Paint Inspection and Control

Paint SchoolJPS-E / Control / 1

Inspection and

Control


What is QA What is QA -- QC ?QC ?

QA = Quality Assurance(A documented management system)

QC = Quality Control (Inspection and testing routines)


The Tasks of the Paint InspectorThe Tasks of the Paint Inspector• To ensure that the requirements of the coating specification are met.

• Verify the quality of work carried out by the contractor/yard.

• Prepare written records of the standardof work

- Approval (Satisfactory ? / Conforming ?)- Non-conformance


An InspectorAn Inspector’’s Work Includes:s Work Includes:

• Be capable of interpreting the specifications• Understand the objective of the inspection • Inspect all structures to be painted• Ensure that all specified requirements are met• Document the results from the inspections• In case of non-conformance: Issue written reports


• All paints that will be used• All relevant inspection methods and

inspection tools• Relevant standards• Methods involved in cleaning, pre-treatment

and paint application • The equipment used for pre-treatment and

application: Benefits and limitations

An Inspector Needs to Know:An Inspector Needs to Know:


What Needs to be Inspected ?What Needs to be Inspected ?

• Shop-priming of the steel• The steel work

(Pre-blasting preparation)• Cleaning and surface preparation

prior to paint application • Application of paint • The applied paint film and its curing

conditions.

If relevant, the following stagesof the production need to be inspected


Inspection at Shop primingInspection at Shop priming

• Cleanliness (No salt, oil, grease or other contaminants)

• Rust grade. A or B acc. To ISO 8501-1• Shot or grit blasted steel, to Sa 2 ½ acc. to

ISO 8501-1• Correct DFT (Usually 10 - 25 microns)• Satisfactory drying• No damages caused by conveyor.


Inspection of steel work Inspection of steel work (Pre(Pre--blasting preparation)blasting preparation)

•Rounding of sharp edges.•Smoothing of rough welding seams.•Removal / grinding of weld spatter and

beads.•Cracks and pittings.•Surface faults like laminates etc.

The following items need to be inspected during construction


Inspection of Cleaning and Inspection of Cleaning and Surface Preparation Prior to Surface Preparation Prior to

Application Application

•Cleanliness (salt, oil, grease and dust/dirt)

•Evaluation of present condition (rust grade)

•Surface preparation (e.g. blast cleaning)•Cleanliness of prepared surface

(salts, oil, grease, dust and dirt)•Climatic conditions

(temperature, relative humidity etc)

If relevant, the following conditionesmust be inspected / verified


Inspection During ApplicationInspection During Application

• Ensure proper mixing of 2-pack paints• Ensure use of the correct thinner• Measuring the wet film thickness (WFT)• Number of coats as given in the

specification• Cleanliness between coats (salts, dust, oil

etc.)• Drying time / recoating intervals• Control of equipment: Pressure, nozzle etc.• Climatic conditions (Ventilation, Air and

steel temperature and the relative humidity)

The following must be verified,inspected or tested:


Inspection After ApplicationInspection After Application

•Climatic conditions (Ventilation,Temperature and humidity)

•Curing / drying of the film•Dry film thickness (DFT)•Adhesion•Holiday detection

After application the following must be checked


An Inspector Deals With An Inspector Deals With Several Parties Several Parties

• Customer / owner• The Yard• Contractor / sub-contractor• Paint supplier• Suppliers of equipment• Classification society


Utstyr utlagt

Inspection ToolsInspection Tools


Våtfilm måler

Wet FilmWet Film TThicknesshickness GaugeGauge

• ISO 2808• Wet film thickness gauge• To be used on flat, even

surfaces• 1. coat no problem• 2. Coat: Be careful if

First Coat is not fully cured/driedor ifFirst coat is soft or resoluble


Tørrfilm målere Elektr. Magn.

Magnetic and Electromagnetic Magnetic and Electromagnetic Dry Film Thickness GaugesDry Film Thickness Gauges

• ISO 2808• Dry film thickness gauge• Calibrate on smooth surface

to zero and to thickness similar to be measured

• Check with your calibration foil frequently

• Plastic material foils wear easily. Replace frequently.

• No internal memory in gauge


speil, lykt

Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash lightInspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light

• Visual inspection• Important tools to be

able to inspect areas difficult to access

• For inspection in confined spaces: Use Ex approved equipment


Jan, speil, lykt

Using Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash lightUsing Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light

• Visual inspection• Important tools to be

able to inspect areas difficult to access


MagnifierMagnifier

• Visual inspection• Handy tool when

looking for defects, to verify cleanliness and roughness of the substrate


Clemco

Compartor

Surface Roughness acc. to ISO 8503Surface Roughness acc. to ISO 8503

• Example of a reference comparator: Clemco

• Surface profile comparator comprising four segments.

• Clemco - grit• Clemco shot also available • Check if the profile is

according to specification and the paint manufacturer’s recommendation


Steel temperature

Contact ThermometerContact Thermometer

• Electronic instrument for measuring the steel temperature

• Steel temperature must be min. 3oC above the dew point

• Other types of thermometers are also available. E.g. magnetic thermometers


Measuring the Relative HumidityMeasuring the Relative Humidity

• ISO 8502 - 4• Photo: Sling hygrometer for

measuring:- Dry temperature- Wet temperature

• Measure the temperature in the vicinity.

• Calculate the relative humidity

• Use together with dew point calculator


Dew Point CalculatorDew Point Calculator• ISO 8502 - 4• For calculation of dew point• To be used together with

surface temperature thermometer and sling hygrometer.

• Use this frequently during pre-treatment, application and drying of the paint.

• Recommendation: Every 6 hours and when weather conditions are changing


Tools for Marking Areas With DefectsTools for Marking Areas With Defects• Photo: Chalk for marking

areas during inspection• To be used both after pre-

treatment and painting• Areas with defects must be

marked properly• Other tools than chalk can be

usedNOTE: NOTE: Chalk may be considered

as contamination for some paint systems, and might have to be removed


Gitter tester m prøveplate

Cross Cut Adhesion TestCross Cut Adhesion Test

• ISO 2409• Cross cut adhesion test• Cut vertical and horizontal

lines to form a grid• Apply a strong tape• Pull off the tape• Evaluate according to the

standard


L.V. pore test

Low Voltage Pore DetectorLow Voltage Pore Detector

• ASTM G-62 -85, method A• Photo: Low voltage pore

detector• Detecting pinholes, voids or

metal particles in paint film up to 250 microns

• Non destructive test method• Will only detect defects down

to bare metal• The sponge must be wetted• Do not use excessive water


Brunner H.V.P.D

Bruker.

High Voltage Pore DetectorHigh Voltage Pore Detector

• ASTM G-62-85, method B• Photo: High voltage pore detector• Destructive test method for detecting

pinholes, voids and thin spots in paint film

• Adjust voltage according to the film thickness or the paint manufacturers recommendation

• Gives a light or signal when pinhole or weak point is detected


BSRA Instrument With ProbeBSRA Instrument With Probe

• For measuring the surface roughness

• Used prior to and after application of the paint

• Particularly for under water areas

• Important to follow instructions for use given by supplier


Nærbilde ruhetsmåler

BSRA ProbeBSRA Probe

• Close up photo of B.S.R.A. Probe

• The probe is mounted on wheels

• Move slowly and steadily along the surface

• Do not lift the probe from the surface during the measurement

• Make sure to keep the probe and the wheels clean


Bresle sett

Salt Test Equipment Salt Test Equipment -- Bresle TestBresle Test

• ISO 8502 - 6 (Sampling)• ISO 8502 - 9

(Conductivity) • Equipment for measuring

content of water soluble salt on substrate

• Bresle method


Bresle sprøyte

8 - 41

Syringe Syringe -- Bresle Test: SamplingBresle Test: Sampling

• Bresle salt test • Syringe for injecting

distilled water• Shows how to inject the

distilled water through the frame and into the pad

• The water must be pumped in and out several times. Follow the standard


Conductivity Meter Conductivity Meter -- Bresle testBresle test

• ISO 8502 - 9 (Conductivity)• Instrument for measuring the

conductivity • Salt level is measured as the

conductivity of the solution• Instrument shows the

conductivity which have to be recalculated to give the salt level on the substrate.

• Only water soluble salts !

Bresle instrument

8 - 44


3 test plater

0590 - 50

Different Types of Salt Have Different Different Types of Salt Have Different Affinity to Water / HumidityAffinity to Water / Humidity

• Laboratory test.• Different types of salt are

applied on two test panels• Several month of exposure • Right: Clean water, no rust• Middle: Iron Sulphate, little

rust• Left: Sodium Chloride.

Heavy rust develops• At similar levels: Chlorides

more severe than Sulphates

Sodium Iron NoChloride Sulphate salt


Insp. måler bunn

Using Using ““PIGPIG”” Universal on a ShipsUniversal on a Ships’’ HullHull

• PIG = Paint Inspection Gauge

• Destructive test method• Possible to verify the

number of coats applied• Possible to measure the

thickness of each individual coat


Insp. avstrekk

8 - 49

PullPull--off Testing Of Paint On A Structureoff Testing Of Paint On A Structure

• ISO 4624• Pull off adhesion test.• Destructive test method• Here, connecting of the

device for pulling off the dollies

• Read and note the value• Several types of

instruments are available


Dollys

8 - 46

PullPull--off Dollies Glued To The Structureoff Dollies Glued To The Structure

• ISO 4624• Pull off adhesion test• Dollies are glued to the

structure with a strong glue

• Prior to pull-off: Cut around the dolly, through the paint film and down to the substrate material


Resultat

8 - 51

Area After PullArea After Pull--off Testingoff Testing

• ISO 4624• Pull off adhesion test• The adhesiveadhesive failure - fracture

between coats - or between coating and substrate must be evaluated

• Note adhesion failure, %• The cohesivecohesive failure - fracture

within the coating- must be evaluated.

• Note cohesion failure, %• Also: Note glue failure, %


Standards Relating Methods for Standards Relating Methods for Evaluation of Degradation of Coatings Evaluation of Degradation of Coatings

Property Standard / Test methodBlistering ISO 4628 - 2, ASTM D 714

DIN 53209, BS 3900 H2

Rust gradeISO 4628 - 3, ASTM D 610DIN 53210, BS 3900 H3

Cracking ISO 4628 - 4, ASTM D 661DIN ISO 4628, BS 3900 H4

Flaking ISO 4628 - 5, DIN ISO 4628BS 3900 H5

Chalking ISO 4628 - 6


Standards for Testing of Standards for Testing of Corrosion Protective PropertiesCorrosion Protective Properties

Property / Environment Standard / Test methodHumidity chamberCondensation

ISO 6270 (Condensation, water at 40 C)DIN 50017ASTM D 2247 (Condensation, water at 38 C)ASTM D 1735 (Humidity chamber)

Salt sprayISO 7253, ASTM B 117, BS 3900 - F12, DIN 53167, DIN 50021 ASTM G 85 (Prohesion test)

Natural weather exposure ISO 2810BS 3900 F 6

Weather-o-meter ASTM G 53

Cathodic disbonding ASTM G 8 (1500 mV/Ag-AgCl at 20 CASTM G 42 (1500 mV/Ag-AgCl at 60 C

Cathodic protection BS 3900 F 11

o

o

oo


Standards for Evaluation Standards for Evaluation of Coated Surfaces of Coated Surfaces

Property Standard / Test method

Paint film thickness ISO 2808 (Wet and dry)SSPC - PA 2

Holiday detection ASTM G 62 (Low and high voltage)

Degradation of coatings ISO 4628


Standards Relating toStandards Relating toMechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties

Property Standard / Test methodAdhesion (Cross cut) ISO 2409, DIN 53251, BS 3900-E6, ASTM 3359Adhesion (Pull-off) ISO 4624, ASTM 4541, BS 3900 - E10Adhesion (Shear strength)

ASTM D 1002 (Specified for Chartek)

Hardness ISO 2815 (Buchholz - methode)Hardness ISO 1522 (Kønig - pendel)Hardness BarcholElasticiy ISO 1520 (Cupping test)Flexibility ISO 6860 ASTM D 522

BS 3900 - E11 (Conical mandrel)Impact resistance ISO/TR 6272 - 79E ASTM D 2794 - 84

DIN 55669 BS 3900 - E3


Standards Relating to Standards Relating to Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Property StandardSolids, % by weight ISO 1515 (105 °C - 3 hours)Solids by % volume ASTM D 2697 (1 hour - 110°C - dip)Drying time ISO 1517 (Surface dry)Flash point ISO 1523 (Closed cup)

ISO 3679 (Zeta flash)Milling grade ISO 1524Viscosity ISO 2431 (Flow cup)Paint film thickness ISO 2808Density ISO 2811 (Psykrometer)Gloss ISO 2813 (60 °C commonly used)Covering capacity ISO 2814Recoatability ASTM D 1640Curing of Zn-silicate ASTM D 4752 - 87


A General Standard for A General Standard for Corrosion Protection: ISO 12944Corrosion Protection: ISO 12944

Part 1 General introduction.Part 2 Classification of environments.Part 3 Design considerations.Part 4 Types of surface and surface preparation.Part 5 Protective paint systems.Part 6 Laboratory performance test methods.Part 7 Execution and supervision of paint work.Part 8 Development of specifications for new work

and maintenance.

Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paints systems.


Relevant Standards for Assessing Relevant Standards for Assessing Surfaces Prior to Paint ApplicationSurfaces Prior to Paint Application

Standard AreaISO 8501 Visual assessments of surface cleanliness.

ISO 8502 Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness.

ISO 8503 Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates.

ISO 8504 Surface preparation methods.


Surface PreparationSurface PreparationISO 8501 ISO 8501 -- 11

• Visual assessment of surface cleanliness

• Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel

• Rust grades and preparation grades of steel after overall removal of previous coating

• Photographic examples of steel when blast cleaned with different abrasives


ISO 8501

Rust grade A, B, C and D

Surface PreparationSurface PreparationStandard for Deciding Rust Grades Standard for Deciding Rust Grades


Sa: Blast cleaning (grades 1, 2, 2 ½ and 3)

St.: Hand and power tool cleaning (grades 2 and 3)

Fl: Flame-cleaning (one grade)

Standard for deciding Preparation gradesStandard for deciding Preparation gradesISO 8501 ISO 8501 -- 11



As for ISO 8501-1, but:For steel where previous coating has been

removed locally, not completely.


PSa : Localised blast cleaning (grades 2, 2 ½ and 3)

PSt : Localised hand and power tool cleaning(grades 2 and 3)

PMa : Localised machine abrading (one grade)

Standard for deciding Preparation gradesStandard for deciding Preparation gradesISO 8501 ISO 8501 -- 22



Visual assessment of surface cleanliness

Preparation grades of welds, cut edges and surface imperfections.

June 1998: Not yet approved


Determination of Water Soluble SaltsDetermination of Water Soluble Salts

• Conductivity• Titration• Colour-reactions

Other Methods:• SCM 400 Salt Contamination Meter

The most frequently used methods are:


Tests for the assessment of Tests for the assessment of Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502 Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502 (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

Part 1 Field test for soluble iron corrosion products Part 2 Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned

surfaces.Part 3 Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for

painting (pressure- sensitive tape method)Part 4 Guidance on the estimation of the probability of

condensation prior to paint application.Part 5 Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces

prepared for painting. Ion detector tube method.


Tests for the assessment of Tests for the assessment of Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502 Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502 (2 of 2)(2 of 2)

Part 6 Sampling of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted. Bresle method.

*Part 9 Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted

Analysis methods for field use for ferrous salts.Part 10 Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be

painted. Analysis methods for field use for oil and grease.

* Part 7 and 8 are not prepared


Merckoquant test for iron• Quantitative test for detection of watersoluble

iron-salts• Indicator test strips impregnated with 2,2 bipyridyl• Sensitive within the range of 5mg/l to 250 mg/l• Destilled water• Specified test area 25 x 10 cm• Cotton• Glass/plastic containers

ISO 8502 Part 1ISO 8502 Part 1


Soluble Iron Salts On Blast Cleaned Soluble Iron Salts On Blast Cleaned Surfaces. ISO 8502 Surfaces. ISO 8502 -- 1 Part 11 Part 1

Merckoquant test on steel substrate

Visual comparison with the standard

Steel substrate

Beaker with test solution


Water Soluble Salts on BlastWater Soluble Salts on Blast--cleaned Steel. cleaned Steel. ISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 1. Annex 31. Annex 3

• Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III) test paper• The filter paper is impregnated with Potassium

Hexacyanoferrate (III)• Water / humidity• In case of the presence of Iron salts the colour will

turn blue• A qualitative , not a quantitative test


Filter paper impregnated with Potassium Hexacyanoferrate

Blast cleaned steel

Blue spots

Water Soluble Salts on Blast Cleaned Steel Water Soluble Salts on Blast Cleaned Steel ISO 8502ISO 8502--1. Annex. 31. Annex. 3


Laboratory Test Method for Laboratory Test Method for Determining Chlorides. ISO 8502Determining Chlorides. ISO 8502--2 2

Laboratory test method for determination of Chlorides

on a clean substrate


ApprovedNot approved

Tape Blast cleaned steel

Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces Prepared for Painting. ISO 8502Prepared for Painting. ISO 8502--33


1.Quantity ratings 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 corresponding to pictorial ref.

2.Dust size classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Assessment of DustAssessment of DustISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 33

Assessment for dust on Assessment for dust on steel surface prepared for paintingsteel surface prepared for painting


Guidance on Estimating Probability of Guidance on Estimating Probability of Condensation prior to Paint ApplicationCondensation prior to Paint Application

Wet rag

Thermometres

ISO 8502ISO 8502--44


1. Air temperature2. % Relative humidity3. Steel temperature4. Dew point

Steel temperature min. 3 oC above the dew point

HumidityHumidityISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 44

Guidance on the estimation of the probability Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint applicationof condensation prior to paint application


Relative HumidityRelative Humidity

R.H.: % water vapour in the air as percentage of the total amount water vapour the air can contain at the same temperature.

ExampleAir at 20oC can contain 17.31 g. water/m3, but contain 15 g/m3. What is the R.H. ?

R.H. = = 86.65 %15 x 10017.31


Chlorides on Steel SurfacesChlorides on Steel SurfacesISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 55

Measurement of Chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting

(The ion detection method)


The Bresle MethodThe Bresle Method..ISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 66

A method for assessment of soluble salts on the steel substrate:

The Bresle method

This is a quantitative test


ConductometricConductometric Measurement of Measurement of Soluble Salts. Soluble Salts. ISO 8502 ISO 8502 -- 99

Field method for measuring conductivity (μ S) of solutions containing

water soluble salts


Calculating Calculating the Salt Content on a Surfacethe Salt Content on a Surface

(L2 - L1) x 6 = mg. salt pr. m2

L2 = µS after washing

L1 = µS before washing

Used washing water, in ml.: 10 15 20 50Converting factor: 4 6 8 20


UnitsUnits

1 mg = 1000 micro grams (µg)1 m2 = 10 000 cm2

1 mg/m2 = 0,1 micro g/cm2 (µg)1µg/cm2 = 10 mg/m2

Na+ + Cl- = NaCl (Sodium Chloride)Mol Weights = Cl- : 35,5 NaCl : 58,5

1 mg Cl- is corresponding to 58,5/35,5 mg NaCl= 1,6 mg NaCl


Surface Roughness Characteristics of Surface Roughness Characteristics of BlastBlast--cleaned Steel Substrates: ISO 8503 cleaned Steel Substrates: ISO 8503

Part 1Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparatives for the assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces.

Part 2 Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast- cleaned steel - Comparator procedure.

Part 3Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile- Focusing microscope procedure.

Part 4Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparatives and for the determination of surface profile - Stylus instrument procedure


ISO 8503 ISO 8503 -- 11Nominal values and tolerancesNominal values and tolerances

a) Comparators for steel, blast-cleaned with grit abrasives

Segment Nominal reading µm

Toleranceµm

1 25 32 60 103 100 154 150 20

b) Comparators for steel, blast-cleaned with shot abrasives

Segment Nominal reading µm

Toleranceµm

1 25 32 40 53 70 104 100 15


ISO 8503 ISO 8503 -- 11Limits of Profile GradesLimits of Profile Grades

a) Comparators for steel. Blast-cleaned with grit abrasives

Fine (G) Profiles equal to segment 1 and up to but excludingsegment 2

Medium (G) Profiles equal to segment 2 and up to but excludingsegment 3

Coarse (G) Profiles equal to segment 3 and up to but excludingsegment 4

b) Comparators for steel. Blast-cleaned with shot abrasives

Fine (S)

Medium (S)

Coarse (S)

Profiles equal to segment 1 and up to but excludingsegment 2Profiles equal to segment 2 and up to but excludingsegment 3Profiles equal to segment 3 and up to but excludingsegment 4


Surface Roughness ProfileSurface Roughness Profile

• Stylus instruments• Elcometer Mod. 123• Testex Press-O-film• Microscope• Comparators

RugotestISO 8503 etc.


Surface preparation methods: Surface preparation methods: ISO 8504.ISO 8504.

Part 1 General principles. Part 2 Abrasive blast-cleaning.Part 3 Hand- and power-tool cleaning.


• Methods• Effectiveness• Fields of application

ISO 8504 ISO 8504 -- 22Abrasive blastAbrasive blast--cleaningcleaning


• Methods• Equipment to be used• Procedure to be

followed

ISO 8504 ISO 8504 -- 33HandHand-- and Powerand Power--tool Cleaningtool Cleaning


ISO 8504 ISO 8504 -- 11General PrinciplesGeneral Principles

• Selection of methods


Method 1:

Method 2:

Method 3:

Method 4:

Method 5:

Determination of wet film thickness.

Determination of dry-film thickness by calculation from mass

Measurement of dry-film thickness by mechanically contacting method

Measurement of dry-film thickness by the profilometer method

Measurement of dry-film thickness using microscope method

Paints and varnishes Paints and varnishes -- Determination of Determination of film thickness: ISO 2808 film thickness: ISO 2808 -- 97 97 (1 of 2)(1 of 2)


Method 6:

Method 7:

Method 8:

Method 9:

Method 10:

Magnetic method

Eddy current method

Non-contact methods

Gravimetric method (dissolving methods)

Determination of dry-film thickness on blast-cleaned steel substrates

Paints and varnishes Paints and varnishes -- Determination of Determination of film thickness: ISO 2808 film thickness: ISO 2808 -- 97 97 (2 of 2)(2 of 2)


Wet paint100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Microns

Steel

Thickness given in microns

Wet Film Measuring CombWet Film Measuring CombISO 2808 ISO 2808 -- 97 Method No.197 Method No.1


Paints and varnishes Paints and varnishes -- Determination of Determination of film thickness: ISO 2808 film thickness: ISO 2808 -- 9797Method No. 6: Magnetic method

• Magnetic (Method 6B) or magnetic instrument (Method 6A) for measuring total DFT

• Instruments for magnetic, metallic substrates• Calibration must be done in accordance

with instructions from the manufacturer• Before testing the paint system

must be properly cured.


Paint and varnishes Paint and varnishes -- Determination of Determination of film thickness: ISO 2808 film thickness: ISO 2808 -- 9797

Method No. 7 - Eddy current method

• High frequency electromagnetic instrument• For non-magnetic substrates• Calibration in accordance with the

manufacturers instruction


Method No. 10 - On blast cleaned steel substrates• Electromagnetic instruments• Calibration on a smooth steel surface min. 1,2 mm thick• For DFT not less than 25 microns and above 50 microns• Number of readings, as a guide:

– Reference area: at least 3 readings evenly– 2 reference areas every square meter on flat plates– 3 reference areas every length of a web– 2 reference areas every metre length for a flange– 2 reference areas every metre length for a pipe

Paint and varnishes Paint and varnishes -- Determination of Determination of film thickness: ISO 2808 film thickness: ISO 2808 -- 9797


Measuring DFT on Small Areas Measuring DFT on Small Areas According to SSPC According to SSPC -- PA 2PA 2

Procedure1. Area of 10 m2: 5 spot measurements2. Each spot measurement: The average of 3 individual

readings made on one small area3. The average of 5 spot measurements must be within

specified range of film thickness4. Single spot measurements may be as low as 80% of

specified minimum film thickness5. Individual readings included in the spot measurements

may be less than 80% of minimum thickness


Number of Film Thickness Number of Film Thickness Measurements acc. to SSPC Measurements acc. to SSPC -- PA 2PA 2

1. 10 m2 5 spots (on each spot: 3 measurements)

2. 30 m2 As for case 1 for each 10 m2

3. Up to100 m2 Select 3 areas, each of 10 m2

4. Above 100 m2 The first 100 m2 as for case 3For each following 100 m2 select randomly one area of 10 m2

Note: If measurements outside the specification for any 10 m2 in case 3 or 4 above are found then each 10 m2 shall be measured

Case Area Selection of Measurements


Glove RagMEK

Rubbing 50 x

No Zinc on the Rag:CuredApproved

Curing Test of Zinc Curing Test of Zinc -- ethylsilicateethylsilicate with with MEK. (ASTM.D4752MEK. (ASTM.D4752--87)87)

A lot of Zinc on Rag:Not curedFurther curing / Reblasting


Adhesion Testing by Knife and Adhesion Testing by Knife and Adhesive Tape: ASTM D 3359Adhesive Tape: ASTM D 3359--8787

• There are two test methods• The method to select depends on the DFT

Methode A: DFT above 125 micronsMethode B: DFT below 125 microns

(Above 125 if wider cuts are used)

Methode A: X - cut. Tape testMethode B: Cross - cut. Tape test


Holiday Detection. Holiday Detection. LowLow Voltage.Voltage.ASTM G 62 Method AASTM G 62 Method A

• Low voltage: < 75 V DC• To detect pinholes, voids or metal particles to

be in the range of 25-250 microns.• Effective for paint films up to a DFT of 500

microns if a wetting agent is used in the water.• This is a non-destructive test.


Holiday Detection. Holiday Detection. HighHigh Voltage.Voltage.ASTM G 62 Method BASTM G 62 Method B

High voltage: 900 - 20.000 V

Used to detect pinholes, voids andareas with thin paint films

This is a destructive test.


Adhesion TestingAdhesion TestingASTM 3359ASTM 3359--87. Method B87. Method B

• < 50 microns = 1 mm apart (11 cuts)• 50 - 125 microns = 2 mm apart (6 cuts)• > 125 microns = Method A or 3 mm between cuts

1. Cuts: 20 mm long2. Brush with a soft brush3. Examine4. Cuts: 20 mm long at 90o on the original cuts5. Brush with...6. Tape 75 mm7. Within 90 + 30 sec. remove tape


CrossCross--cut Test cut Test ISO 2409ISO 2409

Cutting toolSingle bladed knifeMulti-blade cutting tool with 6 cutting edges spaced1 mm or 2 mm apartSpacing of cuts0 - 60 microns - 1 mm spacing, hard substrates60- 120 microns - 2 mm spacing, soft substrates121 - 250 microns - 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates


Procedure:Procedure:• Make 6 parallel cuts with defined space in the coating.• Repeat operation, crossing original cuts at 90o so that a

grid pattern is formed.• Brush with soft brush.• Apply adhesive tape and pull off.• Classify results in accordance with table 1.

CrossCross--cut Testcut TestISO 2409ISO 2409


Classification of Cross Cut TestClassification of Cross Cut Test

Classi-fication Description Appearance of surface Six parallel cuts

0 Completely smooth: none of the squares detached1 Small flakes at the Intersections. Area affected 5 %

2 Flaked along the edges and/or at theIntersections. Area affected: 5-15%

3Flaked along the edges, wholly in large ribbons, and/or partly or wholly on different parts of the squares. Area affected: 15-35%

4Flaked along the edges in large ribbons and/orsome squares have detached partly or wholly. Area affected: 35-65%

5 Any degree of flaking that cannot even be classified by 4.


ISO 4624ISO 4624PullPull--off test for adhesionoff test for adhesion

Procedure:• Test dollies glued onto the coating• Adhesive: Cyano-acrylate or solvent free epoxy• Remove adhesive and coating around the dollies• Pull off test-dollies vertical to the surface• Read adhesion value and report the type of fracture

Fractures:• Adhesion failure - fracture between coats or substrate and 1. coat• Cohesion failure - fracture within a coat


Instruments:Instruments:• Elcometer Adhesion Tester• Saeberg Adhesion Tester (pneumatic)• Hate Adhesion Tester (hydraulic)• PAT

ISO 4624ISO 4624PullPull--off test for adhesionoff test for adhesion


Paint Failures Commonly OccurringPaint Failures Commonly Occurring

• Holidays, too low DFT• Sags and runs• Orange peel• Dry spraying• Over spray• Pinholes, popping• Fish-eye• Wrinkling / lifting

• Sweating• Poor drying / curing• Blisters• Rust penetration• Cracking• Flaking• Chalking• Discolouration


ISO 4628ISO 4628

• Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings

• Designation of intensity, quality and size of common types of defect


Content of the StandardContent of the StandardISO 4628ISO 4628

Part 1 General principles and rating schemesPart 2 Designation of degree of blisteringPart 3 Designation of degree of rustingPart 4 Designation of degree of cracking

Part 5 Designation of degree of flakingPart 6 Designation of degree of chalking

The standard consists of six parts


ISO 4628/1ISO 4628/1Part 1: General principles and rating schemesPart 1: General principles and rating schemes

Uniform deterioration.Rating scheme for designation the intensity of deterioration

consisting of a uniform change in the visual appearance of the paint coating.

Rating Intensity of change0 unchanged, i.e. no perceptible change12345

very slight, i.e. just perceptible changeslight i.e. clearly perceptible changemoderate, i.e. very clearly perceptible changeconsiderable, i.e. pronounced changesevere, i.e. intense change



Scattered defects.Rating scheme for designating the quantity of defects consisting

of discontinuities or other local imperfections of the paint coating.

RatingQuantity of defects

(relative to a test surface area of 1 to 2 dm²)0 none, i.e. no detectable defects

1

2

3

4

5

very few, i.e. some just significant defects

few, i.e. small but significant amount of defects

Moderate, i.e. medium amount of defects

considerable, i.e. serious amount of defects

dense, i.e. dense pattern of defects



Rating scheme for designating the size (order of magnitude) of defects

Class Size of defect0

1

2

3

4

5

not visible under 10 X magnification

only visible under magnification up to 10 X

just visible with normal corrected vision

clearly visible with normal corrected vision (up to 0,5 mm)

range 0,5 to 5 mm

larger than 5 mm


ISO 4628/1ISO 4628/1Test reportTest report

The test report shall contain at least the following information:a) the type and identification of the product tester;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/1);c) the type of defect;d) the intensity of the defect (table 1) or,e) the quantity of the defect (table 2);f) the rating, if any, of the size of the defect in brackets preceded

by the letter “S”.Examples: cratering of top coat : 2 (S3)

whitening : 4rivelling : 3 (S2)


ISO 4628/2ISO 4628/2Part 2: Designation of degree of blisteringPart 2: Designation of degree of blistering

RatingRate the density and size of the blisters in a paint coating by means of the pictorial standards

NOTE - The photographic reference standards have been adopted from ASTM D 714-56The correlation between the ISO and the ASTM rating system is as shown in the table.

Table - Correlation between ISO and ASTM rating systems

Density SizeASTM ISO ASTM ISO

None

(less than few)

Few

Medium

Medium - Dense

Dense

0

1

2

3

4

5

(smaller than 8)

8

6

4

2

1

2

3

4

5


ISO 4628/2ISO 4628/2Part 2: Designation of degree of blisteringPart 2: Designation of degree of blistering

Test reportTest reportThe test report shall contain at least the following information:a) the type and identification of the product tested;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 462/2);c) the numerical rating of the density of blistering;d) the numerical rating of the size of blistering for example:

blisters 2 (S2)Where a test piece exhibits blisters of varying size, quote as the size rating that of the largest blisters which are numerous enough to be typical of the test piece.

e) the date of the examination


ISO 4628/3ISO 4628/3Part 3: Designation of degree of rustingPart 3: Designation of degree of rusting

RatingRatingDesignate the degree of rust formation by reference to the pictorial standards

Degree Area rusted %Ri 0

Ri 1

Ri 2

Ri 3

Ri 4

Ri 5

0

0,05

0,5

1

8

40/50


Assessment of Area Ratio for Assessment of Area Ratio for Corrosion Breakdown Corrosion Breakdown

0.1 %

.

..

...

. ..

.

1.0 %

10 %

30 %

3.0 %

20 %



Correlation between ISO and European rust scalesISO rust scale European rust scale

Ri 0Ri 1Ri 2Ri 3Ri 4Ri 5

Re 0Re 1Re 2Re 3Re 5Re 7

Approximate correlation between ISO and ASTM rust scalesISO rust scale European rust scale

Ri 0Ri 1Ri 2Ri 3Ri 4Ri 5

109764

1 to 2



Test report:Test report:The test report shall contain at least the following information:a) the type and identification of the product tested;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/3);c) the numerical rating of the rusted area;d) the numerical rating of the size of the rust spots, if desired,

for example:Rust: Ri 3 (S4) = rusted area, as a percentage of rust, approximates standard 3, the sizes of the individual rust spots of the order of a few millimeters.



ISO 4628/4ISO 4628/4Part 4: Designation of degree of crackingPart 4: Designation of degree of cracking

RatingRate the quantity of cracking by reference to table 2 of ISO 4628/1 and using as examples figures 1 or2, depending on the type of cracking

Rating scheme for the designation of the size of cracks

Class Size of cracks012345

Not visible under 10 X magnificationOnly visible under magnification up to X 10Just visible with normal corrected visionClearly visible with normal corrected visionLarge cracks generally up to 1 mm wideVery large cracks generally more than 1 mm wide

Three main types of failure by cracking are to be distinguished:a) surface cracks which do not fully penetrate the top coatb) cracks which penetrate the top coat, the underlying coat(s) being substantially unaffected;c) cracks which penetrate the whole coating system


ISO 4628/4ISO 4628/4Part 4: Designation of degree of crackingPart 4: Designation of degree of cracking

Test report:Test report:a) the type and identification of the product tested;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/4);c) the numerical rating of the quantity of cracking;d) the numerical rating of the size of cracking;e) the depth of cracking (a. b. or c), where possible, for example:

cracking 2 (S3) bIf necessary, the standard assessment may be amplified in words, for example “linear cracking”. The use of such comments shall, however, be avoided wherever possible:



ISO 4628/5ISO 4628/5Part 5: Designation of degree of flakingPart 5: Designation of degree of flaking

Scale for the quantity of flakingClass Flaked area

012345

00,10,31315

Scale the average size of areasClass Size of flaking

0

12345

not visible under X magnification

up to 1 mmup to 3 mmup to 10 mmup to 30 mm

larger than 30 mm

The main types of failure by flaking are to be distinguished:

a) Top coats flaking from underlying coat;

b) Whole coating system flaking from substrate


ISO 4628/5ISO 4628/5Part 5: Designation of degree of flakingPart 5: Designation of degree of flaking

Test reportTest reportThe test report shall contain at least the following information:a) the type and identification of the product tested;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/5);c) the numerical rating of the quantity of flaking;d) the numerical rating of the size of flaking;e) the depth of cracking (a or b), for example;

flaking 3 (S2) a


ISO 4628/6ISO 4628/6

Part 6:Rating of degree of chalking by tape methodSelf-adhesive, transparent tape, of width 25 mm + 10 mm

– Chalking is removed by adhering to the tape– Black or white background– Comparing the amount of chalk on the tape with

pictorial reference standard in figure 1


ISO 4628/6ISO 4628/6Part 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape methodPart 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape method

Test reportTest reporta) all details necessary for the identification of the product tested;b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628-6);c) the type of weathering (artificial or natural) of the coating;d) all details necessary for the identification of the adhesive tape

used;e) all details necessary for the identification of the substrate used as

background for the adhesive tape;f) the numerical rating of the degree of chalking;g) any deviation from the procedure specified;h) the date of the examination


Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.The standard consists of 5 parts

Part 1 Introduction

Part 2 Chilled iron grit

Part 3 High carbon cast steel shot and grit

Part 4 Low carbon cast steel shot

Part 5 Cut steel wire

Content of the Content of the Standard ISO 11124Standard ISO 11124


Content of the Content of the Standard ISO 11125 Standard ISO 11125

Methods of test for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.The standard consists of 8 parts

Part 1 SamplingPart 2 Determination of particle size distributionPart 3 Determination of hardnessPart 4 Determination of apparent densityPart 5 Determination of defective particles

and microstructurePart 6 Determination of matterPart 7 Determination of moisturePart 8 Abrasive mechanical properties


Specification for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasive.The standard consists of 10 parts

Part 1 IntroductionPart 2 Silica sandPart 3 Copper refinery slagPart 4 Coal furnace slagPart 5 Nickel refinery slagPart 6 Iron furnace slagPart 7 Fused aluminium oxidePart 8 Olivine sandPart 9 StaurolitePart 10 Garnet

Content of the Content of the Standard ISO 11126 Standard ISO 11126


Content of the Content of the Standard ISO 11127Standard ISO 11127

Test methods for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.The standard consists of 8 parts

Part 1 SamplingPart 2 Determination of particle size distributionPart 3 Determination of apparent densityPart 4 Determination of hardness by a glass slide testPart 5 Determination of moisture contentPart 6 Determination of water soluble

contamination by conductive measurementPart 7 Determination of water soluble chloridesPart 8 Abrasive mechanical properties


Contamination of AbrasivesContamination of Abrasives

• Water• Oil and grease• Chlorides• Sulphates

The abrasives can be contaminated with


The Content of Humidity of the The Content of Humidity of the Abrasives Acc. to ISO 11127 Abrasives Acc. to ISO 11127 -- 55

• Laboratory test

• Requirement: Maximum 0,2 %


Content of Water soluble Content of Water soluble Contaminants acc. to ISO 11127 Contaminants acc. to ISO 11127 -- 66

Conductivity measurementsA sample of 100 g. of the abrasives100 ml of waterShake for 5 minutes and let rest for 1 hourShake again for another 5 minutesMeasure the conductivity at a temperature of 10 oCRequirement: Maximum conductivity of 25 mS/m


• According to ASTM D 4940

• Mix 300 ml of abrasive and 300 ml water

• Stir for 1 min. let stand for 8 min., stir again for 1 min.

Oil content (AB-1)No presence of oil, either on top or as an emulsion after 30 min.

How to Control the AbrasivesHow to Control the Abrasives

Conductivity (AB-1)Fill the liquid for test and measure the conductivity.Max 25 mS/m


Is the Abrasive Free From Is the Abrasive Free From Oil and Grease ?Oil and Grease ?

• Put a handful of the abrasives into a beaker• Pour clean, fresh water into the beaker• Shake the mixture• A film of oil will form on top of the water if

oil or grease are present

This is of particular importance to check when abrasives are recycled


Testing and Evaluation.Testing and Evaluation.Marine Atmosphere Marine Atmosphere (1 of 2)(1 of 2)

Test method Standards CommentsPhysical testingAdhesionAdhesionFlexibilityElasticityHardnessImpact resistanceGlossAbrasion resistance

ISO 2409ISO 4624ISO 1510ISO 1520ISO 2815ISO 6272ISO 2813ASTM D 4060

Before and after exposureBefore and after exposureBefore and after exposureBefore and after exposure

Exposure conditions:SaltsprayProhesion testUV-cabinetCondensation chamberHumidity chamberWeatheringResistance to liquids

ISO 7253 or ASTM B 117

ASTM G 53ISO 6270BS 3900ISO 2810ISO 2812 Oil, petroleum , etc.


Test method Standards Comments

Evaluation of paint films BlisteringRustCrackingDelaminationChalkingScribe

ISO 4628/2ISO 4628/3ISO 4628/4ISO 4628/5ISO 4628/6ASTM D 1654

Evaluation of the liquid paint

Appearance in tin

Application properties

ISO 2431

ISO 2884

“Flow time”

Viscosity

Testing and Evaluation.Testing and Evaluation.Marine Atmosphere Marine Atmosphere (2 of 2)(2 of 2)


Surface RoughnessSurface Roughness

• Stylus instruments• Elcometer Mod. 123• Testex Press-O-film• Microskope• Comparator

–Rugotest No. 3–ISO 8503 etc.


Steel

Rag soaked with solvent

No reaction:Chemically curing

Paint dissolves:Physically drying

Using Solvents to DetermineUsing Solvents to DetermineGeneric Type of PaintGeneric Type of Paint

2 coat paintLifting:

Oxidatively curing


DaylyDayly LogsLogs

• Stål-temperatur• Luft-temperatur• Relativ fuktighet• Duggpunkt• Objekt malt• Navn på relevant personell• Hva ble diskutert• Film-tykkelse (skal måles,

også for flekking veddokking)

• NB-navn, nr, objekt• Prod. nr.• Malingens opprinnelsessted• Eksakt spesifikasjon• Areal - m2

• Forbehandling, spesifisert ogutført

• Andre kommentarer


Surface temperature of the

structure must be minimum

3 3 °°C above the dew pointC above the dew point

Atmospheric Conditions.Atmospheric Conditions.Requirement During Blasting and PaintingRequirement During Blasting and Painting


Part 1 General introduction and classification

Part 2 Silica sandPart 3 Copper Refinery SlagPart 4 Coal Furnace SlagPart 5 Nickel Refinery SlagPart 6 Iron Furnace SlagPart 7 Silica sand

ISO 11126 Standardises the ISO 11126 Standardises the NonNon--metallic Abrasivesmetallic Abrasives


• Thank You !

Paint Inspection and Control

Documents

normal corrected vision

inspect areas difficult

surface roughness characteristics

deciding preparation grades

steel surfaces prepared

cleaned steel substrates

water soluble salts

laboratory test method