Pacific Data - Moana Research

Pacific Data Sovereignty Network

CONSULTATIONDOCUMENTFebruary 2021

Prepared by Moana Research for the Pacific Data Sovereignty Committee and Network

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Introduction

Background

Facilitating relationships and authentic engagement

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CONTENTS

What is “Pacific Data Sovereignty” and why do we need it?

Roles and Responsibilities

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Why do we need Pacific data sovereignty?

Membership

Collective action for collective gains

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What is ‘Pacific’ Data?

Function

Influencing and informing policy and practice13

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What is ‘Pacific Data Sovereignty’?

Meetings

Collaborating with Pacific communities

Pacific data frameworks and relevant models for PDSNWhat has been

achieved so far?

Confidentiality

Developing a Charter & Guidelines Document

Conflict of Interest

Reimbursement

Review Provisions

Recommendations & steps going forward.

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Global Indigenous Data Alliance (Global Indigenous Data Alliance, 2016)

Steps going forward.

Table 1. FAIR Principles

References:

Table 2. CARE Principles

Appendix 1 - Pacific Data Sovereignty Committee members

Māori Data Sovereignty: Guiding Principles (Te Mana Raraunga, 2015)

Appendix 2 - Terms of Reference for PDS Committee

Pacific peoples: rights, valued and values, interests and knowledge.

Authority and Autonomy for Pacific

PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY NETWORK

Purpose of the group

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Integrity and ethics

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“Pacific people must take ownership of who we are, and what we are, and what we call our own. Our data, our Pacific heritage, our new creations. The sources of our liberations are alive in us, in the form of our languages and core values of our Pacific societies and especially our Christian faith. From these, we can create the tools and institutions that can set us free and allow us to thrive once more as proud and independent daughters and sons of the living God.

In taking responsibility for our own survival and growth in the choices we make we gain meaning and worth. For the seeds that we will sow in our children today will be watered with the vibrant colors of our truths, nourished in the laughter of our triumphs and the tears and blood of our struggles. The power of ideas will fuel our survival and transformation. Ideas weathered in action. For in our Pacific way, our role is not to contemplate the universe but to transform it.

Data Sovereignty is not just about ownership of the collection, storage, retrieval, accessibility, application, and dissemination of individual groups and cultural information. It is about taking charge of our destiny. It allows for an understanding of who we are, where we came from, and where we aspire to go.

We are on a crusade not just to create a better future for our Pacific people, but to give our children and people something grander, something worthy of their commitment skills and time.”

Dr ‘Ana Tuafe’ulungaki, Pacific Data Sovereignty Seminar; Manukau; November 2019

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DR ANA TUAFE'ULUNGAKI

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INTRODUCTIONThis scoping document presents information to guide the consultation on a newly established Pacific Data Sovereignty Network (PDSN). The inaugural PDSN committee members and network members actively advocate for Pacific Data Sovereignty at a strategic level, and on a regional to national scale.

Section 1: What is Pacific Data Sovereignty, and why do we need it?Section one will reflect on the critical question: Why is Pacific Data Sovereignty important? Further, laying out key concepts such as:

1. What is “Pacific Data?”

2. What is meant by “Pacific Data Sovereignty?.”

These fundamental lines of inquiry establish a basis to the purpose and basis of this important work.

Section 2: What has been achieved, so far? Section two will consider the relevant actions and insights to date. Key findings from the 2019 Pacific Data Sovereignty Network Seminars will be considered. This includes the recommendations that emerged from the seminar plenaries and workstreams, such as the ethnic specific forums of Talanoa.

Section 3: Pacific Data Sovereignty Network (PDSN) guiding Principles. Section three introduces the PDSN Guiding principles. Your feedback regarding the guiding principles is paramount. Throughout this consultation framework, particularly this section, questions and considerations will be asked of you. If you can kindly contribute your thoughts, perspectives, understandings, and critique.

Section 4: Recommendations and steps going forward.The last section outlines the recommendations and actionable items going forward to progress the PDSN purpose and aspirations.

Your feedback is appreciated and will be collated and reviewed by the PDSN to enhance this shared document and strengthen the content. The amendments will be implemented accordingly. Further, up to date versions will be socialized and circulated to the network via the PDSN website.

THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE AS FOLLOWS:

This group strives towards a unified voice and collective guardianship of data and information regarding Pacific peoples living in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

We seek your feedback and acknowledge that the process for exploring the following sections, are iterative for collective input.

The following information reflects the relevant knowledge and insights to date. This consultation document is informed by the 2019 Pacific Data Sovereignty Seminars (appendix 3), PDSN Committee meetings, workshops, and deliberations.

There is an expectation that these sections will be built upon or amended during the consultation process. Thus, iterations will be made as per directed by PDSN Committee and network consultations findings.

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"Pacific Data Sovereignty"

WHAT IS

and why do we need it?

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WHY DO WE NEED PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY?

Throughout history, Pacific people have moved within and across nations as expert navigators of the sea, exploring and migrating across oceans. Accordingly, their resources, culture, and philosophies of the world were never restricted to Island boundaries but have been traced wherever Pacific people reside (Naepi, 2015; Thaman, 2003).

Hau’ofa (1993) accentuates this by noting that the “Ocean is in us,” emphasizing the importance of the value system and knowledge that Pacific people hold. It is these values that are usually passed on from one generation to the next (Hau'ofa, 1993).

Of Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian ancestry, Pacific people have lived in New Zealand for over a century. In this context, the Pacific is defined as those who identify as being of Melanesian, Micronesian, or Polynesian ethnicity. Pacific people are a unique population who are often researched (McPherson, Spoonley & Anae, 2001; Naepi, 2015; Health Research Council of New Zealand, 2014).

Findings often portray Pacific people from a deficit framework. Although this is pertinent, the accountability to respond to these findings is equally as, if not more imperative, especially when considering how the significance of data is a potential solution in addressing the ethnic specific inequities that Pacific experience.

With respect to the inherent rights that we as Pacific hold - Pacific Data is:

1. A living taonga that reflects and derives from our history presents realities and future aspirations.

2. Pacific Data considers and values the history of Pacific information, knowledge, and data. It ought to be conceptualized and understood from emic insider Pacific perspectives, therefore within Pacific frameworks. Further, for some – data can only be categorically ‘Pacific’ if collated, analysed, accessed, managed, and shared by Pacific peoples through a Pacific lens. This upholds the cultural filter that is embedded in traditional values and knowledge systems.

Pacific Data exists across terrains residing in traditional knowledge, scientific knowledge, digital spaces, and spiritual realms, which narrates a story of Pacific peoples, and builds on known or assumed facts (Kukutai & Taylor, 2016; Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

Setting the contextPacific people are a unique population within Aotearoa New Zealand and across the diaspora. They are often and consistently researched. The framings and findings about Pacific Peoples have significantly been portrayed through a deficit framework and etic ‘outsider’ perspectives (Tualaulelei & McFall-McCaffery, 2019).

Despite centuries of cultural and traditional oratory, generations of storytelling, strong transmissions of knowledge, and expansive datasets of knowing, believing, and experiencing; Pacific peoples have not always held the pen detailing the memoirs of their migration stories, journeying through foreign lands, and expressing past histories, present realities, and future aspirations, as People of the Pacific (Suaalii-Sauni & Fulu-Aiolupotea, 2014).

Yet our oratory traditions continue to remind us of the empowerment that stems from being the tellers of our own stories, the advocacy and strength-based lenses that is inherently applied when we pen our own experiences, and the rigorous accuracy and authentic representation when we center knowledge about us, from primarily us (Naepi, 2015).

That is why Pacific data sovereignty is so important. As the rightful stewards of the stories and testimonies, Pacific people have the right to govern the collection, ownership, and application of data about Pacific communities and peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand. The data formats are inclusive of digital data and data as knowledge and information. It encompasses data, information, and knowledge about Pacific individuals, collectives, entities, lifeways, cultures, and resources (Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

The challenge, however, persists, in that Pacific people alongside other indigenous peoples have not been consistently engaged, as the shift towards open data and open science occurs (Global Indigenous Data Alliance, 2016; Kukutai & Taylor, 2016).

As Pacific, it is categorically true, that within Aotearoa; we are not indigenous peoples, rather children of the migration. As statistics have illustrated, we are migrants facing unique inequities and adversity. For this transformative work to take place, the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network aims to guide discussions and areas of the decision-making process (Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

As such, Pacific Data Sovereignty is crucial for Pacific people as data is a potential solution and strategic channel to mobilise Pacific people’s stories to create better outcomes. PDSN has the potential to unite Pacific peoples to lead the charge for data that advocates for equity, mediates Pacific solutions, and enables a reclamation in our Pacific oratory and storytelling.

Deriving from the 2019 Pacific Data Sovereignty seminar and committee talanoa; Pacific data is multi-faceted, complex, dynamic, evolving and exists in and throughout systems and Va (relational space that relates) (Airini, Anae, Mila-Schaff, Coxon, Mara & Sanga, 2010; Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

WHAT IS 'PACIFIC' DATA?

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WHAT IS 'PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY'?

For the scope of the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network, Pacific Data will firstly refer to Pacific in Aotearoa New Zealand. However, an aspiration and future direction will be to facilitate and foster partnerships with Island nations, to create authentic engagement, and progress the Pacific Data Sovereignty praxis, together.

3. Pacific data refers to data produced by Pacific or that is about Pacific and the environments we have relationships with. These include coverage of Pacific Data. However, Pacific data is not insular, and there are existing bodies of data that are not by or for Pacific, but still of relevance.

• Data from Pacific can include, but is not limited to – traditional cultural information, oral literature, ancestral knowledge, Pacific epistemology, language, tribal histories and stories, data from Pacific entities.

• Data about Pacific can include but is not limited to information collated by Government agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) such as commercial data, demographics, legal, health and social data.

• Data about our resources and environment ay include information about land history, migration stories and voyages across the diaspora.

4. Data includes digital spaces and platforms that are about people and resources. Pacific data is knowledge and information that influences Pacific lives both at the micro – individualistic to macro – collective levels.

5. Pacific Data includes but is not limited to:

• Data from organisations and businesses

• Data about Pacific that is used to describe or compare Pacific peoples

• Data about Pacific that emerges from research

‘Nothing is about Us – Pacific Peoples – without us – Pacific Peoples.’

Pacific Data Sovereignty acknowledges that diversity exists across Pacific peoples and cultures. Even so, across the unique differences, there are elements and ties that unify us as the People of the Moana.

Pacific Data Sovereignty is understanding our ancestral heritage while upholding the ethos that ‘Nothing is about Us – Pacific Peoples – without us – Pacific Peoples.’ This ensures that the lineage of Pacific Data paves its paths and linkages back to Pacific ancestors and the generations following to present-day Pacific peoples (Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

Te Mana Raraunga – a group of Māori researchers have identified that being unified within the workforce is challenging but necessary to establish and solidify Indigenous Data Sovereignty efforts (Te Mana Raraunga, n.d.; Kukutai & Taulor, 2016). Thus, seeking and protecting Pacific data will not be an easy voyage to navigate. Yet the capacity and capability of our Pacific peoples to obtain governance over their own data will be transformative for decision making, policy, systems change, the privileging of our voices and frameworks in spaces that may have traditionally resisted it or misrepresented our stories and perspectives (Moana Research & Ministry for Pacific Peoples, 2019).

Beyond the transformations, it is the right of Pacific Peoples to take ownership over their own data, what happens to it, how it is collated, used, analysed, presented, and disseminated.

As the world moves increasingly to open data environments which are subject to the laws of the nation which it is stored; Pacific Data Sovereignty is both a welcomed challenge and an aspiration, where the network will advocate for ‘Our Data, Our Sovereignty, Our Future.’

Pacific data matters as it may detail the problems we face as Pacific, but also emergent from it is the solutions that will be effective. This is reminiscent of the Samoan Proverb - e fofo e le alamea le alamea; the solutions lie within our communities.

Pacific data sovereignty needs but will also construct social connectedness between communities, organisations, and agencies. The unifying of Pacific people, followed by identifying and playing on the strengths of each person and group, will enable progress.

Pacific data sovereignty is therefore focused on:

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1. Do you agree with the definitions for 'Pacific Data'? (Yes/No_

a. Why or why not?

2. Are there relevant concepts or definitions of 'Pacific Data' that can further this working definition? (open text)?

1. Do you agree with the provided definition of Pacific Data Sovereignty? What is missing/would you change?

2. What aspirations do you have for Pacific data sovereignty — short-term, medium-term and long-term?

• Rights and responsibilities to determine the means of collection, access, analysis, management and dissemination of Pacific data or data deriving from Pacific data – inclusive of historical, existing, and impending datasets.

• Producing information from and/or about Pacific peoples is driven by epistemologies, Pacific cultural values, Pacific traditional knowledge systems and that Pacific people maintain these.

• Pacific peoples understanding of what data exists, the sources, access pathways, data management, the purpose of collection, how it was used and will be used in future. This will allow for Pacific stewardship of data that is enhancing and not destroying the vitality and wellbeing of Pacific communities and families.

• Acknowledging the source of knowledge and from where data derives. Strategic and legal recognition of the Pacific as stewards of the interests that the data represents. This may entail authority and ownership of data bout Pacific, Pacific values, and Pacific interests. Ergo, data is curated and cared for by Pacific people.

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WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED SO FAR?ABOUT THE PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY NETWORK

The 2019 inaugural Pacific Data Sovereignty Network SeminarThe Pacific Data Sovereignty Network (PDSN) was established on the 29th of November 2019 during an inaugural Seminar held in Manukau, Auckland. The seminar sought to gain understanding and discuss perspectives of the concept of Pacific Data Sovereignty. The seminar provided a forum to bring together interested individuals and organisations to promote and discuss the concept of ‘Pacific Data Sovereignty.’

The participants included health workers, teachers, social workers, policymakers, managers, researchers, funders and planners, tertiary institutions, students in midwifery, nursing, medicine, allied health and other health programmes, community health workers, childbirth facilitators, allied workforce, and community leaders.

The objectives of the seminar included:1. Talanoa about the importance of collecting, obtaining, and protecting data.

2. Fostering open conversations among delegates to progress collective thoughts and ideas on Data Sovereignty for Pacific People

3. To aggregate and unify health, education, social development, and other stakeholders who engage with Pacific communities.

4. Further, to discuss the importance and considerations in the Pacific framework.

The PDSN CommitteeThe PDSN is led by a Committee consisting of twelve independent representatives from across the Pacific network and ex-officio members representing government agencies such as the Ministry for Pacific Peoples and Statistics New Zealand (appendix 1).

Each PDSN Committee member offers rich experience, knowledge, and a passion to ensure collective efforts and understandings towards Pacific Data Sovereignty, in which Pacific data ought to and is subject to Pacific governance, and aspirations.

The world is transitioning rapidly into an increasingly open data environment with enormous amounts of data yielded across diverse platforms at a rapid rate. Because of this, the PDSN advocate that the rights and interests of Pacific peoples within data is protected, promoted, and honored.

PDSN SecretariatMoana Research has volunteered the secretariat functions for the PDSN, helping to facilitate the following activities:

• Coordination of PDSN Committee meetings.

• Establishing and maintaining PDSN communications through an e-newsletter and webpage.

• Consultation and development of a Pacific Data Sovereignty Charter.

• Facilitation of meetings and seminars for the PDSN

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The responses and talanoa are as follows: • Pacific representation is integral and “there needs to be Tongans at the table to various question variables.” Tongans can mobilise the Tongan community. Building capacity and capability in different areas, among Tongan professionals is therefore important.

• Quantitative and qualitative methods and data have equal importance among one another and are complimentary. It requires skills to ask questions and get a response for data. Qualitative is more time consuming, and investment is needed.

• It is difficult at times to obtain our own data “I think the thing is Pacific NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations) and government agencies are so defensive when it comes to data, and its ownership. It’s so hard to pull data out from other agencies and it gets toxic. I’m hoping we can seek that out. We have to understand the system.”

• Ethnic specific data is important as it can reflect the heterogeneity across Pacific groups and to read data and understand data specific to Tongan people is advantageous.

• Action points which were discussed included:

• Set up a Tongan database.

• Use the database to mobilise Tongan communities to connect, unite and talanoa.

• Duty of care - we must not exploit our communities for the sake of evidence gathering. Protection is required among our communities.

Realm Countries Workshop (Niue, Cook Islands and Tokelau)The Realm Countries workshop focused on:

A. Why is it important to protect data for Pacific nations?

The responses of the talanoa are as follows:

• It is important to look at the aspects of collecting data and protecting data. Are these efficient? What can be changed? What needs to be changed? It would be great to use data to link the genetics behind our people.

• The way we are currently using data, is it benefitting our people? For example, as we identify data from education systems, can we use this information to improve education outcomes within schools. A look at the number of ‘underachieving’ students among Maori and Pacific, does not necessarily tell us the ‘why’ behind it.

• How are we using data to enhance the livelihoods of our population? It is vital to look at how data can be collected, who is collecting it and whether it is a correct reflection into questions/concerns for Pacific people.

• As government agencies collect data for various causes, how effective are these agencies in engaging with and gaining a response from Pacific families. It is concurrent how Pacific people ‘tell you what you want to hear’ rather than what is necessarily accurate. Why is this the case? Language barriers? Difference in understanding? All important aspects to identify and make changes towards.

• It is important to be mindful of the cultural biases and measures taken to attain data. When we look at the national census, why is the response rate from Pacific families exceptionally low?

• The most critical issue is how we can better address the deficit present within data sovereignty. How can we move forward from here? What is classified as a great need?

Ethnic specific workstreams for talanoaRegarding Pacific Data Sovereignty, it is important to know and understand the diversity across all Pasifika, and what unifies us.

It was important to recognise the cultural expertise present during the seminars and provide a space to acknowledge the uniqueness that each group brought to the table.

During the 2019 inaugural Pacific Data Sovereignty Seminars, the delegates participated in ethnic-specific workstreams for talanoa. The ethnic-specific workshops included Tongan, Samoan, and the realm counties of Niue, Cook Island and Tokelau.

Samoan WorkshopThe Samoan workshop focused on:

A. What is your understanding of Pacific Data Sovereignty?

B. And How can we understand Pacific Data Sovereignty from a Samoan perspective?

The responses and talanoa are as follows: • Pacific Data Sovereignty is similar to constructs and concepts within the Treaty of Waitangi. Relevantly, the terms and meanings of ‘sovereignty’ and ‘ownership’ still leaves the question of: who owns the data?

• There needs to be a literal translation of ‘sovereignty’ in the Samoan language. There may be different interpretations across the island and varying views of sovereignty. The correct definitions and conceptualizations of sovereignty will assist in effective data collection and future research.

• As we generously share knowledge – how do we balance generosity with protection? What are the new interventions in gathering data and retaining it?

• Data is our identity. Further action points from today are to begin the conversations about what are effective ways about protecting data? How do we protect ourselves from being exploited via data?

• At times, the need to challenge the system is vital. There needs to be questions to the policies and laws. Therefore, representation of Samoan people at government level positions is integral for Pacific data sovereignty.

• Both qualitative and quantitative data is vital for data collection and the need to identify which one is more beneficial to our Samoan people could help further effective researching.

Tongan WorkshopThe Tongan workshop focused on:

A. Potentially, what would Tongan peoples potentially like to explore in the space of Pacific Data Sovereignty?

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Following the seminar, key recommendations were proposed. The following table will present the progress update alongside the respective seminar recommendations.

2019 PDSN Seminar Recommendations

Recommendation one:

Establishment of a Charter and Guidelines. As per informed by this consultation framework and process.

Recommendation two:

To elevate the voices of Pacific peoples, families, community groups, researchers, and organisations across NZ in data and information processes.

Recommendation three:

To promote opportunities in data sovereignty – including roles and membership on Statistics NZ data access and use processes.

Recommendation five:

To connect with the wider Pacific region to ensure Pacific ethnic-specific approaches are integrated.

Recommendation four:

To facilitate forums for talanoa through network and governance meetings, such as an established committee and regular cycle meetings.

Initiated and ongoing

Correspondence and engagement with Statistics New Zealand has been initiated, including representation from Statistics New Zealand on the PDSN committee.

Initiated and ongoing

Completed and ongoing

The inaugural Pacific Data Sovereignty Seminar took place in 2019. There are plans for ongoing forums for Talanoa. Further, committee meetings have been consistently ongoing, and will continue.

Initiated and ongoing

From the outset, the development of the guiding principles and key tenets of the PDSN are as per informed by the Pacific committee and network members. Further, ongoing engagement and partnerships will be established and ongoing to ensure that Pacific voices are included.

Initiated and ongoing

This document derives from these mentioned recommendations and outlines what has been progressed following the seminar.

Actions, progress, and achievements to date

DEVELOPING A CHARTER & GUIDELINES DOCUMENT

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1. Do you agree with the recommendations so far – why/why not?

2. Do you think we should maintain regular PDSN meetings? If so, how often?

3. Would you be interested in Pacific ethnic-specific data sovereignty meetings?

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The FAIR Guiding principles are for scientific data management and stewardship as published in Scientific Data. The principles emphasis machine-actionability (I.e., the capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with non or minimal human intervention) because humans increasingly rely on computational support to deal with the data because of the increase in volume, complexity, and creation speed of data.

Table 2. CARE Principles

Developing a charterThe Pacific Data Sovereignty Network acknowledges the significant undertakings by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA) and Te Mana Raraunga: Māori Data Sovereignty network.

These Kaupapa are synergistically committed to advancing Indigenous Data Sovereignty and governance through the assertion of Indigenous People rights and interests in data. Alongside GIDA and Te Mana Raraunga, the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network advocate for data for the self-determined wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples, through reinforcing the rights to engage in decision making in accordance with Indigenous and cultural values, as well as collective interests.

The following section will:

• Briefly reflect on guiding principles of the Global Indigenous Data Alliance and Māori Data Sovereignty Network.

• Propose iterative guiding principles for Pacific Data Sovereignty. The guiding principles in this section have been yielded from the Pacific Data Sovereignty Seminars, deliberations and talanoa between inaugural committee members and existing literature.

Global Indigenous Data Alliance (Global Indigenous Data Alliance, 2016)

The existent principles that have emerged within open data movement are focused on characteristics of data that has the capacity and function to:

(1) Increase data sharing between and among entities, and

(2) Consequently, and consistently ignore power imbalances and historical contexts.

The focus on increasing data sharing solely generates tension and apprehension for Indigenous Peoples, who are asserting greater control over the application and use of Indigenous data and Indigenous Knowledge for the collective benefit (GDIA, 2020).

The indigenous data governance principles of Be FAIR and CARE are tabulated below:

Table 1. FAIR Principles

Findable

Accessible

Interoperable

Reusable

Firstly, (re)using data needs to be ‘findable.’ Metadata and data should be easy to find for computers and humans.

Once the user finds the required data, she/he needs to know how they can be accessed, including authentication and authorization.

The data usually needs to be integrated with other data. The data needs to interoperate with applications or workflows for analysis, storage, and processing.

The goal of FAIR is to optimize the reuse of data. To achieve this, metadata and data should be well-described to be replicated and/or combined in different settings.

Collective Benefit

Data ecosystems shall be designed and function to enable Indigenous Peoples to derive benefit from the data. Collective Benefit includes inclusive development and innovation, improved governance, and citizen engagement, for equitable outcome.

Indigenous data governance enables Indigenous Peoples and governing bodies to determine how Indigenous Peoples, as well as Indigenous lands, territories, resources, knowledge, and geographical indicators, are represented and identified within data. Critical elements in ‘Authority to Control’ includes: Recognizing rights and interests, data of governance, governance of data

Those working with Indigenous data have a responsibility to share how the data is used to support Indigenous Peoples’ self-determination and collective benefit. Accountability requires meaningful and openly available evidence of these efforts and the benefits accruing to Indigenous Peoples. The critical elements in ‘Responsibility’ includes: for positive relationships, for expanding capability and capacity and for Indigenous languages and worldviews

Critical elements in ‘Ethics’ includes: Indigenous Peoples’ rights and wellbeing should be the primary concern at all stages of the data life cycle and across the data ecosystem. Critical elements in ‘Ethics’ includes: non-maleficence, maximizing benefits, for justice, for future use.

Authority to Control

Responsibility

Ethics

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Māori Data Sovereignty: Guiding Principles (Te Mana Raraunga, 2015)Te Mana Raraunga recognises the need to advance discussions about Māori Data Sovereignty at both governance and operational levels. The work of Te Mana Raraunga will support the realisation of rangatiratanga, kotahitanga, manaakitanga and kaitiakitanga.

The Mana-Mahi framework (Governance-Operations) are based on:

For consultation: Pacific Data Sovereignty Network – Guiding Principles

Mana• Whanaungatanga – denoting that Māori thinking and philosophy relationships are between man, Te Ao Turoa (natural world) and Taha Wairua (spirit).

• Rangatiratanga – speaks to the hapū, iwi/Māori aspiration for self-determination, to be in control of our own affairs and to influence those taking place within our iwi boundaries. This is especially true for activities that have the potential to affect our people (ngā uri whakaheke) or our environment (whenua/moana). Rangatiratanga can be expressed through leadership and participation.

• Kotahitanga - Speaks to a collective vision and unity of purpose while recognising the mana of rangatira from individual hapū and iwi. The foundations of kotahitanga can be found in our whakapapa and reflected in our relationships with each other. This makes space to identify collective aspirations for indigenous data sovereignty and to advocate for activities that benefit all Māori.

Mahi• Whakapapa: Evidences those linkages and identifies the nature of relationships.

• Manaakitanga: This can be expressed through the responsibility to provide hospitality and protection to whānau, hapū, iwi, the community, and the environment. The foundations of manaakitanga rely on the ability of Māori to live as Māori, to access quality education, to have good health, to have employment opportunities and to have livable incomes.

• Kaitiakitanga: Speaks to the hapū, iwi responsibility to be an effective steward or guardian and relates to actions that ensure a sustainable future for all people. Underpinning our existence is the need to protect and enhance Māori knowledge and practices, to strengthen whānau, hapū and iwi and to create sustainable futures.

The Pacific Data Sovereignty network acknowledges the need to progress talanoa about Pacific Data Sovereignty at both a governance and operational level. The iterative guiding principles are as follows:

1. Pacific People: Our interest, rights, values, and knowledge

2. Authority and autonomy for Pacific

3. Facilitating relationships and authentic engagement

4. Collective action for collective equity gains

5. Integrity and Ethics

6. Informing policy and practice

7. Collaborating with Pacific communities

Pacific peoples: rights, valued and values, interests and knowledge.Pacific people are valued, and Pacific values are central. Integrally, Pacific data needs to protect, promote, and honor the interests and aspirations of Pacific people, therefore Pacific people need to derive benefit or equitable outcomes from the data.

Authority and Autonomy for PacificPacific peoples and groups are the key decision-makers, with the authority and autonomy, to decide how Pacific people, land and territories, resources, knowledge, narratives and experiences and other indicators, are represented within data.

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Pacific people are the rightful custodians and stewards of their own information. To re-iterate ‘it is not about us – Pacific Peoples – without us – Pacific Peoples.’ To steward and enact the custodianship of our Taonga of data, requires authority to control data through governance.

Facilitating relationships and authentic engagement The 2019 seminar talanoa emphasized that the network needs to create more room for authentic engagement and effective relationships to progress the Pacific Data Sovereignty work. Pacific people are collective and communal inherently. Thus, to facilitate relationships and authentic engagement includes identifying and leveraging from the capability and capacity of Pacific people as our relationships and networking is important. The relationships are key for collective actions and collective gains, this includes mobilizing our Pacific communities as we accept our purpose and understand that we have a Duty of Care to our Pacific people to continue the momentum and uphold each other to continue the narrative that “nothing is about us, without us.”

Further, working with non-Pacific allies who understand our work to progress Pacific Data Sovereignty.

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PACIFIC DATA FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT MODELS FOR PDSN

Pacific frameworks and epistemologies need to be understood and applied to data that is by and for Pacific. The following frameworks have been discussed during the seminar and committee meetings. We anticipate on the PDSN website, will be a space for relevant models, frameworks, and guidelines to be uploaded and updated.

The frameworks and models includes: 1. Fonofale Model

2. Tivaevae Framework

3. Kakala Model

4. Fa’afaletui Model

5. Turanga Māori Framework

6. Pacific Health Research Council Guidelines

7. KEEP “Knowledge, Engagement, Enablement and Performance” are significant stages in gathering data among Pacific communities.

Collective action for collective gainsThere must be a collective benefit and reciprocity, for Pacific peoples and communities, when collecting data. Consequently, the wellbeing and beneficence of Pacific peoples, such as wellbeing, should be the primary priority across data life cycles and the data ecosystem.

There is a responsibility, therefore, for stewards and custodians of Pacific data to minimize harm, maximize beneficence, uphold justice and equity for Pacific peoples, and ensure that all future use of Pacific data generates collective gains.

Further, data ecosystems need to be designed and function to empower Pacific people to derive benefit from the data. Collective gains include Pacific being included in development, innovation,

improved Pacific governance and Pacific engagement for Pacific to experience equitable outcomes.

Integrity and ethics There is a responsibility and the requirement of the quality and integrity of Pacific data and its collection. Ethics includes Pacific protocol and guidelines for practice. Further Pacific People’s rights and wellbeing is the primary concern at all stages of the data life cycle and across the data ecosystem namely, non-maleficence, maximizing benefits, for justice, for future use.

Influencing and informing policy and practice

A key principle of the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network is influencing and informing policy and practice related to data to assert Pacific rights and interests. This includes advocacy and activism to ensure that data for and about Pacific is protected at levels from policy to practice and implementation. Further, practice should include designing, developing, and maintaining Pacific data infrastructure and security systems.

Collaborating with Pacific communitiesPacific communities and organizations are integral for Pacific Data Sovereignty as there is existing work and commitments to establish Pacific Data Sovereignty. The connections between Pacific peoples will enable collective action, as per above, but also the sharing of ideas, strategies, resources regarding data, and the attainment of a common purpose.

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Can you identify any other relevant models and frameworks that will be

useful and effective when considering Pacific Data Sovereignty?

1. Do you agree with these principles? Are there any principles missing/not appropriate?

2. Which principles align strongly with global indigenous principles?

3. Are there any principles that are specific to Pacific people living in New Zealand? Migrant populations versus indigenous?

Pacific peoples in NZ versus living in the Pacific?

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RECOMMENDATIONS

& STEPS GOING FORWARD.

6. Seek relevant resourcing/funding for sustaining PDS Network activities

and goals. Pacific-specific languages, cultures, and contexts.

As the network becomes more established and activities arise from goals set by the network, funding will be sought from relevant sources to maintain and progress this work.

STEPS GOING FORWARD.The following section will report on these recommendations, indicate the progress made to date, and consider further steps going forward, to progress this significant work.

1. Establish a Pacific Data Sovereignty Network

A link here can be accessed to register your interest and become a member of the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network. We intend to keep you updated and maintain the connections after your registration.

2. Organizations to signal their interest in supporting a Pacific Data Sovereignty Network.

If your organization is interested in supporting the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network or wish to collaborate and partner – please email (insert admin email account for PDSN).

3. Consider the development of a Charter or a guiding document to outline an agreed definition/description of Pacific Data Sovereignty and the key principles for data and information about Pacific peoples.

This document hopes to facilitate this recommendation. Please provide feedback here or email feedback to (insert admin email account for PDSN).

4. Consider the difference between Pacific Data Sovereignty indigenous to Pacific nations and that which is related to the diaspora in New Zealand.

This consultation process will clarify on definitional and diasporic parameters between indigenous to Pacific nations and Pacific residing in New Zealand. We thank you for your feedback.

5. Consider the establishment of Pacific Data Sovereignty Network branches. For example, a separate Tongan branch, Samoan branch, and the like to allow for exploration of Pacific Data Sovereignty concepts within Pacific-specific languages, cultures, and contexts.

This is an ongoing and future consideration and will be progressed parallel to or after the formation and establishing phase for the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network.

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1. In reflection of all that we have covered in this consultation document, what actionable items or recommendations would you

add to 'steps going foward'?

2. Are there any other comments or considerations that you would like the PDSN to consider?

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REFERENCES: APPENDIX 1PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEEAirini, Anae, M., Mila-Schaff, K., Coxon, E., Mara, D., & Sanga, K. (2010). Teu Le Va—

Relationships across research and policy in Pasifika education. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Ministry of Education.

Global Indigenous Data Alliance. (2016). CARE Principles of Indigenous Data Governance. https://www.gida-global.org/care

Hau’ofa, E. (1993). Our sea of islands. In E. Waddell, V. Naidu, & E. Hau’ofa (Eds), A new Oceania: Rediscovering our sea of islands (pp.126–139). Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific.

Health Research Council of New Zealand. (2014). Pacific health research guidelines. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.

Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (Eds.). (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an agenda. Acton ACT, Australia: ANU Press. Retrieved February 3, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1crgf

Macpherson, C., Spoonley, P., & Anae, M. (2001). Pacific peoples in Aotearoa: Introduction. In C. Macpherson, P. Spoonley, & M. Anae (Eds.), Tangata O Te Moana Nui: The evolving identities of Pacific peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand (pp. 11–17). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore.

Naepi, S. (2015). Navigating the currents of Kaupapa Mäori and Pan-Pacific research methodologies in Aotearoa New Zealand. MAI Journal, 4(1), 71–84.

Smith, L. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. London, U.K.: Zed Books.

Smith, D.E. (2016). Governing data and data for governance: The everyday practice of Indigenous sovereignty. In T. Kukutai & J. Taylor (Eds.), Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda (pp. 117–135). Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 132. http://pressfiles.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2140/pdf/book.pdf#page=141

Suaalii-Sauni, T., & Fulu-Aiolupotea, S. M. (2014). Decolonising Pacific research, building Pacific research communities and developing Pacific research tools: The case of the talanoa and the faafaletui in Samoa. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(3), 331–344.

Te Mana Raraunga. (n.d.). Our Charter. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from https://www.temanararaunga.maori.nz/tutohinga

Thaman, K. H. (2003). Decolonizing Pacific studies: Indigenous perspectives, knowledge, and wisdom in higher education. The Contemporary Pacific, 15(1), 1–17.

Tualaulelei, E., & McFall-McCaffery, J. (2019). The Pacific Research Paradigm: Opportunities and challenges. MAI Journal: A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship, 8(2), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.20507/maijournal.2019.8.2.7

Dr El-Shadan TautoloAfter completing a Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry) and a Postgraduate Diploma in Forensic Science, Dr El-Shadan Tautolo became interested in public health after taking an elective paper on the subject.

This prompted El-Shadan to switch career paths and completed a Master of Health Science in Pacific Health at the University of Auckland.

El-Shadan then came to AUT to complete a Doctor of Philosophy as the recipient of a Health Research Council (HRC) Pacific PhD Scholarship, which he graduated from in 2011.

El-Shadan's PhD thesis looked at the health and wellbeing of a cohort of over 800 Pacific fathers. He investigated their fathering practices and how they influence and shape the health and wellbeing of their children. He says New Zealand is a different society to the Pacific and therefore it is important to complete more research to understand how best to support their needs and aspiration.

Dr Polly Atatoa-CarrDr Polly Atatoa Carr is a Public Health Physician within Child and Youth Health at Waikato District Health Board, and Associate Professor of Population Health at the National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis (NIDEA) at the University of Waikato.

Dr David Schaaf‘Dr David Schaaf is currently a Public Health Advisor with Pacific Health Development at Counties Manukau Health DHB and has been a member of the Healthier Lives Governance Group since early 2017.

David has previously worked as Senior Advisor with the Ministry of Health where he helped implement Ala Mo’ui: Pathways to Pacific Health and Wellbeing 2014-2018, the Ministry’s strategic document for monitoring the Health Sector’s performance on improving the health of Pacific people in New Zealand. Other roles have included Principal Research Analyst at the Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs and senior research fellow at the School of Population Health at the University of Auckland. His research interest has been on chronic disease prevention.

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PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEE PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEE

Dr Sam ManuelaDr Sam Manuela is a psychological researcher of both Cook Island and European descent. He has a lecturing position in the School of Psychology at The University of Auckland.

Sam’s PhD focused on the relationship between Pacific ethno-cultural identity and positive wellbeing outcomes. He has a strong background in psychometrics and quantitative methods, which he used to develop the Pacific Identity and Wellbeing Scale. Sam has been heavily involved in UoA’s Tuakana programme, providing support for Māori and Pacific psychology students. He aims to continue this relationship within his position, in addition to developing the quantitative research skills for Pacific researchers and Pacific theoretical understandings of Psychology as a discipline.

Fa’amata LaumaliliSamoan born Faamata (Mata) Laumalili migrated to New Zealand with her parents and siblings in the early 1970s. Mata currently works for the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment. She is the Relationship Manager – Pacific Skills for the Migrant Skills Retention team in the Settlement Unit, a service provided by Immigration New Zealand. Mata has previously held senior policy and relationship management roles with central and local government agencies, including Auckland Council, Housing New Zealand, the Ministry of Social Development, and the Department of Labour.

Mata finds it interesting that she now works for Immigration New Zealand where she first had contact as a migrant. The primary purpose of her role is to support the settlement and retention of Pacific migrants who enter New Zealand through the Samoan Quota Scheme and the Pacific Access Category. The role also supports employers in key businesses that employ Pacific migrants.

Dr Rosalina Richards Associate Professor Richards is a member of the Va’a o Tautai - Centre for Pacific Health at the University of Otago and Co-Deputy Director of the Coastal Peoples Southern Skies Centre for Research Excellence. Rose has a background in psychology and public health and she has been part of the Better Start National Science Challenge Big Data and Healthy Weight teams.

Ivan TavaDirector of the Whanau and Community Insights and Design, PWC New Zealand. Having leadership and team management capabilities at a national and regional level, Ivan has significant expertise leading, coordinating, and prioritising to achieve goals. His qualifications, professional experience and unique skills reflecting robust knowledge of biculturalism in Aotearoa and continuing commitment to Pasifika Education and communities.

His proven understanding of the political environment and strategic implications on project and programme implementation; has enabled and established responsive work plans. Furthermore, his extensive networks and being a well-respected member of the public sector with particularly strong relationships and credibility within the Māori and Pasifika communities throughout New Zealand has been beneficial.

Dr Debbie RyanDr Debbie Ryan is the Principal of Pacific Perspectives, a policy and research consultancy specialising in Pacific Health. Dr Ryan has extensive experience in the health sector as a general practitioner, manager, senior public servant, and researcher. She has qualifications in medicine, public management, and company direction.

Dr Corina GreyDr. Corina Grey is a Director of the board of directors of Vaka Tautua. She is a public health physician and is currently the Pacific health data and insights lead at Auckland District Health Board. Corina has medical and doctoral degrees from The University of Auckland and has worked in various roles at the Ministry of Health, The University of Auckland, and Counties Manukau, Waitematā and Auckland District Health Boards.

Born in Samoa and raised in New Zealand since the age of 5, Corina is passionate about Pacific health equity and improving services and outcomes for those with disabilities and chronic health conditions. In addition to Vaka Tautua, she also currently sits on the board of Diabetes Foundation Aotearoa.

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PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY COMMITTEEMOANA RESEARCH SECRETARIAT

Ellavia HekauEllavia is a research assistant with the Moana Research team. She is a graduate from the University of Otago, having completed a Bachelor of Oral Health in 2018. She completed postgraduate studies at the University of Auckland within the Public Health sector. She is now undergoing a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Otago.

Ellavia was born in New Zealand and raised in the beautiful suburb of Weymouth in South Auckland. She is committed to making a change in her community and engaging in Pacific health.

Nalei TaufaNalei is of Tongan descent (Kolonga, Pangai Ha’apai, Tufuenga Kolomotu’a, ‘Eua) and is a Senior Researcher for Moana Research. Her background is in Health Science, Public Health, Applied Theology and Psychology. Her PhD topic will focus on Pacific communities experiences of COVID-19 (particularly positive cases).

Dr Ofa Ketu’uDr Ketu’u brings significant technical expertise in economic and social statistics, and more than 20 years of experience in leadership positions within the Pacific region. SPC provides a range of technical support to Pacific Island countries and territories for the sound collection and analysis of statistical data to inform evidence-based policy-making as a prerequisite for social and economic development.

She has worked with SPC and Statistics New Zealand. Dr Ketu’u, of Tonga, has a PhD in Development Studies from Auckland University and a Master of Science in Economics from the London School of Economics. Her prior experience includes roles at the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation, the Government of Tonga, and the World Bank.Dr Ketu’u’s high-level skills in the production, dissemination and use of statistics data will stand her in good stead as she assumes the leadership of this important thematic area, including SPC’s contribution to Phase 2 of the Ten Year Pacific Statistics Strategy 2011-2020.

Dr ‘Ana KolotoDr Koloto of Tongan descent and a Pacific Researcher and Tongan academic who has given much of her working life to research on issues that impacts on the lives of Pacific people. With a long and distinguished career in New Zealand and the Pacific region, Dr Koloto is the Director for Research and Evaluation at Ministry of Pacific Peoples.

Jacinta Fa’alili-FidowJacinta is of Samoan descent and is the Chief Executive Officer for Moana Research. Jacinta is a PhD candidate for the University of Auckland, exploring resiliency among Pacific children within the Growing Up in New Zealand Study. Jacinta’s passion to ensure all children have optimal opportunity to thrive in New Zealand, especially Pacific children.

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APPENDIX 2

3. Proposed PDSN Secretariat (Project Lead, Statistician, Project Administrator and Pacific Data Sovereignty Expert Advisors)

a) Coordinate the PDSN Committee Meetings

b) Establish and maintain a PDSN website

c) Consult widely and draft a PDS Charter

d) Organise regular meetings/seminars for the wider PDSN

Membership 4. The Network is currently made up of 36 members, consisting of researchers and representatives from the Ministry for Pacific Peoples, Statistics New Zealand, Counties-Manukau Health, Auckland University of Technology, University of Waikato, University of Auckland, and Moana Research.

5. The PDSN Committee will consist of 12 members (including representation from Ministry of Pacific Peoples and representation from Statistics NZ).

6. A two-year timeframe is recommended to fully establish the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network and systems to ensure ongoing communication and dissemination of information and support, and the development of a final charter and guidelines.

At present, there is no formally agreed definition for Pacific Data Sovereignty. The term however has been employed to describe the application of guardianship principles and practices over data, and data processes pertaining to Pacific peoples1. More consideration is to be given to Pacific Data Sovereignty for New Zealand and the implications for our connections to our own Pacific ethnic-specific connections. Further, the committee alongside the secretariat, will undergo widespread and extensive consultation whereby an integral focus will be understanding “Pacific Data Sovereignty” through a rigorous consultation process.

The Committee proposes the formation of a Pacific Data Sovereignty Secretariat that will ensure effective coordination of the Committee, the Network, and its activities. The proposed Secretariat will comprise of research, data and administrative expertise, and a team consisting of a Project Lead, Statistician, Project Administrator and Pacific Data Sovereignty Expert Advisors.

Roles and Responsibilities 1. PDSN Committee

a) Will consist of 12 members (including one representative from Ministry of Pacific Peoples and one representative from Statistics NZ)

b) Will meet 6 times per annum, including attendance at Network Meetings

c) A Chairperson will be appointed to lead these meetings

d) Will provide expertise, knowledge, and guidance for the Network

2. PDS Network

a) Will meet twice per annum, to establish Charter and Guidelines for the Network

b) Promote opportunities to establish specific Pacific Data Sovereignty Network branches, allowing exploration of Pacific Data Sovereignty concepts within Pacific-specific languages, cultures, and contexts.

Terms of Reference for

PACIFIC DATA SOVEREIGNTY NETWORK

Purpose of the group This document sets out the terms of reference for the Pasifika Data Sovereignty Network (PDSN) and the PDSN Committee. The purpose of this group is to establish a unified voice and collective guardianship of data and information pertaining to Pacific peoples living in New Zealand.

The Network is currently facilitated by Moana Research, and led by an interim Committee. At present, there is no funding to progress many of the essential activities required for data sovereignty, thus process of sourcing investment is a vital part of this establishment and emerging phase for the network.

It is the responsibility of the PDSN Committee to ensure these terms of reference are shared with members, and that those who accept membership agree to these terms

Background The Pacific Data Sovereignty Network (PDSN) was established on the 29th of November 2019 during an inaugural Seminar held in Manukau, Auckland. The purpose of the seminar was to share and discuss perspectives and understanding of the concept of Pacific Data Sovereignty. Following discussions pertaining to the benefits and risks of data collection for Pacific peoples, a list of recommendations were developed amongst key Pacific stakeholders:

I. Establish a Pacific Data Sovereignty Network

II. Organisations to signal their interest in supporting a Pacific Data Sovereignty Network

III. Develop a Charter or a guiding document to outline an agreed definition/description of Pacific Data Sovereignty and the key principles for data and information about Pacific peoples.

IV. Consider the difference between Pacific Data Sovereignty indigenous to Pacific nations and that which is related to the diaspora in New Zealand.

V. Consider the establishment of Pacific Data Sovereignty Network branches e.g. a separate Tongan branch, Samoan branch, etc. to allow for exploration of Pacific Data Sovereignty concepts within Pacific-specific languages, cultures, and contexts.

Following the release of the 2018 Census findings, an interim PDSN committee was established consisting of researchers who came together to advocate for increased transparency and Pacific participation. The Committee also included a representative from the Ministry for Pacific Peoples and Statistics New Zealand. Following the Seminar in 2019 during which the Pacific Data Sovereignty Network was officially established, it was apparent that a more formal process was necessary to nominate and elect representatives onto a Pacific Data Sovereignty Network Committee.

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Function

Meetings

7. The PDSN Committee will meet 6 times per annum, including attendance at Network Meetings. Each member will be expected to attend all meetings (either in person, via teleconference or videoconference). Where a member is unable to attend at least three consecutive meetings, the appointed Chairperson will determine, in discussion with the member, if membership should continue.

8. The quorum for the Committee will be six members.

9. The Network will meet twice per annum. Dates and location for meetings will be disseminated to the Network at least 2 months in advance.

10. Administrative support from the proposed Secretariat for the Committee, will be provided. The Secretariat will arrange meeting dates, venue and circulate an agenda, minutes, and any reading material at least 1 week prior to each Committee meeting.

Confidentiality

11. Network members shall not disclose any confidential information obtained during their activities without the prior approval of the Committee.

12. Any decision of the Network will be final and must be a unanimous decision of all members present.

Conflict of Interest

13. Committee Members will declare any conflict of interest that may impact on Pacific Data Sovereignty.

14. Network Members will not, during the currency of their membership, make any commitments which the Member’s obligations under the Terms of Reference. Members will advise the Chairperson.

Please sign the following if you agree with the terms of reference:

Committee member name (please print) _______________________________

Committee member signature _________________________________________

Date of signing: ____/____/_____

Reimbursement

15. Reimbursement will reflect the State Services policy on reimbursement for meeting fees. The policy does not provide for the payment of fees to persons representing public sector departments or Crown Entities or persons representing taxpayer funded NGOs where participation is part of a contractual obligation. There is no payment for meeting preparation or participation in teleconferences.

16. Pending on funding, travel expenses for Committee members to attend meetings, will be covered. The Secretariat will make all travel bookings as required.

Review Provisions

17. The Pacific Data Sovereignty Network terms of reference and membership will be reviewed every two years. The next review date is September 2022.

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Moana Research PO Box 59244 Māngere Bridge Auckland 2151

moanaresearch.co.nz