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\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar
Xasatnrs
Erfgeln`noafe`Nplc-Ear Duslud
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
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Vailstncl ZrlssE clw olclretanc nh Zum`asgaco
Qnu erl rleiaco e hu`` vlrsanc nh tgas mnnk, hnr hrll!
Ygas mnnk as pert nh tgl Vailstncl l-`amrery wglrl dnst nh
nur
pum`afetancs erl hu``y efflssam`l hnr hrll. Hnr efflss tn
dnrl
hrll mnnks vasat2 www.sailstncl.fnd/`amrery
Inwc`nei Hu`` ZIHXasat tgl Vailstncl l-`amrery tn mrnwsl nur
l-mnnks. Hnr e dacade`
hll ynu fec purfgesl e hu``y hucftance` ZIH eci my inaco sn,
ynu
gl`p tn kllp nur `amrery ruccaco.
www.sailstncl.fnd/`amrery
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Vailstncl Zrlss
tgl ve`ul nh ec
Erfgeln`noafe`
as ac ats usl
Nplc-Ear Duslud
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\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar
Xasatnrs
tgl ve`ul nh ec
Erfgeln`noafe`
as ac ats usl
Nplc-Ear Duslud
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
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=:5= ].Z. Zeerilknnplr
Zum`asgli my Vailstncl Zrlss, @lailcwww.sailstncl.fndVailstncl
rloastretanc cudmlr2 VVZ5656::::5
AVMC 1?7-1:-771:-5:6-9
Zgntnorepgs fnvlr2 Zgntnorepg my Gecs Vp`actlr; liatli myK.
_lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss / D.E. Ral`acske, Dngaca Xasancs
Fnvlr ilsaoc2 K. _lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss@ey-nut2 H. Vtlvlcs /
Z.F. vec _nlrilknd, Vailstncl Zrlss
Vumdattli my ]nl`eci Zaltlrsznnc Zeerilknnplr tn tgl \cavlrsaty
nh Lxltlr es etglsas hnr tgl ilorll nh Inftnr nh Zga`nsnpgy ac
Erfgeln`noy Ac Hlmruery =:5=
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Fnctlcts
@ast nh Haourls 55
Efkcnw`lioldlcts =5
5 Actrniuftanc =6
5.5 gl One` nh gas ]lslerfg =6
= Ygl Gastnry eci Ilvl`npdlct nh Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds
=?
=.5 Actrniuftanc =?
=.= Ilhacatanc =?
=.6 Ilfncstruftaco tgl @atlreturl Vnurfls 65
=.9 gldls 68
=.9.5 ]ndectafasd 67=.9.= Cetance`asd 9:=.9.6 Olrdecy ac tgl
=:tg Flctury 95=.9.9 Vfalcfl eci Lxplradlct 99=.9.< Liufetanc
eci @lercaco 97=.9.8 nurasd, @lasurl eci Lvlcts
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6.8 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs ?6
6.? Hnfussaco tn e Vde``lr Vfe`l2 Fesl Vtuials ?96.?.5 Vl`lftanc
nh tgl Vedp`l Dusluds, Vtrufturl & Vazl nh tgl Vedp`l ?96.?.=
Fn``lftanc nh Iete hrnd Eads eci es lxplralcfli ?86.?.6 Dlesurldlct
nh tgl Uue`aty prnvaili my tgl Duslud
Deceoldlct hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials ?86.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl
Uue`aty lxplralcfli my Duslud Xasatnrs
hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials 7=6.?.< Fncf`usancs 78
6.7 gl Oeps ac Uue`aty 78
6.1 Fncf`usancs 7?
9 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs 71
9.5 Actrniuftanc 71
9.= Vurvlys 71
9.=.5 Harst Vurvly 719.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly 1:9.=.6 Vurvly Ilsaoc
1:
9.6 ypls nh Duslud Iasp`ey 19
9.9 Eol 18
9.< Olnorepgy 17
9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrs 5:6
9.? Klywnris 5:9
9.7 Onvlrcecfl 5: =96?.6.9 Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li>
=98?.6.< Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li tget Iey> =9??.6.8
_atg wgnd erl nurasts vasataco tgl Duslud> =9??.6.? Gnw `nco erl
nurasts steyaco ac tgas Erle> =91
?.9 gl Ilfasanc tn vasat = = =
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Epplciax E2 lrdacn`noy =71
Epplciax M2 @ast nh Zlrsnce` Fnctefts rlhlrrli tn =16
Epplciax F2 Ilsfraptanc nh www.lxerf.clt =1 - hn``nwli my efgert
watg tgl nptancs astli (Vll Haourl 6.:
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7: -
eci `leh`lts, mut tgl dusluds nwc wlmsatls es wl``. Uulstancs
emnut usacosnfae` dliae `akl wattlr (lxastaco sacfl =::8) eci
Heflmnnk (sacfl =::9) wlrlcnt acf`uili.
Ac tgl L\ prnblft `avlE]FG, tn wgafg e`` laogt dusluds ml`ncoli,
tglCnrwloaec duslud @nhntr gei ilsaocli e derkltaco p`ec hnrdet hnr
usl ace`` laogt dusluds. gecks tn tgas epprnefg, sadp`l mut
fndperem`l derkltacop`ecs emnut =::7 wlrl evea`em`l hnr tgl prlslct
rlslerfg (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.
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75
E`tgnuog tgl dltgnis nh duslud actlrprltetanc es mrnuogt tn tgl
pum`afdaogt iahhlr e `nt, tgl mesaf eftavatals nr ildncstretancs
wlrl lxplftli tn mldecahn`i mut rnuog`y tgl sedl (Vll Haourl 8.=:);
sll hnr lxedp`l et Mecogeri2klaclr wer olzwucolc, mlsncilrs val`
Zgectesal euhzumracolc, ial Mlsufglrstrdlc eufg mlad lwao o`lafglc
Vpllrsfg`luilrc uci Mrntmefklc [cnmniywes hnrfli tn mraco up dufg
hectesy, vasatnrs pnur ac lvlc watg tgl ltlrce``ysada`er tgrnwaco
splers eci mekaco mrleiT (Mecogeri =::=, =56).
gl qulstanc wes eskli wgltglr tgl dusluds usl, e`nco watg tglar
nwcstehh, ecy ntglr splfae`asts, stuilcts nr vn`uctllrs; mut illplr
rlslerfg actn tgas- lsplfae``y actn tgl usl nh vn`uctllrs eci
`avaco gastnry ornups - fnu`i mracoclw plrsplftavls tn tglsl
satls.
glrl as e fgecol ac gnw incnrs eci vn`uctllrs mlfndl acvn`vli,
eci steyacvn`vli, ac dusluds. Incnrs wect tn sll hnr tgldsl`vls
wglrl tgl dncly onls,eci cnt sadp`y wratl e fglfk eci fe`` at e iey
(www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp).
gl clw olclretanc nh vn`uctllrs erlgerilr tn rlteac. Xn`uctllr wnrk
ges mlfndl acfrlesaco`y e fe`fu`etli fgnafl;mlsails tgl mlclhats
hnr tgl duslud, tgly wect tn kcnw wget tgly fec olt
nut nh at2 ilvl`np e ska``, olt sndl lxplralcfl, dllt plnp`l lt
fltlre. E`sn, tglplrflcteol nh vn`uctllrs ednco tllceolrs as dufg
gaoglr tgec ednco
eiu`ts(www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp).
6.?.6.? Xasatnr Vlrvafl
Xasatnr Vlrvafl as cntgaco ucaqul hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear
dusluds. Atfncflrcs esplfts sufg es wgltglr plnp`l gevl mllc em`l
tn haci tgl dusludlesa`y, wgltglr tglrl erl lcnuog tna`lts lt
fltlre. gl pum`af ges mlfndldnrl ildeciaco ac tglsl dettlrs.
Mlfeusl vasatnr slrvafl as ec assul e`sn hnrrlsteurects, gntl`s eci
sufg, eivafl as wail`y evea`em`l. Ah tgl slrvafls erl onni,vasatnrs
wa`` ml em`l tn iaolst tgl achnrdetanc eci lxplralcfl ac e duslud
dufgmlttlr. gl AF] ouail mnnk nhhlrli e vlry onni strufturl nc gnw
tn acvlstaoetltgas sumblft ac tgl laogt dusluds (Zresfg =::=,
5::-5:8, 551-5=5).
gl vasatnr slrvafl fgeptlr nh tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly wes ncl `ast
watg69 qulstancs. glsl wlrl errecoli ac tgl sedl fgrncn`noafe`
nrilr es e vasat.Mloaccaco watg mlhnrl tgl vasat (saocs,
eivlrtasaco detlrae`, wlmsatl), tglqulstancs fnctaculi watg wget
wnu`i gepplc iuraco tgl stey (ouaiaco systld,rnutaco, p`eyornucis,
tna`lts) eci hacasg watg `levaco tgl duslud (sgnp,e`tlrcetavl eci
eiiatance` nhhlracos).
At wes lxplftli tget tgl laogt dusluds wnu`i in wl`` ac mracoaco
tglduslud tn plnp`ls dacis eci gl`paco tgld tn haci tgl wey tn tgl
duslud,es her es tgas wes ac tgl gecis nh tgl duslud deceoldlct
atsl`h (Vll Haourl
6.:8).Uulstancs rloeriaco tgl vasatnr slrvafl iuraco tgl vasat
hnfussli nc wgltglr
nr cnt achnrdetanc wes f`ler, ah hefa`atals wlrl lesy tn haci
eci usl, ah tglrl wlrllcnuog p`efls tn rl`ex eci rlfrletl eci nh
wget que`aty tglsl p`efls wlrl; hace` `yqulstancs wlrl eskli emnut
tgl du`ta`acoue`asd nh tgl stehh eci nh wrattlcachnrdetanc.
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7= -
Xasatnrs `akl tn tekl sndltgaco gndl, es e dldlctn nh tglar
lxplralcfl. Hnrtgas purpnsl, qulstancs wlrl eskli emnut tgl duslud
sgnp. At wes e`sn rl`lvecttn sll gnw tgl dusluds ucilr rlslerfg
trali tn `lerc emnut tglar vasatnrs.Iasfussanc nc wget dusluds ac
tgas slcsl nhhlr as ilsframli ac pereorepg8.6.?.6., wget tgl
vasatnrs tgack nh at et pereorepg ?.8.5.?.
6.?.6.7 Ygl Hace` Zert nh tgl Esslssdlctgl hace` pert nh tgl
esslssdlct stertli watg e slftanc nc lve`uetanc. gasfndprasli ec
acclr lve`uetanc, ec nutlr lve`uetanc eci hace``y e
fndperetavllve`uetanc. Ncl qulstanc wes, hnr lxedp`l2 as tglrl e
prnfliurl hnr fustndlrhllimefk2
_glrl ynu fec il`avlr e fndp`eact (nr preasl)Gnw tn geci`l
tglslFec eci in ynu olt mefk tn fustndlrs emnut at>
Lxedp`l `atlreturl emnut tgas sumblft as my Marckreut,
uchnrtucetl`y nc`yevea`em`l ac Olrdec mut vlry tn tgl pnact; acclr
eci nutlr lve`uetanc ac fu`ture`farf`ls as lxp`eacli, watg lxedp`ls
hrnd hnur iahhlrlct Lurnplec fnuctrals
(Marckreut =:55).gl V_N wes, nc purpnsl, klpt olclre` ac
plrsplftavl eci cnt eibustli tn
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds es tgas wnu`i maes tgl
rlsu`ts.Et tgl vlry lci, tgl stehh nh tgl duslud fnu`i sgerl tglar
palfls nh eivafl
watg ntglrs, tglar rlfnddlcietancs eci pathe``s. gas nptanc wes
geri`y usli,es dnst fnddlcts gei e`rleiy mllc dlctancli
ler`alr.
6.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uue`aty lxplralcfli my Duslud
Xasatnrshnr tgl Fesl Vtuials
6.?.9.5 Zeredltlrs eci Zreftafe`atals
Mlsails ilhacaco tgl que`aty es prnvaili my erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluddeceoldlct, rlslerfg wes ucilrteklc actn tgl que`aty
es lxplralcfli my tglvasatnrs. gl rlsu`ts fec nc`y ml ilsframli ac
sumblftavl tlrds, es hnr lxedp`l tgllxplftetancs watg wgafg
vasatnrs erravl erl iahhlrlct hrnd plrsnc tn plrsnc, ecierl mesli
nc plrflptancs, cnt dlrl`y nc hefts (Bngcs & yes 511?). Hnr
ilvasacotgl rlslerfg actn vasatnr lxplralcfl, lxedp`ls wlrl teklc,
mntg ac fnctlct ecistretloy, hrnd prlfliaco rlslerfg actn vasatnr
dusluds ac olclre` (hnr lxedp`lEciraec =::?, Fnuctrysail Fnddassanc
51?7, Desralre a Lsqulrre =::?). gl
---
?.5.5. Mracoaco tn plnp`ls daciIn ynu fnnplretl rlou`er`y watg
tnurast achnrdetanc flctrls, sfgnn`s, sgnps, rlsteurects, gntl`s
eci trevl` eolcfals>In ynu pnst ynur splfae` lvlcts ac pum`af
p`efls>
?.5.=. Gl`paco tn stci tgl wey tn tgl dusludAs ynur duslud sgnwc
eci derkli ac faty nr erle deps>In ynu gevl perkaco p`efls
clermy> Gnw erol e plrflcteol nh vasatnrs erravls my fer /
fnefg>As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pum`af trecspnrt
(mus stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)>
As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp /
stetanc>
?.5.6. Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hll`aco nh mlaco wl`fndlAs ynur
ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl>Erl ynu nlraco e
wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezacl hnr lxedp`l)>In ynu oavl ec
nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefa`atals et strst saogt (f`ler
noastafs)>
Haourl 6.:82 Ygl qulstancs nh
tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly emnut
tgl vasatnr slrvafl hrnd tgl
slftanc mlhnrl tgl vasat.
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76
rlslerfg tnnk tgl sgepl nh olclre` tnurast survlys es ilsframli,
hnr lxedp`l,ac ]lussclrs stretloals hnr pum`af rlslerfg ac dusluds
(]lussclr =:5:). Eprlrlquasatl wes tget tgl laogt dusluds wlrl em`l
tn usl tgl vasatnr survlyilsaocli hnr tgas rlslerfg es pert nh, nr
acstlei nh, tglar nwc =::7 vasatnr survly.glrlhnrl, decy nh tgl
qulstancs wlrl ilravli hrnd tglar stecieri survly,wgafg sndl nh
tgld gei mllc ruccaco ac tgl prlvanus ylers. E clw l`ldlctwes
qulstancs wglrl vasatnrs fnu`i retl l`ldlcts nh tglar vasat.
Ha``aco nut tglsurvly typafe``y tnnk cn `ncolr tgec 5: dacutls.
gl aile wes tn gevl tgl survly nc `acl, efflssam`l ac tgl laogt
dusludstgrnuog fndputlrs watg ec actlrclt fncclftanc, mut tgas
prnvli tn ml tnniahhafu`t tn rle`asl. At wnu`i gevl sevli tgl
peacstekaco lhhnrt nh iete lctry. Cntnc`y iai cnt e`` tgl dusluds
gevl e mrneimeci fncclftanc wgafg fnu`i lesa`yml rl`eyli tn tgl
vasatnr erle nh tgl duslud, mut ac sndl fesls tglrl sadp`ywes cn
spefl. E`sn, slrvafaco sufg e fndputlr systld wgafg wnu`i ml usli
mygucirlis nh vasatnrs ac sufg ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud as
iahhafu`t. Epnssam`l wey hnr tgl huturl wnu`i ml tgl usl nh sadp`l
tem`lt fndputlrs.
_atgac tgl pnpu`etanc nh vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear
dusluds,
iahhlrlct fetlonrals fec ml rlfnocasli (hnr lxedp`l tgl pum`af
et `erol eciliufetance` ornups). Nc`y tgl tnurast vasatnrs wa`` ml
pert nh tgl sfnpl nh tgasrlslerfg, es lxpeciaco actn ntglr kacis nh
vasatnrs wnu`i strltfg mlynci `adatsnh tadl, nroecasetanc eci
dncly. Ac tgl dusluds watg `lss tnurast vasatnrs acfndperasnc tn
liufetanc vasatnrs (hnr lxedp`l Zerfn Dncte`l, mut lsplfae``y
tglDetrafe Duslud), tgas prnvli iahhafu`t.
6.?.9.= Nmblftavls nh tgl Xasatnr Vurvly
gl hnfus nh tgas stuiy nh tgl vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds westn esslss tgl eiiatanc wgafg tgl vasatnr
lxplralcfl nh tgl dusluds deil tntgl rl`lvect kcnw`liol nh tgl
vasatnrs, es wl`` es tglar setasheftanc watg tglarvasat. Hnur
rnuog`y dlesurem`l heftnrs, rl`lvect hnr tgl survly erl
(FnuctrysailFnddassanc 51?7)2
gl vasatnrs pest lxplralcfl eci actlrlst ac tgl plranis tgl
rlsplftavlduslud as tgldli watg;gl acfrlesl nh tgl vasatnrs sgnrt
tlrd kcnw`liol - es e veraem`l eci es eprnxy hnr ucilrsteciaco;gl
`lvl` nh lcbnydlct wgafg tgl vasatnr ges lxplralcfli ac eci hrnd
tglduslud;gl `lvl` nh nc-onaco actlrlst wgafg tgl lxplralcfl ges
ernusli - es e prnxyhnr dntavetanc.
At wes tnn fndp`afetli tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl acfrlesl nh
tgl vasatnrs
sgnrt tlrd kcnw`liol es wl`` es emnut tgl `lvl` nh lcbnydlct (et
`lest cnt aciltea`). glsl erl rlfnddlcili sumblfts hnr huturl
rlslerfg. He`k & Ialrkacoilsframli wl`` gnw vasatnr lxplralcfl
fec turc actn `lercaco hrnd e duslud,eci gnw tn infudlct tget,
wgafg wnu`i ml e stuiy ac atsl`h (He`k & Ialrkaco=:::,
591-5?8).
At wes ilfaili cnt tn actlcsavl`y dncatnr eci qulstanc e sde``
cudmlrnh vasatnrs, mut retglr tn sedp`l e `erolr cudmlr nh vasatnrs
`lss actlcsavl`y,fncflctretaco nc tgl lhhlft nh tgl dusluds iuraco
tgl sgnrt tadl spec nh tglareftue` vasat. gl lxplftetanc wes tget
lvlc eskaco e sde`` cudmlr nh slldaco`y
5.
=.
6.
9.
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79 -
suplrhafae` qulstancs wnu`i `lei tn lcnuog iete tn olt ec adeol
nh tgl vasatnrseci tglar stey ac tgl dusluds. Hnr tgl huturl,
actlrvalwaco e cudmlr nh vasatnrswnu`i ml e onni lxtlcsanc nh tgl
prlslct rlslerfg, mut at wes tnn dufg tn e`snacf`uil sufg ec
epprnefg ac tgas stuiy.
gl rlspncsls tn nplc qulstancs my vasatnrs fnu`i ml maesli. gl
rl`etancmltwllc ldntance` rlspncsls eci tglar lxprlssanc ac wnris
as fndp`lx, lsplfae``yes ac tgas rlslerfg iahhlrlct `ecoueols
p`eyli e rn`l et tgl vasatnrs `lvl`. Vufg eque`atetavl ecswlr
tglrlhnrl feccnt e`weys ml turcli actn e prlfasl sfnrl. glf`nsli
qulstancs nhhlrli e quectatetavl epprnefg. glrl as cn rlesnc tn
suppnsltget tgl ecswlrs wlrl acfnrrlft, wgltglr actlctance``y nr
ntglrwasl.
At wnu`i clli iahhlrlct, que`atetavl epprnefgls tn dlesurl tgl
ilptg nh tglvasatnr rleftanc, hnr lxedp`l watg iltea`li nmslrvaco
nh decy vasatnrs es wl``es actlrvalwaco tgld (Fnuctrysail
Fnddassanc 51?7). Ac tgas rlslerfg, tgasepprnefg wes cnt fgnslc iul
tn ats actlcsavl fgereftlr.
Achnrdetanc oetglrli ac tgl acatae` vasats wglc sl`lftaco tgl
dusluds, es wl``es achnrdetanc ilravli hrnd tgl esslssdlct, wes
usli tn slfurl tgl mesas hnr tgnslperts nh tgl tnurast survlys tgl
perts rl`etaco tn tgl vasatnrs fndprlglcsanc
nh detlrae` fnvlrli my pertafu`er lxgamats - wgafg wlrl
clflssera`y veraem`lmltwllc tgl dusluds. gl survlys wlrl usli tn
oeac stetli adprlssancs hrndtgl vasatnrs, eci tglar rlspncsl tn
heftue` qulstancs wes usli tn oeuol tglarfndprlglcsanc.
6.?.9.6 Ynurast Xasatnr Fgereftlrastafs
At wes lxplftli tget tgl debnraty nh tnurast vasatnrs tn tgl
laogt dusluds ucilrrlslerfg wnu`i ml heda`als watg sde`` fga`irlc,
eci tget tgl dnst iahhafu`t ornuptn rlefg wnu`i ml n`ilr fga`irlc
eci ynuco eiu`ts (Vll Haourl ?.:8). gas ges eorlet adpeft nc tgl
prnoreddls nhhlrli et tglsl dusluds. _gltglr tglrl wlrldecy rlplet
vasats wes suplrhafae``y acvlstaoetli2 tgas wnu`i ml ec e``ly hnr
dnrlrlslerfg, lsplfae``y mlfeusl nh tgl pntlctae`s nh ilvl`npaco e
splfae` epprnefghnr tgas ornup.
E orlet lhhnrt wes ucilrteklc tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl
vasatnrs, `akl wglrltgly fedl hrnd eci gnw her tgly gei trevl``li
tn sll tgl duslud ac qulstanc.E orlet veralty nh ecswlrs mltwllc
tgl laogt dusluds wes lxplftli.
gl qulstanc es tn gnw `nco vasatnrs stey ac tgl erle wes eskli
tn haci nutdnrl emnut tgl tnurast pntlctae` nh tgl `nfe` erle ac
olclre`. At wes ectafapetlitget cnt nc`y wnu`i tgl laogt dusluds ml
vlry iahhlrlct, mut tget tglar rloancswnu`i ml iahhafu`t tn
fndperl.
6.?.9.9 Ygl Ilfasanc tn Xasat
gl duslud deceoldlct ac slvlre` nh tgl laogt dusluds wlrl leolr
tn hacinut wgy plnp`l eftue``y vasat tglar satl. get as wgy tgas
qulstanc wes eiilitn tgl survly. gas ges f`ler `acks watg tgl
derkltaco lhhnrts nh tgl dusludseci fnu`i ildncstretl tglar
lhhlftavlclss (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.
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Hace``y tgl vasatnrs wlrl eskli ah tgly tgnuogt tgl lctrecfl
hlls hattli watg tgllxplralcfl tgly gei rlflavli. gl dlsseol wes
lxplftli tn cnt ml ucahnrd e`` efrnssLurnpl, sacfl tgl dusluds eci
tglar vasatnrs erl sn ialrlct (Vll Haourl ?.67).
Ec ettldpt wes deil tn ilhacl essnfaetanc mltwllc veraem`ls es
wl`` es, myilhacaco actlrdliaetl veraem`ls tn ilhacl feuse`aty (Vll
Haourl ?.96).
6.?.
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Hace``y, Oep Havl as tgl oep mltwllc tgl que`aty vasatnrs lxplft
eci tgl que`atytgly hll` tgly rlflavl. gas oep as tgl lesalst nh
e`` tn ailctahy mut tgl gerilst tncerrnw inwc es at rlquarls
cerrnwaco e`` ntglr oeps dlctancli mlhnrl. _glctryaco tn cerrnw
tglsl oeps, deceolrs wa`` hefl assuls wgafg erl geri tn sn`vl2
ahncfl sndltgaco ges oncl wrnco, wnri nh dnutg wa`` fnctacul tn
gevl cloetavllhhlfts. Hnr lxedp`l, wglc et Erfglnc ac tgl
Cltglr`ecis ac ler`y suddlr511< twn Cln`atgaf typl gnusls murcli
inwc effailcte``y (H`eddec 511?, 6)tgas wes nc tgl lvlcaco clws.
Lvlc ylers `etlr plnp`l tgnuogt tget Erfglnc ese wgn`l gei murcli
inwc eci tget at wes cn `ncolr e pnssam`l lxfursanc terolt(plrsnce`
fndducafetanc B. H`eddec, = Nftnmlr =::=).
6.1 Fncf`usancs
Ah e`` dusluds hn``nwli lxeft`y tgl sedl fncflpt, tglrl wnu`i ml
lss tn fndperl.Gnwlvlr dacadud stecieris in cnt clflssera`y dlec
e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds mlfndl stecieriasli, prlslctaco
dnrl nh tgl sedl (Mecogeri =::=).Iuraco prnflssaco nh tgl iete, et
lvlry steol nh rlslerfg, iahhlrlct nroecasetancs
ucilr sfrutacy wlrl iasferili es tgly iai cnt hat tgl
ilhacatanc. gas wes tglfesl, hnr lxedp`l, watg (rl)fncstruftancs cn
`ncolr ac usl, nr tgldl perks hnucitn ml tnn iastect hrnd tgl
ilhacatanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud hnrtglsl
stuials.
Haourl 6.:?2 Ywn-fyf`l
dnil`, Vnurfl2
Mrnonwafz lt e`. (511:).
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gl laogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds sgnwfesl tgldsl`vls es
ucaqullctlrprasls eci lefg nh tgld as, watg ats nwc dax nh duslud
fgereftlrastafs eci`nfe` erfgeln`noy. E sfgldl tn upgn`i stecieris
fnu`i olt dnrl suppnrt hnrtglsl dusluds eci reasl tglar que`aty,
mut tgl ednuct nh eiiatance` peplrwnrkwgafg e stecieris sfgldl
daogt acvn`vl fnu`i ml lcnrdnus (@loolt =::=).Vlttaco e dacadud
`lvl` nh stecieris fnu`i wnrk wl``, mut at wa`` ml geri tn in2cnt
nc`y erl tgl dusluds iavlrsl, mut Lurnpl as tnn.
Mlfeusl nh tgl vlry ceturl nh tgl rlslerfg, cn adp`afetancs
fnu`i ml deilemnut tgl `nco tlrd lhhlft nh e vasat tn ec
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud. glvasatnrs stuiy inls cnt tgrnw
`aogt nc tgl rle` ucilrsteciaco wgafg vasatnrsdey ml oeacaco hrnd
tgl dusluds actlrprltetanc.
Ac tgl hn``nwaco fgeptlrs, erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl
harst rloeriliac olclre` tlrds (Fgeptlr Hnur). gl laogt dusluds
ucilr ece`ysas erl tglcilsframli (Fgeptlr Havl). gl gastnry nh lefg
as actrniufli, hn``nwli my e que`atyece`ysas nh tgl duslud hrnd
mntg e deceoldlct eci e vasatnr plrsplftavl. Lefgnh tgl
ilsfraptancs lcis watg e `ast nh tgl dusluds kly strlcotgs eci
fge``lcols.Ac Fgeptlr Vax tgl duslud deceoldlct esplfts nh e``
laogt dusluds tnoltglr
erl `nnkli et ac iltea`, wga`l ac fgeptlr Vlvlc tgl vasatnr
esplfts erl iasfussli.Hn``nwaco nc hrnd tgas iasfussanc, kly
heftnrs erl ilhacli ac Fgeptlr Laogt.
gas fgeptlr rlhlrs eoeac tn e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds
ac Lurnpl ecinhhlrs sndl rlfnddlcietancs, ailes eci stretloals hnr
tgl huturl. Cnt nc`y astgas actlrlstaco hnr tgnsl wgn wect tn stert
ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud,tglrl as uslhu` achnrdetanc ac at
hnr e`` lxastaco ncls es wl``, lxplralcfli nr cnt.
Ac Fgeptlr Cacl, pnssama`atals hnr huturl rlslerfg erl
ilsframli.
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Fgeptlr 9
Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs
9.5 Actrniuftanc
_atg tgl stert nh tgas rlslerfg actn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear
dusluds e sadp`l,ucstrufturli `atlreturl fn``lftanc nc tgas sumblft
lxastli wgafg cllili upietaco.\saco tglsl snurfls eci tgl actlrclt
e ietemesl wes strufturli usaco e mesaflxedp`l (@uci 5177) (Vll
Haourl 9.:=). My Cnvldmlr =:55 tgl `ast gl`i 9=8lctrals; =
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1: -
9.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly
_atg tgl rlslerfg dnvaco nc ac Dey =::8, dnrl iltea `li
qulstancs rloeriacorl`lvect dettlrs wlrl eskli nh tgl sedl dusluds
(Vll Haourl 9.:6). _atg tnnhlw ecswlrs fndaco ac, at wes ilfaili ac
Becuery =::7 tn gevl tgas slfnci survlytrecs`etli my e cetavl
spleklr actn Olrdec eci Hrlcfg, eci my e prnhlssance`
trecs`etnr actn Iecasg, eci tn slci tgld my treiatance` dea`
acstlei nh my ldea`nc`y. My Cnvldmlr =:55, = 5 `ncognusl
6 Blrce ilr ecismylcCsmy / Nilcsl
51?6 Fu`ture` / @lasurlEssnfaetanc
Duslud = `ncognusl< sde``gnusls
5 pat-gnusl
9 Hycs Vta htsduslud
Gn``uhori
5176 Duslud Duslud /
\cavlrsaty
5 `ncognusl 5 ge``
5 pat-gnusl< Xacostli gastnraskl
vrkstli51?8 Edt / Kndducl
(onv. mnials)Duslud /\cavlrsaty
5 herdstlei 9 pat-gnusl5 ncognusl
8 Blrce ilr ecismylcOu`ieolr / Lsmblro
51?5 Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 5 herdstlei = pat-gnusl
? Gastnrask vrkstli X.Xlistli / ]aml
518? Aci. mniy Duslud 5 `ncognusl
7 Vcilrmnro gastnrasklvrkstli
51?8 Vfgnn` Dot > 5 `ncognusl
1 ]vlmekklc Ee`mnro 517= Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 6 pat-gnusls
5: Gbl r GlilsHra`ecisdusludHnrdai`acolc
5175/7= Duslud Duslud 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl(spec
gnusl)
55 ]lkncstruktancs-ehil acolcDnlsori / Eergus \cav. 5181 Duslud
/\cavlrsaty Duslud /\cavlrsaty 5 fu`t gnusl 5 `ncognusl = faty
gnusl5 pat-gnusl
5= Yrl``lmnro-ge``lc 519= Ygl Cetance`Duslud
Duslud 5 ge``
56 Hyrket-ge``lc 5179/7< Aci. mniy Duslud 5 ge``
Haourl 9.:=2 Nvlrvalw nh satls watg (rl)fncstruftli prlgastnraf
gnusls ac Ilcderk, eieptli hrnd @uci (5177, 97). Aci. stecis
hnr Acilplcilct ; Dot hnr Deceoldlct; Onv. hnr Onvlrcdlcte`
.
Haourl 9.:62 (raogt) Ygl slfnci
survly ednco erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds - Dey =::8.
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Uulstancs hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sada`er
acstatutls
Et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty, A ed inaco e ZgI rlslerfg actn
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sada`er acstatutls. A ed
fn``lftaco
iete hrnd emnut =:: acstatutls efrnss Lurnpl. Ygl ecswlrs wa``
ml usli hnr dy ZgI rlslerfg et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty eci wa`` ml
sgerli ednco tgnsl wgafg prnvail ecswlrs tgldsl`vls. Ah ynu erl
actlrlstli ac actlrdliaetl rlsu`ts nh dy rlslerfg, p`lesl `lt
dl kcnw. A ed geppy tn tl`` ynu dnrl, mut ucilrsteci wl``, A
sgnu`i cnt tarl lvlrymniy watg e `` iltea`s.
Ygeck ynu vlr y dufg.
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
[Eiirlss rldnvliT
Acatae` Uulstancs
_get as tgl nhhafae` cedl nh tgl nroecasetanc (ac nwc `ecoueol,
eci trecs`etli tn Lco`asg)>
_get kaci nh nroecasetanc erl ynu (essnfaetanc, hnucietanc,
fndpecy, dncudlct, duslud, onvlrcdlct)>
_get as tgl eol nh tgl nroecasetanc>
_get as tgl nhhafae` One` nh ynur nroecasetanc, wget as ynur
dassanc stetldlct (ac Lco`asg)>
Fec ynu stetl ynur nhhafae` eiirlss eci ah ynur vasataco eiirlss
as iahhlrlct, fnu`i ynu dlctanc tget ncl es wl``>
5.
=.
6.
9.
A
wnu`i o`ei`y fnvlr tgl fnsts. Bust eii e ma`` watg tgl fnr-
rlft meck achnrdetanc (`akl AMEC eci MAF hnr mecks ac tgl
Lurn zncl).
Epprnxadetl`y gnw decy vasatnrs iai ynu gevl ac =:: As tgas
dufg dnrl nr dufg `lss tglc emnut < ylers eon>
In ynu gevl e `ast nh rlflct pum`afetancs nh tgl
acstatutl>
M
_get as tgl mesas hnr tgl rlfncstruftanc2 olclre` achnrde-
tanc nr e splfahaf satl>
Gnw (hacecfae``y eci nroecasetance``y sllc) iai ynu
stert>
_es at e onvlrcdlcte` acataetavl, wlrl tglrl spncsnrs,
..>
_gn stertli at eci wgy>
Erl ynu cnweieys acilplcilct (hacecfae``y eci nroeca-
setance``y) hrnd tgl onvlrcdlct> Gnw `erol pert nh ynur
yler muiolt, ac plrflcteol, in ynu lerc my ynursl`vls>
5.
=.
6.
5.
=.
6.
F
_lrl erfgeln`noasts acvn`vli ac tgl stert nh tgl
duslud>
Erl erfgeln`noasts sta`` acvn`vli eci gnw (es rlslerfglr,
tnur ouail, iarlftnr, )>
Erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac ynur duslud eci ah sn, my
wgnd eci gnw nhtlc> Erl tglsl `nco tlrd lxplradlcts
(`akl ornwaco frnps eci fndperl tglar yal`is nvlr tgl
ylers), tgldli prnoreddls (`akl e < yler prnoreddl nc
arnc sdl`taco), nr ntglr. In ynu gevl sndl lxedp`ls>
I
Ac ynur npacanc, wget as tgl purpnsl nh ynur
lstem`asgdlct>
Z`lesl stetl tgl adpnrtecfl nh tgl hn``nwaco esplfts (es
e plrflcteol hrnd :-5::). Ygl aciavaiue` esplfts dust
eii up tn 5::%. Ah ynur aile inls cnt hat ac actn tglsl
klywnris, p`lesl stetl sn.
5.
=.
6.
5.
=.
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1= -
Vlftanc E
gl qulstanc emnut vasatnr cudmlr tnte`s wes ecswlrli wl``. Emnut
tgl yler=::
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Deac rlesnc (hrlqulct`y usli hnr pum`afaty) fndaco hrnd aile,
tget ga`` hnrt fest`l Cltn`afl wes pn`atafe` eci pnwlrflctrl nh tgl
Vnutg Mngldae. At as ailn`noafe``y ac fnrrl`etanc watg furrlct
ailn`noy nh rloance` pn`afy
(Erfglnperk Cltn`afl, Fzlfg ]lpum`af).
Nur essnfaetanc lxfevetli tgl n`i va``eol, eci tglc ilfaili eci
ilsaocli tgl rlfncstruftanc. Ygl nfe` onvlrc-dlct eci sndl spncsnrs
stcecfli tgas aile (Fsaka Zaglcklrt, Gucoery).
Mnrc nut lfncndaf clli eci e`sn e rle` ilsarl tn prntlft eci
deacteac tgl fest`l hnr huturl olclretancs
(Vgeccnc Glrateol @ti, Arl`eci).
A stertli tgl prnblft mlfeusl at wes dy fga`ignni irled
(\`ilvlcs, @etvae).
Ac =::: tgl nplc-ear duslud wes effndp`asgli watg stcecfae`
suppnrt nh tgl tnwc eci ec L\-`nfe` ornup(Hlilrsllduslud,
Olrdecy).
Acataetli es e prnblft spncsnrli my tgl Fnucfa` nh Mratasg
Erfgeln`noy, Mratasg Efeildy eci ntglr dacnr spncsnrs.Huciaco nc`y
`estli e hlw ylers (Mutslr, Orlet Mrateac).
_l stertli es ec acataetavl nh nur nfe` onvlrcdlct watg twn
suddlr slrvafls ac e `att`l trea`lr hnr ste(Xakacol`ecismylc
E`mlrts`uci, Ilcderk).
Ygl acataetavl fedl hrnd sfalcfl; erfgeln`noasts gevl e`sn
dnilretli tgl prnblft iuraco tgl fncstruftanc pgesl. Atwes
fnstcecfli watg pum`af dncly (Hrla`afgtduslud Olrdecasfgls Olght
L`serc, Eustrae).
Haourl 9.:92 Vlvlre` quntls nh
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn
gnw tglar duslud gei stertli.
Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci survly.
Klywnri Lxedp`l Dusluds dlctancaco tgas klywnri
Hrlqulct`y dlctancli2
Liufetanc Yn liufetl eci acsparl lsplfae``y fga`irlceci ynutg tn
lerc.
(Oe``asfgl Gnlvl, Ml`oaud), (LVEDZ, OrletMrateac), (Lklgeolc,
Vwlilc), (Vwahtlrkedp,tgl Cltglr`ecis)
Lxplradlcte`erfgeln`noy
Olttaco clw kcnw`liol tgrnuog lxplra-dlcte` erfgeln`noy,
rlslerfg prnblft.
(Mebuwerlcgnh Karfgglad, Olrdecy),(Veoc`ecilt @lbrl, Ilcderk),
(@ldmeLxplradlcte` Xa``eol, Fyprus)
Znpu`erasetanc nhsfalcfl
Yn mraco erfgeln`noafe` sfalcfl tn tglplnp`l, prntlftanc eci
prlslctetanc nherfgeln`noafe rldeacs.
(Hlilrsllduslud, Olrdecy), (Esperc,Eustrae), (@aptnvske
Dere-Gevrcnk, V`nwekae)
Vnfae` one`s Vnfae` / snfalty one`s2 suppnr taco
tgnslucilrprava`loli wgn gevl iastfu`ty acmlaco acvn`vli ac
snfalty, mlaco e prnblfthnr ucldp`nyli plrsncs.
(Vtlaczlatinrh Kussnw, Olrdecy), (LVEDZ,\catli Kacoind), (]aml
Xakacolflctlr,Ilcderk)
Vgnwaco lvlryiey ahlnh tgl pest
Yn actlrprlt tgl lvlryiey `ahl ac tgl pesthnr tgl mlclstt nh tgl
olclre` pum`af,efeildae eci tgl liufetance` slftnr.
(De`eocl, Ml`oaud), (Erfgeln`ack, Vfnt`eci),(E`l Xakacolori,
Vwlilc)
Vtrlcotglcaco ailctaty E``nwaco plnp l epprnefg nr stci
tglarrnnts, prndntanc nh ailctaty.
(De`eocl, Ml`oaud), (\`ilvlcs, @etvae),(Eve`iscls, Cnrwey)
Vtadu`etaco fu`ture`tnurasd
Ml e p`efl tn rl`ex watg e gaog actlcsaty nhlxplralcfls,
prnvaiaco fu`ture` eftavatalseci stadu`etaco fu`ture` tnurasd.
(Euouste ]eurafe, Vwatzlr`eci), (Fgnarnknatae,Fyprus),
(Daiil`e`ilrflctlr Mnrcgn`d,Ilcderk)
@lss hrlqulct`y dlctancli2
Ceture` lcvarncdlct Iasfussaco tgl rl`etanc mltwllc plnp`l
eci tglar ceture` lcvarncdlct.
(Zlet Dnnrs Flctrl, Orlet Mrateac), ( Vkblrc
Lovei Duslud, Ilcderk), (Il Vfgntgnrst, tglCltglr`ecis)
Ecfalct tlfgcn noy Yryaco nut gastnrafe` tlfgcaquls,
sgnwacoecfalct tlfgcn`noy eci inaco rlslerfgactn at.
(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpum`af), (De`eocl,Ml`oaud),
(Daiil`e`ilrflctrlt Cykmaco,Ilcderk)
@avaco gastnry Yn mua i e sflclry hnr av aco gastnry eciusl
at.
(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpum`af), (Mu``efl Ga``,Orlet Mrateac),
(Dusl il Der`l, Hrecfl)
Lerc dncly Yn lerc dncly. (Kalrakka , Hac eci), (Krzldancka, Zn
eci),(Ve`zwl`tlc Ge``lac, Eustrae)
Haourl 9.:
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19 -
olsfgalilcas [tgldl perk hnr `avaco gastnryT (=::9), eci tglc
actn llc ieo vn`
vlrtalr lc vlrdeek [e iey ha``li watg edusldlct eci
lctlrteacdlctT (=:55). Atdust ml seai tget tgl `ettlr ncl-`aclr
usls wnris wgafg ac Iutfg gevl ec n`i-hesgancli fnccntetanc. gl
fgecol hrnd dnrl slranus tn dnrl lctlrteacaco actgl ncl-`aclrs as
lvailct glrl.
Ecntglr lxedp`l as Veoc`ecilt @lbrl ac Ilcderk wgafg as
nhhafae``y trecs`etlies @lbrl @eci nh @lolcis (pnssam`y mlttlr
fe``li @lbrl @eci nh Vtnrals). _glc ac=::< tgl ncl-`aclr sta``
wes lc hnrtai a lc cutai dli lc hrldtai [e huturl eci eprlslct watg
e pestT (snurfl2 harst survly), ehtlr tgl fgecol nh cedl ac =::1
tgasturcli tn @lbrl, `ecilt Iu d uihnrskl [@lbrl, tgl fnuctry ynu
dey/sgnu`iiasfnvlrT, my dlecs nh wgafg tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl gei
mlfndl dufg dnrlflctrl nh ettlctanc acstlei nh wget Veoc`ecilt
@lbrl wectli tn tlefg.
9.6 Yypls nh Duslud Iasp`ey
gl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl rlfnrili my typl es sgnwc
ac Haourl9.:7 (du`tap`l lctrals plr nroecasetanc erl pnssam`l).
Vndl duslud fetlonrals dlctancli ac slftanc =.< wlrl `lht nut
hrnd tglsurvlys, sacfl tgas `astaco iai cnt ldlrol ucta` tgl
rlslerfg wes dnrl eivecfli.gly gevl gnwlvlr mllc usli ac tgl fesl
stuials (Vll Haourl 8.5=). gl ndattlincls erl2 ceture` perk /
fu`ture` `ecisfepl, (rl)fncstruftli mnet / sgap, `avacogastnry
duslud, ecade` herd eci tgldl perk.
Nur one` as rlslerfg, e`tgnuog at ges cnw e`sn ilvl`npli es e
tnurast ettreftanc es wl``(@ldme Lxplradlcte` Xa``eol, Fyprus).
Ereasa @ekl Hnrtrlss as e pnpu`er lasurl eci liufetance`
ilstacetanc, tgl que`aty nh wgafg as ilstcli my
nraoace`erfgeln`noafe` stcis tget lxp`eac ecfalct gastnry nh
@etvae, sfalctastfe``y mesli rlfncstruftancs nh gastnraf
lcvarnc-dlct, tgl mleutahu` fu`turl gastnraf ecisfepl eci ilvl`npli
achrestrufturl tget dllts tgl cllis nh veranuseuialcfls (Ereasa,
@etvae).
Vn tget Eve`iscls fec slfurl ats raogthu` p`efl es e hnfe`
pnactaco ac cetance` fnctlxt (Eve`iscls, Cnrwey).
Dassanc2 tn dekl tgl sa`lct iasp`ey erfgeln`noy splek tn
tnurasts ac tgl `ecoueol tget tgly fec ucilrsteci(Kerpefke Yrnbe,
Zn`eci).
Yn dekl tgl dusluds (Vfg`nss Onttnrh eci _akacolr Duslud
Geatgemu) dnrl actlrlstaco, prnhnuci eci prnda-clct (_akacolr
Duslud Geatgemu, Olrdecy).
Yn frletl eci susteac e wnr`i-f`ess vasatnr ettreftanc wgafg
wa`` lctlrteac eci liufetl e wail euialcfl tgrnuoggaog que`aty
rlslerfg, actlrprltetanc eci prndntanc nh tgl ]ndec eci sumslqulct
glrateol nh tgl satl eci atssurrnuciaco rloanc (Vloliucud, Orlet
Mrateac).
_l erl tryaco tn prnvl tget wl fec `lerc hrnd tgl pest; tget nur
ecflstnrs gei sparat eci at wnu`i ml e guoldastekl tn nsl at. Ygl
fncstruftanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` duslud fndls hrnd tgl wa`` nh
nfe` plnp`l tn prntlft ecif`ead tglar glrateol. (LtgcaFat,
Hrecfl).
_l oavl lque` adpnrtecfl tn geci wnrk eci daci wnrk
(Xakacol`ecismylc E`mlrts`uci, Ilcderk).
Haourl 9.:82 Vlvlre` quntls nh
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn
tglar dassanc eci one`. Vnurfl2
tgl slfnci survly.
Eweklc tgl pradatavl ac ynu (Zrgastnsatl il ]edanu`,
Ml`oaud)
Ml edezli, ucilrsteci, pertafapetl (Mefgrattlrmuro Keczefg,
Olrdecy)
Ml surprasli, edezli eci lcfgectli (Ouil`nc, Hrecfl)
Lxplralcfl erfgeln`noy acstlei nh dnusl f`afk etg`ltafasd
(Deddutglud, Olrdecy)
Erfgeln`noafe` lxfl``lcfl hnr e`` tn sll eci lcbny (H`eo Hlc,
Orlet Mrateac)
A gler eci A hnrolt, A sll eci A rldldmlr, A in eci A ucilrsteci
(Qnrksgarl Duslud nh Herdaco, Orlet Mrateac)(Veoc`ecilt @lbrl,
Ilcderk)
\sl tgl pest ac tgl huturl (Xakacol`ecismylc E`mlrts`uci,
Ilcderk)
Ecntglr tadl, ecntglr splli (Gvn`ras Blrce`ilr `ecismy,
Ilcderk)
Haourl 9.:?2 Ncl-`aclr lx-
edp`ls hrnd =::7 nh slvlre`
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds. Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci
survly.
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18 -
_glc fndperaco tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ac
efnuctry watg tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls (Vll
Haourl 9.:1),Vwlilc, Ilcderk eci tgl Cltglr`ecis steci nut watg e
rl`etavl`y `erol cudmlrnh liufetanc flctrls, wga`st fnuctrals akl
tgl Fzlfg ]lpum`af eci Olrdecy gevlrl`etavl`y dnrl erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds. Gnwlvlr, es stetli ler`alr, tglliufetance`
flctrls erl gerilr tn haci lxflpt ac fnuctrals `akl tgl
Cltglr`eciseci Ilcderk, wglrl dnst nh tgld erl dldmlrs nh e
cetance` essnfaetanc. Atfnu`i ml, tglrlhnrl, tget tglrl erl
cetance` trlcis `leiaco tn e maesli valw; mut
tgl vlry heft tget tglrl erl cetance` essnfaetancs ac sndl
fnuctrals sgnws eiahhlrlcfl ac prnvasanc tget as `akl`y tn ml
rle`._ga`l treiatance` nplc-ear dusluds gevl e orlet ile` nh
lxplralcfl ac tgl
deactlcecfl nh tglar usue``y ectaqul mua`iacos, sndl nh tgld
gevl oncl hurtglreci gevl mua`t (rl)fncstruftli gnusls, mesli nc
erfgeln`noy. E sde`` slrals nhsaxtllc lxedp`ls nh treiatance`
nplc-ear dusluds wgafg e`sn gevl erfgeln`noafe`(rl)fncstruftancs
erl prlslctli ac Haourl 9.5:; tglrl erl decy dnrl (sll hnrlxedp`l
Meudlalr & _essdecc 511
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1?
(DfKlrfglr & iu Frnss =::=, 5). My tglc, tgl tnurasd
aciustry gei stertli tnfnnplretl watg tgl glrateol slftnr (tn wgafg
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusludsml`nco) es pert nh tgl gecis-nc
liufetance` / lxplralcfl tnurasd epprnefg(Vdatg 51?1, =-
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17 -
Uuatl e hlw nh tgl n`ilr dusluds gevl fgecoli tglar stretloy
slvlre` tadlsac tglar `ahltadl ac nrilr tn fetlr hnr fgecoli
ildecis hrnd snfalty. E onnilxedp`l as tgl Zheg`meuduslud ac
\ctlrug`iacolc eci ats fgecol ac epprnefgtn ats nwc prlslctetancs
(Vll Haourl 9.5=).
9.< Olnorepgy
_glc `nnkaco et tgl ornwtg nh tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds(Vll Haourl 9.59), ncl fec sll tget ucta` tgl
517:s, Cnrtglrc Lurnpl, tgl MratasgAs`ls eci Olrdecy, Eustrae eci
Vwatzlr`eci erl wl`` rlprlslctli, watg geri`yecy trefl l`slwglrl. E
ilhacatanc nh lefg rloanc as oavlc ac Haourl 9.56. Acrlflct tadls,
tgl `erolst ilvl`npdlct as ac Olrdecy, Eustrae eci Vwatzlr`eci
eswl`` es ac Lestlrc Lurnpl, watg e s`nwinwc ac Cnrtglrc Lurnpl eci
tgl MratasgAs`ls.
gas s`nwinwc daogt ml lxp`eacli my e fndmacetanc nh heftnrs.
_atgVfeciacevae gevaco e `nco gastnry ac tgl ilvl`npdlct nh tglsl
dusluds, es wl``es ac erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear liufetanc flctrls,
tgly gevl pnssam`y rlefgli e
steol wglc tglrl erl cn dnrl p`efls hnr ecy dnrl, uc`lss tgl
fncflpt as fgecolinh fnursl (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl cudmlr nh
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud plr5::,::: acgematects ac Ilcderk
eci Vwlilc ac Haourl 9.5
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11
Lurnpl actn tnurast ilstacetancs, ges `li tn e mnnd ac clw
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds tglrl. Ac Vnutglrc Lurnpl, mntg
tglsl rlesncs fedl actn p`eyilfeil ler`alr, lxp`eacaco wgy tgl mnnd
ac clw dusluds ac tgnsl fnuctrals asler`alr tgec ac Lestlrc Lurnpl.
Dnrl rlesncs hnr e mnnd ac Lestlrc Lurnpl erltgl fgecol nh typl nh
onvlrcdlct (hrnd flctre``y `li tn `eylrli ildnfrefals),e gaoglr
stecieri nh `avaco eci e wailr plrsplftavl nh wget as gepplcaco ac
tglrlst nh Lurnpl. gldl perks eci ntglr vasatnr ettreftancs wlrl
vartue``y cnc-lxastlct mlhnrl tgl Arnc Furteac irnppli. Ac Zn`eci
tglrl wes cn fndpltatanc
hnr p`efls `akl Maskupac iuraco fndducast tadls, mlfeusl tgl
onvlrcdlctilfaili tget ncl fndp`lx wes lcnuog hnr tgl stetls cllis,
e`tgnuog tglrl wescn straft mec nc ntglr nplc-ear dusluds eci
rlslrvls (plrsnce` fndducafetanc_. Zantrnwska, == Cnvldmlr
=:55).
Ac tgl Fzlfg ]lpum`af decy nh tgl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear
dusluds wlrlhnucili my lctgusaests mut gevl gei ec ucstem`l `ahl
sacfl, ah tgly lvlc sta``lxast. glrl as geri`y ecy onvlrcdlcte`
suppnrt (afg & afgnvsk =::6,=:9) eci at as her lesalr tn stert
sufg e duslud tgec tn kllpaco at ruccaco.
gnsl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds prlietaco 511= e`` gei
sfalcfl estglar tnp pranraty, mut tgl lxedp`l nh Maskupac sgnws tgl
sgaht ac tgas tnweris ehnfus nc tgl pum`af. Vacfl 517
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5:: -
- cnt surprasaco es at wes pert`y ilvl`npli glrl. Ac Eustrae,
dnst erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds (5: nh tgl 59, Vll Haourl 9.=:)
erl ac onvlrcdlct gecis eciietl tn tgl rlflct pest. glrl erl geri`y
ecy erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls,nplc hnr sfgnn` ornups nc`y.
XAEV, e Xalcce mesli acstatutl eci pert nh tglucavlrsaty, ges mllc
fnnriacetaco tgl fncstruftanc nh dnst nh tglsl. Ac tgl51?:s eci
ler`y 517:s, tglrl gei mllc fncteft mltwllc Eustraec
erfgeln`noastsGedpl` eci _aci` eci hnrlaoc lxplradlcte`
erfgeln`noasts Fn`ls, Gecslc,]lycn`is eci Z`laclr wgafg `li _aci`
tn stert e fnursl ac (rl)fncstruftanceci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy
ac 517= et tgl Xalcce \cavlrsaty. Vtuilcts hrndtgas fnursl wlrl
nhtlc wl`` treacli ac frehts. noltglr watg tgl hnuciaco nh
ewnrkornup ac lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy et tgl O\H (Eustraec Vnfalty
hnrZrlgastnry eci Ler`y Gastnry) tgas `li tn e olclretanc nh ynuco
erfgeln`noastswatg actlrlst eci lxplralcfl ac lxplradlcte`
(rl)fncstruftanc (_aci` =::5,
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5:5
Ac tgl Mlcl`ux ac olclre`, tglrl erl cnt decy clw erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-eardusluds fndaco up (Vll Haourl 9.59). Ml`oaud ges hlw
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll Haourl 9.5
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5:= -
Ilcderk, at `ests hnr lxedp`l hrnd
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5:6
At ges tn ml eiili tn Haourl 9.5?, tget plr duslud, nc`y tgl
ietls nh tglar
harst (rl)fncstruftancs erl rlfnrili. gas levls nut clw
ilvl`npdlcts ac lxastacodusluds, `akl GNDL wgafg stertli ac 517=
watg tgl Arnc Eol, mut lxtlciliac =::=-6 watg e dlialve`
slttaco.
gl @etl Daii`l Eols gevl cnt p`eyli e `erol rn`l ac
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ucta` quatl rlflct`y (Vll Haourl
9.5?) eci tglc quatl e mat acVfeciacevae (Vll Haourl 9.58). Hrnd
tgl lci nh tgl 517:s, slvlre` plnp`l onteftavl`y acvn`vli ac
dlialve` prlslctetancs eci (rl)fncstruftanc. Ac 5171, acCykmaco
He`stlr, Ilcderk, e trlmufglt wes mua`t wgafg gei sufg e guol
lhhlftnc tgl pum`af tget at wes snnc hn``nwli up watg ec
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-earduslud. E fncclftanc wes deil watg tgl
Mratasg `etl dlialve` typl nh rl-lceftdlct wgafg wes et e gaog
`lvl` (plrsnce` fndducafetanc Z. Xlddaco
Gecslc, =< Euoust =:55). E ilfeil `etlr, tgl dnrl treiatance`
dusluds gl`ie dlialve` yler, wgafg `li tn e surol ac actlrlst hrnd
mntg tgl pum`af ecigastnraecs actn tgas plrani ac Vfeciacevae.
Vuiilc`y, tgl Daii`l Eols geimlfndl ac hesganc. gas as `ackli watg
tgl dlialve` mnnd nh tgl 517:s watgeutgnrs `akl Befquls `l Onhh up
tn \dmlrtn Lfn (Ornlmclr =::7, 59). Ac tgl `esttgari nh tgl est
flctury, efeildaf ettlctanc hnr tgl Daii`l Eols ges raslc
gaoglrtgec lvlr mlhnrl. Cnfg cal zuvnr saci sn val`l
wasslcsfgeht`afgl Ermlatlc mlries Dattl`e`tlr lrsfgalclc wal glutl,
ac Ilutsfg`eci lmlcsn wal ad mraolcLurnpe [clvlr mlhnrl sn decy
sfalctahaf wnrks wlrl pum`asgli es cnweieys acOlrdecy eci sada`er`y
ac tgl rlst nh LurnplT (Ornlmclr =::7, 585).
9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrsglrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls ac vasatnr cudmlr
evlreols mltwllc tgl dusludshrnd mlhnrl 517: eci tgl `etlr
olclretanc (Vll Haourl 9.57). gl n`ilr nclsrlflavl nc evlreol dnrl
vasatnrs, lvlc ah ynu levl nut tgl frnwi pu``lrs (ettreftaconvlr
=::,::: vasatnrs ac =::
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5:9 -
At dust ml strlssli tget nc`y sta`` lxastaco erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusludserl teklc actn effnuct, cnt tgl f`nsli ncls. Ac tgl
nvlrvalw, frnwi pu``lrs`akl Vt Heoecs ac _e`ls (deac`y e
ltgcnorepgaf nplc-ear duslud watg sndl(rl)fncstruftancs) eci
Ve`zwl`tlc cler Ve`zmuro ac Eustrae (deac`y e tgldlperk watg sndl
(rl)fncstruftancs) wlrl `lht nut.
9.? Klywnrisgl deceolrs gei tn oavl sfnrls tn e slrals nh laogt
klywnris, kllpaco tglarduslud ac daci (Vll Haourl 9.51). Vlvlre`
klywnris wlrl fncsfanus`y `lht nut,`akl eutglctafaty,
(rl)fncstruftanc, erfgeln`noy eci sfalcfl.
Liufetanc wes dlctancli dnrl nhtlc tgec tnurasd, e`tgnuog tgl
debnratynh vasatnrs tn sufg dusluds erl tnurasts. Nmvanus`y,
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds lerc dufg dnrl acfndl watg tnurast
vasatnrs, mut decy nh tgld gevlliufetanc es ncl nh tglar deac eads.
Iete inls cnt sgnw tget n`ilr dusludsput dnrl wlaogt nc liufetanc
eci clwlr dnrl nc tnurasd.
gl slfnci asts nh klywnris, recoli my pnpu`eraty, erl avaco
gastnry, rlslerfgeci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy. gly nc`y sfnrl
mltwllc =: eci 9: plrflct.
Ac e `nt nh fesls wglrl lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy wes usli, tgas
wes dnrl nhe kaci nh wey tn prlslct eftavatals tn tgl pum`af
acstlei nh tgl raoai efeildafilhacatanc nh at. _atgnut gevaco
prlslctli tgl dusluds watg e ilhacatanc,tgl ecswlrs erl geri tn
actlrprlt. _atg rlslerfg, ac dnst fesls, ncl iai cntdlec efeildaf
rlslerfg plr sl. Ac decy fesls e kaci nh epp`ali rlslerfg wesdlect,
sufg es tget cllili mlhnrl fncstruftaco, nr ac nrilr tn dekl atlds
nreftavatals dnrl eutglctaf sn tn splek. My eskaco tgl dusluds tn
pacpnact mntgrlslerfg eci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy, e
iahhlrlctaetanc wes lxplftli mltwllce dnrl pnpu`er lxplradlcte`
erfgeln`noy (ac decy fesls ildncstretancs, cntclflssera`y mesli nc
tgl dusluds nwc rlslerfg) eci e dnrl `emnur actlcsavlrlslerfg. gas
gnwlvlr wes cnt tgl fesl. Clatglr lxplradlct cnr rlslerfg as
nut
nh hesganc. _glc splfahafe``y eskli2 erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac
tgl duslud,nr wglc tgl qulstanc wes In ynu gevl e `ast nh rlflct
pum`afetancs, nhtlc tglecswlrs wlrl2 cnt ylt nr rlorlttem`y cnt. gl
pgresaco f`ler`y suoolsts tglslwlrl esparetancs.
@avaco gastnry as e dnrl dnilrc dltgni wglc fndperli tn
lxplradlcte`erfgeln`noy, e`tgnuog ac olclre` at as cnt latglr ncl
nr tgl ntglr2 nh tgl
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5:
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5:8 -
Fnuctry Onvlrcdlct Essnfaetanc Fndpecy Duslud Hnucietanc Ntglr
Ynte`
Eustrae 5: = = : 59
Ml`oaud 9 5 9 9 < < = 6 = 9 6.86
In ynu strlcotglc cetance` ailctaty> < 6 6 6 : < 5 9
6.::
Evlreol 9.?< 6.?< 9.
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=55
gl acfndl iavasanc mltwllc duslud eftavatals (snurfl 5), pum`af
dncly(snurfl =), eci ntglr acfndl snurfls (snurfl 6) sllds tn ml
gle`tgalst et Ereasa,tgl dnst ucstem`l et tgl Detrafe Duslud. GNDL
sgnu`i iavlrsahy ats huciacomesl dnrl (Vll Haourl 8.5:). Zerfn
Dncte`l ilravls ats pum`af dncly `erol`yhrnd tgl Ducafape`aty nh
Dnilce, tgl `nfetanc nh tgl duslud tget rucs ZerfnDncte`l, mut
emnut 6:% nh at fndls hrnd tgl Ducafape`aty nh Festl`cunvn]econcl,
tgl eftue` `nfetanc nh Zerfn Dncte`l.
Ntglr acfndl as lercli deac`y tgrnuog rlsteurect, sgnp eci
effnddnietanchefa`atals. Et sndl lvlcts, `avaco gastnry ornups nr
frehtsplnp`l erl em`l tn sl``tglar nwc onnis eci decy nh tglsl
plnp`l erl peai hnr tglar plrhnrdecfl.E`sn, dufg as sn`i et lvlcts
my tgl `avaco gastnry ornups tgldsl`vls, mut tglsl
trecseftancs in cnt hleturl ac tgl hacecfae` effnucts nh tgl
dusluds.E fe`fu`etanc nh acfndl plr hu`` tadl ldp`nyll as cnt nhtlc
deil, iul tn tglheft tget tgl cudmlr nh hu`` tadl ldp`nylls as
iahhafu`t tn esflrteac. Ac sndl feslsfnctreftli stehh erl fnuctli
watgac tgl haourl, ac ntglr fesls cnt. gl acfndlinls cnt ehhlft tgl
cudmlr nh ldp`nylls iarlft`y (plrsnce` fndducafetanc D.Xafzl, 56
Euoust =::1). gl deceoldlct survly sgnws tget acfndl plr hu``tadl
ldp`nyll as mltwllc Lurn 9,::: eci Lurn 97,:::. Acfndl plr
vasatnrfnu`i ml splfahali my dlecs nh tgl deceoldlct survly hnr
dnst dusluds,
?6.?%
8
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=5= -
mlaco mltwllc Lurn =.< eci Lurn 1.
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=56
At as geri tn ml`alvl, tget watg `lss tgec =,::: tnurast
vasatnrs plr HL, eduslud fec sta`` ml sn`vlct (es hlw, ah ecy
survavl watgnut orects). At ges tn mlcntli gnwlvlr tget ac decy
p`efls, dnst nh tgl stehh rlflavl `nw weols, cnt bustac Lestlrc
Lurnpl, mut e`sn ac hnr lxedp`l Hntlvaklcs Duslud eci GNDL,wglrl
plnp`l wgn ntglrwasl wnu`i cnt wnrk et e`` gevl e sumsaiasli bnm.
Actgl fesls nh tgl dusluds watg nvlr 6,::: vasatnrs plr HL (Vll
Haourl 8.55),tglsl errecoldlcts in cnt lxast. Hacecfae`
prnhatema`aty as geri`y lvlr e pranratynr hlesama `aty.
gl dexadud cudmlr nh tnurasts wgafg tgl duslud stehh geci`ls nc
e plekiey verals orlet`y mltwllc tgl dusluds, hrnd =
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_atgac tgl duslud stehh, tglrl erl `erol iahhlrlcfls mltwllc
slesnce` ecicnc-slesnce` stehh, acinnr eci nutinnr stehh lt fltlre.
glrl erl iahhlrlct stretenh stehh eci cnt e`` erl peai. Vndltadls
wnrkaco watg vn`uctllrs eci stuilcts asvlry gl`phu`, mut tgas as
cnt e`weys pnssam`l iul tn fu`ture` iahhlrlcfls nr sadp`ytgl `efk
nh plnp`l clermy.
E vlry `adatli ednuct nh wnrk as nutsnurfli, prnmem`y mlfeusl
tglsldusluds gevl e `nt nh pert tadl stehh wgn fec wnrk lxtre gnurs
glrl ecitglrl. Lxplrtasl as garli hnr flrteac ildncstretancs eci
rlslerfg. Ac tgrll fesls,oueriaco as nutsnurfli; ac hnur fesls sndl
nh tgl f`lecaco wnrk as nutsnurfli.Deactlcecfl as usue``y fnciuftli
my tgl dusluds nwc stehh. Vlvlre` dusludsgevl ec lxtlrce` hacecfae`
lxplrt nr derkltaco lxplrt es tgl deceoldlct survlysgnws.
gl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci Hntlvaklcs duslud in cnt garl
lxtlrce`lxplrts. GNDL usls nc`y ats nwc cltwnrk nh hrll`ecfl
prnhlssance`s wglcgaraco lxtlrce` lxplrtasl. Hnur ntglr dusluds usl
tgl sedl lxastaco cltwnrknh hrll`ecflrs ernuci tgld. Vndl bust
eivlrtasl ac tgl `nfe` clwspeplrs. Hnurdusluds olt lxplrts hrnd
ehha`aetli pertals `akl tgl ucavlrsaty. Vada`er dusluds
clermy erl adpnrtect, watg havl nh tgl dusluds olttaco lxtlrce`
lxplrtasl hrndtgld.
gl deac fgeccl`s hnr rlfruatdlct nh clw vn`uctery eci/nr peai
stehherl eivlrtasaco ac clwspeplrs (hnur fesls), wnri nh dnutg
(tgrll fesls), tglarnwc wlmsatl (tgrll fesls) eci tglar nwc
cltwnrks (hnur fesls). Ac twn fesls,erfgeln`noafe` ilpertdlcts erl
splfahafe``y dlctancli.
reacaco stehh as adpnrtect tn e``, eci ac decy fesls treacaco as
tea`nr deil. Ettgl mloaccaco nh tgl slesnc, tglrl as e plek ac
treacaco clw stehh eci upietaco n`istehh. Haxli stehh usue``y
pertafapetl ac treacaco sldacers watg lxtlrce` spleklrs.gl treacaco
as e fndmacetanc nh tglnrltafe` `lfturls eci preftafl,
acf`uiaco`nts nh dlctnraco. Nc`y GNDL, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl
eci Hntlvaklcs
Duslud gevl e hnrde` stehh decue`; ac dnst fesls wrattlc
achnrdetanc as`adatli.
8.6.9 Fn``lftancs
Fn``lftancs et ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud fec ml ilhacli
ac slvlre`iahhlrlct weys. Ac tgl ilhacatanc nh erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds es usli myLWE]F (Vll Vlftanc =.=. hnr e `ncolr
iasfussanc), ldpgesas as put nc actecoam`lfn``lftancs ac tgl slcsl
tget2 tgl nvlre`` prlslctetanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud
gn`is fn``lftancs nh actecoam`l glrateol rlsnurfls eci prnvails
ecactlrprltetanc nh gnw plnp`l `avli eci eftli watg rlhlrlcfl tn e
splfahaf fnctlxtnh tadl eci p`efl (www.lxerf.clt).
Ac =::7 gnwlvlr, tgl fn``lftancs wlrl ilhacli my tgl laogt
dusluds actntgl hn``nwaco fetlonrals2
gl duslud `amrery, pgntn eci vailn fn``lftancs eci erfgavlgl
erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts nc iasp`ey et tgl dusludgl rl`lvect
fu`ture` glrateol nc satl eci clermy(]l)fncstruftli nmblfts
----
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Ncl cllis tn oetglr e`` kacis nh snurfls tn ecswlr qulstancs
wgafg erasliuraco fncstruftanc nh mua`iacos ac ec erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear duslud. Dnstdusluds rlhlr tn lefg nh tglar mua`iacos es
acsparli my e saco`l satl, watgeiiatance` detlrae` adpnrtli hrnd
sada`er satls ah tgl nraoace` lxfevetanc inlscnt prnvail lcnuog
achnrdetanc. Ac ge`h nh tgl fesls, tglsl (rl)fncstruftancserl, ac
eiiatanc, acsparli my e mua`iaco treiatanc eci infudlctery
rlslerfg.
Fn`ls (51?1) ilhacli tgrll typls nh (rl)fncstruftanc2 `nnk `akl,
fncstruftli`akl, usli `akl. Ac slvlre` fesls ac tgl dusluds ucilr
stuiy, gnusls wlrl cntfncstruftli es tgl nraoace`s wnu`i gevl mllc2
nhtlc, e fncsailretanc nh sehltydlesurls fgecoli tgl iwl``aco
mlhnrl at `lht tgl irewaco mneri, watg dnilrctnn`s mlaco usli ac
ats fncstruftanc. gl stetldlct tget gnusls erl fncstruftlies ec
erfgeln`noafe` lxplradlct as ve`ai nc`y ac flrteac asn`etli fesls,
clvlr hnre`` mua`iacos ac e duslud. get et `lest as tgl fesl et tgl
Zheg`meuduslud ecitgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl. Et Ereasa, ncl cnw
ruacli mua`iaco wes mua`t esec lxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56).
Ac decy fesls, tgl gnusls wlrl mua`t my e splfae`ast fndpecy,
nhtlc acfndmacetanc watg e dnilrc fnctreftnr eci rloance`
frehtsplnp`l. Vfalctasts,
stuilcts eci vn`uctllrs p`ey e vlry adpnrtect rn`l ac gnusl
fncstruftanc ac tgllaogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll
Haourl 8.56).
gl gnusls erl usue``y wl`` infudlctli, tgl p`ecs ha`li, tgl
eftue` gnusldlesurli eci infudlctli (tn rlfnri wgltglr fgecols wlrl
deil mltwllc tglnraoace` p`ec eci tgl eftue` gnusl); tgl usl as
infudlctli (e`mlat usue``y vlrymesafe``y) eci tgl deactlcecfl es
wl`` - cnt nc`y hnr tgl sfalctahaf rlfnri mute`sn hnr deactlcecfl
p`ecs eci muioltaco. E`dnst cn gnusl infudlctetancsgevl mllc
pum`asgli ac ecy ilhacli hnrd, e f`ler rlquarldlct nh e
onnilxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56). glrlhnrl, dnst (rl)fncstruftli
iwl``acos ac tgllaogt dusluds feccnt ml rloerili es
lxplradlcts.
Ac sndl fesls tgl fncstruftanc p`ecs erl mesli nc n`i valws nh
erfgeln`noasts,
gastnraecs eci erfgatlfts wgn daogt cnt ml splfae`asts ac wnni
fncstruftanc;sada`er`y, tgl mua`iaco wnrk atsl`h dey cnt ml ferrali
nut my plnp`l lxplralcfliac wnrkaco watg wnni. gl dusluds clli tn
kllp tglar prlslctetanc up tn ietl,eci hnr tget rlesnc clli tn
deacteac e iae`noul watg mntg tgl pum`af eci watgsfalctasts. At as
e strlcotg ah e pnsatavl ettatuil tnweris fgecol as
lstem`asgli.
E`` dusluds infudlct tglar fn``lftancs tn essast rlslerfg. gl
`erolstprnm`ld hnr dnst dusluds as gnw tn rloastlr tgl nmblfts watg
ec ailctahaem`lfnil (Vll Haourl 8.59). Deceoldlct seys tgas gacilrs
tgl usl nh nmblfts ac tgliea`y wnrk nh tgl duslud; rloastlraco,
gnwlvlr, inls cnt rlquarl e vasam`l `eml`.gl slfnci dnst adpnrtect
rlesnc hnr infudlctetanc nh tgl fn``lftancs as tndekl achnrdetanc
efflssam`l tn tgl pum`af (tgas effnris watg tgl valws nh e``
tgl
dusluds, lxflpt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl) hn``nwli my sadp`y
kllpaco ecacvlctnry (hnr sax dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno
Flctrl eci tgl DetrafeDuslud) eci hace``y acsurecfl rlesncs (havl
dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg FreccnoFlctrl, GNDL eci Ereasa). Lvlc
tgnuog, hnr lxedp`l, GNDL inls cnt kllp einfudlctetanc nh ats
nmblfts hnr tglsl purpnsls, wglc ncl nh tglar gnusls murctinwc
tglrl ac =::6, tgl lxastaco infudlctetanc wes suhhafalct tn dekl
eclstadetl nh tgl `nst ve`ul. _atg tgl lxflptancs nh tgl Vfnttasg
Freccno Flctrl(nh wgafg cn iete wlrl evea`em`l), @nhntr eci Zerfn
Dncte`l, tgl dusludsrloastlr et `lest havl iahhlrlct kacis nh
achnrdetanc.
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Haourl 8.562
Mefkornuci achnrdetanc nc
tgl (rl)fncstruftli mua`iacos
ac tgl laogt dusluds.
YglVfnttasgFreccno
Flctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
_get erl ynur gnusls / strufturls mesli nc>
Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd e saco`l satl hnr lvlry saco`l
strufturl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 :
Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd slvlre` satls, lvlc hnr e saco`l
strufturl 5 5 5 5 : 5 : 5
Erfgeln`noafe` typl nh strufturl / erfgeln`noafe` treiatanc : 5
: 5 : : 5 5
Gastnrafe` achnrdetanc : 5 5 : : 5 : 5
Infudlctery rlslerfg / olclre` achnrdetanc 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
In ynur (rl)fncstruftli gnusls / strufturls2
@nnk akl tgl nraoace`s (mut cnt clflssera`y 5::% mua`t watg
nraoace`tlfgcaquls eci detlrae`s) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5
Fncstruftli akl tgl nraoace`s (5::%), akl ec erfgeln`noafe`
lxplradlct 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5
(Zert`y) usli `akl tgl nraoace`s : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5
_gn fncstruftli tgl gnusls / strufturls>
Vplfae`ast fndpecy : 5 : 5 5 5 : :
]loance` frehtsplnp`l (dusluds ste) : 5 5 5 : 5 5 :
Dnilrc fnctreftnr : 5 5 5 : : 5 :
Vfalctasts 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5
Vtuilcts 5 5 5 : 5 5 : 5
Xn`uctllrs 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5
Erl ecy nh tglsl plnp`l sta`` acvn`vli watg tgl duslud nr
(rl)fncstruftancs> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5
Gnw erl tgl gnusls / strufturls infudlctli2
Ygl p`ecs erl st`li 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5
Ygl eftue` gnusl / strufturl as dlesurli eci infudlctli 5 : 5 :
5 5 5 5
Ygl usl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5
5
Ygl deactlcecfl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5
Haourl 8.592
Fn``lftancs rloastretanc nh
tgl laogt dusluds, hn``nwaco
tgl dacadud ildecis nh tgl
Iutfg Duslud Essnfaetanc
(Vtafgtaco Glt Clilr`ecis
Dusludrloastlr =::5, 7-1).
YglVfnttasg
Frecc
noFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`m
euduslud
@nhntr
Zerfn
Dncte`l
Ereasa
Detraf
eDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Ynte`
Yglrl as e rloastlr nh acfndaco eci nutonaco atlds nh tgl
fn``lftancs 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Ygl mesaf achnrdetanc nh e`` nmblfts as rloastlrli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5
5 ?
E`` nmblfts erl ailctastem`l my e fnil : : 5 : 5 5 : 5 9
E`` nmblft achnrdetanc as efflssam`l 5 : 5 5 5 5 : 5 8
Ynte` 6 : 9 6 9 9 = 9
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@nnkaco et tgl rlslerfg incl usaco tglar nwc fn``lftancs, e``
laogt dusludsoeac clw kcnw`liol (Vll Haourl 8.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
7
Nwc ste inls rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Nutsail splfae`asts in tgl rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 : 5 : :
: 5
As tgl actlrprltetanc mntg ouaili eci sl`h-ouaili> 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5
In ynu upietl tgl actlrprltetanc nvlr tadl sn at rlteacs ats
ve`ul nhmlaco clw> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Erl tgl nvlre`` fncflpts / adeol / tgldl, tgl nnks, tgl
etdnspglrl ecitgl lxplralcfl fncsastlct watg lefg ntglr> 5 5 5 :
5 5 5 5
Inls tgl lxplralcfl rl`etl tn tgl terolt ornup eci adeol> 5 5
5 5 : 5 5 5
As tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusli nc wget vasatnrs wnu`i akl es wl``
es tgldlsseol wgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss> 5 5 5 : 5
5 5 5
In ynu stadu`etl tgl slcsls2 sdl``, testl, saogt, gleraco eci
tnufg> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5
Erl tglrl ialrlct eylrs ac tgl actlrprltetanc sn tgl vasatnr fec
fgnnslialrlct `lvl`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5
Inls tgl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud fnrrlspnci watg tgl wey
(tglfurrafu`ud) as prlslctli olclre``y ac sfgnn`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5
:
Inls ynur duslud gevl pgysafe` strufturls hnr vasatnrs
pertafapetanc(hnr lxedp`l ecade`s eci/nr nplretaco defgaclry)> 5
5 5 5 : : : 5
In ynu usl iycedaf lxgamats (hnr lxedp`l (sfe`l) dnil`s nr
stetafnmblfts, trecsperlcfals, ianredes)> 5 : 5 : : : : :
In ynu usl ntglr dlecs nh lxgamatanc (hnr lxedp`l astlcaco
pnsts,du`tadliae kansks, `aogt eci snuci llfts)> : 5 5 5 : : 5
:
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tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusls nc wget vasatnrs wnu`i `akl, es wl``
es nc tgl dlsseolwgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss. gl nc`y
duslud wglrl tgl slcslserl cnt stadu`etli, nr wglrl tglrl erl cn
iahhlrlct `eylrs ac tgl actlrprltetancsn tgl vasatnr fec fgnnsl
iahhlrlct `lvl`s as Zerfn Dncte`l; tgly erl e`sn tgl nc`yncl nh tgl
laogt dusluds wgn inls cnt epp`y `avaco gastnry et ecy nffesanc(Vll
Haourl 8.=:).
Lxplralcfl eci dnilrc tlfgcn`noy erl fndaco f`nslr tn ncl
ecntglr; atas cn `ncolr ncl watgnut tgl ntglr. Vdertpgncl sn`utancs
erl ec adpnrtectwey hnrweri hnr lcoeoaco vasatnrs watg wget tgly
wnu`i `akl tn kcnw, deil hathnr purpnsl. gas dltgni nh
actlrprltetanc as cnt acvesavl eci euodlcts tglactlrprltetanc
nhhlrli my duslud stehh plrsnce``y. Acstlei nh frletaco iastecfleci
actlrruptanc, dnilrc dliae fec euodlct tgl etdnspglrl es frletli
watgtgl (rl)fncstruftli mua`iacos, ertlhefts eci tgl tnur ouails.
Es @plz-DlcfglrnMlciafgn puts at2 tlfgcafe` eivecfls ac euodlctli
rle`aty, addlrsavl vartue`atyeci gn`norepgy slld tn ectafapetl e
trul rlvn`utanc hnr erfgeln`noafe` glrateolnc-satl prlslctetanc
tlfgcaquls (=:55, 9=?). Vufg eivecfls f`ler`y nhhlr decyclw vastes
hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. lfgcaquls `akl vartue`
rle`aty
erl cn sumstatutanc hnr e rle` `ahl lxplralcfl (Mlcclt =::1,
15), mut tgly fecdekl vasatnrs dnrl actlrlstli, my euodlctaco tgl
vasat eci wget as `lerct.
gl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud usue``y fnrrlspncis watg tgl wey
tglfurrafu`ud as prlslctli ac sfgnn`s, lxflpt hnr ac GNDL eci
Hntlvaklcs Duslud.Ac Vnutglrc Vwlilc tgl furrafu`ud, es ilsaocli ac
tgl fepate` Vtnfkgn`d, asacfrlesaco`y sllc es tnn her ewey hrnd tgl
Vfecaec rle`aty. Ac Vfecae, fu`ture``acks watg Ilcderk erl
acfrlesaco`y epprlfaetli (plrsnce` fndducafetanc M.D. Mutt`lr
Beknmslc, 9 Becuery =:5=).
n lcfnureol vasatnrs pertafapetanc, ncl fec usl ecade`s, sfe`l
dnil`s nrstetaf nmblfts lt fltlre. Ereasa, Zerfn Dncte`l eci tgl
Detrafe Duslud in cntgevl ecy nh tglsl. Mut ncl fec haci `avl
ecade`s ac tgl ntglr havl dusluds,
e`nco watg sfe`l dnil`s nr ianredes et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci
tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl.
Lvailct`y, ac ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgl mesaf weys
nh il`avlracoactlrprltavl fnctlct as my dlecs nh plrdeclct
lxgamats, ouaili vasatnr tnurs ecisl`h-ouaili tnurs (Vll Haourl
8.51). E`dnst watgnut lxflptanc, e`` dusludsgevl nutinnr plrdeclct
lxgamats, nroecasl dassanc-rl`etli pum`af lvlcts `akl`lfturls,
ha`ds lt fltlre eci nhhlr mntg gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pum`af tn
trynut eftavatals hnr tgldsl`vls eci ildncstretancs wglrl tgl
pum`af feccnt trytgl eftavaty. E `att`l `lss hrlqulct`y (sax nut nh
laogt tadls) dusluds usl tgariplrsnc actlrprltlrs, eci gevl mntg
tglar fn``lftancs eci erfgavl nr `amreryevea`em`l hnr rlslerfg -
e`tgnuog tglsl erl cnt rleia`y efflssam`l ac e`` laogt
dusluds, lvlc hnr stehh.Erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts erl nc`y nc
iasp`ey et hnur nh tgl laogt dusluds,
wga`st tgrll ntglrs gevl fn``lftancs prlslctli et ecntglr
nfetanc. Zerfn Dncte`lges tglar nraoace` fn``lftancs ac clermy
Dnilce, tgl Detrafe Duslud ges tglarsac tgl duslud ac tgl sedl tnwc
eci Ereasa ges tglar fn``lftancs nh ertlhefts actgl @etvaec
Cetance` Gastnry Duslud ac ]oe. GNDL as tgl nc`y ncl watg
cnnraoace` ertlhefts prlslctli wgetsnlvlr (Vll Haourl 8.51).
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Harst plrsnc actlrprltetanc tekls p`efl ac hnur dusluds -
HntlvaklcsDuslud, @nhntr, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci GNDL, mut
cnt clflssera`yiea`y. Zlrani fnstudls ac e`` hnur nh tglsl dusluds
as rlesncem`y hat hnr purpnsl,mut e `erol prnpnrtanc nh tgl
fnstudls rlprlslcts tgl rafglr pert nh snfalty. Nclwnu`i lxplft
dnrl evlreol eci pnnr fnstudls ac tgl dusluds. At as rlderkem`ltget
tgl dusluds cnt usaco plrani fnstudls slld tn f`ustlr ewey hrnd
Haourl 8.512 _eys
tgl dusluds il`avlr
tglar liufetance` eci
actlrprltavl fnctlct,
reckli my hrlqulcfy.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Ynte`
5 Zlrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Ouaili vasatnr tnurs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Vl`h-ouaili tnurs2 saoceol eci / nr practli ouail / mrnfgurl 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Zractli achnrdetanc tn tekl e`nco 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Nwc (rl)fncstruftli plrani rnnds / erfgatlfture`
(rl)fncstruftancs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
= Nutinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 : ?
Dassanc-rl`etli pum`af lvlcts (`lfturls, st`ds lt fltlre) 5 5 5
5 5 5 : 5 ?
Gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pum`af tn try 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 ?
Ildncstretancs mut pum`af feccnt try 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?
6 Acinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 5 8
Yldpnrery lxgamats nroecasli my tgl duslud 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8
Ert / freht / lquapdlct ildncstretancs 5 5 5 5 5 : : 5 8
Ert / freht / lquapdlct wnrksgnps (wglrl vasatnrs erl eftavl`y
acvn`vli) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5 8
6ri plrsnc actlrprltlrs 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 8
Fn``lftancs evea`em`l hnr rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8
Erfgavls nr `amrery evea`em`l hnr rlslerfg : 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 8
9 Mrneifests (YX, reian, actlrclt) : 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 7
As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pum`af trecspnrt(mus
stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp / stetanc> 5
: 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hll`aco nh mlaco wl`fndl
Erl ynur ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl> 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 7
Erl ynu nlraco e wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezaclhnr
lxedp`l)> 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?
In ynu oavl ec nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefa`atals et
strstsaogt(f`ler `noastafs)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Haourl 8.=52 Nvlrvalw nh tgl
vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt
dusluds2 mlhnrl tgl vasat.
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tn prlperl tgl rlst nh tgl vasat wl``, mntg ac tadl eci spefl.
Mlsails tgl rle`tgaco tgly actlci tn vasat, lque``y adpnrtect erl
p`efls tn rlst, tna`lts, e p`efltn olt rlhrlsgdlcts lt fltlre. At
as adpnrtect tn ouail vasatnrs wl`` tgrnuog tglduslud eci nhhlr
tgld iahhlrlct snurfls nh achnrdetanc. gl orlet fge``lcolhnr
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds as tn acvn`vl es decy slcsls es
pnssam`l hnre pnsatavl lxplralcfl. Ac decy sufg dusluds, tgl
vasatnr lxplralcfl as pessavleci hnfusli nc wetfgaco nc`y. E`tgnuog
at daogt ml tnn geri tn acvn`vl e``vasatnrs eftavl`y ac
prlslctetancs nr ildncstretancs, ncl fnu`i hnr lxedp`ltraoolr tgl
slcsls dnrl my usaco sdl``s, snucis nr `aogt.
gl vasatnr slrvafls erl usue``y onni et tgl laogt dusluds.Lctry
hlls erl rlfnocasem`l, prafaco eci nplcaco tadls es wl``,
e`tgnuog
tget fnu`i ml mlttlr et GNDL eci @nhntr. Nc lctry, rlflptanc
stehh oavl f`lerachnrdetanc emnut tgl duslud eci wget as gepplcaco
nc tget splfahaf iey. Atas adpnrtect tn rlfnocasl tget gudec
fncteft, dnrl tgec wrattlc mrnfgurlsnr saocs sgnwaco achnrdetanc,
dekls tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc e dlianfrl eci eonni duslud
lxplralcfl. Iasem`li hefa`atals erl nc nhhlr et e`dnst e`` tgl
satlseci e`` dusluds erl tn sndl lxtlct merralr hrll. gas nh fnursl
as e iahhafu`t
dettlr tn efgalvl ac ecy erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud,
fndperli tn ecacinnr duslud.
glrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl laogt dusluds
rloeriacotgl hefa`atals tn rlst eci gevl rlhrlsgdlct. Havl dusluds
gevl e sl`h-slrvaflrlsteurect. Hntlvaklcs Duslud rucs e hu``
slrvafl rlsteurect, mut nc`y et splfahafnffesancs. GNDL rucs e hu``
slrvafl rlsteurect rlou`er`y, lvlc nc wllkieyswatg hlwlr
vasatnrs.
gl rlsteurect hefa`atals sgnu`i ml rlefgem`l hrnd watgac tgl
erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds addlrsavl erle. Ah at as tnn f`nsl
tn tgl lxat, at wa`` cnt ml ecacflctavl hnr vasatnrs tn sat eci
rlst eci prn`nco tglar stey, mntg ac tgl rlsteurecteci ac tgl
duslud atsl`h. Zlnp`l sgnu`i cnt ml tgackaco emnut `levaco
wga`l
tgly erl lcbnyaco tgl rlsteurect.Acstlei nh nhhlraco hnni eci
iracks `e fertl, duslud rlsteurects fnu`i in
wl`` my wnrkaco watg e muhhlt acstlei. E muhhlt fec nhhlr dnrl
wglc at olts musyeci `lss wglc at as qualt (Meremec & Iurnfglr
=:5:, ==-=7).
\sue``y, prnoreddls fec tekl p`efl ac ncl nr twn hnrlaoc
`ecoueols, ahmnnkli eglei nh tadl (Vll Haourl 8.==). Ac GNDL eci
tgl Detrafe Dusludtgas as cnt e pnssama`aty nr gepplcs vlry sl`ind.
Ac hnur ntglr fesls, tglrl as edexadud nh twn hnrlaoc `ecoueols.
Vplfae` dlctanc sgnu`i ml deil nh @nhntrwglrl prnoreddls erl
evea`em`l ac sax `ecoueols. gas ucilr`acls tgl splfae`fgereftlr nh
vasatnrs tn tgas duslud, wgn fndl hrnd sufg verali nraoacs
(VllFgeptlr
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8.6.?.6 Nc `levaco tgl Duslud
Dnst vasatnrs erl dnrl tgec geppy watg tglar vasat tn ec
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, eci hll` tget at lxfllili tglar
lxplftetancs. Hrnd tgl dusludpnact nh valw, at as adpnrtect tn kllp
tgl duslud ac tgl vasatnrs daci, lvlcwglc tgly `levl. Ah pnssam`l,
vasatnrs sgnu`i `levl watg tgl ilsarl tn rlturc, hnrlxedp`l wglc
tglrl as sndltgaco iahhlrlct tn lxplralcfl nh tgl sedl que`aty.
gl vasatnr nc tgl ntglr geci daogt wect tn tekl sndltgaco
tecoam`l gndl, ese snuvlcar nr hnr ats achnrdetanc ve`ul.E`` laogt
dusluds gevl e sgnp, e`mlat ac Ereasa nc`y e sgnp wacinw. Et
mntg @nhntr eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgl sgnp fnvlrs 5=:-5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 7
Erl tgl prafls eci nplcaco tadls vasam`l et tgl strst lctry es
wl`` es et tgl tafklt se`ls> 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5 8
As achnrdetanc f`ler`y eci eftavl`y il`avlrli my tgl rlflptanc
ste tn tgl vasatnrs, lsplfae``yemnut iasfnucts eci splfae`
eftavatals eci sufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
In ynu prnvail hefa`atals akl wgll`fgears, redps, splfae`
ilsfraptancs, nmblfts tn tnufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 ?
As ynur duslud merralr-hrll> Ygas as nh fnursl cnt e`weys
pnssam`l, es nco es ynufndducafetl sufg. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Z`efls tn rl`ex eci rlfrletl
_get typls nh rlhrlsgdlct hefa`atals inls tgl duslud nlr ats
vasatnrs>
Cntgaco- : : 5 : 5 : : : =
Eutndetaf vlciaco defgacls- : : : : : : : : :
Vl`h-slrvafl nr fehltlrae sty`l rlsteurect- 5 : : 5 : 5 5 5 5 5
: 5 : 5 5 5 8
Erl tglrl onni nptancs hnr plnp`l wgn mraco e`nco tglar nwc hnni
eci iracks> : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Erl tglrl lcnuog tna`lts, erl tgly sprlei wl`` efrnss tgl
tlrratnry eci erl tgly hnr hrll> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 ?
As tglrl e memy ferl rnnd efflssam`l hnr mntg wndlc eci dlc>
As tglrl lcnuog pravefy> 5 : 5 5 : : 5 5 5 : 5 5 : : : 5 9
@ecoueols
Fec ncl nrilr splfae` prnoreddls ac hnrlaoc ecoueols> Gnw
decy hnrlaoc ecoueols> 5 : 5 8 6 5 : =
Gnw decy hnrlaoc ecoueols in hrnct acl ste aciavaiue``y
typafe``y destlr> 5 6 = 6 = 5 5 5. 5 6 = 8 6 5 : =
Haourl 8.==2 Nvlrvalw nh tgl
vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt
dusluds2 iuraco tgl vasat.
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dltrls sllds tn ml hattaco hnr tglsl laogt dusluds. gl hnur
`erolr sgnps(@nhntr, Hntlvaklcs Duslud, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl
eci GNDL) gevl ecessnrtdlct wgafg as mntg wail (watg decy iahhlrlct
ornups nh ertaf`ls) eci illp
(watg decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). \sue``y, tgl
essnrtdlct as ? 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Essnrtdlct
As tgl essnrtdlct illp (decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). 5
4ucillp, 6 4 illp 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 =
As tgl essnrtdlct wail (decy ialrlct ornups nh ertaf`ls)> 5 4
cnt, 6 4dufg 6 6 5 6 = 5 6 6 =.9
In ynu nlr atlds watg e fncclftanc tn tgl fn``lftancs> 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 7
Gnw dufg (plrflcteol) as iarlft`y fncclftli watg tgl sumblfts nh
tglfn``lftancs> ?
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8.9 Fn``lftaco Achnrdetanc emnut Xasatnrs
glrl erl decy weys tn fn``lft achnrdetanc emnut tgl dusluds
vasatnrs. gasas lsplfae``y adpnrtect ac nrilr tn f`nsl Oep wn, tgl
splfahafetanc oep mltwllctgl deceoldlcts valw nc wget tgl vasatnr
lxplfts eci tgl eftue` ettreftancque`aty tget as splfahali (Vll
Vlftanc 6.7). E`` laogt dusluds usl vasatnr survlys
mut cnt e`` yler tgrnuog eci cnt hnr e`` terolt ornups (Vll
Haourl 8.=9). Vfgnn`ornup `leilrs, hnr lxedp`l, nhtlc gevl e survly
hnrd gecili tn tgld, mut tgasas iahhlrlct hnr tnurast vasatnrs. Nc
sndl nffesancs, vasatnr survlys erl ruc lvlrytgari yler eci erl,
hnr lxedp`l, splfahafe``y teroltli et tgl `erolst lvlct nh tglyler.
E`` laogt dusluds dekl usl nh achnrde` nmslrvetancs my tglar nwc
stehh.gas as cnt nc`y rlflptanc stehh, mut e`sn tgl ouails eci
ntglrs. E`` dusludsece`ysl tgl tafklt se`ls iete, cnt pradera`y nc
tgl hacecfae` mefkornucis, mutvasatnr fgereftlrastafs, tadl nh
vasat, wgafg fndpecy, lt fltlre.
Havl dusluds gevl e fnddlct mnx nr e oulst mnnk wglrl vasatnrs
fec `levlfnddlcts. E`` dusluds efflpt fnddlct my ldea` wgafg as
usue``y hn``nwli upmy stehh. E`sn fndp`eacts oavlc ac plrsnc erl
hn``nwli up aciavaiue``y. Ecntglrhavl dusluds nffesance``y
actlrvalw vasatnrs hnr dnrl hllimefk, e`tgnuog tgasas e vlry tadl
fncsudaco nplretanc. Vtnrl se`ls iete erl e`sn ece`ysli nc
tglfndmacetanc nh prniufts sn`i, tgl tnp 5:, slesnce` se`ls lt
fltlre.
Nmslrvetanc nh vasatnrs, hnr lxedp`l nh tgl tadl tgly splci et
iahhlrlctperts nh tgl satl, as lxlfutli nffesance``y ac ge`h nh tgl
dusluds eci fec mlvlry rlweriaco ac ailctahyaco wgafg perts nh tgl
dusluds erl hnuci dnstactlrlstaco. gl usl nh hnfus ornups, eivasnry
ornups eci lxtlrce` fncsu`tectstn mlttlr ucilrsteci tgl vasatnrs
eci tglar dntavetanc as vlry rerl.
Haourl 8.=92 Nvlrvalw nh gnw
tgl duslud deceoldlct
fn``lfts achnrdetanc emnut
tglar vasatnrs.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlc
trl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsD
uslud
Ynte`
Xasatnr survlys 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Achnrde` nmslrvetancs my rlflptanc eci ntglr ste 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
7
Yafklt se`ls iete 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Oulst mnnk / Fnddlct mnx 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 :
Ac tgas slftanc, et harst tgl fndpecals erl rlvalwli my tnte`,
tglc my iey eci hace``ymy slesnc. Iete sgnwli tgl Vfnttasg Freccno
Flctrl, tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci@nhntr tn ml tgl dusluds ac tgl dnst
tnurast actlcsavl rloancs, watg tnurastsnhtlc steyaco ac tgl erle
hnr `ncolr tgec e saco`l iey.
Et tgl Detrafe Duslud eci Zerfn Dncte`l, plnp`l `levl tgl erle
tgl sedliey (Vll Haourl ?.58). gl iete rloeriaco GNDL eci
Hntlvaklcs Duslud erldnrl iahhafu`t tn rlei. GNDL as ac e
cnc-tnurast erle; Hntlvaklcs Duslud asac ec erle watg hlw tnurasts
mut sta`` e`dnst
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Ac nrilr tn haci nut gnw tgl rlsplftavl dusluds gei mlfndl kcnwc
tn tgnslilfaiaco tn vasat, tnurasts wlrl eskli tn fgnnsl ncl nr
slvlre` heftnrs hrnd e sltnh nptancs, `akl rlfnddlcili, actlrclt nr
bust pessaco my (Vll Haourl ?.51).gas qulstanc wes actlcili tn sgnw
tgl lhhlftavlclss nh iahhlrlct derkltaco
tnn`s. Hnr dusluds, tgl assuls erl gnw tn rlefg pntlctae`
tnurasts eci gnwtn fncvacfl tgld tn fndl hnr e vasat. Decy nptancs
wlrl eiili my aciavaiue`dusluds (fndmacli ac Haourl ?.51 ucilr
ntglr) nh wgafg tgl nptancs ouailmnnk (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl @ncl`y
Z`eclt, www.`ncl`yp`eclt.fnd/cnrwey),pefkeol tnur (@nhntr) eci tgl
duslud as kcnwc (Zheg`meuduslud) wlrladpnrtect eiiatancs - e`tgnuog
uchnrtucetl`y tglsl nptancs wlrl cnt uslilvlrywglrl. Dnst tnurasts
vasat e duslud mlfeusl at wes rlfnddlcili tn tgld,e`tgnuog wgltglr
tgas rlfnddlcietanc fedl hrnd hralcis nr heda`y nr hrndtgl `nfe`
tnurast mneri nr gntl` as ucf`ler. ]lfnddlcietancs erl ml`alvli tn
mltgl dnst adpnrtect fgeccl`, eci et Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgas as
pertafu`er`y tglfesl (97.1%). \saco deoezacls eci clwspeplrs es
hrll pum`afaty as ec adpnrtect
tnn` et GNDL (=7.:%), eci et Zerfn Dncte`l. At as surprasaco
tget ac hnurdusluds, 5:% nr dnrl nh tgl tnurasts bust gepplcli tn
pess my eci tglcilfaili tn vasat, lvlc tgnuog tgl dusluds slld cnt
tn ml `nfetli nc e deacrnutl. Epperlct`y tglsl hnur dusluds gevl ec
ettreftavl lcnuog lctrecfl erletn lcfnureol tnurasts tn vasat.
Zafturls nh ucepple`aco lctry erles erl prlslctliac fgeptlrs Havl
eci Laogt2 hnr GNDL eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud lsplfae``ytgas as ec
assul. Lsplfae``y et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci @nhntr tglrl erl
e`dnstcn effailcte` vasatnrs. get fec ml lxp`eacli my tglsl vlculs
mlaco tnurastilstacetancs ac tgldsl`vls. GNDL as cnt nc e deac
rnutl eci ges cn ettreftavllctrecfl erle (nhh tgl rnei) eci
tglrlhnrl ges cn adpu`sl vasatnrs. Et HntlvaklcsDuslud, tgl
qulstanc wes cnt reasli eci tglrlhnrl feccnt ml lxp`nrli.
Haourl ?.512 Gnw iai vasatnrs
gler emnut tgl duslud, ac
plrflcteols. Du`tap`l ecswlrs
erl pnssam`l. Ygl twn pears nh
orly mnxls (GNDL eci tgl
twn ml`ncoaco tn Hntlvaklcs
Duslud) erl eiili up es twn
suds eci rlhlrrli tn ac tgl
ruccaco tlxt.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Evlreol
]lfnddlcili =6. =% 51. ?% 56.
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gl rlesncs hnr vasataco ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud in cnt
fgecolsaocahafect`y mltwllc harst vasats eci rlplet vasats (Vll
Haourl ?.=9 eci ?.=
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=8: -
Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud, at sl`ind
gepplcs tgetGNDL as nvlrfrnwili; 6,::: vasatnrs ac ncl iey steyaco
hnr tgrll gnurs nrdnrl as hlesam`l glrl. gl Zheg`meuduslud feccnt
fnpl watg e gaog cudmlr nhvasatnrs steyaco hnr e prn`ncoli
plrani.
nurasts fndaco nc e rlplet vasat stey `ncolr tgec et tglar harst
vasat (VllHaourl ?.=1). Hnr tgl Detrafe Duslud tglrl wlrl cn iete
evea`em`l, eci hnrHntlvaklcs Duslud tglrl wlrl tnn hlw iete
evea`em`l tn dekl e buiodlct.glrl erl dnrl rlplet vasats `estaco
twn gnurs eci up (68.9%), fndperli tnharst vasats (=?.9%). Ncl
lxp`ecetanc fnu`i ml tget ehtlr e setashyaco harst vasat,
ncl ilfails tn fndl mefk nc ec lvlct iey. Ecntglr lxp`ecetanc
fnu`i ml tgetvasatnrs gevl hnuci nut emnut tgl heda`y hralci`aclss
nr ntglr esplfts tgly nc`yiasfnvlrli wglc tgly vasatli.
Mntg et Ereasa (85.7%) eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud (58.1%), tglrl
erlsaocahafect`y dnrl rlplet vasats `estaco ncl gnur nr `lss tgec
l`slwglrl; plnp`lstey saocahafect`y sgnrtlr glrl nc rlplet vasats
tgec tgly in ecywglrl l`sl (VllHaourl ?.6:).
?.
gl `lcotg nh stey, `nco nr sgnrt, inls cnt fnrrlspnci watg tgl
setasheftanc retl;plnp`l in cnt `levl tgl duslud ler`y mlfeusl tgly
erl ucgeppy nr stey `ncolr
mlfeusl at as sufg e orlet lxplralcfl (Vll Haourl ?.65).
Zrnmem`y, plnp`l gevlp`eccli e flrteac tadl hnr tglar vasat eci
stafk tn tget, nr l`sl tgl duslud vasatas ilsaocli tn hat e flrteac
tadl spec.
Hnr tgl plnp`l wgnsl lxplralcfl lxflli tgl lxplftetancs (tgl
debnraty nhplnp`l, sll Haourl ?.65), tgl nptadud iuretanc nh e
vasat as 5-= gnurs.
?.8 Xasat Lve`uetanc
?.8.5 ]etacos
Xasatnr lve`uetanc as adpnrtect ac ilhacaco tgl splfahafetanc
oep mltwllc wget
tgl duslud tgacks tgl vasatnrs lxplft eci wget vasatnrs tru`y
lxplft (Vll Vlftanc6.7). At fec e`sn sgli `aogt nc Oep grll, tgl
oep mltwllc slrvafl splfahali eciil`avlrli. Xasatnrs fnu`i retl
slvlre` esplfts nc e sfe`l mltwllc ncl eci havlwglrl ncl wes pnnr
eci havl wes lxfl``lct. Ac preftafl, decy vasatnrs usli twnve`uls,
`akl hnr lxedp`l =-6, nr aciafetli e ge`h sfnrl `akl =.
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=85
:%
5:%
=:%
6:%
9:%
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sfnrl mltwllc 8.: eci 7.: wes fncsailrli pnnr, mltwllc 7.: eci
1.: evlreol eciemnvl 1.: wes fncsailrli tn ml onni (Vll Haourl
?.6=). Hnur nh tgl cacl dnstretli atlds e`` sfnrli gaoglr tgec 1.:
wgafg as vlry gaog (Vll Haourl ?.66).Dnst iassetashali vasatnrs
(retacos watg e sfnrl ml`nw 8.:) fec ml hnuci wglcte`kaco emnut tgl
oaht sgnp (==.1%) eci tgl feh (51.
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=86
?.8.5.5 ]etl tgl (]l)fncstruftanc
gl erfgatlfture` trul tn sfe`l fncstruftanc, pnpu`er`y rlhlrrli
tn es tgl(rl)fncstruftli gnusl, as olclre``y wget vasatnrs fndl tn
sll eci as tgl hleturloavlc dnst prndaclcfl my tgl duslud atsl`h.
At as nmvanus tget tgas e`dnst oavlstgl tnp sfnrl pnssam`l. gl
retaco hnr tgas sumblft wes dnst hrlqulct nh e`` eci
watg tgl `lest ilmetl (tgl plrflcteol nh vasatnrs oavaco e
rlderkem`y `nw sfnrl asnc`y =.?%) (Vll Haourl ?.69). gl dnst
setashali erl vasatnrs tn Zerfn Dncte`l;tgl `lest geppy wlrl tgl
vasatnrs nh GNDL. gas prnmem`y ac mntg fesls ilplciss dufg nc tgl
prlslctetanc es nc tgl que`aty nh tgl (rl)fncstruftli gnusls.Et
Zerfn Dncte`l, tglrl erl twn `erolr gnusls wgafg erl prlslctli es
nutinnrduslud nmblfts, usue``y watg duslud stehh evea`em`l nc tgl
spnt hnr e ouailitnur. Et GNDL, tgl gnusls (nvlr e inzlc) erl cnt
e`weys stehhli. Xasatnrs gevltn dekl up tglar nwc stnry ah tgly in
cnt rlei tgl `leh`lt tgly gevl rlflavli nclctry.
?.8.5.= ]etl tgl Ynur Ouail(s)
gl tnur ouails olclre``y sfnrl mlttlr tgec ecytgaco l`sl, et
`lest et tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl, GNDL, tgl Detrafe Duslud eci
Hntlvaklcs Duslud. gasges cn fncclftanc tn wgltglr oulsts erl
ouaili nr cnt. Et tgl Zheg`meudusludeci tgl Vfnttasg Freccno
Flctrl, cnmniy lctlrs tgl nplc ear erle watgnut etnur ouail. GNDL
ges ncl hrll ouaili tnur iea`y; @nhntr ges emnut 5: ouailitnurs plr
iey. Et Zerfn Dncte`l, lvlry stetanc ac tgl perk ges ec ncsatl
tnurouail, eci et Ereasa, ncl fec garl e plrsnce` tnur ouail. gl
Detrafe Dusludnhhlrs rlou`er ouaili tnurs, e`tgnuog cnt iea`y.
Haourl ?.662
Evlreol retaco plr esplft
e`` laogt dusluds fndmacli.
1.65
1.
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=89 -
E tnte` nh 9% nh tgl vasatnrs erl ucgeppy watg tgl tnur ouails
mut ac olclre` ,tgly sfnrl e 1.< (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci ?.69). gas
ucilr`acls ncl nh tgl ucaqulsl``aco pnacts nh tglsl dusluds2 `avl
actlrprltetanc tn tgl vasatnrs, usue``ydeil hat hnr tgl rlsplftavl
euialcfls. Dnrl adpnrtect tgec tgl gnusls (wgafgfnu`i murc inwc eci
ml rlmua`t) erl tglrlhnrl tgl plnp`l wgn pnpu`etl tglsldusluds eci
mraco tgld tn `ahl, wgltglr es nplc-ear duslud sgnwfesls nr
es`avaco gastnry errecoldlcts.
gl tnur ouails usue``y erl peai stehh, mut vn`uctllrs nhtlc
pnpu`etl tgldusluds et flrteac ietls eci lvlcts. Vllaco gnw
adpnrtect tglsl plnp`l erl tntgl vasatnrs lxplralcfl, at hn``nws
tget dufg ettlctanc sgnu`i ml peai tn tglslvn`uctllrs. gl duslud
deceoldlct sgnu`i ml fratafe` nh tglar vn`uctllrs, ecintglrs
p`eyaco gnst ac tglar nwc duslud, es tglrl as e que`aty stecieri
hnr gnwvasatnrs lxplft tn ml gnstli.
?.8.5.6 ]etl tgl Lxgamats
E`tgnuog sgnwfesli nr ntglr lxgamats ac e duslud fnctlxt hnrd ec
adpnrtect
eiiatanc, eci ac sndl fesls erl tgl stertaco pnact nh tgl stnry
uchn`iaco et ecerfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgly sfnrl e tnn `nw
7.76 (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci?.69). gas fnu`i gevl veranus rlesncs. gl
lxgamats erl nhtlc cnt eivlrtaslies f`ler`y es tgl nutinnr pert.
Hurtglr, tglrl as `lss lxplralcfl hnr tgl vasatnr,`lss acvn`vaco nh
e`` slcsls eci `lss actlreftanc ac tgas dnilrc acinnr pert.
glepprnefg ac tgl acinnr duslud eci tgl nutinnr duslud sgnu`i ml
dnrlsada`er; tgl acinnr lxgamats fec prlperl tgl vasatnr hnr wget
gl nr sgl as emnuttn lxplralcfl ac tgl nplc ear. glrlhnrl tgl
sgnwfesl lxplralcfl fnu`i ml mlttlr
=.?%
9.:%
1.=%
5:.=%
9.
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=8
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=88 -
?.8.5.? ]etl tgl Oaht Vgnp
gl oaht sgnp as e rle` wlekclss nh decy dusluds (Vll Vlftanc
8.6.?.6.), es astgl feh eci rlsteurect hefa`atals. gnuog tglsl twn
dnilrc slrvafl erles erlcnt tgl fnrl musaclss nh erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds, tgly erl e`sn tgl twnerles wglrl lxtlrce`
lxplrtasl as rleia`y evea`em`l tn turc tgld actn e sufflss.
glsl twn erles - ah sufflsshu` - fec dekl tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc
hacecfae`survave` eci ilf`acl. glrl as p`lcty nh lxplrtasl
evea`em`l, mntg ac tgl dusludwnr`i eci mlynci. AFND ges ec
actlrcetance` fnddattll hnr duslud hefa`atyeidacastretnrs, AEDHE,
eftavl ac mlcfgderkaco, fnvlraco assuls `akl uta`atalseci slrvafl
`lvl` eorlldlcts (www.hefa`atyassuls.fnd/Dusluds/). Adpnrtecteci
rlflct `atlreturl emnut duslud sgnps as wail`y evea`em`l, hnr
lxedp`l@ladorumlr & Bngc =:55, wgafg iasfussls lvlry adeoacem`l
assul rloeriacosgnps ac dusluds.
?.8.5.7 ]etl tgl Feh
_atg tgl `nwlst sfnrl nh e``, tgl feh sfnrli ec evlreol nh ?.?5.
Ac hnur nut nh sax
dusluds, tgl feh nr rlsteurect hefa`atals, e`tgnuog prlslct,
sfnrl pnnr`y (VllHaourl ?.69). At as adpnrtect tn cntl tget nc`y
5,58< plnp`l retli tgas atld. EtZerfn Dncte`l eci Hntlvaklcs
Duslud, tgly wlrl cnt eskli mlfeusl tgl nptancas cnt prlslct. Ac
sndl fesls `akl et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci et tgl VfnttasgFreccno
Flctrl tglrl erl `loe` assuls wgafg prlvlct tgl dusluds hrnd
gevacotglar nwc, onni feh.
?.8.5.1 Lxplftetanc ]etaco
_glc tgl vasatnr survly wes put tnoltglr, tgl duslud deceolrs
ilfaili tglqulstanc rloeriaco tgl olclre` setasheftanc nh vasatnrs
wes adpnrtect lcnuogtn ml eskli slperetl`y hrnd ntglr sada`er
qulstancs. At wes eftue``y tgl sedl
qulstanc es tn retaco tgl nvlre`` lxplralcfl. gl ecswlrs tn tgl
lxplftetancserl sudderasli ac Haourl ?.6
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=8?
glrl sllds tn ml cn saocahafect iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl gaog
slesnclve`uetanc eci tgl rlst nh tgl yler, lxflpt hnr tgl ednuct nh
iassetashali vasatnrs.\chnrtucetl`y, tgl cudmlrs nh survlys ac tgl
sgnu`ilr slesnc eci nhh slesnc erltnn `nw tn fndperl lefg duslud nc
iahhlrlct sumblfts. _glc fndpera