P2 Schools of Thoughts in Psychology

8/2/2019 P2 Schools of Thoughts in Psychology

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The Different Basic School ofThoughts

STRUCTURALISM

FUNCTONALISM

PSYCHOANALYSIS

BEHAVIORISM

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

HUMANISTIC/TRANSPERSONALPSYCHOLOGY



Structuralism

It was developed by Wilhelm Wundt andhis student, Edward B. Titchener in1879. But it was only in 1898 got its

name structuralism. The main concern was the study of what

mad up consciousness.



Introspective analysis

- the examination of one‟s own thoughts,

sensation

Structuralis

Structuralism’s major contribution to

psychology need not to be emphasized: •It gave psychology a great scientific impetus,getting the name psychology attached to it forthe first time and clearly separated from its

main parental field, physiology andphilosophy.



Structuralism

• It provided an extensive test of theintrospective analysis as the onlymethod for a “complete” psychology.

• It led to the formation of functional,psychoanalytic, behaviorist, andgestalt forces that organized their

resistance against its orthodoxy.



Functionalism

It began at the University of Chicago with JohnDewey and James Angell who both started it in1894.

Harvey Carr and Robert S. Woodworth wereresponsible for the maturation and furtherelaboration of the school.

“A psychology that attempts to give an accurate and

systematic answer to the questions, „What do men do?‟ and

„Why do they do it?‟ is called a functional psychology.”

-Robert S. Woodworth



Pragmatism

- the validation of knowledge in terms of its

consequences, values, or utility.

Functionalis

The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology - a written work by John Dewey that was an

influential contribution in psychology.- it became a classic and was considered as the

most significant landmark in the beginning of thefunctionalist movement.

Application of pragmatism to education - the belief that education‟s life, learning is doing,

and teaching should be student-centered rather thansubject-centered.



Psychoanalysis

It was developed in Vienna, Austria by

Sigmund Freud(1858-1939). It is a method of personality analysis and

treatment.



Interpretation of unconscious in one of

Freud‟s Theories: Basic but unacceptable (forbidden, punished)

wishes of childhood get driven out ofawareness.

They become part of the active unconscious where, while out of awareness, they remaininfluential.

The active unconscious presses to find the

expression in dreams, slips of speech,unconscious mannerisms, as well as suchsocially approved behavior as artistic, literary, orscientific activity.

Psychoanalysis



Free Assocation

- a way of helping unconscious wishes findverbal expression.

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis as a discipline began with the study

of neurosis through the techniques of hypnosis,dream analysis, and free association and more anart, a philosophy, and a practice than a science.



Behaviorism

The development of this school was dueprimarily to one man – John B. Watson(1878-1958).

It was also became known as S-Rpsychology.

According to this responses are elicited

by stimuli.



Stimulus

- by this, Watson meant any object in the general

environment or any change in the tissuesthemselves due to the physiological condition ofthe animal such as the change we get when wekeep an animal from sex activity, from feeding, or

from nest-building.Response

- by this, he meant anything the animal doessuch as turning toward or away from light,

jumping at a sound, and more highly complexand organized activities such as building askyscraper, drawing plans, writing the book, andthe like.

Behaviorism



Three other important characteristics of

Behaviorism: Emphasis on conditioned reflexes as the

building blocks of behavior.

Emphasis on learned behavior.

Emphasis on animal behavior.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism denied the existence of instincts or of inborntendencies.



Gestalt Psychology

It emphasizes the organization, the quality ofwholeness, that inheres in both behavior andexperience.

It was born with Max Wertheimer‟s (1880-1943) paper on apparent movement (phiphenomenon) which was a report of workalong with Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1942),

and Kurt Lewin (1886-1941), the co-foundersof the school.



G l P h l



Gestalt

- is a German word most properly translatedas “form”, “organization”, or “configuration”.

Gestalt Psychology

Behavioral Genetics- a branch of psychology developed by

Francis Galton, whereas Alfred Binet laid the

foundations of the mental testing movement, thedevelopment of intelligence tests, personality tests,and tests of all types.



Transpersonal Psychology

It attends to the whole person; body, mind,and spirit and sees self-transcendence asthe way to truth.

It offers more inclusive vision of humanpotential, suggesting both a new image ofthe human potential, and a new world view.

It focuses attention on the human capacity

for self-transcendence as well as self-realization and is concerned with theoptimum development of consciousness.

SCHOOL METHOD OF STUDY SUBJECT BASIC QUESTIONS



SCHOOL METHOD OF STUDY SUBJECTMATTER

BASIC QUESTIONS

Structuralism(Wundt,Titchener)

Introspection oranalysis of content ofconsciousness.

Experience throughthe senses asdependent on the

sensing person.

What are the elementsof consciousness andhow are these mental

processes interrelated?

Functionalism(Dewey,James,Cattell)

Objective observationand some use ofintrospection.

Study of theorganism as awhole, functioningin its environment

(no attempt toreduce mind intoelements: rather,study ofconsciousness asan ongoing stream.

What do individuals do?Why do they do it? Whatis consciousness for?

Psychoanalysis (SigmundFreud)

Free associationdream analysis,projective test.

The role ofmotivation,particularly theunconscious, in thedetermination of

behavior.

What is the influence ofanxiety and conflictingunconscious forces (id,ego, superego in theindividual‟s adjustments

to his environment?

SCHOOL METHOD OF STUDY SUBJECT MATTER BASIC QUESTIONS



Behaviorism(Watson,Skinner)

First, foremost,objective observationand a conditionedreflex method. Theverbal report (a kindof introspection) onlyif it‟s “objective.”

Stimuli andresponse, free ofmentalistic conceptsand subjectivemethods.

Given the stimulus, whatwill be the response?Given the response,what does theantecedent stimulus?

GestaltPsychology

(Kohler,Koffka, Lewin)

Study of consciousexperience

phenologicalapproach (studyingphenomena asperceived by thesubject).

Perceptual andlearning phenomena

with emphasis awayfrom separateelements; stressesthe wholeness andmeaningfulness ofbehavior.

How can the principlesof perception be applied

to the understanding ofmotor behavior? What isthe essence or unity ofhuman behavior?

HumanisticandTranspersonalPsychology

A variety of methodbut mostly interviews,literary writings, andother creativeproductions.

Subjectiveexperiences ratherthan behaviorhumanness, orthose qualities thatdistinguish man fromthe lower animals.

What are the man‟s

potential for growth?How can we help manachieve his potential.

SCHOOL METHOD OF STUDY SUBJECT MATTER BASIC QUESTIONS

P2 Schools of Thoughts in Psychology

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