaw 20Butchart, Stuart 13, 108Byaruhanga, Achilles 39, 43, 77
Cáceres, Aimy 70Cael, Garin 76Cameron, Alison 93Campbell, Neill 48Cappelle, Julien 5Caron, Alexandre 5Catry, Teresa 25Cattoli, Giovanni 5Centon, Jean-François 60Chahlaoui, Ahmed 103Chambegga, O.A. 45, 96Chambers, Lynda E. 12Charfi, Faouzia 95, 111Chaskda, Adams A. 33, 97Cherel, Yves 25, 78Cherkaoui, Imad 62Cherry, Michael I. 9, 86Childress, Brooks 89Chirara, Chipangura 90, 103Cilliers, Sarel 100Citegetse, Geoffroy 69Clementine, Marie V. 69Cloete, Schalk W.P. 9Codjia, Jean T.C. 94Colahan, Brian D. 31, 104Colebrook-Robjent, John F.R. 54Collar, Nigel 1Cordeiro, Norbert J. 91, 94, 99Covas, Rita 81Craig, Adrian J.F.K. 8, 84, 94Cranswick, Peter 46, 89Crawford, Rob 13, 47Cresswell, Will 7, 22, 40, 49, 52Cruaud, Corinne 40, 42, 101Currie, David 42Cuthill, Innes C. 48
Dakki, M. 106Delport, Wayne 40De Mattos, Carlos 82de Swardt, Dawid H. 84, 109Devictor, Vincent 62Diagana, Cheikh Hamallah 98Diallo, Mori 43Diamond, Megan 17, 34
Diawara, Yelli 15, 98Diederichs, Nicci 44Dietsch, Tom 7Diop, Ibrahima 75Dodman, Tim 5, 6, 15, 24Donald, Paul 13, 88Dongmo, Jean-Bernard 90Downs, Colleen T. 21, 22Dranzoa, Christine 107Drent, Rudi H. 37Dudu, Benjamin Akaibe M. 95du Plessis, Morné 55Dyer, Bruce M. 13
Eaton, Mark 66, 104, 108Effiom, Edu O. 93El Agbani, M.A. 106El Hamoumi, R. 106Endangered Wildlife Trust 24Eshiamwata, George W. 42, 57Evans, Matthew R. 9, 86Evans, Steven 18Exo, Klaus-Michael 37
Fatiha, Baghdadi 82Fawcett, K. 107Feldheim, K.A. 101Fereidouni, Sasan 5Fisher, Ian 108Fishpool, Lincoln 13, 56Flade, Martin 75Fleischer, Robert C. 81Forbes, Ross 94Foster, M.N. 56Fouillot, Damien 60Franke, Ursula 78Friedl, Thomas W.P. 71Froneman, Albert 17, 34Fuchs, Jérôme 40, 42, 101Fuller, R.A. 95
Gaidet, Nicolas 5, 6Gaithuma, Jane 20, 56Gargallo, G. 106Germain, Christophe 16Ghestemme, Thomas 60Gibbons, Bradley 105Gichuki, Cecilia 43Gichuki, Nathan 43Gil, Patricia 5Gimenez, Olivier 26Githiru, Mwangi 32, 46, 62Godino, Alfonso 59Gomes, Carmen Bessa 13Goodman, Steven M. 42, 101Goren, Meidad 27, 35Gosford, Robert 3, 24Goudswaard, Kees P.C. 67Grainger, Matthew J. 63
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Grant, Tyron 40Gregory, Richard D. 64, 66, 108Grémillet, David 26Groom, Geoff 2Grubb, Teryl G. 33Gustowska, Anna 8
Hagemeijer, Ward 5Hamdi, Nabil 111Hammoumi, Saliha 5Hancock, Pete 59Harebottle, Doug 23, 32, 95Harper, David M. 15, 74Harrison, James A. 9Harris, Ramon 70Hasselquist, Dennis 9Hausberger, Martine 84Hawkins, Frank A. 56Hegglin, Daniel 59Helander, Bjorn 33Helseth, Anders 52Henderson, Catherine L. 81Herremans, Marc 80Hija, Alawi 42Hinda, Hafid 74Hockey, Philip A.R. 59, 60Hofmeyr, Sally 90Hole, David G. 13Hollamby, Simon R. 33Houhamdi, Moussa 30, 68, 98, 103, 105Hughes, Baz 89Hulley, Pat 8, 94Hulme, Mark 40, 52Huntley, Brian 13
Idrissi, Hamid R. 62, 106Imboma, Titus S. 28Iwajomo, Soladoye 52
Jackson, Colin 28, 110Jacot, Alain 71James, Joan 22, 26Jaquemet, Sébastien 25, 78Jarrett, Nigel 89Jegede, Oluwabunmi O. 96Jenkins, Andrew 17, 34, 50Jha, Vanya 5John, Jasson 91, 94, 99Johnson, Steven D. 21Joho, Martin P. 94, 99Jones, Peter 41, 51, 80Jones, Rian 22, 26Julliard, R. 106Julliard, Romain 62
Kahindo, Charles 109Kalunda, Pauline N. 69Kanyanya, Enock 69Karekoona, Abdou 70Karesh, William 5Katabaka, Raymond 39Katz, M. 82Kemper, Jessica 22
Khomutova, Tatiana 110Kizungu, Robert B. 109Knox, David 57Knox, D.H. 56Kohler, Sophie 78Koks, Ben J. 37Komdeur, Jan 37Kone, Bakary 43Kootsositse, Motshereganyi V. 57Kopij, Grzegorz 87Krüger, Sonja C. 59Kylin, Henrik 18
Laamrani, L. 106Lameed, Gbolagade A. 96Larose, Jerry 60Le Bohec, Céline 26LeBreton, Mathew 7Le Corre, Matthieu 25Lee, Rebecca 89Lehouck, Valérie 63, 64Lens, Luc 63, 64Leshem, Yossi 19Levrero, Florence 84Lewis, Sue 26Libois, Marcel R. 94Libois, R. 53Limbaso, Samuel 82Lindsay, Claire V. 21Lindsell, Jeremy 63Lloyd, Penn 29, 55Long, R.S. 74Lötter, Lianda 85Lotz, Peter 17Louette, M. 53, 67, 76, 95Lougbégnon, O. Toussaint 94Ludynia, Katrin 22, 26
Maazi, Mohamed-Chérif 30, 100MacKinnon, James 57Makhado, Azwianewi B. 13Malaki, P.A. 65, 87, 92Mander, Myles 44Manohar, Shyam 32Manu, S.A. 22, 63, 78, 93, 97Maphisa, David H. 88Martim Melo 41Martin, Thomas E. 55Masiga, Moses 77Masterov, Vladimir B. 33Masumbuko, E. Mulotwa 95Matsvimbo, Fadzai 103Maundu, Patrick 46Mavundla, Khulile 44Mbije, Nsajigwa E. 96McCann, Kevin 11McCulloch, Graham P. 3, 109McGowan, P. 95McKean, Steven 44McQuaid, Christopher 25, 78Meganck, Bart 76Meirte, Danny 76Melo, Martim 42, 81
Menai, Rachid 31, 88, 98Menouar, Saheb 74, 82Mergen, Patricia 76Merzoug, Abdelghani 30Metallaoui, Sophia 30Mgoola, William O. 44Midgley, Guy 73Milledge, Simon 43Mills, Michael S.L. 76Mkongewa, Victor 94, 99Mohammed, Dakki 62Molokwu, Mary N. 96, 97Moloney, Coleen L. 40Monadjem, Ara 55Monicat, François 5Monticelli, David 25Mooketsa, Keddy 80Morrison, Kerryn 43Mosolova, Ekaterina 110Mostert, Esther 84Moussa, Houhamdi 74, 82Muchai, Muchane 38, 82, 88Muheebwa, Jimmy 43Mühlenberg, Michael 11Muigai, Francis 4Muiruri, Mercy N. 46Muller, Claude 5, 6Muller, Mark 59Munyuli, Theodore 39Muriithi, Paul 39Mushabe, David 39Musila, Simon N. 32Musyimi, Zipporah 43Mutabezi, Maurice 39Mwangi, Andrew W. 92Mwansat, Georgina S. 33, 63, 97Mwathe, Ken 20Mwinami, Timothy 15
Nachuha, Sarah 67Naidoo, Vinny 58Nakyeyune, Annet 39Nalwanga-Wabwire, Dianah 39Nantaba, Olivia 39Nasirwa, Oliver 3Navarro, René A. 9, 97Ndang’ang’a, Kariuki P. 38, 42, 46, 65, 88Ndolo, Reuben 74Nedjah, Riad 31, 88, 98Newman, Scott 5Ng’weno, Fleur 44Nilsson, Jan-Åke 97Njabo, Kevin Y. 82Njenga, Kariuki 82Njie, Francis M. 11Njilima, Fadhili 91, 94, 99Njoroge, Peter 82Nsabagasani, C. 107Ntuli, Lungile 44Nupen, Lisa 102Nuttall, Rick J. 107Nyakana, Sylvester 107
.124
Oaks, J. Lindsay 15O’Connell, Bronwyn 27, 35Oelke, Hans 28Ogada, Darcy L. 39Ogunyemi, S. 85Okolie, Mary O. 97Olesu-Adjei, Isaac 69Olmos, Fabio 75Olsson, Ola 97Ombugadu, Akwashiki 33Oschadleus, H. Dieter 28, 70Osinubi, Samuel T. 78Otieno, Nickson E. 74Ottosson, Ulf 6, 7, 52, 58, 97Ouldjaoui, Abdallah 91, 92Ould Daddah, Moctar 96Ould Sidaty, Zeine El Abidine 98Owino, Alfred O. 34Owusu, Erasmus H. 35
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Qninba, A. 106Quinn, John 67
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Yacine, Nouidjem 74Yahiaoui, Ahmed 103Yingst, Samuel L. 82Yohannes, Elizabeth 73Young, Donella J. 9Young, Hywel Glyn 29
Zavialov, Eugeny 110
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.131
lOCAl is leKKeR
South Africa consists of many diverse cultural groups and has eleven official languages. Although English is one of them, it does not mean that you will always understand us! South African English
contains colourful local idioms, borrowing often from the indigenous languages:
ag – means “oh”, as in “oh no”; pronounced with a guttural g, as in Achtung
babbalas – is a hangoverbakkie – pick-up truckbell – telephone call: "I'll give you a bell."biltong – strips of dried and spiced meat. If you are
a carnivore, don’t go home without trying it! Avail-able in beef as well as game meat, like ostrich, kudu, springbok and eland.
bliksem – to hit someone or used to describe a naughty person
biscuit – cookieboerewors – sausage to be cooked on the braai;
literally means "farmer’s sausage"braai – a barbecue. Used to cook chops and boere-
wors, or snoek.bru – friend; used in “Howzit bru?”droëwors – dried sausageeina! – ouch!eish! – expression of surprisefynbos – vegetation type of the Cape Floristic Region;
literally means fine bushgatvol – fed up; “I’m gatvol” = “I’ve had enough”hey – often used at the end of a sentence to empha-
sise the importance of what’s been said (hey!), or as a substitute for "Pardon" (hey?)
Howzit? – universal South African greeting, to which the standard response is “No, fine thanks”
Isit? – Used when you have nothing to contribute to what’s been said but you want to appear polite; short for “is that so?”
ja – yes
jislaaik – Pronounced “Yis-like”, it is an expression of astonishment equivalent to Gosh! or Eish!
jol – party or any fun timejust now – any time from right now through to the
next millenniumkoppie – small hillKwaito – African youth music – a blend of hip hop,
R&B and reggaelekker – means nice or fine. Can also be used in
response to “Howzit?”; whereupon you can an-swer “Lekker bru”
mealie – maize or cornnaartjie – tangerinenow-now – a little more urgent than “just now”robots – this is not something out of Star Wars, but
refers to traffic lights!Rooibos – a red South African tea made from the
Aspalathus linearis bush; literally means red bush; contains no caffeine and is a good antioxidant. Buy some to take home with you because it’ll be expensive back in your country!
shame – used sympathetically, or when admiring something sweet, like a puppy – “Ag shame man, it’s cute.”
shebeen – township barskinner – gossipslap chips – like French fries, but soft – good as a
cure for babbalassnoek – a delicious barracuda-like fish, try it smoked
or braaiedtekkies – running shoes or sneakersveld – open vegetated area with no development
Remember to support local businesses, arts and crafts wherever you can. We hope you have a wonderful conference and a lekker time in South Africa!
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BirdNicholas ellenbogen’s Theatre for Africa
This play was written for Nelson Mandela’s inauguration in April 1994 as the President of the new South Africa. The story speaks about the coming of change and the birth of new leadership. It looks towards nature to find wisdom in the process.
Bird examines the wonders of the Verloorenvlei wetland in the Western Cape, and introduces audiences to the brilliance and variety of birds found in southern Africa. The story follows a humble young man who is chosen to lead his people into a prosperous new future. He sets out on his journey to seek the knowledge and wisdom that he will need to be a great leader, he finds it in the most unlikely places! Birds such as the Kingfisher, the Plover, the Red Bishop and the Weaver come to life in this fine piece of theatre.
Bird is a fable of how society can achieve harmony through co-operation. It is elegantly performed by a team of young men, supple and vigorous in their movements.The ensemble teamwork, remarkable acrobatic feats, strong storytelling but minimal dialogue, make the dramatised search for wisdom a compelling one. Villagers gather to elect a new chief, but he must first undergo a ritual of discovery. He does so by observing and taking part in the lives of the various birds. How these birds are impersonated, complete with their characteristic calls, and their habitat imaginatively realised, makes Bird a most enthralling experience. Very much a parable for our times but delivered playfully rather than tendentiously.
“Environmental theatre is my great love”, says Nicholas Ellenbogen, founder and artistic director of Theatre for Africa. As a fundi in the field of environmental issues, he is expert at adapting these for the stage. Bird was first performed, to standing ovation, at the 1994 Graham’s Town Arts Festival, before traveling to the Edinburgh Festival, where it won a prestigious Scotsman Fringe First Award. It has toured widely in Africa. Bird brought Nicholas a WWF Environment Award in 1995.