Parametric Modelling Of Energy Consumption In Road Vehicles A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in February 2005 Andrew G. Simpson Sustainable Energy Research Group School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
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Parametric Modelling Of Energy Consumption
In Road Vehicles
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at
The University of Queensland in February 2005
Andrew G. Simpson
Sustainable Energy Research Group
School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
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Candidate's Statement of Originality
The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original, except
as acknowledged in the text, and has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, for a
degree at this university or any other university.
This research was conducted under a postgraduate research scholarship funded by the School
of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering.
Thanks to my advisory team – Dr Geoff Walker and Dr Gordon Wyeth – for their guidance
and faith in my ability to pursue this largely self-initiated research topic.
Thanks also to Prof. Simon Kaplan, Kathleen Williamson, Helen Lakidis and Maureen
Shields for their ongoing financial and administrative support.
Special thanks to close friends/colleagues for their interest and support of my research, their
thought-provoking discussions and feedback on my work, and contribution to my overall
development as a researcher and engineering professional:
• Dr Geoff Walker, Dr Andrew Dicks, Paul Sernia, David Finn, Matthew Greaves, Ben
Guymer, Justin Bray and Larry Weng – The University of Queensland
• Deborah Andrews – South Bank University, London
• Karin Öhgren – Lund University, Sweden
• Mark Northage and Campbell James – HybridAuto Pty Ltd
• Dr Conrad Stacey, Dr Peter Gehrke, Dr Nick Agnew, Colin Eustace, Dr Matthew
Bilson and Jodi Meissner – Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd
Finally, the greatest thanks to Mum, Dad, Catherine and Belinda for their love, understanding
and encouragement.
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List of Publications and Presentations
Publications and Presentations by the Candidate Relevant to the Thesis
Simpson A.G. (2004) “Modelling and Simulation of Vehicle Performance and Energy
Consumption”, presented at the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, December 10,
Golden, CO, USA.
Simpson A.G. & Walker G.R. (2004) “A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel
Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles”, paper no. 2003-01-2300, Transactions of the SAE –
Journal of Engines, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Also printed
in “Hybrid Vehicle and Energy Storage Technologies”, publication no. SP-1789, Society of
Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Also presented at the 2003 SAE
International Future Transportation Technology Conference, June 23-25, Costa Mesa, CA,
USA.
Simpson A.G. (2004) “Full-cycle assessment of alternative fuels for light-duty road vehicles
in Australia”, Proceedings of the 2004 World Energy Congress – Youth Symposium,
September 5-9, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Additional Publications and Presentations by the Candidate Relevant to the Thesis but not Forming Part of it
Simpson A.G. (2004) “Comparing Future Alternative Fuels and Powertrain Technologies for
Vehicles in Australia”, Proceedings of the ARC Centre for Functional Nanomaterials
Hydrogen Workshop, November 5, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Simpson A.G. (2004) “Comparing Future Alternative Fuels and Powertrain Technologies for
Vehicles in Australia”, Environmental Engineering Division Seminar, 21 September, The
University of Queensland, Australia.
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Simpson A.G. (2003) “Full-cycle assessment of alternative fuels for light-duty road vehicles
in Australia”, Proceedings of the 7th Environmental Research Conference (EERE 2003),
Marysville, VIC, Australia.
Simpson A.G. (2003) “Comparing Future Alternative Fuels and Powertrain Technologies for
Vehicles”, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Seminar, November
6, The University of Queensland, Australia.
Simpson A.G. (2003) “Comparing Future Alternative Fuels and Powertrain Technologies for
Vehicles”, presentation to the ANZSES Sustainable Transport Forum, October 20, Brisbane,
QLD, Australia.
Simpson A.G., Greaves M.C. & Walker G.R. (2003) “Electric Power Source Selection for the
UltraCommuter”, Proceedings of the Regional Inter-University Postgraduate Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Conference (RIUPEEEC), Hong Kong.
Simpson A.G. (2003) “Comparison of power source technologies for electric-drive vehicles”,
Sustainable Energy Research Group Seminar, May 27, The University of Queensland,
Australia.
Simpson A.G. & Andrews S.D. (2002) “Future Directions for the Sustainability of the
Australian Automobile”, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Environmental Engineering Research
Event, Blackheath, NSW, Australia.
Simpson A., Walker G., Greaves M., Finn D. & Guymer B. (2002) “The UltraCommuter: A
Viable and Desirable Solar-Powered Commuter Vehicle”, Proceedings of the 2002
Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Simpson A.G. (2001) “Automotive Propulsion Technology for the 21st century”, presentation
to Energy Systems Research Group Meeting, November 5, School of Information Technology
and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia.
Simpson A.G. (2001) “Design Approaches for Electric-drive Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion
Systems”, Ph.D Confirmation of Candidature Seminar, November 13, School of Information
Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
This thesis presents a novel approach to modelling energy consumption in road vehicles – the
Parametric Analytical Model of Vehicle Energy Consumption (PAMVEC).
The technique is offered as a complement to existing vehicle modelling tools, the majority of
which are dynamic vehicle simulators such as ADVISOR. Dynamic vehicle simulators are
powerful modelling tools with high precision and accuracy (error typically <5%), and this
makes them ideally suited to detailed simulation, testing and refinement of vehicle designs as
part of a design process. However, they can be disadvantaged by their complexity, their need
for detailed powertrain component models (which often are not publicly available), and
excessive computational requirements due to their inherently iterative nature. In the context
of vehicle technology assessment where many vehicles or technologies may need to be
compared, these attributes can make dynamic simulators quite costly and time-consuming to
use. Furthermore, dynamic vehicle simulators rely upon deterministic driving cycles to
represent the driving pattern. Existing cycles have been shown in the literature to be quite
unrepresentative of real-world driving patterns, and this deterministic approach is particularly
unsuited to the modelling of uncertainty. Again, these attributes are not desirable for the
purposes of vehicle technology assessment.
In contrast, the PAMVEC tool is designed to be particularly well-suited to vehicle technology
assessment. Relative to dynamic simulators, the PAMVEC lumped-parameter models are
easier to analyse and interpret, requiring only minimal input data to produce a result, and the
calculations are performed nearly instantaneously. Furthermore, with its parametric
construction, PAMVEC is ideally-suited to performing sensitivity analyses and modelling of
uncertainty. Its features include:
• Parametric analytical expressions for predicting vehicle energy consumption that are
derived from the well-known road load equation
• Parametric analytical expressions to size powertrain components implicitly in terms of
specified performance targets that include driving range
• A novel parametric driving pattern description that encompasses the multiple
dimensions of real-world driving patterns, but is also well-suited to the modelling of
uncertainty
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• Simple component models based on parametric inputs for efficiency and specific
power/energy
• Transparent implementation in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with calculations that
occur almost instantaneously.
The convenience of the PAMVEC model is enabled by the central simplifying assumption
that tractive power flow that is reversible (due to vehicle inertia) can be modelled separately
from irreversible power flow (due to vehicle drag). However, this assumption is also the
primary cause of error in the predictions of vehicle energy consumption. PAMVEC
consistently overestimates vehicle energy consumption with errors of <20%. While this error
is large compared to that of dynamic simulators (<5%), it must be considered in the context of
vehicle technology assessment where uncertainties are so great. In contrast, PAMVEC’s
estimates of relative fuel economy are quite accurate, with errors typically <5%. Another
limitation of the PAMVEC tool is that it does not model powertrain component efficiencies
(since these are specified as inputs). Therefore, some important powertrain system
interactions such as the dependence of component efficiency on component size and/or the
driving pattern are not captured in the model.
However, the development of any vehicle modelling tool involve a compromise between
attributes, and the author believes that the development of PAMVEC is well-justified based
on the attributes of existing modelling tools. The thesis commences with a detailed review of
existing vehicle modelling tools and a discussion of their capabilities and limitations. It then
documents the derivation of the PAMVEC model including its key simplifications and
assumptions. The next chapter validates PAMVEC against vehicle test data and benchmarks
it against the ADVISOR dynamic vehicle simulator. In the final chapter, to demonstrate its
suitability to vehicle technology assessment, PAMVEC is applied in a well-to-wheel analysis
to predict the energy consumption of thirty-three vehicles with alternative fuels and
powertrain technologies.
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. TOOLS FOR MODELLING VEHICLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5
2.1 Attributes of Vehicle Modelling Tools 5
2.2 Approaches to Modelling Vehicle Energy Consumption 8 2.2.1 Dynamic Vehicle Simulators 8 2.2.2 Lumped-Parameter Models 13
2.3 Approaches to Modelling Vehicle Performance 15 2.3.1 The Link between Vehicle Performance and Energy Consumption 15 2.3.2 Models of Vehicle Performance 16
2.4 Factors Affecting the Choice and Use of Vehicle Modelling Tools 22
2.5 Outcomes of Literature Review 25
3. THE PARAMETRIC ANALYTICAL MODEL OF VEHICLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION (PAMVEC) 27
3.1 The Parametric Road Load Equation 28 3.1.1 Average Road Load Power 28 3.1.2 Average Braking Losses 30
3.4 Vehicle Performance 58 3.4.1 Top Speed 59 3.4.2 Gradability 59 3.4.3 Driving Range 60 3.4.4 Acceleration 60
3.5 Powertrain Component Sizing Strategies and Mass Compounding 73 3.5.1 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles 74 3.5.2 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 76 3.5.3 Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles 76 3.5.4 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles 77 3.5.5 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles 78 3.5.6 Battery Electric Vehicles 78
3.6 Implementation of the PAMVEC Model 79
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4. PAMVEC VALIDATION 81
4.1 Validation with Published Vehicle Test Data 81 4.1.1 Acceleration performance for the GM HydroGen3 FCEV 81 4.1.2 Fuel consumption for the Holden Commodore ICV 82 4.1.3 Fuel consumption for the Virginia Tech. ZEburban FCHEV 83
4.2 Benchmarking against ADVISOR 84 4.2.1 Vehicle Platform and Driving Pattern 85 4.2.2 Benchmarking Results 87
4.3 Benchmarking for other driving patterns and vehicle platforms 96 4.3.1 Dependence of Error on Vehicle Platform and Driving Pattern 96 4.3.2 Benchmarking Results for Other Driving Patterns 99 4.3.3 Benchmarking Results for Other Vehicle Platforms 102
4.4 Validation Summary 103 4.4.1 Component Sizing and Total Vehicle Mass 103 4.4.2 Vehicle Energy Consumption 104
5. PAMVEC APPLICATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 107
5.1 Energy Consumption Comparison 107 5.1.1 Powertrain Architectures 107 5.1.2 Vehicle Platform 108 5.1.3 Driving Pattern 108 5.1.4 Performance Specifications 109 5.1.5 Component Technologies and Energy Consumption Results 109
cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), fuel cell hybrid-electric vehicles (FCHEVs) and battery
electric vehicles (BEVs).
Transmission, electric motor and HEV battery technologies were kept consistent for all
vehicles, and the relevant technical parameters for these components are presented in Table 5-
1. These technical parameters were derived from previous modelling conducted by the author
using ADVISOR. All EVs and HEVs were assumed to have 60% regenerative braking.
2 Some revisions have occurred in the PAMVEC model since the publication of this study so, although the same input data were used, there are some minor differences between the results in Simpson [REF] and those presented here.
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5.1.2 Vehicle Platform
The 2003 Holden VY Commodore sedan (Holden, 2003) was chosen as a representative
Australian passenger vehicle platform for the comparison. Table 5-2 presents relevant
physical data for this platform.
Table 5-1: Transmission, electric motor and HEV battery technologies for the various
powertrain architectures considered in the comparison Component Powertrain Architecture Specific Power (W/kg) Efficiency
ICVs and HEVs (5 speed) 13001 87%4 Transmission
FCEVs, FCHEVs and BEVs (1 speed) 16251 87%4
ICVs --- ---
HEVs 14003 70%4
Electric Motor
& Controller
FCEVs, FCHEVs and BEVs 10273 86%4
ICVs, FCEVs and BEVs --- ---
HEVs 4442 96%4
HEV Battery
FCHEVs 4442 95%4
Notes: 1 From Plotkin et al (2001) 2 Based on Ovonic 28Ah NiMH HEV battery (ADVISOR data file ESS_NIMH28_OVONIC.m) 3 From EUCAR et al (2003) 4 Author estimates
Table 5-2: Physical parameters for the 2003 Holden VY Commodore sedan platform
Curb mass 1550 kg
Glider mass (estimated) 830 kg
Aerodynamic drag coefficient 0.32
Frontal area (estimated) 2.5 m2
Rolling resistance coefficient 0.01
Wheel radius 320 mm
Accessory load 1000 W
5.1.3 Driving Pattern
The driving pattern assumed for the comparison was the New European Driving Cycle
(NEDC) from test procedures specified in United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
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Regulation 83 (Figure 4-1). From January 2003, these test procedures have been used to
measure fuel consumption and emissions for the purposes of labelling production vehicles for
the Australian market (AGO, 2003).
5.1.4 Performance Specifications
All vehicles in the comparison were intended to have identical performance capabilities, in
accordance with the specifications for acceleration, gradability, top speed and driving range
presented in Table 5-3 which have been assumed as being representative of a Holden
Commodore sedan. This approach distinguishes this comparison from previous work, in
which certain performance constraints have often been relaxed for particular vehicle
technologies. There are, however, two exceptions in this study. The NiMH and VRLA BEVs
have reduced driving ranges (250km and 125km respectively) since the achievement of
500km driving range is not technically feasible for these technologies.
Table 5-3: Performance constraints for the vehicles in this comparison
Top speed 180 km/h
Acceleration 0-100 kph in 9.0s
Gradability 6.5% at 100 kph
Driving range 500km
5.1.5 Component Technologies and Energy Consumption Results
Table 5-4 presents the 33 powertrain technologies included in the comparison. The data was
collected from a variety of sources and represents predictions of component technical
specifications for the 2010 timeframe. The technologies include:
• Spark-ignition ICVs fuelled with unleaded petrol (ULP), liquid petroleum gas (LPG),
compressed natural gas (CNG) at 3600psi, liquid natural gas (LNG), compressed
gaseous hydrogen (GH2) at 5000psi, liquid hydrogen (LH2), an 85% methanol / 15%
petrol blend (M85), an 85% ethanol / 15% petrol blend (E85), and a 10% ethanol /
90% petrol blend (E10)
• Compression-ignition ICVs for Diesel and biodiesel (BioD)
• Spark-ignition PHEVs for ULP, LPG, CNG, LNG, GH2, LH2, M85, E85 and E10
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• Compression-ignition PHEVs for Diesel and Biodiesel
• Fuel cell/reformer EVs for ULP and pure methanol (MeOH)
• Fuel cell EVs for GH2 and LH2
• Fuel cell/reformer HEVs for ULP and MeOH
• Fuel cell HEVs for GH2 and LH2
• BEVs with lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and valve-regulated
lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
In Table 5-4, the results of the PAMVEC modelling are presented in terms of curb mass, net
powertrain efficiency and vehicle energy consumption. The ULP ICV is chosen as the
reference vehicle technology for the comparison.
The curb masses of the ICVs are somewhat similar, with some variation (~10%) due to
differences in the specific energy of fuels and specific power of engines. The HEVs are
slightly heavier than their ICV counterparts, which reflect the lower specific power of HEVs’
motor plus battery combination relative to engines. The non-hybrid FCEVs are relatively
heavy due to the low specific power of fuel cell systems (particularly reformers), whereas the
FCHEVs are less heavy due to the higher specific power of batteries relative to fuel cells. As
expected, the BEVs are particularly heavy due to their low specific energy battery packs.
The net powertrain efficiency correlates closely with engine/fuel cell efficiency, although the
non-hybridised ICVs and FCEVs do have the additional efficiency penalty of no regenerative
braking. On average, the HEVs are approximately 40% more efficient than their ICV
counterparts. The reformer-based, non-hybrid FCEVs show no efficiency advantage over
HEVs using the same fuels, whereas the H2-fuelled FCEVs are approximately 25% more
efficient than H2-fuelled HEVs. FCHEVs with reformers are approximately 15% more
efficient than their FCEV counterparts, whereas the H2-fuelled FCHEVs are only 8% more
efficient than non-hybrid variants. The battery EVs’ high efficiencies (more than three times
that of the reference vehicle) must be considered in light of the fact that no fuel conversion
occurs onboard the vehicle.
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Table 5-4: Fuel/powertrain technology parameters and predicted energy consumption results
for the 33 vehicles in this comparison Fuel Powertrain Fuel
specific
energy
(MJ/kg)
Engine / Fuel
Cell / Battery
specific power
(W/kg)
Engine / Fuel
Cell / Battery
efficiency (%)
Curb Mass
(kg)
Powertrain
efficiency
(%)
Energy
Consumption
(MJ/km)
ULP ICV 37.3 1 642 7 22.5 8 1260 10.6 2.78
LPG ICV 20.7 1 642 7 23.7 8,9 1299 11.2 2.69
CNG ICV 15.6 1 531 7 25.8 8 1371 12.1 2.54
LNG ICV 26.6 1 531 7 25.8 8 1320 12.2 2.49
GH2 ICV 12.7 2 642 7 27.7 8 1337 13.0 2.33
LH2 ICV 9.5 2 642 7 27.7 8 1383 13.0 2.37
M85 ICV 22.2 3 642 7 24.5 8,9 1290 11.5 2.59
E85 ICV 24.8 3 642 7 23.9 8,9 1282 11.3 2.64
E10 ICV 35.8 3 642 7 22.5 8 1262 10.6 2.79
Diesel ICV 37.3 1 510 7 28.5 8 1307 13.4 2.24
BioD ICV 31.9 1 510 7 28.5 8 1315 13.4 2.25
ULP HEV 37.3 1 642 7 30.5 8 1378 15.0 2.05
LPG HEV 20.7 1 642 7 32.1 8,9 1403 15.8 1.96
CNG HEV 15.6 1 531 7 33.0 8 1455 16.2 1.95
LNG HEV 26.6 1 531 7 33.0 8 1422 16.2 1.92
GH2 HEV 12.7 2 642 7 37.7 8 1427 18.5 1.69
LH2 HEV 9.5 2 642 7 37.7 8 1455 18.5 1.70
M85 HEV 22.2 3 642 7 33.2 8,9 1397 16.3 1.90
E85 HEV 24.8 3 642 7 32.4 8,9 1393 16.0 1.94
E10 HEV 35.8 3 642 7 30.5 8 1380 15.0 2.05
Diesel HEV 37.3 1 510 7 34.8 8 1416 17.1 1.82
BioD HEV 31.9 1 510 7 34.8 8 1421 17.1 1.82
ULP FCEV 37.3 1 259 7 37.8 8 1810 15.2 2.31
MeOH FCEV 19.5 1 259 7 41.5 8 1857 16.6 2.14
GH2 FCEV 12.7 2 375 7 56.6 8 1568 23.1 1.42
LH2 FCEV 9.5 2 375 7 56.6 8 1601 23.0 1.43
ULP FCHEV 37.3 1 259 7 39.2 8 1679 17.3 1.95
MeOH FCHEV 19.5 1 259 7 42.6 8 1712 18.8 1.81
GH2 FCHEV 12.7 2 375 7 55.6 8 1541 24.7 1.31
LH2 FCHEV 9.5 2 375 7 55.6 8 1570 24.7 1.32
Li-Ion BEV 0.50 4 420 4 95.0 4 2325 39.6 1.01
NiMH BEV 0.26 5 393 5 92.0 5 2406 37.9 1.08
VRLA BEV 0.13 6 300 6 90.0 6 2466 36.8 1.13
Notes:
1. From International Energy Agency (1999)
2. From TIAX (2002)
3. For fuel blends, values are calculated in proportion to the constituent fuels.
4. Based on 140Wh/kg and 420W/kg lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries (SAFT, 2003)
5. Based on 70Wh/kg and 220W/kg nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries (Ovonic Battery Co., 2000)
6. Based on 35Wh/kg and 300W/kg valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries (Japan Storage Battery Co., 2000)
7. From EUCAR et al (2003)
8. From L-B-Systemtechnik (2002)
9. Efficiency adjusted for octane rating of fuel based on data in International Energy Agency (1999)
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Overall, the vehicle energy consumption (which combines the effects of curb mass and
powertrain efficiency) is the most-important comparison (Figure 5-1). The higher efficiency
of HEVs relative to ICVs is slightly offset by their greater mass, with a reduction in energy
consumption of approximately 25%. Relative to ICVs, the higher efficiency of reformer
FCEVs is substantially offset by their much-higher mass (reduction in energy consumption of
only 15%), whereas the H2 FCEVs offer a 40% reduction in energy consumption from their
ICV counterparts. In contrast, the hybridisation of FCEVs offers both efficiency and mass-
reduction benefits – the reformer FCHEVs and H2 FCHEVs offer 15% and 8% less energy
consumption, respectively, than their non-hybrid counterparts. The large curb mass of the
BEVs is more-than compensated for by their superior efficiency, resulting in approximately
60% less energy consumption than the reference vehicle.
From these results it seems clear that improvements in vehicle energy consumption are
primarily due to greater powertrain efficiency, although large increases in curb mass can
substantially detract from efficiency gains. Furthermore, the energy consumption of non-
hybrid vehicles shows a heightened sensitivity to curb mass due to their lack of regenerative
braking. These factors are explored more thoroughly in the sensitivity analysis in the
following section.
Equivalent Fuel Consumption of Various Fuel/Powertrain Technologies
8.65 8.658.34 8.20 8.05
7.88 7.727.37 7.24
6.98 6.96
6.36 6.376.10 6.05 6.01 5.98 5.89
5.66 5.655.29 5.24
7.17
6.64
4.45 4.40
6.04
5.62
4.11 4.07
3.50 3.353.14
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
PULP IC
V
E10 IC
V
LPG IC
V
E85 IC
V
M85 IC
V
CNG ICV
LNG IC
V
LH2 I
CV
GH2 ICV
BioD IC
V
Diesel
ICV
PULP H
EV
E10 H
EV
LPG H
EV
CNG HEV
E85 H
EV
LNG H
EV
M85 H
EV
BioD H
EV
Diesel
HEV
LH2 H
EV
GH2 HEV
PULP FCEV
MeOH FCEV
LH2 F
CEV
GH2 FCEV
PULP FCHEV
MeOH FCHEV
LH2 F
CHEV
GH2 FCHEV
VRLA BEV
NiMH B
EV
Li-Ion
BEV
Pet
rol-e
quiv
alen
t fue
l con
sum
ptio
n (L
/100
km)
Figure 5-1: Comparison of equivalent fuel consumption for the 33 vehicles
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5.2 Sensitivity Analysis
An analysis of the sensitivity of these vehicle energy consumption results to input parameters
in the PAMVEC model is important because 1) it shows technology analysts which
parameters need to be most-accurately specified in the comparison, and 2) it shows vehicle
designers which component technologies to target in order to produce designs with minimised
energy consumption. Furthermore, by comparing the sensitivity results across a range of
powertrain architectures and component technologies, we can also obtain greater
understanding of the inner-workings of the PAMVEC model and highlight its benefits and
limitations.
It was beyond the scope of this thesis to perform an input parameter sensitivity analysis for all
of the vehicles compared in the previous section. Rather, a selection of technologies were
included that spanned the full extents of the design space. The earlier analysis of energy
consumption results identified two key factors in determining overall vehicle energy
consumption – net powertrain efficiency (including regenerative braking effects) and total
vehicle mass. Figure 5-2 plots these factors against one another for the 33 vehicles compared
in the previous section.
Figure 5-2: Net powertrain efficiency vs. total vehicle mass for the 33 vehicles
Mass vs Efficiency
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600Total vehicle mass
Net powertrain efficiency ICVsPHEVsFCEVsFCHEVsBEVs
BEVs
ICVs
HEVs
H2 FCVs
Reformer FCVs
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The different powertrain architectures can be seen to group roughly into five clusters.
Therefore, the following seven vehicles were chosen for the sensitivity analysis as a
representative selection from the five groups (both FCEV and FCHEV variants were included
from the H2 FCV and Reformer FCV groups to consider the effects of regenerative braking
and FCV hybridisation):
• Petrol ICV
• Petrol HEV
• Petrol FCEV
• GH2 FCEV
• Petrol FCHEV
• GH2 FCHEV
• Li-Ion BEV
In the following sections, these seven vehicles are used to test the sensitivity of vehicle energy
consumption to PAMVEC input parameters for 1) the vehicle platform, 2) component specific
powers/energies, 3) component efficiencies, 4) the driving pattern and 5) vehicle
performance. The sensitivities are expressed as normalised sensitivity factors (NSFs), defined
as:
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ ∆
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ ∆
=
inputinput
outputoutput
NSF (5-1)
By definition, a NSF of 1 means that a 1% change in the input parameter produces a 1%
change in the output (in this case vehicle energy consumption).
5.2.1 Vehicle Platform Sensitivity
The vehicle platform parameter sensitivities are shown in Figure 5-3. Sensitivity to glider
mass ranges between values of 0.35-0.5. In contrast, sensitivity to drag-area (CDA) is slightly
lower ranging between 0.3-0.45. The non-hybrid vehicles (ICVs and FCEVs) show a greater
sensitivity to glider mass than drag-area because of their lack of regenerative braking and
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resulting braking losses. For regenerative vehicles, sensitivities to glider mass and drag-area
are somewhat similar. The FCEVs show the highest sensitivity to glider mass because of
their low specific power powertrain and mass-compounding effects through acceleration
performance requirements.
Vehicle Platform Sensitivities
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
ULP ICV ULP HEV ULP FCEV H2 FCEV ULP FCHEV H2 FCHEV Li BEV
Mglider
CdA
Crr
Kregen
Pacc
Figure 5-3: NSFs for vehicle platform parameters
The sensitivity to rolling resistance coefficient is typically lower, ranging between 0.2-0.3,
except for the BEV which has a heightened sensitivity (0.5) to rolling resistance because of its
impact on battery energy storage requirements due to driving range. The BEV also has a
higher sensitivity (0.2) to regenerative braking fraction because of its large mass. For other
vehicles, the sensitivity to kregen is low at approximately 0.1. For all vehicles, the sensitivity
to accessory load is generally low at around 0.15.
In discussing these sensitivity factors, it is important to consider which vehicle system effects
are captured by the model. Firstly, changes to the vehicle platform will affect powertrain
component sizes through the vehicle performance model. The resulting change in total
vehicle mass, in conjunction with changes to the vehicle platform, will vary the road load.
The direct consequence of this variation in the road load is a change in the vehicle energy
consumption, which is captured by the model. However, a higher-order effect that is NOT
captured by the PAMVEC model is the change in the mass-to-drag ratio of the vehicle and the
affect this has on component efficiency. For example, consider an increase in the glider mass.
Assuming vehicle acceleration is the dominant performance constraint, the powertrain
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component sizes will increase roughly in proportion to the increase in mass (since
acceleration power is dominated by the inertial component proportional to vehicle mass).
Furthermore, the road load will increase roughly in proportion to vehicle mass also, since the
transient road load power requirements also tend to be dominated by the inertial component.
Therefore, in this situation, both the component sizes and their operating torques/powers are
increasing roughly in proportion with vehicle mass such that their operating load fraction
should not change significantly. On this basis, it can be argued that the higher-order affects of
vehicle platform on component efficiency are probably not significant, and that the vehicle
platform sensitivity factors produced by the PAMVEC model are representative values for
what occurs in reality. As a confirmation of this, the vehicle platform sensitivities presented
here are generally consistent with those determined by Cuddy & Wipke (1997).
5.2.2 Component Specific Power/Energy Sensitivity
The component specific power/energy parameter sensitivities are shown in Figure 5-4. For
most powertrain components in most vehicles, the energy consumption is relatively
insensitive (NSF<0.1) to changes in component technology specific power/energy. This can
generally be attributed to the relatively high specific power/energy of the vehicle powertrain
components, resulting in component masses that are a low fraction of total vehicle mass (see
the mass breakdowns presented in Figure 5-5).
Component Specific Power/Energy Sensitivities
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
ULP ICV ULP HEV ULP FCEV H2 FCEV ULP FCHEV H2 FCHEV Li BEV
Fuel Wh/kg
HSE W/kg
HSP W/kg
MC W/kg
Trans W/kg
Figure 5-4: NSFs for component specific power/energy parameters
117
Total vehicle mass breakdown for various powertrains
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
ULP ICV ULP HEV ULP FCEV H2 FCEV ULP FCHEV H2 FCHEV Li BEV
Powertrain Simulation Using a Combined Backward/Forward Approach”, IEEE Transactions
on Vehicular Technology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1751-1761.
Wipke K., Markel T. & Nelson D. (2001) “Optimizing Energy Management Strategy and
Degree of Hybridization for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell SUV”, Proceedings of the 18th
International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Berlin.
139
Appendix A – Driving Cycle Parameters Source: ADVISOR 2002 driving cycle data files
Average
velocity
(km/h)
Root-mean-
cubed velocity
(km/h)
Velocity
ratio
Characteristic
acceleration
(m/s2)
Cycle
avgv rmcv Λ a~
MANHATTAN 10.93 19.11 1.75 0.269
NYCC 11.36 20.61 1.81 0.293
NYCTRUCK 12.10 25.99 2.15 0.234
NYCCOMP 14.03 24.89 1.77 0.186
WVUCITY 13.53 26.20 1.94 0.155
NURMBERGR36 14.28 24.09 1.69 0.235
CSHVR_VEHICLE 21.74 34.91 1.61 0.162
INDIA_URBAN_SAMPLE 23.28 32.07 1.38 0.170
1015 25.69 38.80 1.51 0.125
WVUSUB 25.75 39.89 1.55 0.138
UDDSHDV 30.17 51.88 1.72 0.124
UDDS 31.35 44.49 1.42 0.171
NEDC 33.04 53.62 1.62 0.112
SC03 34.36 46.81 1.36 0.200
LA92 39.40 57.72 1.47 0.217
UNIF01 40.88 62.39 1.53 0.172
IM240 47.00 58.15 1.24 0.198
INDIA_HWY_SAMPLE 47.33 52.02 1.10 0.149
WVUINTER 54.50 70.11 1.29 0.067
ARB02 69.68 85.90 1.23 0.187
US06 76.88 91.20 1.19 0.190
HWFET 77.23 79.99 1.04 0.069
REP05 82.45 91.87 1.11 0.138
HL07 85.44 97.02 1.14 0.143
US06_HWY 97.60 102.56 1.05 0.113
140
141
Appendix B – Validation Study Results
Published Vehicle Data
Holden Commodore Sedan
Fuel type n/a Top Speed n/a kphFuel spec energy n/a Wh/kg Acceleration: 0 to n/a kph in n/a secFuel energy density n/a Wh/L Gradability: maintain n/a kph on a grade of n/aFuel energy storage n/a Wh Driving range n/a kmFuel mass n/a kgFuel volume n/a L glider mass n/a kg
CdA 0.8HPU type n/a Crr 0.01HPU specific power n/a W/kg R n/a mHPU power n/a W G n/aHPU mass n/a kg Trans. efficiency 90%HPU efficiency 17.0% Kregen 0
Powertrain mass n/a kgLLD type none Curb mass 1560 kgLLD specific power n/a W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 80 kgLLD max power n/a W Total mass 1640 kgLLD mass n/a kgLLD efficiency n/a Drive Cycle NEDC
Average speed 33.04 kphRoot-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kph
MC type none Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2MC specific power n/a W/kgMC max power n/a W Average wheel power 3063 W 92.7 WhpkmMC mass n/a kg Average brake power 1686 W 51.0 WhpkmMC efficiency n/a Average drive losses 528 W 16.0 WhpkmMC base speed n/a rpm Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmMC max speed n/a rpm Average LLD losses 0 W 0.0 WhpkmMC N (overspeed ratio) n/a Average HPU power 6276 W 190.0 WhpkmMC N for accel spec n/a Average HPU losses 30641 W 927.4 Whpkm
Average fuel flow 36917 W 1117.4 Whpkm12.49 L/100km_eq18.8 MPG_eq
142
Virginia Tech ZEburban
Urban (UDDS) Fuel type n/a Top Speed n/a kphFuel spec energy n/a Wh/kg Acceleration: 0 to n/a kph in n/a secFuel energy density n/a Wh/L Gradability: maintain n/a kph on a grade of n/aFuel energy storage n/a Wh Driving range n/a kmFuel mass n/a kgFuel volume n/a L glider mass n/a kg
CdA 1.3HPU type Fuel Cell Crr 0.012HPU specific power n/a W/kg R n/a mHPU power n/a W G n/aHPU mass n/a kg Trans. efficiency 90%HPU efficiency 45.0% Kregen 0.5
Powertrain mass n/a kgLLD type Pb-Acid Curb mass 3090 kgLLD specific power n/a W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 80 kgLLD max power n/a W Total mass 3170 kgLLD mass n/a kgLLD efficiency 80% Drive Cycle UDDS
Average speed 31.4 kphRoot-mean-cubed speed 44.5 kph
MC type GE Characteristic acceleration 0.171 m/s^2MC specific power n/a W/kgMC max power n/a W Average wheel power 4728 W 150.6 WhpkmMC mass n/a kg Average brake power 2364 W 75.3 WhpkmMC efficiency 90% Average drive losses 2667 W 84.9 WhpkmMC base speed n/a rpm Accessory power 1000 W 31.8 WhpkmMC max speed n/a rpm Average LLD losses 1167 W 37.2 WhpkmMC N (overspeed ratio) n/a Average HPU power 11927 W 379.8 WhpkmMC N for accel spec n/a Average HPU losses 14577 W 464.2 Whpkm
Average fuel flow 26504 W 844.1 Whpkm9.44 L/100km_eq24.9 MPG_eq
Highway (HWFET) Fuel type n/a Top Speed n/a kphFuel spec energy n/a Wh/kg Acceleration: 0 to n/a kph in n/a secFuel energy density n/a Wh/L Gradability: maintain n/a kph on a grade of n/aFuel energy storage n/a Wh Driving range n/a kmFuel mass n/a kgFuel volume n/a L glider mass n/a kg
CdA 1.3HPU type Fuel Cell Crr 0.012HPU specific power n/a W/kg R n/a mHPU power n/a W G n/aHPU mass n/a kg Trans. efficiency 90%HPU efficiency 45.0% Kregen 0.5
Powertrain mass n/a kgLLD type Pb-Acid Curb mass 3090 kgLLD specific power n/a W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 80 kgLLD max power n/a W Total mass 3170 kgLLD mass n/a kgLLD efficiency 80% Drive Cycle HWFET
Average speed 77.23 kphRoot-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kph
MC type GE Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2MC specific power n/a W/kgMC max power n/a W Average wheel power 16562 W 214.5 WhpkmMC mass n/a kg Average brake power 2346 W 30.4 WhpkmMC efficiency 90% Average drive losses 5431 W 70.3 WhpkmMC base speed n/a rpm Accessory power 1000 W 12.9 WhpkmMC max speed n/a rpm Average LLD losses 1159 W 15.0 WhpkmMC N (overspeed ratio) n/a Average HPU power 26498 W 343.1 WhpkmMC N for accel spec n/a Average HPU losses 32387 W 419.4 Whpkm
Average fuel flow 58885 W 762.5 Whpkm8.52 L/100km_eq27.6 MPG_eq
ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 194 kphFuel energy storage 409239 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 15.2%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 16.7% Kregen 0%HPU power 76719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 199.5 kg Powertrain mass 338 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 951 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1087 kgMass 338 kg Effective inertial mass 1087 Average wheel power 2209 W 66.9 WhpkmPower 76019 W Average brake power 1117 W 33.8 WhpkmEnergy 59602 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 479 W 14.5 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmSpec power 225 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 4505 W 136.4 WhpkmSpec energy 176 Wh/kg Trans power 76019 W Average HPU losses 22537 W 682.1 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 27043 W 818.5 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 9.24 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 25.4 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
0.15 0.15
0.2
0.25 0.25
0.250.3
144
145
PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 135 kphFuel energy storage 287294 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 24.4% Kregen 60%HPU power 28428 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 73.9 kg Powertrain mass 354 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 954 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1090 kgLLD efficiency 96% Effective inertial mass 1090 Average wheel power 2212 W 66.9 WhpkmLLD max power 53021 W Average brake power 452 W 13.7 WhpkmLLD mass 119.3 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1229 W 37.2 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 47 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 60601 Average HPU power 4640 W 140.4 WhpkmMass 354 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 14345 W 434.2 WhpkmPower 60601 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 18984 W 574.6 WhpkmEnergy 61087 Wh No. of gears 5 6.48 L/100km_eq
time per shift 0.2 36.2 MPG_eqSpec power 171 W/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTSSpec energy 173 Wh/kg Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTS
Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028Motor/Controller No. of shifts 2.00MC type Shifting time 0.4MC specific power 1482 W/kg ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC max power 32873 W N drive eff 15.20MC mass 22.2 kg N accel eff 6.17MC efficiency 62% Pmax/Peff 1.0685Min DOH 30%DOH 54%
0.15 0.15
0.2
0.25 0.25
0.25
0.3
146
147
SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 132 kphFuel energy storage 259355 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 29.5% Kregen 60%HPU power 31725 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 123.6 kg Powertrain mass 347 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU frac 16% Curb mass 948 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU opt power 15862 Total mass 1084 kgHPU duty 31.8% Effective inertial mass 1084 Average wheel power 2207 W 66.8 Whpkm
Average brake power 449 W 13.6 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1360 W 41.2 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 84 W 2.6 WhpkmLLD efficiency 93% Trans power 65600 Average bus power 4801LLD max power 46152 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 246 7.5 WhpkmLLD mass 103.9 kg Total LLD losses 330.9 10.0 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 5047 W 152.8 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 12091 W 365.9 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 17138 W 518.7 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 65600 W 5.85 L/100km_eq
MC mass 44.9 kg 40.1 MPG_eqMass 347 kg MC efficiency 85% INPUTSPower 65600 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 56288 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 189 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 162 Wh/kg
0.150.150.2
0.25 0.25
0.25
0.3
148
149
FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 192000 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.0%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 43.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 76898 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 248.9 kg Powertrain mass 453 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 1045 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1181 kgMass 453 kg Effective inertial mass 1181 Average wheel power 2285 W 69.2 WhpkmPower 65530 W Average brake power 1214 W 36.7 WhpkmEnergy 60749 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1256 W 38.0 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmSpec power 145 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 5456 W 165.1 WhpkmSpec energy 134 Wh/kg Trans power 65530 Average HPU losses 7232 W 218.9 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 12687 W 384.0 Whpkm4.33 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 54.2 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 65530 WMC mass 80.7 kgMC efficiency 86%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
150
151
FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 130 kphFuel energy storage 155310 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.3 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 47.0% Kregen 60%HPU power 31839 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 103.0 kg Powertrain mass 366 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU frac 15% Curb mass 967 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU opt power 4824 Total mass 1103 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1103 Average wheel power 2222 W 67.3 Whpkm
Average brake power 457 W 13.8 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1370 W 41.5 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 74 W 2.2 WhpkmLLD efficiency 94% Trans power 62857 Average bus power 4824LLD max power 42810 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 96.4 kg Total LLD losses 74 2.2
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 4824 W 146.0 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 5439 W 164.6 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 10263 W 310.6 WhpkmMass 366 kg MC max power 62857 W 3.51 L/100km_eqPower 62857 W MC mass 43.4 kg 67.0 MPG_eqEnergy 53856 Wh MC efficiency 85% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 172 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 147 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
152
153
BEV
Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 18.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 81 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 60% Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 33.04 kph
Powertrain mass 316 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 908 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1044 kg Average wheel power 2174 W 65.8 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Effective inertial mass 1044 Average brake power 429 W 13.0 WhpkmLLD max power 75911 W Average drive losses 1765 W 53.4 WhpkmLLD energy 13756 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD mass 193.2 kg Trans. efficiency 86% Average LLD losses 102 W 3.1 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 5170 W 156.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 59666 Average LLD losses 450 W 13.6 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 551 16.7Mass 316 kg Average electricity 5619 W 170.1 WhpkmPower 47208 W Motor/Controller 1.92 L/100km_eqEnergy 8555 Wh MC type 122.4 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 150 W/kg MC max power 59666 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 27 Wh/kg MC mass 72.4 kg 179.0 Whpkm
MC efficiency 79% 2.00 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 117.4 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
0.7
0.7
0.75
0.75
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.9
0.9
154
155
UDDS
ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 194 kphFuel energy storage 422732 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 15.2%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 16.5% Kregen 0%HPU power 76719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 199.5 kg Powertrain mass 338 kg Average speed 31.347 kph
Curb mass 951 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2
Total mass 1087 kgMass 338 kg Effective inertial mass 1087 Average wheel power 1595 W 50.9 WhpkmPower 76019 W Average brake power 1614 W 51.5 WhpkmEnergy 60939 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 462 W 14.7 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmSpec power 225 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 4370 W 139.4 WhpkmSpec energy 180 Wh/kg Trans power 76019 W Average HPU losses 22132 W 706.0 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 26503 W 845.5 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 9.54 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 24.6 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
0.15 0.15
0.2
0.25 0.25
0.250.3
156
157
PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 135 kphFuel energy storage 306411 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 23.9% Kregen 55%HPU power 28474 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 74.0 kg Powertrain mass 356 kg Average speed 31.347 kph
Curb mass 956 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1092 kgLLD efficiency 97% Effective inertial mass 1092 Average wheel power 1599 W 51.0 WhpkmLLD max power 53997 W Average brake power 730 W 23.3 WhpkmLLD mass 121.5 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1517 W 48.4 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 50 W 1.6 Whpkm
Trans power 60712 Average HPU power 4595 W 146.6 WhpkmMass 356 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 14615 W 466.2 WhpkmPower 60712 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 19210 W 612.8 WhpkmEnergy 64058 Wh No. of gears 5 6.92 L/100km_eqSpec power 170 W/kg time per shift 0.2 34.0 MPG_eqSpec energy 180 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 32938 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 22.2 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 61% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 54%
0.15 0.15
0.2
0.25 0.25
0.25
0.3
158
159
SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 132 kphFuel energy storage 254643 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 31.4% Kregen 55%HPU power 33101 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 129.0 kg Powertrain mass 358 kg Average speed 31.347 kphHPU frac 15% Curb mass 959 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2HPU opt power 16551 Total mass 1095 kgHPU duty 30.2% Effective inertial mass 1095 Average wheel power 1600 W 51.1 Whpkm
Average brake power 731 W 23.3 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1546 W 49.3 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 141 W 4.5 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Trans power 66153 Average bus power 4719LLD max power 48273 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 286 9.1 WhpkmLLD mass 108.7 kg Total LLD losses 427.3 13.6 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 5005 W 159.7 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 10960 W 349.6 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 15965 W 509.3 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 66153 W 5.75 L/100km_eq
MC mass 45.2 kg 40.9 MPG_eqMass 358 kg MC efficiency 82% INPUTSPower 66153 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 57017 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 185 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 159 Wh/kg
0.150.150.2
0.25 0.25
0.25
0.3
160
161
FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 199645 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.0%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 43.4% Kregen 0%HPU power 79186 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 256.3 kg Powertrain mass 461 kg Average speed 31.347 kph
Curb mass 1053 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2
Total mass 1189 kgMass 461 kg Effective inertial mass 1189 Average wheel power 1673 W 53.4 WhpkmPower 65929 W Average brake power 1765 W 56.3 WhpkmEnergy 62950 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1294 W 41.3 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmSpec power 143 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 5432 W 173.3 WhpkmSpec energy 137 Wh/kg Trans power 65929 Average HPU losses 7084 W 226.0 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 12517 W 399.3 Whpkm4.51 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 52.2 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 65929 WMC mass 81.2 kgMC efficiency 84%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
162
163
FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 130 kphFuel energy storage 161937 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.3 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 46.6% Kregen 55%HPU power 33180 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 107.4 kg Powertrain mass 375 kg Average speed 31.347 kphHPU frac 14% Curb mass 976 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2HPU opt power 4731 Total mass 1112 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1112 Average wheel power 1614 W 51.5 Whpkm
Average brake power 743 W 23.7 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1584 W 50.5 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 90 W 2.9 WhpkmLLD efficiency 95% Trans power 63295 Average bus power 4731LLD max power 44709 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 100.7 kg Total LLD losses 90 2.9
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 4731 W 150.9 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 5421 W 172.9 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 10152 W 323.9 WhpkmMass 375 kg MC max power 63295 W 3.66 L/100km_eqPower 63295 W MC mass 43.7 kg 64.3 MPG_eqEnergy 53711 Wh MC efficiency 82% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 169 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 143 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 18.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 83 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 55% Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 31.347 kph
Powertrain mass 327 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.4939318 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 919 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.1705 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1055 kg Average wheel power 1570 W 50.1 WhpkmLLD efficiency 93% Effective inertial mass 1055 Average brake power 705 W 22.5 WhpkmLLD max power 80070 W Average drive losses 1974 W 63.0 WhpkmLLD energy 14510 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 22.3 WhpkmLLD mass 203.8 kg Trans. efficiency 87% Average LLD losses 130 W 4.2 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 5079 W 162.0 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 60213 Average LLD losses 382 W 12.2 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 513 16.4Mass 327 kg Average electricity 5461 W 174.2 WhpkmPower 48550 W Motor/Controller 1.97 L/100km_eqEnergy 8798 Wh MC type 119.5 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 149 W/kg MC max power 60213 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 27 Wh/kg MC mass 73.1 kg 183.4 Whpkm
MC efficiency 75% 2.05 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 114.6 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 194 kphFuel energy storage 292527 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 15.2%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 22.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 76719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 199.5 kg Powertrain mass 338 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 951 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2
Total mass 1087 kgMass 338 kg Effective inertial mass 1087 Average wheel power 6469 W 83.8 WhpkmPower 76019 W Average brake power 1609 W 20.8 WhpkmEnergy 56260 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1162 W 15.1 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 225 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 9940 W 128.7 WhpkmSpec energy 166 Wh/kg Trans power 76019 W Average HPU losses 35243 W 456.3 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 45184 W 585.1 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 6.60 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 35.6 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
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PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 135 kphFuel energy storage 242499 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 26.2% Kregen 66%HPU power 28142 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 73.2 kg Powertrain mass 339 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 939 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1075 kgLLD efficiency 96% Effective inertial mass 1075 Average wheel power 6447 W 83.5 WhpkmLLD max power 46991 W Average brake power 541 W 7.0 WhpkmLLD mass 105.7 kg Transmission Average drive losses 2059 W 26.7 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 63 W 0.8 Whpkm
Trans power 59913 Average HPU power 9810 W 127.0 WhpkmMass 339 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 27647 W 358.0 WhpkmPower 59913 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 37456 W 485.0 WhpkmEnergy 55254 Wh No. of gears 5 5.47 L/100km_eqSpec power 177 W/kg time per shift 0.2 42.9 MPG_eqSpec energy 163 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 32471 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 21.9 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 69% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 54%
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SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 132 kphFuel energy storage 227277 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 30.8% Kregen 66%HPU power 30062 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 117.1 kg Powertrain mass 334 kg Average speed 77.23 kphHPU frac 36% Curb mass 935 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2HPU opt power 15031 Total mass 1071 kgHPU duty 71.9% Effective inertial mass 1071 Average wheel power 6439 W 83.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 539 W 7.0 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 2731 W 35.4 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 138 W 1.8 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Trans power 64933 Average bus power 10548LLD max power 43596 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 258 3.3 WhpkmLLD mass 98.2 kg Total LLD losses 395.7 5.1 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 10805 W 139.9 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 24300 W 314.6 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 35105 W 454.6 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 64933 W 5.13 L/100km_eq
MC mass 44.4 kg 45.8 MPG_eqMass 334 kg MC efficiency 89% INPUTSPower 64933 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 53420 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 194 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 160 Wh/kg
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FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 168431 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.0%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 46.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 74950 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 242.6 kg Powertrain mass 446 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 1038 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2
Total mass 1174 kgMass 446 kg Effective inertial mass 1174 Average wheel power 6634 W 85.9 WhpkmPower 65191 W Average brake power 1738 W 22.5 WhpkmEnergy 57570 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 2895 W 37.5 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 85% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 146 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 11967 W 155.0 WhpkmSpec energy 129 Wh/kg Trans power 65191 Average HPU losses 14049 W 181.9 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 26016 W 336.9 Whpkm3.80 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 61.8 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 65191 WMC mass 80.3 kgMC efficiency 88%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 130 kphFuel energy storage 143732 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.3 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 47.7% Kregen 66%HPU power 30291 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 98.0 kg Powertrain mass 356 kg Average speed 77.23 kphHPU frac 35% Curb mass 957 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2HPU opt power 10590 Total mass 1093 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1093 Average wheel power 6480 W 83.9 Whpkm
Average brake power 550 W 7.1 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 2772 W 35.9 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 88 W 1.1 WhpkmLLD efficiency 95% Trans power 62351 Average bus power 10590LLD max power 40624 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 91.5 kg Total LLD losses 88 1.1
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 10590 W 137.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 11611 W 150.3 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 22201 W 287.5 WhpkmMass 356 kg MC max power 62351 W 3.24 L/100km_eqPower 62351 W MC mass 43.1 kg 72.4 MPG_eqEnergy 52297 Wh MC efficiency 89% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 175 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 147 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 18.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 81 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 66% Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 77.23 kph
Powertrain mass 301 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 893 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1029 kg Average wheel power 6358 W 82.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 91% Effective inertial mass 1029 Average brake power 518 W 6.7 WhpkmLLD max power 70325 W Average drive losses 3376 W 43.7 WhpkmLLD energy 12744 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD mass 179.0 kg Trans. efficiency 86% Average LLD losses 158 W 2.1 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 11110 W 143.9 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 58932 Average LLD losses 1099 W 14.2 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 1257 16.3Mass 301 kg Average electricity 12208 W 158.1 WhpkmPower 45959 W Motor/Controller 1.78 L/100km_eqEnergy 8328 Wh MC type 131.7 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 153 W/kg MC max power 58932 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 28 Wh/kg MC mass 71.5 kg 166.4 Whpkm
MC efficiency 84% 1.86 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 126.3 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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US06
ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 194 kphFuel energy storage 408229 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 15.2%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 24.1% Kregen 0%HPU power 76719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 199.5 kg Powertrain mass 338 kg Average speed 76.88 kph
Curb mass 951 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2
Total mass 1087 kgMass 338 kg Effective inertial mass 1087 Average wheel power 8586 W 111.7 WhpkmPower 76019 W Average brake power 4411 W 57.4 WhpkmEnergy 88632 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1404 W 18.3 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 90% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 225 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 15100 W 196.4 WhpkmSpec energy 262 Wh/kg Trans power 76019 W Average HPU losses 47669 W 620.0 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 62769 W 816.5 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 9.21 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 25.5 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
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PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 135 kphFuel energy storage 355240 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 25.1% Kregen 65%HPU power 27702 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 72.0 kg Powertrain mass 317 kg Average speed 76.88 kph
Curb mass 917 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1053 kgLLD efficiency 86% Effective inertial mass 1053 Average wheel power 8521 W 110.8 WhpkmLLD max power 37694 W Average brake power 1495 W 19.4 WhpkmLLD mass 84.8 kg Transmission Average drive losses 2534 W 33.0 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 90% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 465 W 6.1 Whpkm
Trans power 58853 Average HPU power 13715 W 178.4 WhpkmMass 317 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 40906 W 532.1 WhpkmPower 58853 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 54622 W 710.5 WhpkmEnergy 80370 Wh No. of gears 5 8.02 L/100km_eqSpec power 186 W/kg time per shift 0.2 29.3 MPG_eqSpec energy 254 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 31851 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 21.5 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 85% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 53%
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SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 132 kphFuel energy storage 354708 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 29.3% Kregen 65%HPU power 30870 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 120.3 kg Powertrain mass 340 kg Average speed 76.88 kphHPU frac 52% Curb mass 941 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2HPU opt power 15958 Total mass 1077 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1077 Average wheel power 8567 W 111.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 1530 W 19.9 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 4371 W 56.9 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 89% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 790 W 10.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 83% Trans power 65257 Average bus power 15958LLD max power 44838 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0 WhpkmLLD mass 101.0 kg Total LLD losses 790.1 10.3 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 15958 W 207.6 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 38581 W 501.8 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 54540 W 709.4 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 65257 W 8.01 L/100km_eq
MC mass 44.6 kg 29.4 MPG_eqMass 340 kg MC efficiency 87% INPUTSPower 65257 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 80543 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 192 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 237 Wh/kg
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FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 257598 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.0%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 45.7% Kregen 0%HPU power 74530 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 241.2 kg Powertrain mass 445 kg Average speed 76.88 kph
Curb mass 1037 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2
Total mass 1173 kgMass 445 kg Effective inertial mass 1173 Average wheel power 8747 W 113.8 WhpkmPower 65118 W Average brake power 4759 W 61.9 WhpkmEnergy 91371 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 3895 W 50.7 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 88% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 146 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 18101 W 235.4 WhpkmSpec energy 205 Wh/kg Trans power 65118 Average HPU losses 21507 W 279.8 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 39608 W 515.2 Whpkm5.81 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 40.4 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 65118 WMC mass 80.2 kgMC efficiency 88%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 130 kphFuel energy storage 231133 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.3 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 44.8% Kregen 65%HPU power 30924 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 100.1 kg Powertrain mass 360 kg Average speed 76.88 kphHPU frac 51% Curb mass 961 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2HPU opt power 15921 Total mass 1097 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1097 Average wheel power 8605 W 111.9 Whpkm
Average brake power 1558 W 20.3 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 4351 W 56.6 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 89% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 708 W 9.2 WhpkmLLD efficiency 85% Trans power 62558 Average bus power 15921LLD max power 41517 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 93.5 kg Total LLD losses 708 9.2
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 15921 W 207.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 19617 W 255.2 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 35539 W 462.3 WhpkmMass 360 kg MC max power 62558 W 5.22 L/100km_eqPower 62558 W MC mass 43.2 kg 45.0 MPG_eqEnergy 80632 Wh MC efficiency 87% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 174 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 224 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 18.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 51 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 65% Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 76.88 kph
Powertrain mass 293 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 91.2 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 885 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.19 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1021 kg Average wheel power 8460 W 110.0 WhpkmLLD efficiency 85% Effective inertial mass 1021 Average brake power 1470 W 19.1 WhpkmLLD max power 67460 W Average drive losses 4339 W 56.4 WhpkmLLD energy 12225 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD mass 171.7 kg Trans. efficiency 89% Average LLD losses 675 W 8.8 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 15646 W 203.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 58555 Average LLD losses 2826 W 36.8 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 3502 45.5Mass 293 kg Average electricity 18472 W 240.3 WhpkmPower 44091 W Motor/Controller 2.71 L/100km_eqEnergy 7990 Wh MC type 86.7 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 151 W/kg MC max power 58555 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 27 Wh/kg MC mass 71.0 kg 252.9 Whpkm
MC efficiency 87% 2.83 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 83.1 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 194 kphFuel energy storage 1144894 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 15.2%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 8.8% Kregen 0%HPU power 76719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 199.5 kg Powertrain mass 338 kg Average speed 11.36 kph
Curb mass 951 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2
Total mass 1087 kgMass 338 kg Effective inertial mass 1087 Average wheel power 378 W 33.3 WhpkmPower 76019 W Average brake power 1005 W 88.5 WhpkmEnergy 87535 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 216 W 19.0 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmSpec power 225 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 2299 W 202.4 WhpkmSpec energy 259 Wh/kg Trans power 76019 W Average HPU losses 23713 W 2087.4 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 26012 W 2289.8 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 25.84 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 9.1 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
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PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 135 kphFuel energy storage 673987 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 16.1% Kregen 49%HPU power 28254 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 73.5 kg Powertrain mass 345 kg Average speed 11.36 kph
Curb mass 945 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1081 kgLLD efficiency 94% Effective inertial mass 1081 Average wheel power 377 W 33.2 WhpkmLLD max power 49363 W Average brake power 510 W 44.9 WhpkmLLD mass 111.1 kg Transmission Average drive losses 823 W 72.5 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 83% Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 56 W 4.9 Whpkm
Trans power 60184 Average HPU power 2465 W 217.0 WhpkmMass 345 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 12848 W 1131.0 WhpkmPower 60184 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 15313 W 1348.0 WhpkmEnergy 90499 Wh No. of gears 5 15.21 L/100km_eqSpec power 174 W/kg time per shift 0.2 15.4 MPG_eqSpec energy 262 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 32629 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 22.0 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 66% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 54%
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SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 132 kphFuel energy storage 478121 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 31.0% Kregen 49%HPU power 43742 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 170.4 kg Powertrain mass 439 kg Average speed 11.36 kphHPU frac 8% Curb mass 1040 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2HPU opt power 21871 Total mass 1176 kgHPU duty 15.4% Effective inertial mass 1176 Average wheel power 403 W 35.5 Whpkm
Average brake power 555 W 48.8 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1320 W 116.2 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 88% Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 126 W 11.1 WhpkmLLD efficiency 91% Trans power 70448 Average bus power 3104LLD max power 64842 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 260 22.9 WhpkmLLD mass 146.0 kg Total LLD losses 386.3 34.0 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 3364 W 296.1 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 7499 W 660.1 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 10863 W 956.2 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 70448 W 10.79 L/100km_eq
MC mass 48.2 kg 21.8 MPG_eqMass 439 kg MC efficiency 65% INPUTSPower 70448 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 85379 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 160 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 194 Wh/kg
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FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 420242 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.0 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.0%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 41.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 120590 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 390.3 kg Powertrain mass 604 kg Average speed 11.36 kph
Curb mass 1196 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2
Total mass 1332 kgMass 604 kg Effective inertial mass 1332 Average wheel power 446 W 39.3 WhpkmPower 73133 W Average brake power 1231 W 108.4 WhpkmEnergy 89926 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1537 W 135.3 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 86% Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmSpec power 121 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 3915 W 344.6 WhpkmSpec energy 149 Wh/kg Trans power 73133 Average HPU losses 5633 W 495.9 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 9548 W 840.5 Whpkm9.49 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 24.8 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 73133 WMC mass 90.1 kgMC efficiency 61%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 130 kphFuel energy storage 312613 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 10.3 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 6.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 43.9% Kregen 49%HPU power 43679 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass 141.4 kg Powertrain mass 445 kg Average speed 11.36 kphHPU frac 7% Curb mass 1046 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2HPU opt power 4368 Total mass 1182 kgHPU duty 71.4% Effective inertial mass 1182 Average wheel power 405 W 35.6 Whpkm
Average brake power 554 W 48.8 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1342 W 118.1 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 88% Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 71 W 6.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 95% Trans power 66743 Average bus power 3072LLD max power 59702 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 46 4.1LLD mass 134.5 kg Total LLD losses 117 10.3
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 3118 W 274.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 3985 W 350.8 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 7103 W 625.2 WhpkmMass 445 kg MC max power 66743 W 7.06 L/100km_eqPower 66743 W MC mass 46.1 kg 33.3 MPG_eqEnergy 78767 Wh MC efficiency 65% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 150 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 177 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.67 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 18.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 62 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 49% Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 11.36 kph
Powertrain mass 450 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 20.61 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 1042 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.293 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1178 kg Average wheel power 404 W 35.5 WhpkmLLD efficiency 93% Effective inertial mass 1178 Average brake power 556 W 48.9 WhpkmLLD max power 125616 W Average drive losses 2089 W 183.9 WhpkmLLD energy 22763 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 61.6 WhpkmLLD mass 319.7 kg Trans. efficiency 86% Average LLD losses 123 W 10.9 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 3871 W 340.8 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 66200 Average LLD losses 287 W 25.3 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 410 36.1Mass 450 kg Average electricity 4158 W 366.0 WhpkmPower 53065 W Motor/Controller 4.13 L/100km_eqEnergy 9616 Wh MC type 56.9 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 118 W/kg MC max power 66200 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 21 Wh/kg MC mass 80.3 kg 385.3 Whpkm
MC efficiency 53% 4.31 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 54.6 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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NEDC – High MDR
ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 238 kphFuel energy storage 355179 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 16.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 14.6% Kregen 0%HPU power 64706 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 168.2 kg Powertrain mass 307 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 920 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1056 kgMass 307 kg Effective inertial mass 1056 Average wheel power 1188 W 35.9 WhpkmPower 64006 W Average brake power 1085 W 32.8 WhpkmEnergy 43265 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 442 W 13.4 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 84% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmSpec power 209 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 3415 W 103.4 WhpkmSpec energy 141 Wh/kg Trans power 64006 W Average HPU losses 20055 W 607.0 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 23470 W 710.4 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.02 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 29.3 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
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PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 177 kphFuel energy storage 235610 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.4 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.4%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 23.5% Kregen 61%HPU power 28177 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 73.3 kg Powertrain mass 344 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 944 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1080 kgLLD efficiency 96% Effective inertial mass 1080 Average wheel power 1207 W 36.5 WhpkmLLD max power 50212 W Average brake power 429 W 13.0 WhpkmLLD mass 113.0 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1249 W 37.8 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 85% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 74 W 2.2 Whpkm
Trans power 55897 Average HPU power 3659 W 110.7 WhpkmMass 344 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 11910 W 360.5 WhpkmPower 55897 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 15569 W 471.2 WhpkmEnergy 47285 Wh No. of gears 5 5.32 L/100km_eqSpec power 162 W/kg time per shift 0.2 44.2 MPG_eqSpec energy 137 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 28420 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 19.2 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 57% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 50%
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SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 177 kphFuel energy storage 186978 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.3 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.5%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 31.4% Kregen 61%HPU power 31719 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 123.6 kg Powertrain mass 332 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU frac 12% Curb mass 933 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU opt power 15859 Total mass 1069 kgHPU duty 24.4% Effective inertial mass 1069 Average wheel power 1199 W 36.3 Whpkm
Average brake power 425 W 12.9 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1167 W 35.3 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 85% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 113 W 3.4 WhpkmLLD efficiency 91% Trans power 60103 Average bus power 3604LLD max power 41394 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 269 8.2 WhpkmLLD mass 93.2 kg Total LLD losses 382.8 11.6 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 3873 W 117.2 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 8482 W 256.7 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 12356 W 374.0 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 60103 W 4.22 L/100km_eq
MC mass 41.1 kg 55.7 MPG_eqMass 332 kg MC efficiency 83% INPUTSPower 60103 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 41258 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 181 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 124 Wh/kg
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FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 157893 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 21.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 42.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 81072 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 262.4 kg Powertrain mass 468 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 1060 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1196 kgMass 468 kg Effective inertial mass 1196 Average wheel power 1301 W 39.4 WhpkmPower 66709 W Average brake power 1229 W 37.2 WhpkmEnergy 45574 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1152 W 34.9 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 83% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmSpec power 143 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 4382 W 132.6 WhpkmSpec energy 97 Wh/kg Trans power 66709 Average HPU losses 6051 W 183.2 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 10434 W 315.8 Whpkm3.56 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 65.9 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 66709 WMC mass 82.2 kgMC efficiency 83%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage 118409 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.5%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 46.0% Kregen 61%HPU power 32434 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass 105.0 kg Powertrain mass 354 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU frac 11% Curb mass 955 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU opt power 3599 Total mass 1091 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1091 Average wheel power 1217 W 36.8 Whpkm
Average brake power 434 W 13.1 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 1197 W 36.2 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 85% Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 52 W 1.6 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Trans power 57872 Average bus power 3599LLD max power 38244 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 86.1 kg Total LLD losses 52 1.6
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 3599 W 108.9 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 4225 W 127.9 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 7824 W 236.8 WhpkmMass 354 kg MC max power 57872 W 2.67 L/100km_eqPower 57872 W MC mass 40.0 kg 87.9 MPG_eqEnergy 38243 Wh MC efficiency 83% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 163 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 108 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 187 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.3 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 106 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 61% Drive Cycle UDDSHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 33.04 kph
Powertrain mass 310 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 902 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1038 kg Average wheel power 1173 W 35.5 WhpkmLLD efficiency 93% Effective inertial mass 1038 Average brake power 414 W 12.5 WhpkmLLD max power 75301 W Average drive losses 1574 W 47.6 WhpkmLLD energy 13645 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 21.2 WhpkmLLD mass 191.7 kg Trans. efficiency 84% Average LLD losses 96 W 2.9 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 3956 W 119.7 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 56174 Average LLD losses 298 W 9.0 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 394 11.9Mass 310 kg Average electricity 4254 W 128.8 WhpkmPower 43936 W Motor/Controller 1.45 L/100km_eqEnergy 7962 Wh MC type 161.7 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 142 W/kg MC max power 56174 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 26 Wh/kg MC mass 68.2 kg 135.5 Whpkm
MC efficiency 75% 1.52 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 155.1 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
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HWFET – High MDR
ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 613 kg Top Speed 238 kphFuel energy storage 230056 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 16.8%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed ICE limited 240.73 kphHPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.52HPU efficiency 18.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 64706 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass 168.2 kg Powertrain mass 307 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 920 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2
Total mass 1056 kgMass 307 kg Effective inertial mass 1056 Average wheel power 3102 W 40.2 WhpkmPower 64006 W Average brake power 1563 W 20.2 WhpkmEnergy 33915 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 1031 W 13.3 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 82% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 209 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 W/kg Average HPU power 6396 W 82.8 WhpkmSpec energy 111 Wh/kg Trans power 64006 W Average HPU losses 29138 W 377.3 Whpkm
Trans mass 114.0 kg Average fuel flow 35534 W 460.1 WhpkmICE max speed 5,700 rpm 5.19 L/100km_eqNo of gears 5 45.3 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTSTrans N accel for shifts 1.97Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 2.00Shifting time 0.4N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 2.35Pmax/Peff 1.1215
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PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 600 kg Top Speed 177 kphFuel energy storage 172434 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.4 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.4%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due ICE speed 246.20HPU specific power 385 W/kg G 2.46HPU efficiency 26.2% Kregen 68%HPU power 28280 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass 73.5 kg Powertrain mass 348 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 948 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2LLD specific power 444 W/kg Total mass 1084 kgLLD efficiency 95% Effective inertial mass 1084 Average wheel power 3156 W 40.9 WhpkmLLD max power 51968 W Average brake power 522 W 6.8 WhpkmLLD mass 116.9 kg Transmission Average drive losses 2448 W 31.7 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 82% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 149 W 1.9 Whpkm
Trans power 56110 Average HPU power 6975 W 90.3 WhpkmMass 348 kg Trans mass 114.0 Average HPU losses 19659 W 254.5 WhpkmPower 56110 W Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 26634 W 344.9 WhpkmEnergy 37032 Wh No. of gears 5 3.89 L/100km_eqSpec power 161 W/kg time per shift 0.2 60.4 MPG_eqSpec energy 106 Wh/kg Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 1.92 OUTPUTSMotor/Controller Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028MC type No. of shifts 2.00MC specific power 1482 W/kg Shifting time 0.4MC max power 28530 W ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC mass 19.2 kg N drive eff 15.20MC efficiency 55% N accel eff 6.17Min DOH 30% Pmax/Peff 1.0685DOH 50%
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SHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 12800 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 177 kphFuel energy storage 150024 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.3 secFuel mass 24.60 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.5%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power 257 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 31.4% Kregen 67%HPU power 30512 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass 118.9 kg Powertrain mass 324 kg Average speed 77.23 kphHPU frac 24% Curb mass 925 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphHPU opt frac 50% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2HPU opt power 15256 Total mass 1061 kgHPU duty 47.6% Effective inertial mass 1061 Average wheel power 3112 W 40.3 Whpkm
Average brake power 513 W 6.6 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 2470 W 32.0 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 80% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 153 W 2.0 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Trans power 59632 Average bus power 6948LLD max power 39771 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 316 4.1 WhpkmLLD mass 89.6 kg Total LLD losses 469.6 6.1 WhpkmLLD energy Motor/Controller Average HPU power 7265 W 94.1 WhpkmLLD specific energy MC type Average HPU losses 15908 W 206.0 Whpkm
MC specific power 1463 W/kg Average fuel flow 23173 W 300.0 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC max power 59632 W 3.39 L/100km_eq
MC mass 40.8 kg 69.4 MPG_eqMass 324 kg MC efficiency 86% INPUTSPower 59632 W MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSEnergy 32286 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81
MC N for accel spec 2.01Spec power 184 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0003Spec energy 100 Wh/kg
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FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 157 kphFuel energy storage 127046 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.6 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 21.7%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 159.31 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.67HPU efficiency 44.0% Kregen 0%HPU power 82346 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass 266.5 kg Powertrain mass 472 kg Average speed 77.23 kph
Curb mass 1064 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphTotal Propulsion system cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2
Total mass 1200 kgMass 472 kg Effective inertial mass 1200 Average wheel power 3376 W 43.7 WhpkmPower 66950 W Average brake power 1777 W 23.0 WhpkmEnergy 36304 Wh Transmission Average drive losses 2781 W 36.0 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 79% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmSpec power 142 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average HPU power 8634 W 111.8 WhpkmSpec energy 77 Wh/kg Trans power 66950 Average HPU losses 10989 W 142.3 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Average fuel flow 19623 W 254.1 Whpkm2.87 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 82.0 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 812 W/kg OUTPUTSMC max power 66950 WMC mass 82.5 kgMC efficiency 82%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 3.13Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2000 Wh/kg glider mass 601 kg Top Speed 169 kphFuel energy storage 96539 Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.9 secFuel mass 73.40 kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 8.5%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98 kphHPU specific power 309 W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency 47.0% Kregen 67%HPU power 31277 W Kstruct 1 Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass 101.2 kg Powertrain mass 347 kg Average speed 77.23 kphHPU frac 22% Curb mass 948 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphHPU opt frac 10% cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2HPU opt power 7008 Total mass 1084 kgHPU duty 100.0% Effective inertial mass 1084 Average wheel power 3156 W 40.9 Whpkm
Average brake power 523 W 6.8 WhpkmTransmission Average drive losses 2531 W 32.8 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans. efficiency 80% Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD losses 98 W 1.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 95% Trans power 57507 Average bus power 7008LLD max power 36840 W Trans mass 50.0 LLD thermo losses 0 0.0LLD mass 83.0 kg Total LLD losses 98 1.3
Motor/Controller Average HPU power 7008 W 90.7 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system MC type Average HPU losses 7903 W 102.3 Whpkm
MC specific power 1447 W/kg Average fuel flow 14911 W 193.1 WhpkmMass 347 kg MC max power 57507 W 2.18 L/100km_eqPower 57507 W MC mass 39.7 kg 107.9 MPG_eqEnergy 31079 Wh MC efficiency 85% INPUTS
MC max speed 10,000 rpm OUTPUTSSpec power 166 W/kg MC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81Spec energy 89 Wh/kg MC N for accel spec 2.01
Pmax/Peff 1.0003
224
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BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 592 kg Top Speed 187 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.3 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.1675 Gradability: maintain 88.5 kph on a grade of 20.9%
Crr 0.009 Driving range 121 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.282 m Top speed due EM 188.98HPU specific power W/kg G 5.63HPU efficiency Trans. efficiency 90%HPU power W Kregen 67% Drive Cycle HWFETHPU mass kg Kstruct 1 Average speed 77.23 kph
Powertrain mass 304 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 79.99 kphLoad-Leveling Device Curb mass 896 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.069 m/s^2LLD specific power 393 W/kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kgLLD specific energy 71 Wh/kg Total mass 1032 kg Average wheel power 3058 W 39.6 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Effective inertial mass 1032 Average brake power 501 W 6.5 WhpkmLLD max power 73245 W Average drive losses 3378 W 43.7 WhpkmLLD energy 13273 Wh Transmission Accessory power 700 W 9.1 WhpkmLLD mass 186.4 kg Trans. efficiency 80% Average LLD losses 168 W 2.2 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans spec power 1000 Average LLD power 7805 W 101.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans power 55886 Average LLD losses 679 W 8.8 Whpkm
Trans mass 50.0 Total LLD losses 847 11.0Mass 304 kg Average electricity 8484 W 109.9 WhpkmPower 40875 W Motor/Controller 1.24 L/100km_eqEnergy 7407 Wh MC type 189.6 MPG_eq
MC specific power 824 W/kg INPUTSSpec power 134 W/kg MC max power 55886 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec energy 24 Wh/kg MC mass 67.8 kg 115.6 Whpkm
MC efficiency 76% 1.29 L/100km_eqMC max speed 10,000 rpm 181.8 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 3.81MC N for accel spec 2.01Pmax/Peff 1.0003
0.7
0.7
0.750.75
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.
0.90.9
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227
Appendix C – Tank to Wheel Energy Consumption for Various Fuels/Powertrains
Petrol ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 386633 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 37.32 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 55.2 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 22.5% Powertrain mass 294 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 98306 W Curb mass 1124 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 153.2 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1260 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1372 Average wheel power 2720 W 82.3 Whpkm
44.09850828 Average brake power 1411 W 42.7 WhpkmMass 294 kg Transmission Average drive losses 617 W 18.7 WhpkmPower 84656 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 75683 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5748 W 174.0 Whpkm
Trans power 84656 W Average HPU losses 19800 W 599.3 WhpkmSpec power 288 W/kg Trans mass 65.1 kg Average fuel flow 25549 W 773.3 WhpkmSpec energy 257 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.65 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 27.2 MPG_eqVSP 67.18783906 time per shift 0.2 INPUTS
Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 10.6%PMF 0.261559303 Trans N for shift calcs 2.63
Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
228
LPG ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 5760 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4550 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 373069 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 64.77 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 82.0 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 23.7% Powertrain mass 333 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 101116 W Curb mass 1163 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 157.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1299 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1415 Average wheel power 2755 W 83.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 1454 W 44.0 WhpkmMass 289 kg Transmission Average drive losses 629 W 19.0 WhpkmPower 87101 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 76872 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5839 W 176.7 Whpkm
Trans power 87101 W Average HPU losses 18814 W 569.4 WhpkmSpec power 301 W/kg Trans mass 67.0 kg Average fuel flow 24652 W 746.1 WhpkmSpec energy 266 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.34 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 28.2 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 11.2%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
229
LNG ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 7400 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 3890 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 345426 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 46.68 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 88.8 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 531 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 25.8% Powertrain mass 354 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 102682 W Curb mass 1184 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 193.3 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1320 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1439 Average wheel power 2775 W 84.0 Whpkm
Average brake power 1479 W 44.8 WhpkmMass 308 kg Transmission Average drive losses 636 W 19.2 WhpkmPower 88463 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 77534 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5889 W 178.2 Whpkm
Trans power 88463 W Average HPU losses 16937 W 512.6 WhpkmSpec power 287 W/kg Trans mass 68.0 kg Average fuel flow 22826 W 690.9 WhpkmSpec energy 252 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 7.72 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 30.4 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 12.2%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
230
CNG ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 4320 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1950 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 352411 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 81.58 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 180.7 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 531 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 25.8% Powertrain mass 405 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 106388 W Curb mass 1235 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 200.3 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1371 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1495 Average wheel power 2821 W 85.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 1536 W 46.5 WhpkmMass 352 kg Transmission Average drive losses 651 W 19.7 WhpkmPower 91687 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 79102 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 6008 W 181.8 Whpkm
Trans power 91687 W Average HPU losses 17279 W 523.0 WhpkmSpec power 260 W/kg Trans mass 70.5 kg Average fuel flow 23287 W 704.8 WhpkmSpec energy 224 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 7.88 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 29.8 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 12.1%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
231
Diesel ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 311106 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 30.03 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 39.0 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 510 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 28.5% Powertrain mass 341 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 101746 W Curb mass 1171 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 199.4 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1307 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1424 Average wheel power 2763 W 83.6 Whpkm
Average brake power 1464 W 44.3 WhpkmMass 297 kg Transmission Average drive losses 632 W 19.1 WhpkmPower 87649 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 77139 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5859 W 177.3 Whpkm
Trans power 87649 W Average HPU losses 14699 W 444.9 WhpkmSpec power 295 W/kg Trans mass 67.4 kg Average fuel flow 20558 W 622.2 WhpkmSpec energy 260 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 6.96 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 33.8 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 13.4%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
232
BioDiesel ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 8860 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 312054 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 35.22 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 44.5 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 510 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 28.5% Powertrain mass 349 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 102302 W Curb mass 1179 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 200.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1315 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1433 Average wheel power 2770 W 83.8 Whpkm
Average brake power 1473 W 44.6 WhpkmMass 303 kg Transmission Average drive losses 634 W 19.2 WhpkmPower 88133 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 77374 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5877 W 177.9 Whpkm
Trans power 88133 W Average HPU losses 14744 W 446.2 WhpkmSpec power 290 W/kg Trans mass 67.8 kg Average fuel flow 20621 W 624.1 WhpkmSpec energy 255 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 6.98 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 33.7 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 13.4%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
233
E10 ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 9952 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 6773 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 386980 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 38.88 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 57.1 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 22.5% Powertrain mass 296 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 98466 W Curb mass 1126 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 153.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1262 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1375 Average wheel power 2722 W 82.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 1413 W 42.8 WhpkmMass 258 kg Transmission Average drive losses 618 W 18.7 WhpkmPower 84796 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 75751 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5754 W 174.1 Whpkm
Trans power 84796 W Average HPU losses 19818 W 599.8 WhpkmSpec power 329 W/kg Trans mass 65.2 kg Average fuel flow 25572 W 774.0 WhpkmSpec energy 294 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.65 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 27.2 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 10.6%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
234
E85 ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 6892 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4995.5 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 366732 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 53.21 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 73.4 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 23.9% Powertrain mass 316 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 99929 W Curb mass 1146 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 155.7 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1282 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1397 Average wheel power 2741 W 82.9 Whpkm
Average brake power 1436 W 43.5 WhpkmMass 275 kg Transmission Average drive losses 624 W 18.9 WhpkmPower 86068 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 76370 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5801 W 175.6 Whpkm
Trans power 86068 W Average HPU losses 18433 W 557.9 WhpkmSpec power 313 W/kg Trans mass 66.2 kg Average fuel flow 24234 W 733.5 WhpkmSpec energy 278 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.20 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 28.7 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 11.3%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
235
M85 ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 6170 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4434.5 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 359978 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 58.35 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 81.2 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 24.5% Powertrain mass 324 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 100456 W Curb mass 1154 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 156.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1290 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1405 Average wheel power 2747 W 83.1 Whpkm
Average brake power 1444 W 43.7 WhpkmMass 281 kg Transmission Average drive losses 626 W 19.0 WhpkmPower 86527 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 76593 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5818 W 176.1 Whpkm
Trans power 86527 W Average HPU losses 17970 W 543.9 WhpkmSpec power 308 W/kg Trans mass 66.6 kg Average fuel flow 23787 W 720.0 WhpkmSpec energy 272 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 8.05 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 29.2 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 11.5%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
236
GH2 ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 3520 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 323910 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 92.02 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 333.9 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 27.7% Powertrain mass 371 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 103922 W Curb mass 1201 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 162.0 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1337 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1457 Average wheel power 2790 W 84.4 Whpkm
Average brake power 1498 W 45.3 WhpkmMass 323 kg Transmission Average drive losses 641 W 19.4 WhpkmPower 89542 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 78059 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 5929 W 179.4 Whpkm
Trans power 89542 W Average HPU losses 15475 W 468.4 WhpkmSpec power 277 W/kg Trans mass 68.9 kg Average fuel flow 21404 W 647.8 WhpkmSpec energy 242 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 7.24 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 32.4 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 13.0%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
237
LH2 ICV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2650 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 329751 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 124.43 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 277.1 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 27.7% Powertrain mass 417 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 107250 W Curb mass 1247 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 167.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1383 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1508 Average wheel power 2831 W 85.7 Whpkm
Average brake power 1550 W 46.9 WhpkmMass 363 kg Transmission Average drive losses 655 W 19.8 WhpkmPower 92437 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 79467 Wh Trans spec power 1300 W/kg Average HPU power 6036 W 182.7 Whpkm
Trans power 92437 W Average HPU losses 15754 W 476.8 WhpkmSpec power 255 W/kg Trans mass 71.1 kg Average fuel flow 21790 W 659.5 WhpkmSpec energy 219 Wh/kg ICE max speed 5,700 rpm 7.37 L/100km_eq
No of gears 5 31.9 MPG_eqtime per shift 0.2 INPUTSTrans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 OUTPUTS 13.0%Trans N for shift calcs 2.63Inter-gear ratio 1.47520028No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6N drive eff 5.6N accel eff 3.14Pmax/Peff 1.1215
238
Petrol PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 284511 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 27.46 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 40.6 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 30.5% Powertrain mass 412 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 82993 W Curb mass 1242 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.3 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1378 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1503 Average wheel power 2827 W 85.6 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg 61.84203474 Average brake power 618 W 18.7 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1244 W 37.6 WhpkmLLD max power 50812 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.4 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 46 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 82272 Average HPU power 5734 W 173.6 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 63.3 Average HPU losses 13066 W 395.5 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 18801 W 569.0 WhpkmMass 412 kg No. of gears 5 6.36 L/100km_eqPower 82272 W time pershift 0.2 36.9 MPG_eqEnergy 75495 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTSSpec power 200 W/kg Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 15.0%Spec energy 183 Wh/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028VSP 59.69195905 No. of shifts 3.00PMF 0.331873776 Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35568 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
239
LPG PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 5760 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4550 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 272743 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 47.35 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 59.9 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 32.1% Powertrain mass 437 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83141 W Curb mass 1267 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1403 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1530 Average wheel power 2849 W 86.2 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 629 W 19.0 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1262 W 38.2 WhpkmLLD max power 50902 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.6 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 46 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 83653 Average HPU power 5786 W 175.1 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 64.3 Average HPU losses 12237 W 370.4 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 18023 W 545.5 WhpkmMass 380 kg No. of gears 5 6.10 L/100km_eqPower 83653 W time pershift 0.2 38.5 MPG_eqEnergy 76181 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTSSpec power 220 W/kg Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 15.8%Spec energy 201 Wh/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028
No. of shifts 3.00Shifting time 0.6
Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35632 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
240
LNG PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 7400 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 3890 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 267253 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 36.12 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 68.7 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 531 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 33.0% Powertrain mass 456 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83259 W Curb mass 1286 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 156.7 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1422 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1551 Average wheel power 2867 W 86.8 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 638 W 19.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1276 W 38.6 WhpkmLLD max power 50975 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.8 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 47 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 84753 Average HPU power 5828 W 176.4 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 65.2 Average HPU losses 11832 W 358.1 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 17660 W 534.5 WhpkmMass 397 kg No. of gears 5 5.98 L/100km_eqPower 84753 W time pershift 0.2 39.3 MPG_eqEnergy 76728 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 16.2%Spec power 214 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 193 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35682 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.1 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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CNG PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 4320 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1950 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 270455 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 62.61 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 138.7 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 531 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 33.0% Powertrain mass 489 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83457 W Curb mass 1319 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 157.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1455 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1587 Average wheel power 2896 W 87.7 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 653 W 19.8 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1300 W 39.4 WhpkmLLD max power 51096 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 115.1 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 48 W 1.5 Whpkm
Trans power 86602 Average HPU power 5898 W 178.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 66.6 Average HPU losses 11974 W 362.4 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 17872 W 540.9 WhpkmMass 426 kg No. of gears 5 6.05 L/100km_eqPower 86602 W time pershift 0.2 38.9 MPG_eqEnergy 77648 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 16.2%Spec power 204 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 182 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35767 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.1 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
242
Diesel PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 252823 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 24.40 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 31.7 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 510 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 34.8% Powertrain mass 450 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83219 W Curb mass 1280 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 163.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1416 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1544 Average wheel power 2861 W 86.6 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 635 W 19.2 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1271 W 38.5 WhpkmLLD max power 50950 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.8 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 47 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 84383 Average HPU power 5814 W 176.0 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 64.9 Average HPU losses 10893 W 329.7 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 16707 W 505.6 WhpkmMass 391 kg No. of gears 5 5.65 L/100km_eqPower 84383 W time pershift 0.2 41.6 MPG_eqEnergy 76545 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 17.1%Spec power 216 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 196 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35665 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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Biodiesel PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 8860 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 253303 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 28.59 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 36.1 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 510 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 34.8% Powertrain mass 455 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83250 W Curb mass 1285 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 163.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1421 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1550 Average wheel power 2865 W 86.7 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 637 W 19.3 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1275 W 38.6 WhpkmLLD max power 50970 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.8 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 47 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 84676 Average HPU power 5825 W 176.3 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 65.1 Average HPU losses 10913 W 330.3 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 16738 W 506.6 WhpkmMass 396 kg No. of gears 5 5.66 L/100km_eqPower 84676 W time pershift 0.2 41.5 MPG_eqEnergy 76690 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 17.1%Spec power 214 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 194 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35679 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.1 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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E10 PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 9952 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 6773 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 284660 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 28.60 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 42.0 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 30.5% Powertrain mass 414 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83001 W Curb mass 1244 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.4 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1380 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1504 Average wheel power 2828 W 85.6 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 618 W 18.7 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1245 W 37.7 WhpkmLLD max power 50817 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.5 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 46 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 82352 Average HPU power 5737 W 173.6 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 63.3 Average HPU losses 13073 W 395.7 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 18810 W 569.3 WhpkmMass 360 kg No. of gears 5 6.37 L/100km_eqPower 82352 W time pershift 0.2 36.9 MPG_eqEnergy 75535 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 15.0%Spec power 229 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 210 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35572 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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E85 PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 6892 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4995.5 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 268849 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 39.01 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 53.8 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 32.4% Powertrain mass 427 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83078 W Curb mass 1257 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.4 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1393 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1518 Average wheel power 2840 W 85.9 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 624 W 18.9 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1254 W 38.0 WhpkmLLD max power 50864 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.6 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 46 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 83072 Average HPU power 5764 W 174.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 63.9 Average HPU losses 12001 W 363.2 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 17766 W 537.7 WhpkmMass 371 kg No. of gears 5 6.01 L/100km_eqPower 83072 W time pershift 0.2 39.1 MPG_eqEnergy 75893 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 16.0%Spec power 224 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 205 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35605 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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M85 PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 6170 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 4434.5 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 263574 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 42.72 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 59.4 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 33.2% Powertrain mass 431 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83106 W Curb mass 1261 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.4 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1397 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1523 Average wheel power 2844 W 86.1 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 626 W 19.0 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1258 W 38.1 WhpkmLLD max power 50881 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.6 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 46 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 83330 Average HPU power 5774 W 174.8 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 64.1 Average HPU losses 11643 W 352.4 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 17417 W 527.1 WhpkmMass 375 kg No. of gears 5 5.89 L/100km_eqPower 83330 W time pershift 0.2 39.9 MPG_eqEnergy 76021 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 16.3%Spec power 222 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 203 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35617 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.0 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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GH2 PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 3520 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 234302 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 66.56 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 241.5 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 37.7% Powertrain mass 461 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83285 W Curb mass 1291 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 129.8 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1427 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1556 Average wheel power 2871 W 86.9 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 640 W 19.4 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1279 W 38.7 WhpkmLLD max power 50991 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 114.8 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 47 W 1.4 Whpkm
Trans power 84995 Average HPU power 5837 W 176.7 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 65.4 Average HPU losses 9646 W 291.9 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 15483 W 468.6 WhpkmMass 401 kg No. of gears 5 5.24 L/100km_eqPower 84995 W time pershift 0.2 44.9 MPG_eqEnergy 76849 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 18.5%Spec power 212 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 192 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35693 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.1 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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LH2 PHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2650 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 236705 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 89.32 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 198.9 L R 0.32 m
G 3.82Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 642 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 37.7% Powertrain mass 489 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 83454 W Curb mass 1319 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 130.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1455 kgLoad-Leveling Device Effective inertial mass 1587 Average wheel power 2896 W 87.7 WhpkmLLD specific power 444 W/kg Average brake power 652 W 19.7 WhpkmLLD efficiency 96% Transmission Average drive losses 1300 W 39.4 WhpkmLLD max power 51095 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 115.1 kg Trans spec power 1300 Average LLD losses 48 W 1.5 Whpkm
Trans power 86580 Average HPU power 5897 W 178.5 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 66.6 Average HPU losses 9745 W 294.9 Whpkm
Trans max speed 5,700 rpm Average fuel flow 15641 W 473.4 WhpkmMass 425 kg No. of gears 5 5.29 L/100km_eqPower 86580 W time pershift 0.2 44.4 MPG_eqEnergy 77637 Wh Trans N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 INPUTS
Trans N for shifts calc 2.63 OUTPUTS 18.5%Spec power 204 W/kg Inter gear ratio 1.47520028Spec energy 183 Wh/kg No. of shifts 3.00
Shifting time 0.6Motor/Controller ICE/motor overspeed 3.21MC type N drive eff 15.20MC specific power 1484 W/kg N accel eff 8.45MC max power 35766 W Pmax/Peff 1.0685MC mass 24.1 kgMC efficiency 70%Min DOH 30%DOH 30%
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Petrol FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 320842 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 30.97 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 45.8 L R 0.32 m
G 5.70Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 259 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 37.8% Powertrain mass 844 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 139267 W Curb mass 1674 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 538.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1810 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1977 Average wheel power 3216 W 97.3 Whpkm
126.5757444 Average brake power 2032 W 61.5 WhpkmMass 844 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1766 W 53.5 WhpkmPower 103451 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 90740 Wh Trans spec power 1625 Average HPU power 8014 W 242.6 Whpkm
Trans power 103451 Average HPU losses 13187 W 399.1 WhpkmSpec power 123 W/kg Trans mass 63.7 Average fuel flow 21201 W 641.7 WhpkmSpec energy 108 Wh/kg 7.17 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 32.8 MPG_eqVSP 57.16050806 MC type INPUTS
MC specific power 1027 W/kg OUTPUTS 15.2%PMF 0.504133702 MC max power 118910 W
MC mass 100.6 kgMC efficiency 86%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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Methanol FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 5430 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 3980 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 296930 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 54.68 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 74.6 L R 0.32 m
G 0.00Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 259 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 41.5% Powertrain mass 891 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 142732 W Curb mass 1721 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 551.9 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1857 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 2029 Average wheel power 3258 W 98.6 Whpkm
Average brake power 2086 W 63.1 WhpkmMass 775 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1799 W 54.4 WhpkmPower 106044 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 92198 Wh Trans spec power 1625 Average HPU power 8143 W 246.5 Whpkm
Trans power 106044 Average HPU losses 11478 W 347.4 WhpkmSpec power 137 W/kg Trans mass 65.3 Average fuel flow 19621 W 593.9 WhpkmSpec energy 119 Wh/kg 6.64 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 35.4 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 1027 W/kg OUTPUTS 16.6%MC max power 121890 WMC mass 103.2 kgMC efficiency 86%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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LH2 FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2650 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 199090 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 75.13 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 167.3 L R 0.32 m
G 0.00Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 375 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 56.6% Powertrain mass 635 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 123979 W Curb mass 1465 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 330.6 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1601 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1747 Average wheel power 3027 W 91.6 Whpkm
Average brake power 1796 W 54.4 WhpkmMass 552 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1623 W 49.1 WhpkmPower 92013 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 84311 Wh Trans spec power 1625 Average HPU power 7446 W 225.4 Whpkm
Trans power 92013 Average HPU losses 5710 W 172.8 WhpkmSpec power 167 W/kg Trans mass 56.6 Average fuel flow 13156 W 398.2 WhpkmSpec energy 153 Wh/kg 4.45 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 52.8 MPG_eqMC type INPUTSMC specific power 1027 W/kg OUTPUTS 23.0%MC max power 105762 WMC mass 89.5 kgMC efficiency 86%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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GH2 FCEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 3520 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 196714 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 55.88 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 202.8 L R 0.32 m
G 5.70Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 0%HPU specific power 375 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 56.6% Powertrain mass 602 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 121587 W Curb mass 1432 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 324.2 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2
Total mass 1568 kgTotal Propulsion system Effective inertial mass 1711 Average wheel power 2998 W 90.7 Whpkm
90.28850372 Average brake power 1759 W 53.2 WhpkmMass 602 kg Transmission Average drive losses 1601 W 48.4 WhpkmPower 90223 W Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmEnergy 83305 Wh Trans spec power 1625 Average HPU power 7357 W 222.7 Whpkm
Trans power 90223 Average HPU losses 5642 W 170.7 WhpkmSpec power 150 W/kg Trans mass 55.5 Average fuel flow 12999 W 393.4 WhpkmSpec energy 138 Wh/kg 4.40 L/100km_eq
Motor/Controller 53.4 MPG_eqVSP 57.54306234 MC type INPUTS
MC specific power 1027 W/kg OUTPUTS 23.1%PMF 0.420360039 MC max power 103705 W
MC mass 87.8 kgMC efficiency 86%MC max speed 8,500 rpmMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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Petrol FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 270299 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 26.09 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 38.6 L R 0.32 m
G 5.70Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 259 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 39.2% Powertrain mass 713 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 92246 W Curb mass 1543 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 356.7 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU frac 8% Total mass 1679 kgHPU opt frac 10% Effective inertial mass 1833 Average wheel power 3098 W 93.8 WhpkmHPU opt power 9225 106.9702809 Average brake power 754 W 22.8 WhpkmHPU duty 75.9% Transmission Average drive losses 1962 W 59.4 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmTrans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 101 W 3.0 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans power 96304 Average bus power 6914LLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans mass 59.3 LLD thermo losses 88LLD efficiency 95% Average HPU power 7002 W 211.9 WhpkmLLD max power 37469 W Motor/Controller Average HPU losses 10860 W 328.7 WhpkmLLD mass 84.4 kg MC type Average fuel flow 17861 W 540.6 Whpkm
MC specific power 1027 W/kg 6.04 L/100km_eqTotal Propulsion system MC max power 110695 W 38.9 MPG_eq
MC mass 93.7 kg INPUTSMass 713 kg MC efficiency 86% OUTPUTS 17.3%Power 96304 W MC max speed 8,500 rpmEnergy 79277 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99
MC N for accel spec 2.77Spec power 135 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0005Spec energy 111 Wh/kg
VSP 57.35350721
PMF 0.462133974
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Methanol FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 5430 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 3980 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 251357 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 46.29 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 63.2 L R 0.32 m
G 0.00Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 259 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 42.6% Powertrain mass 746 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 92464 W Curb mass 1576 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 357.5 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU frac 8% Total mass 1712 kgHPU opt frac 10% Effective inertial mass 1870 Average wheel power 3128 W 94.7 WhpkmHPU opt power 9246 Average brake power 769 W 23.3 WhpkmHPU duty 76.5% Transmission Average drive losses 1990 W 60.2 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmTrans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 103 W 3.1 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans power 98122 Average bus power 6989LLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans mass 60.4 LLD thermo losses 86LLD efficiency 95% Average HPU power 7076 W 214.2 WhpkmLLD max power 39680 W Motor/Controller Average HPU losses 9534 W 288.6 WhpkmLLD mass 89.4 kg MC type Average fuel flow 16610 W 502.7 Whpkm
MC specific power 1027 W/kg 5.62 L/100km_eqTotal Propulsion system MC max power 112784 W 41.8 MPG_eq
MC mass 95.5 kg INPUTSMass 649 kg MC efficiency 86% OUTPUTS 18.8%Power 98122 W MC max speed 8,500 rpmEnergy 80116 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99
MC N for accel spec 2.77Spec power 151 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0005Spec energy 123 Wh/kg
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LH2 FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 2650 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 183926 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 69.41 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 154.6 L R 0.32 m
G 0.00Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 375 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 55.6% Powertrain mass 604 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 91528 W Curb mass 1434 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 244.1 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU frac 7% Total mass 1570 kgHPU opt frac 10% Effective inertial mass 1713 Average wheel power 2999 W 90.8 WhpkmHPU opt power 9153 Average brake power 704 W 21.3 WhpkmHPU duty 73.8% Transmission Average drive losses 1868 W 56.5 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmTrans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 94 W 2.8 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans power 90317 Average bus power 6666LLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans mass 55.6 LLD thermo losses 92LLD efficiency 95% Average HPU power 6758 W 204.5 WhpkmLLD max power 30185 W Motor/Controller Average HPU losses 5396 W 163.3 WhpkmLLD mass 68.0 kg MC type Average fuel flow 12154 W 367.9 Whpkm
MC specific power 1027 W/kg 4.11 L/100km_eqTotal Propulsion system MC max power 103813 W 57.1 MPG_eq
MC mass 87.9 kg INPUTSMass 525 kg MC efficiency 86% OUTPUTS 24.7%Power 90317 W MC max speed 8,500 rpmEnergy 76513 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99
MC N for accel spec 2.77Spec power 172 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0005Spec energy 146 Wh/kg
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GH2 FCHEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy 3520 Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy density 970 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel energy storage 182183 Wh CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%Fuel mass 51.76 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 500 kmFuel volume 187.8 L R 0.32 m
G 5.70Hybrid Power Unit Kregen 60%HPU specific power 375 W/kg Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU efficiency 55.6% Powertrain mass 575 kg Average speed 33.04 kphHPU power 91340 W Curb mass 1405 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphHPU mass 243.6 kg cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2HPU frac 7% Total mass 1541 kgHPU opt frac 10% Effective inertial mass 1681 Average wheel power 2973 W 90.0 WhpkmHPU opt power 9134 86.24485751 Average brake power 691 W 20.9 WhpkmHPU duty 73.3% Transmission Average drive losses 1843 W 55.8 Whpkm
Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmTrans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 92 W 2.8 Whpkm
Load-Leveling Device Trans power 88749 Average bus power 6601LLD specific power 444 W/kg Trans mass 54.6 LLD thermo losses 93LLD efficiency 95% Average HPU power 6693 W 202.6 WhpkmLLD max power 28277 W Motor/Controller Average HPU losses 5345 W 161.8 WhpkmLLD mass 63.7 kg MC type Average fuel flow 12039 W 364.4 Whpkm
MC specific power 1027 W/kg 4.07 L/100km_eqTotal Propulsion system MC max power 102010 W 57.7 MPG_eq
MC mass 86.3 kg INPUTSMass 575 kg MC efficiency 86% OUTPUTS 24.7%Power 88749 W MC max speed 8,500 rpmEnergy 75788 Wh MC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99
MC N for accel spec 2.77Spec power 154 W/kg Pmax/Peff 1.0005Spec energy 132 Wh/kg
VSP 57.59313021
PMF 0.409238254
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VRLA BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%
Crr 0.01 Driving range target 125Hybrid Power Unit R 0.32 m Driving range 125 kmHPU specific power W/kg G 0.00HPU efficiency Kregen 60%HPU power W Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Powertrain mass 1500 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 2330 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 300 W/kg Total mass 2466 kgLLD specific energy 35 Wh/kg Effective inertial mass 2698 Average wheel power 3806 W 115.2 WhpkmLLD efficiency 90% Average brake power 1110 W 33.6 WhpkmLLD max power 187188 W Transmission Average drive losses 2633 W 79.7 WhpkmLLD energy 37183 Wh Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 1062.4 kg Trans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 297 W 9.0 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans power 139306 Average LLD power 8845 W 267.7 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 85.7 Average LLD losses 983 W 29.7 Whpkm
Average electricity 9828 W 297.5 WhpkmMass 1304 kg Motor/Controller 3.33 L/100km_eqPower 126049 W MC type 70.7 MPG_eqEnergy 25038 Wh MC specific power 1027 W/kg INPUTS
MC max power 160122 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec power 97 W/kg MC mass 155.9 kg 313.1 WhpkmSpec energy 19 Wh/kg MC efficiency 86% 3.50 L/100km_eq
MC max speed 8,500 rpm 67.1 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77 36.8%Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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NiMH BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%
Crr 0.01 Driving range target 250 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.32 m Driving range 250 kmHPU specific power W/kg G 0.00HPU efficiency Kregen 60%HPU power W Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Powertrain mass 1440 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 2270 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 220 W/kg Total mass 2406 kgLLD specific energy 70 Wh/kg Effective inertial mass 2633 Average wheel power 3752 W 113.6 WhpkmLLD efficiency 92% Average brake power 1083 W 32.8 WhpkmLLD max power 223556 W Transmission Average drive losses 2582 W 78.2 WhpkmLLD energy 71131 Wh Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 1016.2 kg Trans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 231 W 7.0 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans power 136044 Average LLD power 8649 W 261.8 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 83.7 Average LLD losses 752 W 22.8 Whpkm
Average electricity 9401 W 284.5 WhpkmMass 1252 kg Motor/Controller 3.18 L/100km_eqPower 153883 W MC type 73.9 MPG_eqEnergy 48963 Wh MC specific power 1027 W/kg INPUTS
MC max power 156373 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec power 123 W/kg MC mass 152.2 kg 299.5 WhpkmSpec energy 39 Wh/kg MC efficiency 86% 3.35 L/100km_eq
MC max speed 8,500 rpm 70.2 MPG_eqMC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99MC N for accel spec 2.77 37.9%Pmax/Peff 1.0005
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Li-Ion BEV Fuel Storage System Vehicle Platform Performance TargetsFuel spec energy Wh/kg glider mass 830 kg Top Speed 180 kphFuel energy storage Wh Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 9.0 secFuel mass kg CdA 0.8 Gradability: maintain 100 kph on a grade of 6.5%
Crr 0.01 Driving range target 500 kmHybrid Power Unit R 0.32 m Driving range 500 kmHPU specific power W/kg G 5.70HPU efficiency Kregen 60%HPU power W Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDCHPU mass kg Powertrain mass 1359 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
Curb mass 2189 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.62 kphLoad-Leveling Device cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.112 m/s^2LLD specific power 420 W/kg Total mass 2325 kgLLD specific energy 140 Wh/kg Effective inertial mass 2544 Average wheel power 3679 W 111.4 WhpkmLLD efficiency 95% 203.8023166 Average brake power 1046 W 31.7 WhpkmLLD max power 400361 W Transmission Average drive losses 2513 W 76.1 WhpkmLLD energy 133454 Wh Trans. efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 WhpkmLLD mass 953.2 kg Trans spec power 1625 Average LLD losses 140 W 4.2 WhpkmCharger 95% Trans power 131603 Average LLD power 8378 W 253.6 WhpkmTotal Propulsion system Trans mass 81.0 Average LLD losses 441 W 13.3 Whpkm
Average electricity 8819 W 266.9 WhpkmMass 1359 kg Motor/Controller 2.98 L/100km_eqPower 299550 W MC type 78.8 MPG_eqEnergy 94858 Wh MC specific power 1027 W/kg INPUTS
MC max power 151268 W OUTPUTS ChargerSpec power 220 W/kg MC mass 147.2 kg 281.0 WhpkmSpec energy 70 Wh/kg MC efficiency 86% 3.14 L/100km_eq
MC max speed 8,500 rpm 74.8 MPG_eqVSP 128.8564959 MC N (overspeed ratio) 4.99
MC N for accel spec 2.77 39.6%PMF 0.620776359 Pmax/Peff 1.0005