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Unit 1: Introduction to P&AI. Anatomy & Physiology
A. Anatomy - “structure” (morphology)1.Definition: branch of science
that deals with the structure of body
parts.B. Physiology – “function”
1.Definition: branch of science that deals with the function of body parts.
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C. Structure & function always relate
1.Example: Arteries have very
muscular walls to adequately
pump blood to all parts of body.
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II. Homeostasis
A. Defintion: The tendency of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
B. In order to survive, the body needs to remain at
homeostasis.
C. Homeostasis is regulated by body systems.
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1. Negative Feedback
a.Definition: A system which maintains deviations in a normal range.
a.Example: Blood pressure- If blood pressure goes up, negative feedback slows heart to return it to normal.
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2. Positive Feedback
a.Definition: A system which encourages deviations from
normal ranges (homeostasis)
a.Example: Labor during pregnancy. The woman’s
body is taken farther from normal (homeostasis) to achieve a goal.
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III.Body Organization (Humans are organized in levels)
A. Cell
Defintion: basic structural and functional unit of life.
Example: Skin cell
B. Tissue
Definition: a group of cells working together to
perform a function.
Example: Epithelial tissue
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C. Organ
Definition: A group of tissues working together to perform a special function.
Example: Skin
D. Organ System
Definition: A group of organs working together to perform a special function
Example: Integumentary
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E. Organism
Definition: A group of organ systems working together to perform a function.
Example: Human body
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IV.Human Organ Systems
A. Skeletal System
1. Structure: bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, joints
2. Function: Support and movement
B. Muscular System
1. Structure: Muscles
2. Function: Movement, posture, heat production
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CC. Integumentary System
1. Structure: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.
2. Function: Protection, temperature regulation,
synthesize (make) certain body products (Vitamin D)
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D. Digestive System
1. Structure:
Digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Accessory organs: tongue, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver
2. Function: mechanical and chemical digestion, absorb
nutrients, eliminate wastes
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E. Respiratory System
1. Structure: Lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
2. Function: Exchange of gasses (CO2 & O2 between blood and air.
F. Cardiovascular System/Circulatory
1. Structure: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
2. Function: Transport nutrients, waste, gasses, hormones
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G. Nervous System
1. Structure: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
2. Function: Regulate all body functions, detect
sensation, control movement
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H. Endocrine System
1. Structure: Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
etc.; hormones2. Function: Regulates
metabolism, reproduction and other body functions.
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I. Urinary System
1. Structure: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
2. Function: Removal of waste from circulatory system; regulate blood pH, ion content, water content
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J. Lymphatic System
1. Structure: Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus gland
2. Function: Removal of foreign substances in blood,
combat disease, fat absorption
K. Reproductive System
1. Structure: Gonads, accessory structures, and genitals
2. Function: Process of reproduction of life.
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V. Anatomical Terminology
A. Position Terms
1. Superior – “above”
-- Head superior to neck
2. Inferior – “below”
-- Tibia inferior to femur
3. Anterior/Ventral – “front/belly- side”
4. Posterior/Dorsal – “back”
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5. Medial – “toward midline”
-- shoulder medial to elbow
6. Lateral – “away from midline”
7. Proximal – “closer to point of attachment”
-- elbow proximal to wrist
8. Distal – “further from point of attachment”
9. Superficial – “near surface”
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10. Deep – “more internal”
11. Articulate – “to meet”
-- The femur articulates with the fibia
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B. Body Sections/Cuts/Planes
1. Sagittal
--lengthwise cut at midline
2. Transverse
--divides body in superior and inferior portions
3. Frontal/Coronal
--Divides body in anterior and
posterior portions
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C. Body Regions of the Abdomen
1. Epigastric
(Middle Upper)
2. L/R Hypochondriac
(Upper L/R)
3. Umbilical
(Middle)
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4. L/R Lumbar
(Middle L/R)
5. Hypogastric
(Low middle)
6. L/R Iliac
(L/R low)
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D. Body (Major) Cavities
1. Cranial Cavity
-- nasal cavity
-- oral cavity
-- cranial cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity
-- spinal cavity
2. Thoracic Cavity
-- rib cage
-- diaphragm
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3. Abdominopelvic Cavity
-- stomach
-- pelvis
-- bladder
-- Split into abdominal and
pelvic cavities
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E. Body Membranes
1. Pleural Membranes (lungs)
a. Visceral pleural (organ)
--membrane portion covering organ
c. Pleural cavity – area surrounding organ
- filled with fluid
b. Parietal pleural
--membrane portion attached to body wall lining cavity
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2. Pericardial Membranes (heart)
a. Visceral pericardium
--membrane covering heart itself
b. Parietal percardium
--membrane outside visceral
pericardium
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3. Peritoneal Membranes - abdomen
a. Visceral peritoneum
--membrane surrounding organs
b. Parietal peritoneum
--membrane attachment to cavity wall
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VI.Chemistry of Life
A. Atomic Structure
1. Nucleus
--most massive
--houses proton and neutron
2. Proton
-- (+) Positive charged
3. Neutrons
--Neutral
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4. Electrons
--(-) charged
--located in energy level shells/ clouds around nucleus
5. Energy levels
--levels/orbits around nucleus that hold e- of certain energy
--each level holds specific number of e- (1:2, 2:8, 3:18)
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6. Proton & electron # = in balanced elements
7. Neutron # = mass number – atomic number
8. Mass # = proton # + neutron #
9. Atomic # = proton #
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10. IonDefinition: Element that has lost or gained e- and therefore
received a charge.a. Important to bodyExample: Ca+ = bones, teeth,
blood clotting. Fe+: Red blood cell function/formation
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B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic Binding
Definition: Occurs when atoms gain or lose e- becoming
opposite charged and attract
Example: NaCl
2. Covalent Bonding
Definition: Occurs when two or more atoms share electrons
Example: H2O
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C. Chemical Reactions
1. Synthesis – “build up”
--combining atoms – growth, repair
A + B – AB
2. Decomposition – “break down”
--molecules break apart – food
digestion
AB – A + B
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3. Exchange
--Decomposition + Synthesis
AB + CD -– AC + BD
4. Reversible
--End product may return to reactants
A + B AB
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D. Acid & Bases
1. Electrolytes
Definition: Substances that release ions in water and
therefore conduct electricity.
2. Acids
--Electrolytes that release H+ into water
--pH: 0-6.9
-- red on litmus
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3. Bases
--Electrolytes that release OH- into water
--pH: 7.1-14
--Blue on litmus
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E. Major Body Organic Substances
1. Carbohydrates
Structure: Small to large molecules of C, H + O (in ratio, Ch2O)
Function: Provide energy for body
a. Monosaccharides – simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
b. Disaccharides – two simple sugars (sucrose, lactose)
c. Polysaccharides – complex sugars (glycogen)
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2. Lipids
Structure: Substances that do not dissolve in H2O, mainly C, H, O
(includes fats, phospholipids, steroids)
Function:
Fats: Break down for energy
phosopholipids: make cell membranes
steroids: regulate body process example: male/female
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a. Glycerols + fatty acid = FAT example: triglycerols = 3
glycerols + a fatty acid
3. Proteins Structure: Molecules of C, H, O, N -- Amino Acids: Building block of
protein Function: regulate chemical
reactions--energy sources--cell synthesis/make up
cytoplasm--protect from disease
(antibodies)--serve as enzymes** Watch Lamina video
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a. Hydrogen bonds
-- hold coil together
-- bonds may break by exposure to access:
*heat
*radiation
*chemicals
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Denatured Protein: protein with hydrogen bonds broken or uncoiled due
to environmental factors. (example: heat)
*** EGG EXAMPLE
4. Nucleic Acids
Structure: Large complex molecules of C, H, O, N, P
--RNA, DNA
--Nucleotide: building block of nucleic acid
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Function: --control cellular activities --synthesize proteins (RNA)
--pass on genetic information
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VII.Cellular Transport
*In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, chemicals/substances/ions
constantly pass through cell membranes.
A. Passive Transport
1. Defintion: Movement of substances across cell membrane from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration requiring no energy
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2. Types
a. Diffusion: movement of substances from high to
low concentration
example: O2 from air diffuse into blood and CO2 to air
b. Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
in cell membrane “bussers”
example: glucose into cells
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C. Osmosis: movement of WATER
across membrane from high to low concentration
1. cells need EXACTLY right amount of watery environment or they will shrink/swell
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Types of Osmosis1. Hypertonic – Hyper=more
a. More water than needed in the cell, so net water LEAVES cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SHRINKS2. Hypotonic – Hypo=less
a. Less water than needed in the cell, so water ENTERS cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SWELLS3. Isotonic
a. Homeostasis is reached
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d. Filtration1. movement of
substances across cell membrane due to pressure
2. ex: blood pressure forces water out of capillaries but proteins are left in.
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B. Active transport1. Movement of substances across membrane from LOW to HIGH REQUIRING ENERGY!!2. Types:
a. Pumps – carrier molecules push ions low to high
1. Na/K pumps in cellsb. Endocytosis – engulfing of particles by cells
1. pinocytosis – takes in liquids2. phagocytosis – take in solids
a. ex:Phagocytes:engulf bacteria