Page 1 Page 1 Technology and Architecture to Enable the Explosive Growth of the Internet Abu (Sayeem) Reaz University of California, Davis, USA Group Presentation.

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Technology and Architecture to Enablethe Explosive Growth of the Internet

Abu (Sayeem) ReazUniversity of California, Davis, USA

Group PresentationFebruary 08, 2011

Adel A. M. Saleh, Jane M. Simmons

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A high-level vision foraddressing the challenges based on both

technological and architectural advancements

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Traffic Growth Predictions

• Current annual rate of growth is 40 to 50 percent 1

• Internet will grow at a compound rate of 35 percent from 2008 to 2013 2

• Year-over-year IP traffic growth rate to be 45 percent 3

1. A. Odlyzko, “Minnesota Internet Traffic Studies (MINTS)”; www.dtc.umn.edu/mints/home.html2. Cisco, “Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2008–2013,” White Paper, June 9, 20093. A. Colby, “AT&T, NEC, Corning Complete Record-Breaking Fiber Capacity Test,” May 11, 2009;

news.soft32.com/att-nec-corning-complete-recordbreaking-fiber-capacity-test_7372.html

~ 40%

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Traffic Growth Rate

Level of traffic for various compound annual growth rates (CAGR). At 40 percent CAGR, the traffic level will increase by a factor of 1000 in roughly 20 years.

;V(t0) : start value, V(tn) : finish value, tn − t0 : number of years

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Current Network Condition

• Current 80 × 40 Gbps transmission systems are about 1/3 full

A growth of 350 times needed

• Optical Bypass Less electronic terminating equipment

• Optical reach is at the order of 2000 km to 2600 km

We need to have our cake and eat it too!

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To Meet the Challenges…

Technological advancements increase the realizable capacity of fiber and

routers/switches

Architectural enhancements decrease the traffic burden on the network

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Transmission

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Technology: Spectral Efficiency

Spectral efficiency: the ratio of the information bit rate to the total bandwidth consumed

• 80 × 40 Gbps spectral efficiency of 0.8 b/s/Hz

• 80 × 100 Gbps spectral efficiency of 2.0 b/s/Hz

• Realizable spectral efficiency limit ~ 4 b/s/Hz per polarization 80 × 400 Gb/s system with Dual-polarization

“As compared with today’s 40 Gb/s systems, 8 b/s/Hz represents a factor of 10 increase in transmission capacity, which is clearly insufficient to meet long-term projections of traffic growth.”

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Technology: Expanded Transmission Band

C band: conventional (“erbium window”) 1530–1565 nmL band: long wavelengths 1565–1625 nm

• L-band is the most likely choice for expansion ~65 nm of spectrum across the C- and L-bands (a current system* already supports 54 nm across the C- and L- bands with a single amplifier)

• A single amplifier across the spectrum and tunable transponders

Expanding the transmission band will result in a factor of two increase in system capacity; e.g., a 160 × 400 Gbps system

* D. A. Fishman, W. A. Thompson, and L. Vallone, “LambdaXtreme Transport System: R&D of a High Capacity System for Low Cost, Ultra Long Haul DWDM Transport,” Bell Labs Tech. J., 2006.

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Technology: Multicore Fiber

• Multiple fibers scaling of optical amplifiers & port-size of all-optical switching devices (e.g., ROADMs) higher cost + energy

• Multiple core per fiber with all the benefits of single-core fibers

• Operational with single amplifier and connector with about 2500 km reach

• Major challenge: cross-talk across cores, still in “demo”

Seven cores per fiber with spectral efficiency and expanded band yield about a factor of 140 increase in capacity of transmission systems

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Architecture: IP Packing

• Burstiness of IP traffic “headroom” avg. fill rate of IP links in the US Internet is about 25%

• ↓ IP Flow + ↑ Line-rate = smoothness fill rate 65% is feasible

• This benefit is for IP traffic only

IP Packing yields about a factor of 2 benefit!

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Architecture: Multicasting, Asymmetric Traffic, Improved Caching• Multicast when possible (e.g., Video Distribution)

• Provision as needed Asymmetry (and MLR!)

• Internet as Cloud store and let store at a nearby location

• Outcome depends on application

A combination of these yield about a factor of 4 benefit!

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Architecture: Dynamic Networking

• Reconfigurable equipments such as ROADMs and tunable transponders enable remote and dynamic connection setup

• A “push-pull” area of development research underway to provide setup time on the order of 100 msec to 1 sec

• Delivers bandwidth when and where needed decrease network cost and capacity requirement

Dynamic networking yields about a factor of 5 benefit!

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Factors Affecting Transmission

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Routers

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Technology: IP Routers

• The focus is IP layer finer granularity and more challenging to scale

• Increased router size: higher cost and power consumption

• Even with 20% better power efficiency per year*, after 20 years, a single 3000 Tbps router will consume 350 KW

“Even if larger routers are possible, the operational challenges of deploying such a large device are impetus to consider architectural

innovations that can mitigate their need.”

* J. Baliga et al., “Energy Consumption in Optical IP Networks,” IEEE/OSA JLT, 2009

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Architecture: IP Packing

• Higher fill rate for IP traffic lower # of wavelengths needed to carry the traffic

• Translates to half as many ports needed on the IP routers

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Architecture: Optical Aggregation

• Optical aggregation more suitable for edge as they usually require collision management and/or scheduling

• Increased amount of traffic can be efficiently packed at edge does not undergo further grooming at core

• Reduced burden at core IP router lower electronic processing

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Architecture: Others

• Multicasting, Asymmetric Traffic, Improved Caching, and Dynamic Optical Networking

• Many connections that will benefit from these factors represent wavelength services, which probably will bypass the IP routers. As a result, their contribution may be small

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Factors Affecting IP Router Size

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Summary

• Internet traffic is doubling approximately every two years, leading to a factor of 1000 growth in the next two decades

• Requires advances in both technology, to increase the capacity of transmission and routing/switching systems, and architecture, to effectively reduce the capacity requirements

• Addressed only the backbone portion of the network, access networks will need to scale as well, through a combination of advanced broadband fiber, cable, and wireless technologies