Paediatric Refractive Error among Hospital Attending Population in the Maldives Rajendra Gyawali Consultant optometrist, Male’ Eye Clinic Maldives Lecturer Optometrist, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea Fathimath Nestha Mohamed Consultant optometrist, Male’ Eye Clinic Maldives Nabin Paudel Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand Rajendra Gyawali Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea Email: [email protected]
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Paediatric Refractive Error among Hospital Attending Population in the Maldives Rajendra Gyawali Consultant optometrist, Male’ Eye Clinic Maldives Lecturer.
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Paediatric Refractive Error among Hospital Attending Population in
the MaldivesRajendra Gyawali
Consultant optometrist, Male’ Eye Clinic MaldivesLecturer Optometrist, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea
Distribution of Uncorrected, Presenting and best corrected visual acuity in better eye (N=4436)
Visual acuity No. (%) with uncorrected VA No. (%) with presenting VA No. (%) with best corrected VA
6/6->6/9 3215 (72.48) 4107 (92.58) 4177 (94.16)
6/9->6/18 795 (17.92) 213 (4.80) 182 (4.10)
6/18->3/60 401 (9.04) 107 (2.41) 73 (1.65)
≤3/60 25 (0.56) 9 (0.21) 4 (0.09)2.62% 1.74%
1221 (27.5%)
REFRACTIVE ERROR Refractive Error
28.0% SE Myopia
21.3%SE Hyperopia
1.6% Astigmatism
*5.1%
-1.64D±2.5Male -1.66DFemale -1.62D
MYOPIA
– Pakistan (3.7%)– Nepal (1.2%), rural India (4.1%), Chile (6.8%),
urban India (7.4%) and Iran (4.3%) – China (16.2%), Hongkong (36.7%)
• ↑Age = ↑Myopia Prevalence (fluctuation) • Higher prevalence in male (all the age except for 7 years)
21.3%
HYPEROPIA
• 5.8% in Pakistan• Rural India (0.8%) and Nepal (1.4%) • China (3.5%), Iran (5.4%), Chile (7.7%) and
urban India (16.3%)
A higher prevalence of hyperopia was observed in children of lower age cohorts
1.6%
RESULTS
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Hyperopia Male
Hyperopia Female
Myopia Male
Myopia Female
Age (Years)
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
-0.71D -2.19D
-1.06D -2.22D
12.8%
18.1%
6.9% 1.2%
-0.85D -2.20D
ASTIGMATISM
• 17.6% of eyes• Iran (11.5%), China (15%) and Chile (19%); • Lower than Singapore (28.3%) • Higher than Nepal (2.2%), rural India (2.8%) and urban India (5.4%)
• WTR 86.9%; ATR 8.9%; OA 4.1% • No gender difference • WTR astigmatism decreased and ATR astigmatism increased with
age.
• Prevalence and amount was associated with younger age but not with the gender.
• 2.06DC at 5 years 0.86DC at 15 years
ANISOMETROPIA
• 3.3% of the children• Comparable with 3.8% in Iran • Less than Hong Kong (9.2%) and Australia (9.0%)
• Mean anisometropia 1.94±1.16D – No age (p=0.4) and gender (p=0.9) differences
• More in myopic children than hyperopic
CONCLUSION
• Refractive errors, myopia and astigmatism in particular, are common in school-age children in Maldives.
• Refractive error characteristics vary with age and gender
• Prevalence of all forms of visual impairment is considerably high
• Almost one fourth of the children who need spectacles are not wearing them