Pa Tho Physiology of Digestive System

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Digestive system Appendicitis

Stomatitis

Gastritis

Peptic ulcer

Peritonitis

Diverticulosis



Appendicitis

� The appendix is afingerlike pouch

attached to the

large intestine

and located in thelower right area

of the abdomen.

� Inflammation of appendix is called

appendicitis



� Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen causes appendicitis. Mucus

backs up in the appendiceal lumen, causing bacteria that normally

live inside the appendix to multiply. As a result, the appendix swellsand becomes infected.

Sources of obstruction include

� Feaces , parasites, or growths that clog the appendiceal lumen

� Enlarged lymph tissue in the wall of the appendix, caused by

infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body� Crohn¶s disease and ulcerative colitis

� trauma to the abdomen

Anyone can get appendicitis, but it is more common among people 10

to 30 years old.

� The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain. loss of

appetite ,nausea ,vomiting ,constipation or diarrhea

� inability to pass gas ,a low-grade fever that follows other symptoms

� abdominal swelling



StomatitisStomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous

lining of any of the structures in the mouth,

which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue,

lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth. The

inflammation can be caused by conditions in

the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene,

dietary protein deficiency, poorly fitted

dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food

or drinks, toxic plants, or by conditions that

affect the entire body, such as medications,

allergic reactions, radiation therapy, or

infections.

Severe iron deficiency anemia can lead to

stomatitis

Deficiency in vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), B3

(Niacin), B6 (Pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid) or B12

(Cyanocobalamine).



Gastritis



Gastritis

Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach liningknown as themucosais inflamed.

The stomach lining contains special cells that produce acid andenzymes, which help break down food for digestion, and mucus, whichprotects the stomach lining from acid.

When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes,and mucus.

Gastritis may be acute or chronic.

Sudden, severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acutegastritis.

Inflammation that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.



Causes of Gastritis

�Helicobacter Pylori�Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

like aspirin , ibuprofen etc

�Other agents

alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.

�Stress gastritis is caused by trauma , critical

- illness, severe burns, and major surgery.

�Viruses, parasites, fungi,

�Crohns disease and pernicious anemia



Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes

most cases of chronic nonerosive gastritis.

H. pylori are bacteria that infect the stomach

lining. H. pylori are primarily transmitted fromperson to person.

In areas with poor sanitation, H. pylori may betransmitted through contaminated food or water.



Symptoms Of Gastritis

Upper Abdominal Discomfort Or PainNausea

Vomiting

These Symptoms Are Also Called Dyspepsia.

Erosive Gastritis May Cause Ulcers Or Erosions InThe Stomach Lining That Can Bleed. Signs Of Bleeding In The Stomach Include

Blood In VomitBlack, Tarry Stools

Red Blood In The Stool



Complications Of Gastritis

Peptic Ulcer Disease,

Gastric Polyps,

Benign and Malignant Gastric Tumors

Lymphoma



Peptic ulcer

A peptic ulcer, peptic ulcer disease,[1] is an ulcer

(defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than0.5 cm) of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that isusually acidic and thus extremely painful.

As many as 70-90% of ulcers are associated withHelicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium thatlives in the acidic environment of the stomach,however only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcerscan also be caused or worsened by drugs such as

aspirin and other NSAIDs.

Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs suchas aspirin and other NSAIDs.





About 4% of stomach ulcers are caused by a malignanttumor, so multiple biopsies are needed to exclude

cancer. Duodenal ulcers are generally benign.Symptoms of a peptic ulcer

Abdominal Pain, Classically Epigastric With

Severity relating to mealtimes,Bloating And Abdominal Fullness;

Water brash

Nausea, And Copious Vomiting;

Loss Of Appetite And Weight Loss;

Hematemesis (Vomiting Of Blood);

Melena



ComplicationsGastrointestinal bleeding is the most common complication.

Perforation (a hole in the wall)

Perforation at the anterior surface of the stomach leads toacute peritonitis,

Penetration is when the ulcer continues into adjacent organssuch as the liver and pancreas.[6]

Scarring and swelling due to ulcers causes narrowing in theduodenum and gastric outlet obstruction.

Cancer 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancerfrom the ulcer



Peritonitis

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum,the tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen andcovers the abdominal organs.

Causes

Ruptured Appendix,

Ruptured peptic Ulcer , intestinal ulcers

Ruptured Diverticula,

E. histolytica infection ,

Bile or Chemicals released by the pancreas

(pancreatic enzymes) leak into the lining of the

abdominal cavity.

Dialysis-associated peritonitis



Symptoms

Abdominal distention

Abdominal pain or tenderness

Fever

Fluid in the abdomen

Inability to pass feces or gas

Low urine output

Nausea and vomiting

Tenderness

Thirst



Small pouches in the lining of the colon, or large intestine,

that bulge outward throughweak spots.

Each pouch is called adiverticulum. Multiple pouchesare called diverticula.

The most common symptom of diverticulitis is abdominal pain.The most common sign onexamination is tenderness inthe lower left side of the

abdomen.

Pa Tho Physiology of Digestive System

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