PAK301 - Pakistan Studiesapi.ning.com/files/Q7mnt3YAl1hApqOxoAg2jbi9Xk6u-qe... · PAK301 - Pakistan Studies Glossary Islamization : Islamization is the imposition of Islamic legal,

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PAK301 - Pakistan Studies

Glossary

Islamization

:

Islamization is the imposition of Islamic legal, political, economic and social

system by the government.

Metapolitics

:

n. theoretical political study. metapolitical, a. metapolitician, n.

viceroy : A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and

as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-,

meaning "in the place of" and French roi, meaning king.

Oligarchy : Greek word meaning the rule of the few. It is considered as a bad form of

government since the few will always rule, as motivated by their own interests.

OR Oligarchy is a form of government where most or all political power

effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful,

whether by wealth, family, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).

The word oligarchy is from the Greek words for "few" (oligo) and "rule" (arkhos).

Some political theorists have argued that all governments are inevitably

oligarchies no matter the supposed political system.

Abdication : Formal renunciation of crown, power or office by a sovereign or a ruler.

Swaraj : Swaraj(Self-Rule) was meant that India should be ruled by Indians not by the

Britains. It was an objective to get the Britain leave the Indian subcontinent and

establish a government led by the Indians. In other words it was meant

independence for India.

Apartheid : A South African word meaning "no government". It relates to policy of racial

segregation(separation of Whites and non-Whites) practiced mainly in South

Africa.

Armistice : A temporary cessation(termination) of fighting pending formal negotiations for

peace.



Asylum : Refuge or protection requested by or granted to a foreign national in another

country.

Autonomy : Right of Self-government; power to manage internal affairs in a restricted sense as

applied to a State in a federal order.

Balance of

Power :

This is an International states‟ relation policy. The policy of preservation of

equilibrium (balance) of strength or power among countries or groups with a view

of preventing them from becoming too powerful for the safety of others is called

Balance of Power.

Blue Book : It denotes documents issued by the British Parliament as well as report of

Commissions and Committees. They are bound in blue paper covers.

Bolshevism : The political doctrine of Bolsheviks (in Russian, Bolsheviki means majority

within the party). It is the doctrine of Proletarian (lower class) Dictatorship as

advocated in Russia by the Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin.

Law : The Law is the body of rules and principles, governing the affairs of a community

and enforced by a political authority; a legal system.

Diplomacy : Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between

representatives of groups or nations.

Constitution

:

A constitution is a system, often codified in a written document, which establishes

the rules and principles by which an organization is governed. In the case of

countries this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines the

fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each

government.

Socialism : A political and economic doctrine aiming at socialisation of the factors of

production and state control over the processes of distribution. Competition is to

be replaced by co-operation and rewards of labour are to be apportioned equitably.

Marxian socialists believe that such an order is born out of a public upsurge

culminating into a revolution. Others maintain that socialism is possible through

democratic methods. OR Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines.As an

economic system, socialism is usually associated with state or collective

ownership of the means of production. This control, according to socialists, may



be either direct, exercised through popular collectives such as workers' councils,

or it may be indirect, exercised on behalf of the people by the state.

Secular : Secularity and secular are derived from the Latin word saeculum, an expression of

time meaning one generation or century.

Democracy : A political order wherein the government is run by the elected representatives of

the people. The ancient Greek philosophers defined democracy as a rule by the

people. In the modern times, however, the classic definition of democracy by

Abraham Lincoln (American President) as "government of the people, by the

people, for the people" is universally acceptable.

State : A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that

govern a society, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory.

Autocracy : An autocracy is a form of government where the political power is held by a

single individual. The term autocrat is derived from the Greek word autokratôr

(lit. "self-ruler", "ruler of one's self"). Compare with oligarchy (rule by a minority,

by a small group) and democracy (rule by the majority, by the people).

Monarchy : Monarchy, (from the Greek monos, "one," and archein, "to rule")is a form of

government that has a monarch as Head of State. A distinguishing characteristic

of most monarchies is that the Head of State usually reigns for life; in a republic,

the Head of State (often called the president) is normally elected for a certain

amount of time. There are currently 29 extant monarchies in the world.

Glorious

Revolution :

The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James

II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some Parliamentarians and the

Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). The

revolution was the last successful invasion of England.The Revolution is closely

tied in with the events of the Nine Years War on the continent of Europe.

Commonwealth

:

The English noun Commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century.

The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" comes from the

old meaning of 'wealth' which is 'well-being'. The term literally meant

"common well-being". Thus commonwealth originally meant a state governed

for the common good as opposed to a authoritarian state governed for the

benefit of a given class of owners, including even despots. When capitalised,

"Commonwealth" normally refers to the 53 member Commonwealth of Nations



- formerly the "British Commonwealth" - a loose confederation of nations

formerly members of the British Empire (with one exception: Mozambique).

Agent

Provocateur

:

A person employed and smuggled into the territory of the adversary to organize

subversion while outwardly posing as an adherent; it also relates to a person

employed to detect suspected offenders by tempting them to overt action.

Allegiance : Loyalty or duty of a subject to the sovereign or the government.

Ambassador

:

A diplomatic envoy of the highest order sent by one Sovereign or State on mission

to another Sovereign or State.

Anarchy : Greek word meaning "no government". It relates to conditions in a country

equivalent to absence of government or with a government, powerless to maintain

order. The doctrine that advocates conditions of anarchy is called anarchism.

Mobilizing : Mobilize means: 1: To make mobile or capable of movement. 2: To assemble,

prepare, or put into operation for or as if for war. 3: To assemble, marshal, or

coordinate for a purpose.

Amnesty : General Pardon shown to the convicts on special occasions or an exemption from

prosecution or punishment granted to political and other offenders.

Appeasement,

Policy of :

The act of gratifying one‟s adversary with concessions even by sacrificing

principles. This policy has topical reference to the British policy of appeasing

Hitler by granting him territorial concessions during the period 1935-38.

Aristocracy : A word of Greek origin meaning government by the best men. In modern times,

however, it refers to the government by a superior class, superior in birth and

position.

Bamboo

Curtain :

First used by British's war-time Prime Minister, Mr. Winston Churchill in an

address in 1946, the term denotes the Soviet Union's efforts to seal off itself and

its East European satellites from normal contacts with the non-communist

countries.

Iron Curtain

:

First used by British's war-time Prime Minister, Mr. Winston Churchill in an

address in 1946, the term denotes the Soviet Union's efforts to seal off itself and



its East European satellites from normal contacts with the non-communist

countries.(also known as Bamboo Curtain)

Bicameral

system :

A form of government in which Legislative Assembly comprises two chambers,

as the „Upper House‟ and „Lower House‟. In England Upper house is known as

„House of the Commons‟ and Lower is „House of Lords‟. In Pakistan Upper house

is known as „Senate‟ and lower house is known as „National Assembly‟.

Black

Panthers :

A terrorist organization of the American Negroes whoes members wear black

jackets, carry firearms and resist white excesses by resaorting to racial violence.

Big Five : The five big participants in the II World War against the Axis powers(this was

name of alliance see Axis power). They are U.S.A., U.S.S.R., U.K., France and

China. These nations continue to have a dominant voice in the United Nation. The

first powers are called the Big Four.

Axis Powers

:

The Axis Powers were those nations opposed to the Allies during the Second

World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and

Imperial Japan, referred to themselves as the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis" and

were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that

dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the

Second World War ended with their total defeat.

Bilateral

agreement :

Bilateral means mutual or two-sided, therefore bilateral agreement means an

agreement signed by two countries by equal willingness.

Blitzkrieg : A German word meaning lightning war, a violent, lightning attack indented to

bring about a speedy, sweeping victory.

Bourgeoisie

:

French name given initially to citizens of French towns and subsequently to

middle classes everywhere, generally belonging to the mercantile and trading

communities. The word used in the Marxian terminology denotes the modern

capitalists.

Bureaucracy

:

Form of the government wherein the paid officials exercise the controlling

influence. These days, the class of officials is also known as bureaucracy.

Cabinet A parliamentary process by which a council of ministers, loosely known as the



system : Cabinet, is made responsible for the government of a country. In a parliamentary

democracy, the majority party elects a leader who chooses his colleagues to form

his council of Ministers. The Cabinet must enjoy the majority support of the

Parliament, failing which it has to resign.

Casting Vote

:

The Vote of the chairman that decides between the two parties of equal strength.

Caucus : American term for a meeting of party managers to devise strategy and select a

candidate for election. The term also denotes a powerful faction or a dominate

group within a party.

Charge'd

Affaires :

The senior most diplomat after the Head of the Mission who temporarily conducts

the affairs of the Mission during the absences of the Head of the Mission.

Chauvinism

:

Aggressive partriotism with contempt towards other nation.

Coalition : A combination or association of two parties with the purpose of forming a

composite government. In times of war, a coalition of the party in power and the

opposition is formed to forge unity of action.

Co-existence

:

Simultaneous Existence (and toleration) of conflicting creeds, ideologies and

systems. Co-existence may be national or international and political, economic or

religious.

Collective

responsibility

:

In a parliamentary democracy, the fact of the Cabinet being jointly answerable to

the legislature. Thus every member of the Cabinet (designated as Minister) is

responsible for the action of the Cabinet, as the Cabinet as a whole is responsible

for the action of the Minister.

Cominform : Communist information Bureau, formed in 1947 by Russia and her satellites. It

expelled Yugoslavia in 1948 for insisting on autonomy. The Bureau was

liquidated in 1956 to reconcile Marshal Tito, President of Yugoslavia.

Comintern : The Third International, formed in 1919 at Moscow to spread Marxian socialism

in the world. Stalin dissolved this organization in 1943 as a friendly gesture

towards the Allies.



Confederation

:

Alliance of countries for specific purposes but States continue to retain their

individual independence.

Cold War : The extremely aggressive propaganda campaign waged between two power blocs

and having potentialities of culminating into a shooting war any time. This

campaign may be accompanied by a mad struggle for power and prestige.

Constituent

assembly :

A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting, and in some

cases, adopting a constitution. OR Body of elected representatives who have

assembled to fram a constitution for country.

Coup d‟etat : Sudden change of government, forcibly effected by a ruler, the Army or a political

party.

Counsul : An official accredited by a State to protect the commercial interests of her

nationals in a foreign country.

Contraband : Goods and war material which are forbidden under the international law to be

supplied by the neutral State to the belligerents.

De facto

recognition :

Recognition accorded to a country in fact, whether valid in a law or not.

Demagogy : The art of provoking and appealing to the prejudices of the people by false,

unscrupulous orators.

Dialectical

Materialism

:

The doctrine developed by Marx and Engels and based largely on the logic of

dialectic propounded by the German philosopher Hegel. According to him,

progress results from the interaction of two conflicting half-truths; one concept

(thesis) yoking its opposite (antithesis) and the two interacting to form new

concept (synthesis). According to Marx, historical change is the result of the

conflict between the classes. The workers' struggle is seen as thesis, the capital's

antagonism as antithesis and the resulting compromise as synthesis.

Dictatorship

:

A political order wherein supreme power are vested in an official or a part leader-

turned-ruler.



Affidavit : A written statment, confirmed by oath, for use as evidence in legal proceedings.

Legislative

Assembly :

A Legislative Assembly in British constitutional thought is the second-to-top or

third-to-top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor or a

Lieutenant-Governor, inferior to an Executive Council and equal to or inferior to a

Legislative Council.Politicians elected to a Legislative Assembly are usually

referred to as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).

Despotism : Despotism is a form of government by a single authority, either an individual (ie.

autocracy) or tightly knit group (ie. oligarchy), which rules with absolute political

power. On its classical form, a despotism is a state where one single man wields

all the power and authority, and everyone else is considered as his slave.

The Nine

Years War :

The Nine Years War can also refer to a conflict in Ireland, 1594–1603; see Nine

Years War.The war was fought to resist French expansionism along the Rhine, as

well as, on the part of England, to safeguard the results of the Glorious Revolution

from a possible French-backed restoration of James II of England.

Anarchism : As political doctrine, anarchism does not mean disorder or absence of normalcy.

According to this doctrine, the State or government is evil and should be

abolished and replaced by free association of groups with no laws or restrictions.

The instinctive desire on the part of the people to act together for their mutual

benefit will ensure order in such a State.

Balfour

Declaration :

The policy statement of the British Foreign Secretary, Mr. A. J. Balfour in 1917,

pledging British support for the establishment of a Jewish State on the Palestinian

land is called Balfour Declaration.

Ballot : Secret voting or the votes so recorded.

Buffer State

:

The word "buffer" means a shock-absorbing object, interposed between two

bodies about to come into contact. A Buffer State is therefore, a small neutral

State between two large States (generally not on good terms) helping in

minimising the chances of hostilities.

By-election : A mid-term to a seat rendered vacant by death, resignation or the unseating of

member.



Communism

:

A socio-economic theory, based on Marxian doctrines and ultimately aiming at a

classless society in which the principle “from each according to his abilities, to

each according to his needs” will be consistently applied. In the economic field all

resources of the nation will be communally owned and production and distribution

will be state-directed. Socialism is the transitional phase leading ultimately to the

goal of communism.

Concordat : An agreement between the Pope, in his spiritual capacity, and a State, as the

temporal authority, regulating points of conflict between the Church and the State.

Cut motion : A motion or resolution, moved by a legislator, calling for a token cut (as small as

a rupee) but occasioning discussion on the performance and budgetary demands of

a Ministry or department.

Sovereignty

:

It is the supreme and ultimate power of a State to impose its will upon all persons,

associations and things within its jurisdiction. Freedom from external control is an

essential element of sovereignty. OR Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise

supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a

geographic region, group of people, or oneself.

Adjourment

Motion :

A motion moved by a member in the legislature to adjourn consideration of the

business in hand and instead discuss a matter of urgent public importance of

which he simultaneously gives a notice.

Nomenclature

:

1: Nomenclature is a system of names used in an art or a science. 2:

Nomenclature is also a procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of

organisms listed in a taxonomic classification.

Legitimize : Legitimize means to make something legally right or to justify something in legal

terms.

Delegitimize

:

Delegitimize means to make something legally wrong or to revoke the legal or

legitimate status of something.

Blockade : Closing of ports and coasts of a country (in war) to prevent ships from reaching or

leaving it. The measure is generally against neutral ships trading with the enemy.

Condominium Joint rule over a country by two or more other States. The Sudan was jointly



: administred by Britain and Egypt from 1899 to 1955.

Envoy : A diplomatic emissary accredited to a country and holding a status below that of

an Ambassador.

Espionage : A well-planned and well-directed system of spying laid by a government or its

agency in a foreign country.

Fascism : A narrow political creed developed in Italy by Mussolini. A reaction against

socialism and democratic equalitarianism, it meant end of parliamentary

government, concentration of power in the autocrat, anti-Semitism, aggressive

nationalism and denial of collective bargaining to the labour and of right to

declare lockouts to the management.

Civil-

Disobedience

:

Non-cooperation towards and disobedience of the authority of the government

Collective

Security :

The doctrine that all nations should collectively ensure safety of individual

nations; the security alliances like NATO, SEATO, CENTO, AND Warsaw Pact

are described as such alliances but, in reality, they are bastions of aggressive

power.

Credentials : Credential is literally meaning of the letter of introduction. It refers to the letter of

authority and other documents regarding the appointment of an envoy to another

country which he presents to the Head of the State of the country, he is accredited

to, before formally getting down to his official work.

Cross

Voting :

The act or practice of some individuals or groups, both ruling and in opposition, to

vote against the directions of the party they belong to. Thus some from the ruling

group vote for opposition and vice versa.

Laissez-faire

:

French phrase meaning "Let alone". It is the individualist doctrine envisaging no

interference by government in politics or commerce.

Diarchy

(Dyarchy) :

A system of government wherein the executive is divided into two sections one

consisting of elected representatives responsible to the legislature and the other

comprising nominated officials or others responsible to the Head of the State.



Federal

Government

(Federalism)

:

A system of government in which autonomous states unite and agree to surrender

a part of their authority for certain purposes but for others they are independent.

The division of power is laid down in the Constitution. The central subjects

generally include defence, external affairs and communications whereas subjects

of local importance are given over to the federal units.

Electorial

college :

Electoral College is a body of electors chosen to elect President or Nazim.

People's

republic :

Peoples‟ Republic is a political organization founded and controlled by a national

Communist Party.

Fixed-term

elections :

A Fixed-term election is an election that occurs on a set date, and cannot be

changed by the incumbent politician. Fixed-term elections are common for

mayors and presidents, but less common for prime ministers and other members

of a parliamentary system of government.

Parliament : 1.A national representative body having supreme legislative powers within the

state. 2.Parliament The national legislature of various countries, especially that of

the United Kingdom, made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Upper &

Lower

Houses :

In Pakistan National Assembly is lower house and Senate is upper house. The

members of the National Assembly are directly elected and executive is taken

from the lower house. Lower house is broadly representative of the population.

The upper house is representative of the federation and has equal representation of

federating units.

Achhut

Community

:

Achhut Community is a term which refers to all the untouchables, lower class

communities and Pariahs.

Feudalism : A socio-economic order in which feudal lords were granted absolute rights in land

return for certain services to the king including the raising and providing of

solding of solidier in time of war.

Floor

Crossing :

The act or practice of a person or a political group, under democracy, to cross over

to the opposition with the intent of toppling the ministry system, etc.



Franchise : Right of voting at public elections.

Fundamental

Rights :

The basic rights of an individual, especially in a civilized society. These include

freedom of expression and religion, rights to equality, liberty and property and

right of constitutional remedies. The fundamental rights have been embodied in

most of the world's written constitutions.

Gallup Poll : An opinion poll devised and put into vogue by G.H.Gallup, American journalist.

Trends in public opinion are gauged and broad conclusions are deduced with the

help of this device by interviewing representative sets of people.

Genocide : Willful extermination of a racial, ethnic, religious or a political group. This has

been made an international crime by a UN Convention of 1948. Genocide was

systematically practiced by the Nazi regime in Germany and millions of Jews

were done to death by various means. It was practiced by Mujibur Rehman with

Indian help in East Pakistan.

Good offices

:

A pacific and conciliatory role played by a third party to help compose the

difference between two groups or nations antagonist to each other.

Local

elections :

Rules for, and experience with, local elections vary widely across jurisdictions. In

those electoral systems that roughly follow the Westminster model, a terminology

has evolved with roles such as Mayor or Warden to describe the executive of a

city or town or region, and Reeve, Alderman or Councillor to describe the

legislators who deliberate decisions. However, job descriptions vary so widely

across jurisdictions that these terms do not effectively describe the various ways

in which local election campaigns and means of election vary.

Four

Freedoms :

In his message to the Congress in June, 1941, President Roosevelt of the USA,

pleaded for four freedoms to form the basis of civilied society. They are freedom

of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom

from fear.

Deadlock : Completely standstill situation wherein further negotions are impossible.

Embargo : Temporary stoppage of a particular trade; originally it related to the denial of

freedom of movement to ships.



Episcopacy : The government of Church by bishops or government of religious leaders.

Extradition : Extradition is handing over by one government to another of a fugitive from

justice.

Guided

Democracy :

The 'Guided Democracy' is a political system in which the free play of democratic

practices has been subjected to certain limitations.

Gold

Standard :

Gold Standard is a state of affairsin which a country keeps the value of a defined

weight of gold at an equality with each other.

Hansard : Varbatim record of the day-to-day proceeedings of the British Parliament. It is

named after Thomas Curson Hansard, an English printer, who began to issue

accounts of Parliamentary debates in 1803. In 1908, the government tok over this

responsibility but retained the name given to these reports.

Hierarchy : It denotes a body, religious or secular, organised on ranks, order or gardes.

Hot line : A direct telephone line between the White House(USA) and the Kremlin (USSR),

established in 1963, making personal contract at the top possible between the two

countries in a time of crisis and thus avoiding accidental wars. A similar Hot line

was also established between Moscow and Paris in November, 1966 "in order to

strengthen mutual contacts at highest level".

Impeachment

:

Formal accusation and prosecution by a legislature against the Head of State or

high public officials for serious misconduct or crime against the State or

Constitution.

Imperial

Preference :

The system whereby some goods from the countries within the British Empire

were exempt from the paymant of duties while others were granted tariff

concessions.

Imperialism

:

An urge of nation to organize economic and political penetration in othercountries

culminating in empire building. During the last 200 years, many European nations

acquired, administered and developed less advanced territories for purposes of

trade, prestige and domination.

Lobbying : Play of influence and pressure by some legislators over the others in the lobbies of



the legislature in connection with important legislative business.

Lynching : System of extra legal punishment inflicted on Negroes by the Whites in the 18th

century in America and Europe. It was widely prevalent in the areas where racial

antagonism was strong and authority weak. The name is taken from the Virginian

farmer Charles Lynch who was the leader of those who took summary vegeance

on black men for offences against the whites.

Mandate : The system of trusteeship established by the League of Nations for the seized

German and Turkish colonies or territories. Under this system, Britain governed

Tanganyika, Palestine and Jordan and France governed Syria as mandated

territories.

Money Bills

:

Bills involving financial commitments on the part of the government such as the

annual budget, etc.

National

Anthem :

The official song of a nation which is played on state ceremonial occasions.

Nationalism

:

The doctrine of social philosophy in which the good of the nation is paramount. In

its narrow sense, it may mean excessive or aggressive zeal for the welfare and

advancement of the country, even at the cost of other people's interests.

Naturalisation

:

The process by which an alien is granted citizenship of a country.

Nazism : The political ideology of the National Socialist German Workers Party, led by

Adolf Hitler till 1945. It was steeped in the glorification of German race (the

purest Aryans), strong nationalism, anti-Semitism and establish of a pan-German

empire. Jews and Communist were the "greatest enemies" of Nazism.

Neutrality : An attitude (or policy) of strict impartiality and non-alignment towards the

warring nations or ideologically antagonistic countries.

Open Door

Policy :

It refers to the policy of equal commercial and industrial rights for all nations.

Ordinance : A decree or Act promulgated by the Head of the State in a state of emergency, or



when the legislature is not in session. Such ordinances are valid only for a specific

periood after which they must be a approved by the legislature.

Pacifism : Doctrine of elimination of war by individual and collective action. The pacifists

strongly oppose the wilful killing of human beings and adocate obstruction of all

efforts at militarism.

Parole : A prisoner's word of honour that, if released, he will not attempt escape, will

return to custody and (in case of a military prisoner) will not take up arms against

the captors for a specific period.

Pilgrim

Fathers :

The English Puritan separatists who sailed to America in 1620 in the Mayflower

and founded the Plymouth colony, Massachusetts.

Plenipotentiary,

Envoy :

A diplomatic official who has been invested with full and special powers with

regard to his assignment.

Polycentralism

:

The doctrine that all socialist countries and all communist parties have equal

rights, with none possessing the privilage or riht to impose its particular

experience on others.

Power

Politics :

Political activity aimed mainly at capturing power or retaining it in disregard to

the welfare and good of the people.

Priviliege

Motion :

A motion moved by a legislator to draw attention of the House towards a matter

involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members.

Protectorate

:

A dependent (in certain cases weak) State which looks to another (strong) State

for its protection and for the conduct of its foreign relations.

Protocol : Diplomatic etiquette; original draft of terms and treaty (between two

governments) agreed to in conference and signed by the parties.

Quorum : A fixed minimum of members (in legislature and other elected bodies) whose

presence is essential for the proceedings to be held valid.

Referendum The Swiss practice of referring constitutional amendments and other important



: legislation of controversial nature to the direct vote of the people. The verdict of

the people is binding on the government.

Responsible

government

:

A system of government in which the excutive is answerable for all its actions to

the elected legislature.

Rule of Law

:

A political order in which all people irrespective of their religion,colour or

profession, are equal in the eye of law. No man will be punished bodily or in any

other manner except for a clear breach of law, established in the odinary legal

manner.

Sabotage : Wanton destruction of machinery or other factors of production by the workers. It

also means senseless demage of public utility services or important defence

installations by paid agents of the enemy.

Sanctions : Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience (as the case may be)

attached to a law. This is done to enforce obedience to any rule of conduct.

Secularism : The system under which there is no state religion yet all religions and faiths enjoy

equality of treatment. In the strict literal sense, secularism denotes a system that

rejects belief in God, religion and future life.

Self-

determination

:

The term means the right of a nation to decide its own form of government and

its political desting.

Single

transferable

vote :

A phenomenon in which a member of the electioral college possesses one vote but

as many prefernces as the number of candidates. By exercising his preference, the

elector is said to have transferred his vote to another person.

Skinheads : Close-cropped, heavy-booted white youngsters in Britain (mostly coming from

the nation's slums) who provide an antithesis to the "hippy cult". Of late, these

elements have been terrorizing the coloured immigrants, especially the Asians, in

Britain.

Spoils

system :

The widely prevalent practice in the U.S.A. to apportion important offices to the

loyal members of the party in power.



Court

Martial :

A Service Court for trying members of the Armed Forces, both officers and men,

in accordance with the military law for offences or violations of the military

discipline.

Fifth

Column :

Body of anti-national spies who, in the time of war, sympathise with the enemy

and work for it by organising subversion to hinder the national effort.

Fillbuster : Pirates and adventurers who either plundered the newly established colonies or

organised armed attacks into friendly countries. In modern times, it refers to the

obstructionist activities in the legislative bodies (especially in the U.S)

Habeas

Corpus :

Act of British Parliament passed in 1679. Under the Act, if a person is kept in

prison without trial the Courts are empowered to issue a writ to the jailor to

produce the person and bring him for proper trial. It also provides facilities to the

prisoner for a speedy trial and release on bail.

Manifesto : A pre-election declaration of policy by a political party detailing its future

programmes, if voted to power.

Mediation : Efforts by intermediaries to help compose differences between two antagonists.

Plebiscite : Derived from a Greek word, it denotes vote of the entire electorate on a distinct or

important issue.

Syndicalism

:

A doctrine of French origin which , during the days of early 20th century, aimed

at the elimination of the captalists, and control and management of industry by the

syndicates comprising the workers.

Territorial

Waters :

A belt of sea surrounding the coasts of a country over which that country has

jurisdiction. The generally accepted territorial waters limit is three miles though

some countries are know to have arbitrarily increased this limit.

Theocracy : Domination of religion in country.

Totalitarianism

:

A political order in which absolute powers are concentrated in one (the ruling)

group and no rival loyalties or parties are tolerated.



Treason : Gross violation by a subject of allegiance to the authority of the State or active

collaboration with, or adherence to the enemy.

Troika : The unsuccessaful Russian proposal for the abolition of the post of the UN

Secretary-General and its replacement by a three nation excecutive, called Troika,

comprising a member each from the West, Soviet Bloc and the neutral nations

respectively. All the three members were to be invested with veto power.

Persona non

grata. :

A diplomatic envoy not welcome (or not acceptable) in the host country.

Personality

cult :

Extreme adulation of a ruler or a political figure by the people. Such idolization

generally turns that person's head and often helps him assume absolute powers

and turn a tyrant.

Plutocracy : A government run (or dominated) by a wealthy class of people.

Polerization

:

A situation when two factions within an organization or when two separate

organizations come to profess and practice diametrically opposite opinions and

ideologies, forming themselves into mutually-opposite forces.

Prerogative : The exclusive right or privilege enjoyed by a person or a body.

Quisling : A traitor who helps and co-operates with the enemy who is in occupation of his

country.The term is derived from Vidkun Quisling, an officer in the Norwegian

Army, who assisted the German invasion of Norway in 1940 and who was

installed a puppet Premier. After the war, he was tried for treason and shot. His

name has become a synonym for a traitor.

Representative

Government :

A government run by the elected representatives of the people. The elected

representatives, in fact, carry out the wishes of the electors which are reflected in

the various legislative and excutive actions of the government.

Sphere of

Influence :

Territories where the will and the influence of a superior power have a decisive

role.

Statute : Laws made by the Parliament, which are said to have been placed on the statute

book. These laws are binding on all subjects of a particular contury.



Suffrage : The right of voting in political elections.

Guerilla : Irregular warfare. Guerilla warfare consists in attacks upon a regular army by

bands of irregular troops, usually the inhabitant of an invaded country.

Nationalization

:

The Policy of taking business, industries or other projects under the control and

mangement of the State.

Inquest : A legal or judicial probe into the circumstances leading to the death of an

individual.

International

law :

Body of laws regulating the relations between nations and including pacts, treaties

and conventions. It deals with such matters as the treatment of prisoners and the

wounded, contraband and blockade and the rights of neutrals. International law is

administered by the Court of International Justice at the Hague.

Legation : A diplomatic mission in status lower than the Embassy. The official residence of

the head of this mission is also known by this name.

Liberalism : A political order, credited with free trade, religious liberty, abolition of slavery

and extension of franchise.

Limited

Monarchy :

A constitutional set-up wherein the monarch enjoys only nominal powers and the

real power rests with the representatives of the people though the business of the

State is conducted in the name of the monarch. Such a system exists in England.

Naxalism : Taking its name from the Naxalbari uprising of March, 1967, it is the ultra-

revolutionary Marxist movement, violent in character.Forcible dispossession of

the land-owners, grabbing of land by the tillers and armed agrarian revolution are

the prominent features of this movement. All Naxalites are Mao supporters.

Republic : Opposite of Monarchy. Under this system, sovereignty rests with the people and is

exercised by their elected representatives. Head of the State is called the

President.

Proportional

Representation

The fact of a member of an electoral college commanding a number of votes in

poportion to the number of electors that he represents.



:

Unicameral : A legislature having only one house.

Weightage : Allowing a particular community (or group) more representation than it can claim

on the basis of its population.

whip : An important party official, entrusted with the responsibility of organising

disciplined voting according to the party directions and ensuring attendance of

theparty members on a specific occasion.

White Paper

:

A detailed policy statement issued by a government with regard to a matter of

considerable public importance. Originally, it was the name given to the reports of

the British Government giving official version of important of important matters

of public concern

All rights

reserved. :

Warning by the owner of the copy right against any infringement thereof.

Decree : Decision or a judgement having the force of law.

Will : A legal document by which a person disposes of his assets on death.

Writ : A written order by the Supreme Court or the High Court directing the state or a

lower Court to act or abstain from acting in a particular matter.

Attorney,

Power of :

A document, executed under seal and in proper manner, appointing another person

and conveying his authority to act on his behalf in the matters specified in the

document.

Jury : A formally appointed body of persons to render verdict on questions, submitted to

them before trial, in respect of both civil and criminal cases of importance.

Proxy : A person acting on behalf of another

PAK301 - Pakistan Studiesapi.ning.com/files/Q7mnt3YAl1hApqOxoAg2jbi9Xk6u-qe... · PAK301 - Pakistan Studies Glossary Islamization : Islamization is the imposition of Islamic legal,

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