P R E S E N T S ITS ABILITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Making Motherland Cleaner...

P R E S E N T SP R E S E N T S

ITS ABILITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTSITS ABILITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

Making Motherland Cleaner...

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION MONITORING WITHIN GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION MONITORING WITHIN KIEV TOWN-INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATIONKIEV TOWN-INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION

Territory of the Kyiv urban agglomeration.Territory of the Kyiv urban agglomeration.

From 1922 till present time observations are performed for the state of groundwater radioactive and chemical contamination within Kiev town and adjacent settlements.

Groundwater is analyzed sampled from four main aquifers: Quaternary, Eocene, Cenomanian-Callovian, and Bajocian.

Zhulyany

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Sharp changes of Sharp changes of 9090Sr Sr concentration in shallow and concentration in shallow and

deep wells in 1996.deep wells in 1996.During analyses of radionuclide content (137Cs and 90Sr) in groundwater, its significant variability during time was revealed.

Concentration values taken within time interval of several days from the same well may differ by several orders of magnitude.

To clarify the reason of this phenomena, additional researches were performed.

6 .5 7 .0 7 .5 8 .0 8 .5

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

conc

entr

atio

n, m

Bq/

l

t i m e, m ounths

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Scheme of the experiment for Scheme of the experiment for revealing technogenic revealing technogenic

pathways of radionuclides pathways of radionuclides migraion along well casing.migraion along well casing.

A supposition was set forth that the reason of sharp concentration changes is related to penetration of nuclides with rain water along the imperfect well casing space.

A special experiment was performed to confirm this supposition. The idea was to introduce salt NaCl into Quaternary aquifer (15 m depth) and register its penetration in Bajocian well (depth 200 m). For this purpose, at 10-m distance from the deep well there were drilled additional shallow wells into which the salt solution was introduced. Later on, the electric resistance was recorded in the deep well.

1

2

3

1 - deep well, 200 m;

2 - additional wells into which the salt was introduced;

3 - electric resistivity meter.

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Decreasing of water electric Decreasing of water electric resistivity in the deep well resistivity in the deep well

during the experiment have during the experiment have revealed fast penetration of revealed fast penetration of

salt along the well-casing salt along the well-casing spacespace

Resistivity recording in the deep (Bajocian) well has shown that saline water appeared there just after the injection into Quaternary shallow wells.

These data have proven the important role of technogenic pathways in formation of the overall pattern of groundwater contamination.

The data obtained later, showing significant degree of rock disintegration near the well, confirmed the primary supposition.

Ом

days

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Correlation dependencies between Correlation dependencies between radionuclides content in Eocene and radionuclides content in Eocene and Quaternary groundwater and several Quaternary groundwater and several

parameters of geological environment.parameters of geological environment.

For minimization of distortions introduced by radionuclide injections along the well-casing space, the primary attention was paid to sampling process as to its perfectness and time (implementing sampling when the rainfalls are minimal).

The influence of a series of natural factors and parameters of geological environment on radionuclide concentration in groundwaterwas studied by the methods of mathematical statistics.

Radionuclides

Quaternary aquifer Eocene aquifer137Cs 90Sr 137Cs 90Sr

№№Hydrogeological and radio-chemical characteristics ofstudied area

r r r r

1. Groundwater recharge 0.97 0.03 0.95 0.05 0.98 0.02 0.88 0.122. Depth of the depression

cone0.75 0.01 0.65 0.03

3. Thickness of the first aqui-tard

-0.63 0.01 -0.2 0.47

4. Parameters influencingsorption properties of soils: humus content; clay content

-0.63 -0.99

0.36 0.01

-0.98 -0.65

0.02 0.34

5. Surface contamination withradionuclides

0.72 0.000 0.4 0.08

6. Radionuclides in groundwater: 137Cs; 90Sr 0.5 0.01

0.5 0.010.7 0.01

0.7 0.01

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Groundwater contamination of Groundwater contamination of Eocene aquifer with Eocene aquifer with 137137Cs (1996).Cs (1996).It appears that groundwater

contamination with radionuclides is strongly dependent on their initial contamination in soil, sorption properties of soil, groundwater recharge rate, presence of depression cones, and thickness of aquitards.

These data were used later for drawing maps of groundwater radionuclide contamination. The area under study was divided into blocks with 2-km interval. For each block the parameters of geological environment were calculated and prediction concentration found using multiple regression analysis.The concentration isolines then were drawn using Kriging method and Surfer software.

6.74

3.00

5.23

8.09

7.55

9.33

8.20

4.33

3.33

1.35

4.53

4.54

6.85

6.854.87

4.65

3.713.82

3.55

3.33

5.754.43

3.55

3.48

3.29

5.31

3.30

Oster

Zhulyany

Brovary

Markivtsi

GolovurivVasylkiv

Gornostaypil

Makariv

Borodyanka

0

2

4

6

8

KYIV

Bq/lm

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Groundwater contamination with Groundwater contamination with 9090Sr of Eocene aquifer (1996).Sr of Eocene aquifer (1996). 90Sr and 137Cs in much reveal

similar behavior.

Maximums of their concentrations take place in northern part of area, within the region of Dnieper and Kiev Reservoir. This can be explained by intensive contamination of these areas and presence of sites with high values of groundwater recharge modules. The influence of the depression cone formed during prolonged groundwater intakes exploitation within Kiev region is clearly seen.

3.36

1.42

1.30

2.36

4.28

4.62

2.12

2.49

1.52

1.52

1.72

1.18

1.201.67

1.03

1.491.45

1.88

1.61

0.91

3.091.68

1.13

0.99

0.99

1.07

O ster

L itochky

Pukhivka

Zhuliany

Brovary

Senkivka

M arkivtsi

Shpytky

Veselyn ivka

G olovurivKozynVasy lkivBorova

G levakha

Sosnivka

Rudnia Talska

G ornosta ip ilDom anivka

Sytn iakyM akariv

Borodianka

M yrcha

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

4.4

m Bk/l

Khotian ivka

Lebedivka

Zhukivtsi

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Variation of radionuclide Variation of radionuclide concentration in groundwater concentration in groundwater

during 1992-1997.during 1992-1997.In course of the groundwater contamination monitoring the significant variations of radionuclides concentration were recorded.The diurnal, annual and multi-year trends of contamination variation were revealed.By presence of short-time variations the conclusion was made that during first 10 years after the accident the maximum part of potable groundwater contamination (not less than 90 %) was passed through fast technogenic pathways, first of all by well-casing imperfectness.

Cs-137, quaternary aq.

Cs-137, eocene aq.

Sr-90, qaternary aq.

Sr-90, eocene asq.

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

Bk/

l

time, years

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Generalized plot of concentration variation in Generalized plot of concentration variation in groundwater of Kiev town-industrial groundwater of Kiev town-industrial

agglomerationagglomeration..Accounting for disintegration of rocks within well-casing space, results of modeling and other data, the conclusion was made that maximums of contamination during 1993-1994 were formed by fast technogenic pathways.

The penetration of radionuclides by natural pathways reaches its maximum in 2010-2020.

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

Bq

/l

t, years

Past years ForecastContamination by:

1) technogenic pathways;

2) natural pathways

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In addition to radionuclide contamination, the chemical groundwater contamination monitoring also is performed in Radioecological Center.

The researches indicate the broad contaminated areas in Quaternary and Eocene aquifers within Kiev town-industrial agglomeration.

Chemical contamination of Chemical contamination of groundwater within Kiev groundwater within Kiev

agglomeration by data of 1998.agglomeration by data of 1998.

sulphates

nitratesphosphatesfluorineiron

M nZn

Se

R ed line- m ax im um a llow ab le concen tra tionLeft - Q ua terna ry aquiferR ight - E ocene aquife r

Pb

60

KYIV

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The trend exist of deterioration of groundwater quality.

The four quality standards were used to clarify the contamination increasing: of Ukraine, USA, Tailand, and World Health Organization.Comparison was performed both by number of maximum allowable concentrations exceedings and by number of samples runging out of State Standard.

Eocene aq.

Num

ber

of c

onta

min

atio

n ca

ses,

%

T i m e, years

Standards:

UkraineWHOUSA;Thailand.

Growth of Eocene groundwater Growth of Eocene groundwater contamination by number of cases of contamination by number of cases of

exceeding maximum allowable exceeding maximum allowable contamination.contamination.

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STUDYING FAST MIGRATION PATHWAYSSTUDYING FAST MIGRATION PATHWAYS

Research data for covering deposits structure confirm existence of various anomalous zones of different origin. Characteristic of rocks in these zones is a series of composition parameters different from background area.

In the relief these zones often appear as runof-less or low-runoff relief morphosculptures: stepper dishes, podes, eolian cauldrons, closed elongated valleys, tectonic closed depressions, ancient water courses glacial depressions, low-runoff gullies, etc.

Total area of anomalous morphosculptures not exceeds 10% of area, though, influence more than 60% of liquid and solid runoff redistribution within the landscapes on account of large water-catchment areas and high infiltration rate. In addition, rocks of more than 90% of anomalous zones are permanently super-wet and have acid reaction of porous solution. This conditions provide for several times higher transport coefficients than at background area.

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Researches show that contaminants penetrate into groundwater by specific zones, which were called fast migration pathways.

They can be classified as technogenic (weak zones around wells and boreholes, buildings, etc.), and natural, which are formed under the relief depression forms.

technogenic natural

Types of Types of fastfast

migrationmigrationpathwayspathways

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Fast migration pathways are detected by different methods: geophysical, hydrophysical, emanation, morphometric analysis, material rock composition, and others.

Georadar section across the anomalous zoneGeoradar section across the anomalous zone

They are well distinguished by data of georadar surveying of geological medium by radiowaves and analyses of reflected vawes from objects with different electric properties.

Anomalous zone

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Scheme of groundwater recharge within Scheme of groundwater recharge within dish-like and gully depressions.dish-like and gully depressions.

1

2

1 - linear forms; 2 - round forms

Fast migration zonesare usually related to specificrelief depressionforms - «dishes» andgullies - which accumulate the surfacerunoff.

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General view General view of a of a

depression depression near Benevka near Benevka village in the village in the

vicinity of vicinity of Chernobyl Chernobyl

NPPNPP

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STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF COAL MINES CLOSING IN STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF COAL MINES CLOSING IN DONBASS ON THE ENVIRONMENTDONBASS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

«Makeevka Central» Mine«Makeevka Central» MineThe principal problem of present ecological state of environment in Ukraine is closing of coal mines and coal mining sections. This problem is specially acute in Donbass.

Starting from 1988, in cooperation with the Ministry of Coal Industry of Ukraine, Radioecological Center implements complex researches of the influence of «wet» conservation of the mine «Makeevka Central» on the environment.

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STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF COAL MINES CLOSING IN STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF COAL MINES CLOSING IN DONBASS ON THE ENVIRONMENTDONBASS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Scheme of research areaScheme of research areaResearch methodology includes:- analysis of mining-geological factors;- experimental hydrophysical studies;- mathematical modeling and prediction of geological state and geomechanical processes negatively influencing on the environment.

Analytical model is developed of stress-deformation state of rock massif as influenced by cleaning activity. Forecasting assessment made of movements and deformations of mining field rock massif having dimensions 6,5х5,5х1km. Analysis of water exchange performed and development of hidrogeological models of different scale started.

M A K E E V K A

m ining zone of "Makeevka-Ugol" Company

SEPARATE M INES

REGION O F MINING OF "MAKEEVSKA" CENTRAL M INE

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THANKS FOR ATTENTION AND CALLS FOR COOPERATION !

OUR ADDRESSESO. Gonchar Str., 55b, Kiev, 252054, UKRAINE

Tel.: 38(044)216-82-72, Fax: 39(044)216-14-17

E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.ukrnet.net/~hydro

RADIOECOLOGICAL CENTER OF RADIOECOLOGICAL CENTER OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCESNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OF UKRAINEOF UKRAINE

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P R E S E N T S ITS ABILITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Making Motherland Cleaner...

Documents

quaternary groundwater

pathmine slide

deep wells

deep bajocian

chemical contamination

quaternary shallow wells

radionuclide concentration

additional wells