Pakistan Foreign Policy (Phase I & II)

PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY

PHASE I: (1947-1953)

PHASE II: (1954-1962)

Foreign Policy

• Association or connections amongst sovereign states.

• Close association between sovereign states covering their view points and outlooks on the international affairs.

• Is a product of ideological, historical, economic, national interests and geo-political locations.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Five FACTORS:

• Ideological Obligation

• Historical Legacy

• Geographical Location

• The Indian Threat

• Economic Compulsions

Phases of Foreign Policy of Pakistan

• Phase I: 1947-53: Non Aliened years

• Phase II: 1953-62: Alliance with the West

• Phase III: 1962-71: Transition

• Phase IV: 1972-79: Bilateralism and nonalignment

• Phase V: 1980-90: Afghan-Crisis and US Ally

• Phase VI:1990-2001: Post-Cold War Era and Pakistan's Dilemmas

• Phase VII: 2001-Date: Pakistan and Counter Terrorism

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Joined UN in Sep 30th, 1948

• Relations with India (aftermath of partition)

• Killing of people on both sides

• Kashmir and other princely states (War 1948)

• Water Dispute

• Division of Funds

• Division of Assets, etc.

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relations with Afghanistan

• Cordial representation in May 1948

• Irredentist claim over Pakistan territory

• Soviet Union backup in mid-1950

• Reorganization of armed force

• Due to Soviet backed Indo-Afghan military pressure

• Modernization of three Services of Armed Forces

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan

• Relation with US

• Cordial relations resumed in Feb 1948

• US ‘Marshal Plan-1950’ towards Asia

• Liaqat Ali Khan visit to US in May 1950

• Assistance in Economic Development

• Become a prey to the US dictates

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan

• Relation with USSR

• Indifferent attitude towards Pakistan

• Dec 1949, Pak Ambassador at Moscow

• Invitation to Pakistan P.M. in June 1949

• Accepted but did not accomplished

• Anger of Soviet of Liaqat A. K. visit to US

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relation with China

• 1st Muslim country to recognize China in Jan, 1950

• Exchange of credentials in Sept, Nov, 1951

• Backed China’s entry into UN as against US

• F.M. Manzoor Qadir criticized US to oppose China entry

• 1961, Ayub vote helped China to win a seat in UN

Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relation with Muslim Countries

• Importance to Muslim relationship

• Sponsored unofficial conferences for cultivating a broad-base setting for Muslim organization.

• Muslim states did not show any response

• Indonesia and Egypt strong reservation on Pak

• Cordial relations with Iran, Turkey and S. Arabia

PHASE II: (1953-1962)

ALIENED YEARS

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Reasons:

• Shift from Independent Policy to Alliance

• Multifaceted alignments with the West

• Security arrangements with US for economic and military assistance

• Adverse effects of decrease in Jute and Cotton prices in international market, 1952

• Shortage of Wheat 1952-53

• US wheat gift in 1953 to overcome shortage

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan

• Continue… • Sense of ISOLATION in the world

• Futile efforts to promote Muslims UNITY

• UN and commonwealth FAILURE in solving Pak-India conflicts, especially Kashmir Dispute

• Containment of DANGERs of Communism

• Distrust of Soviet Union for a pro-Soviet “Rawalpindi Conspiracy” –

Maj. G. Akbar Khan

• Military willingness for advanced technology and economic support

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • April 1954, Pak Turkey Agreement for political,

economic and cultural development

• May 1954, Pak US Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement , US shall provide equipment, trainings and other services

• Sep 1954, SEATO/ Manila Pact, alliance with US, Australia, GB, NZ, Philippine, and Thailand)

• To resist attacks and counter subversive measures, promote economic and social welfare

• Only for communist aggression and not all

• Pakistan’s plea to include ALL was not accepted

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Sep 1955, Baghdad Pact (CENTO after Iraq withdrawal)

• Attached greater importance because of 3 Muslim countries, Iraq, Turkey and Iran.

• GB was a member whereas US back up

• For strengthening defensive capabilities

• For the menace of communism ONLY

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • March 1959, Bilateral Agreement between Pak &

US

• Defense and economic assistance from US

• US national interest and Pak preservation of independence and integrity

• Provision of Air Base to US by Pakistan for 1959-69

• 800 million USD as assistance and loan

• Ammunition, Artillery, Aircrafts, sea warships, etc.

• US Military Assistance Advisory Group

• Training of Military Officers in US

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Cost of Alignment with WEST

• Independent Foreign Policy was compromised

• Relations with Soviet Union

• Threatening Pakistan for supporting US

• Supporting India in Kashmir dispute

• Support to Afghan irredentist claims

• Pakistan exclusion from NAM in 1961 (due to defense pact)

• Alienated Egypt, vague policy towards SUEZ crisis 1956

• No support from US regarding Pak-India problems

• Questions raised in US, Pak as defender of interests vs USSR

Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Pak China relations:

• China avoid open condemnation of Pakistan participation in the PACTs

• Showed remarkable understanding of Pakistan position

• Backed Up China in getting UN membership

• Indo-Sino relationships helped Pakistan

• Pak India relations:

• Kashmir Dispute, Canal Water dispute

• Indus Basin Water Treaty 1960