Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources Wednesday, April 19 th (11:45am-12:45pm) 13 th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation
Dec 20, 2015
Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources
Wednesday, April 19th (11:45am-12:45pm)
13th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Rural Water Sector Decentralization In India
Atheeq Khan
Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Current Status
• 96 % rural habitations have access
• Yet, Investment in the sector is increasing
1996-2001 US $ 1911 millions
2002-2007 US $ 5511 millions
• Indicating unsustainability
• Access does not translate to quality of service (WB, 2006)
Traditional RWS Policy – Supply driven & Top down
• Government to provide adequate water to all
• State Agencies to plan and build and maintain
• Joint Central & State Govt. financing
• Projects based on supply side calculations
• Water rate not collected • Non - participative
Decentralization: A Theoretical Perspective
• Efficiency through decentralization – Information– Heterogeneity of services– Local supervision– Accountability to local
citizens
Decentralization: A theoretical perspective
• Equity through Decentralization– Local information on
poor– Local Governments in
better position to target
– Local decisions favor pro-poor decisions
Conditions for Decentralization to succeed - Theory
• Local Decisions fully transparent
• Cost of local decision fully borne locally
• Benefits do not spill over jurisdictions» R. M. Bird (1994)
• Empowerment of local actors
• Accountability Mechanisms » Bardhan (2002) & Agarwal & Ribot (2002)
Accountability Mechanisms
• Institutions• Fiscal autonomy
at local level• Dependence on
Hierarchical relationship with higher level of Government
Sector Reforms: Policy Analysis
• Direction – Step in right
direction?
• Adequacy– Not adequate
• Success so far– Poor
Inadequacy of decentralization
• Local Governments – PRIs in India– Relatively young institutions– Developments of PRIs not uniform among
states
• Capacity building of local Governments– Local Governments have poor capacities– Fiscal autonomy poor
Inadequacy of decentralization
• Empowerment– Poor fiscal and administrative decentralization
• Accountability– Citizen participation by way of fiscal
contribution poor– PRIs accountable to distant central
Government bureaucrats– Elite capture and poor local accountability
mechanisms
Policy Alternatives
• Create incentives for local actors to respond to
• Empower local Governments and hold them responsible
• Participative processes for information gather and use from local citizens
• Institutional mechanisms for stakeholder participation
Policy Alternatives - Continued
• Adequate fiscal and administrative decentralization
• Techno-managerial capacities for Village governments
• Monitoring, evaluation, policy advice and technical supervision capacities for intermediate and state level Governments
• Local fiscal Autonomy
Conclusion
• Reform is in right direction, but not adequate
• Decentralization not effective without adequate fiscal and administrative decentralization
Conclusions – Contd…
• Downward accountability mechanisms need strengthening
• Greater attention to institutional strengthening and community participation
Urban Water Resource Management In Indonesia
Dan Wilder
Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Urban Water Resource Urban Water Resource Management in IndonesiaManagement in Indonesia
Dan WilderDan Wilder
OutlineOutline
BackgroundBackground
Water NeedsWater Needs
SanitationSanitation
DecentralizationDecentralization
ChallengesChallenges
RecommendationsRecommendations
““Tanah Air Kita”Tanah Air Kita”
World’s largest archipelagoWorld’s largest archipelago 13,000 islands, 13,000 islands, 6,000 inhabited6,000 inhabited
World’s 4World’s 4thth most populous country after most populous country after China, India, & the U.S.China, India, & the U.S. 242 million people 242 million people 2/32/3rdsrds live on the island of Java live on the island of Java Jakarta ~9.5 millionJakarta ~9.5 million
Water NeedsWater Needs
Largely rural, agriculture plays an important role, Largely rural, agriculture plays an important role, but….but….
45%45% of Indonesia’s population currently lives in of Indonesia’s population currently lives in urban areas (~109 million)urban areas (~109 million) Expected to increase to Expected to increase to 60%60% by 2025, an estimated by 2025, an estimated
160 million160 million peoplepeople
Growth in manufacturingGrowth in manufacturing Over-pumping leads to Over-pumping leads to shrinking aquifersshrinking aquifers and and
saltwater intrusionsaltwater intrusion
SanitationSanitation
Affects wealthy and poor alike Affects wealthy and poor alike
Public health problemsPublic health problems ~~30%30% of Indonesians suffer from of Indonesians suffer from
waterborne illnesses each year waterborne illnesses each year Diarrhea the 2Diarrhea the 2ndnd largest killer of children largest killer of children
• ~~100,000100,000 children under age 5 each year children under age 5 each year
Highest incidence of Highest incidence of typhoid fevertyphoid fever in Asia in Asia
Urban sewerage coverage ~3%Urban sewerage coverage ~3%
Context: DecentralizationContext: Decentralization
1980s – District level responsible for 1980s – District level responsible for providing water servicesproviding water services Control still highly centralizedControl still highly centralized
Asian financial crisis – fall of SuhartoAsian financial crisis – fall of Suharto Central government lacks capacityCentral government lacks capacity
1999 regional autonomy laws1999 regional autonomy laws
Structural ChallengesStructural Challenges
InfrastructureInfrastructure Aging systemsAging systems
FinancingFinancing PDAMs in debt from PDAMs in debt from
Financial CrisisFinancial Crisis Tariffs set too lowTariffs set too low
Structural Challenges (Cont’d)Structural Challenges (Cont’d)
Administrative CapacityAdministrative Capacity Illegal pumping Illegal pumping loss of 40% of revenues loss of 40% of revenues Ambiguous pollution oversight responsibilitiesAmbiguous pollution oversight responsibilities Governors responsible for prosecutionGovernors responsible for prosecution
Adverse IncentivesAdverse Incentives Over-consumption Over-consumption Illegal marketsIllegal markets Creative revenue schemes Creative revenue schemes
RecommendationsRecommendations
Give local governments Give local governments the power to prosecute the power to prosecute
Monitor wastewater Monitor wastewater instead of the amount of instead of the amount of water pumpedwater pumped
Water And Healthcare In Urban China
Xiaodong Chen
Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Introduction
• Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious asset for human being . Most of the developing countries face a serious problem not only to meet the rapidly growing demand for water resources but also to sustain water quality .
• Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy in China , Chinese national economy has gained rapid development and people's living standard enhanced quickly. However, with the economic development, the environment of water is faced with much pressure .
• The magnitude of China’s water problems is under increasingly stressful conditions of water shortages, and temporal variations in water surplus and deficit, the rapid deterioration of surface and groundwater quality.
Background
• For China , rapid economic growth is imperative to alleviate poverty ,raise income levels and improve the citizens’quality life . Water pollution in urban China did not receive much official attention until the mid-1970s . Economic growth has always had higher priority than environmental pollution control issues on China's development agenda .
• Most water pollution in urban China is caused by inadequate treatment of municipal sewage , only 5 % of the total sewage discharged annually treated. Water sources in 50 percent of the major cities and towns cannot meet drinking water standards .
• Great efforts should be made to further promote the water environmental protection work in China .
Water issue and health
• Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious asset for human being . Water sources include surface water ,ground water and rainwater.
• Water related disease is devided by four types .
• Keeping the environment clean from pollution is not only good for the environment, but also good for our health . In other words, health is best protected by the provision of an environmental service and benefits from having a clean water supply.
Water sources pollution
• The sources of drinking water include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity .
• Water pollution is determined by mainly two factors: the number of people and the amount of consumption and production by human activities.
• Population growth brings environment deterioration through development, such as large scale farming, urbanization and industrialization.
Water quality effect factors
• The effectiveness of pollution control mechanisms mostly depends on government actions. The efficiency of implemented wastewater treatment management is the key to improve water quality .
• Population and human activities affect water quality; however, appropriate treatment can help to avoid the deterioration of water quality .
• Whether countries try to improve environmental quality depends on their income level . Furthermore, investment into the projects to control wastewater is also an important factor to control water pollution.
• Water quality is affected by other factors, such as government efforts for water treatment and the social and economic environment .
The current situation in urban China---Challenge
• Environment-related public health problems are yet another challenge China’s leaders must address . The most serious problem is unsafe drinking water.
• More than three-quarters of the water flowing through China’s urban areas is considered unsuitable for drinking or fishing.
• Overall, China’s capacity to address environmental challenges need to be enhanced . Now, The State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) has only 300 full time professional staff in Beijing, and China devotes only 1.3% of its GDP to environmental protection.
Tha analysis of the water pollution control in urban China
• China promotes the idea of “sustainable” water use as a key policy goal. The emission of wastes from the industrial pollution sources of the whole country should meet the standards at national and local levels.
• Boiling water is effective in destroying all kinds of waterborne pathogens, and can be applied to all waters .
• Solar Radiation is an accessible, low cost method of household water treatment that is also technologically feasible. Chlorine is the most common and the most affordable of the chemical disinfectants .
• Conclusion
Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources
Wednesday, April 19th (11:45am-12:45pm)
Atheeq Khan Rural Water Sector Decentralization In India
Dan Wilder Urban Water Resource Management In Indonesia
Xiadong Chen Water And Healthcare In Urban China
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation