P 12 Entheogens PPT Retreat Fa March28

LeslieKorn,PhD,MPHLMHC,ACS,RPP,NTP,NCBTMB

CopyrightDr.LeslieKorn,2018

Entheogens

Copyright,LeslieE.Korn,2018

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Definitions: History

• Hallucinogens,psychedelics,psychotomimetics

• Greek:• entheos=thegodwithin,• gen,actionofbecoming’

Ruck,Wasson,Staples,Bigwood,andOtt(1979)

• Entheogen—generatingtheexperienceofthegod

• “PlantSacraments/shamanicinebriantsevokingreligiousecstasy/visions

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Definitions: Psychedelic

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• “Psyche=mindDelos=manifesting

• CoinedbyHumphryOsmondinhis1957

• "AReviewoftheClinicalEffectsofPsychotomimeticAgents"

• “Psychedelic"developedincontextofLSD

• Referstoextraordinaryconceptual(“mind-manifesting")impactuponhumanexperience&understanding”

(Winkelman,2003)

• PsychedelicassistedPsychotherapy


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Definitions

• Psychoactive• “ProducingInebriation/alterationsinthestateofconsciousness;whetherstimulation,sedation,Euphoria,etc.”

(Ott,1995,p.129)

• Hallucinogen“allthosesubstancesthatproducedistinctalterationsinperception,sensationsofspace&time,&emotionalstates”

(Rätsch,C.1998.TheEncyclopediaofPsychoactivePlants,p.9)

• Psychointegrator• Thestimulationofmind,emotions,soul&spirittointegrativedevelopmentStimulatesmental&emotionalcatalyzingprocess

• Encourageaholisticdevelopmentalintegrationofthemind,spiritandsoul(Winkelman,2003)

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Religion & Spirituality

•UsedinthearchaicworldinDivination&forshamanichealing

• Evidenceforentheogens&HolyCommunion:theEucharist

• InitiationtoEleusinianMysteries

• “Becomingdivinewithin”


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The Garden of Eden

• WastheappleofEvewasactuallyapsychoactivemushroomcalledamanita?

CarlRuck..TheApplesofApollo:PaganandChristianMysteriesoftheEucharist,withClark

HeinrichandBlaiseDanielStaplesVideoPPT

http://www.psychedelic-library.org/video/HVS.mp4


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Demeter with Barley, Opium, & Snakes

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• AbductionofPersephone

• TheHarvest

• AStoryoftrauma

• Thenarcissus:descentintotheunderworldofthemind&returntranscendent


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Mayan Dieties & Mushrooms

• WhentheSpanisharrivedinMexicotheysuppressed:

• Sacramentaluseofmushroom,TeonanacatlbytheNahua—“FleshoftheGods”—

• RitualfoodssuchasAmaranth

• Weresafeguardedbyindigenouspeoplesforthefuture

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Psychoactive Plants & Religion

• Historically,indigenous&traditionalsocietiesusepsychoactiveplantsinthecontextofacommunity-basedritual

• ThesuppressionofmindalteringdrugsbeganwiththeInquisitionintheNewWorld

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Inquisitionconfiscatedpsychoactiveherbsin

Theoldworld:

Witcheswho“flew”wereusingpsychoactiveherbs


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Traditional Spiritual Practices

• NativeAmericanchurchpeyoteceremonypracticesintheUnitedStates’southwest

• WixárikasofcentralMéxico

• AyahuascaceremoniespracticedbyUrarinashamanofinteriorAmazonriverregions,Peru

• Mushroomcults(Amanitamuscaria)ofSiberia

• MazatecofnorthwesternOaxaca,Méxicorefertotheirpreferred,trance-inducingmushroomasnti-si-tho

• Commonthemes:SpiritualSacredTherapeutic

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“I’m personally biased in favor of these type of studies, if it proves useful to people who are really suffering, we should look at it”

―ThomasR.Insel,

DirectoroftheNational

InstituteofMentalHealth

(N.I.M.H.)

Psychedelic Medicine


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LSD/ D-lysergic acid diethylamide

• LSD,acid,(D-lysergicaciddiethylamide)

• Hallucinogenicchemicalderivedfromtheergot(Clavicepspurpurea)fungusthatgrowsonrye(SecalecerealeL.)

• AlbertHoffmanaccidentallysynthesizedLSDin1938

• LSDwasusedtotreatDutchWorldWarIIsurvivorsofconcentrationcamps

• BillWilson(founderofAlcoholicsAnonymous)tookLSDundertheguidanceofapsychiatrist&hadanintensespiritualexperienceleadinghimtoconcludethatLSDcouldhelpotherswithalcoholism

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LSD

• Theeffectslastfor6-8hours&experienceisusuallyfollowedbyacomedownperiodof2-6hours

• LSDisnon-addictive&nowithdrawaleffectshavebeenreported

•Currentuseiscalledmicrodosing

•Currentresearch:PsilocybinatNYCfortreatmentofalcoholdependency

ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT02061293

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LSD Studies

• Double-blind,randomized,activeplacebo-controlledpilotstudyto

examinesafetyandefficacy

• (LSD)-assistedpsychotherapyin12patientswithanxietyassociatedwithlifethreateningdiseases

• Treatmentincludeddrug-freepsychotherapysessions

• TwoLSD-assistedpsychotherapysessions2to3weeksapart

• Outcomes:Safe&anxietyreducedGasseretal.TheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease&Volume202,Number7,July2014


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Mushrooms/Psilocybin/Psilocin

• Hundredsofhallucinogenicmushrooms,includingPsilocybeaztecorum,P.mexicanaandP.caerulescans,Panaeolussphinctrinus,P.foenisecii,&Strophariacubensis

• A.K.A.mushrooms,magicmushrooms,shrooms,andboomers,psilocybinmushroomsgrowthroughoutthetheworld

• Psilocybeaztecorum,P.mexicanamostparticularlyinMexico,CentralAmerica,wheretheyareusedinreligiousceremoniesbyAztec,Mazatec,Chinantec,Mije,Zapotec,Mixtec&Mayan

(Spinella,2001)

• Mostpsychoactivemushroomscontainpsilocybin(4-phosphoryl-DMT)orpsilocin(4-hydroxyDMT)

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• Psilocybemushroomslesspotent&shorter-acting

• Bothpsilocybin&psilocinactontheserotonergicsystem,likeLSD.Effectsofpsilocybemushroomsbegin30-60minutesafteringestion&lastfrom4-6hours

• PsychologistTimothyLearyusedpsilocybintotreatprisonerstheorizingthatalteredstatesengenderedbythedrugwouldleadtoreducedlevelsofrecidivismamongprisoners

• Psilocybinuseisassociatedwithprofoundspiritualexperiencesthathavelastingeffects

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• Psychologicaleffects• Shiftsinmood,perception(visual),perceivedchangesintime&space

(Hasler,Grimberg,Benz,Huber,&Vollenweider,2004)

• Psilocybingiventohealthysubjectsissafe• Adviseagainstuseofpsilocybinforthosewithcardiovascularconditions/hypertension

• Psilocybin/LSDtopreventortreatclusterheadaches• Reportefficacy&remission

(Sewell,Halpern,&Pope,2006)

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Peyote

• Peyote(Lophophorawilliamsii)

• CactusthatgrowsinthedesertsofCentralMexico&asfarnorthasTexas

• Péyotl,Nahuawordmeans‘furrything’referringtothetopsofthecactus

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“Peyote is the crossing of the souls, it is everything that is. Without peyote nothing would exist”

―AWixaritariman


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The Huichol Trinity of Deer, Maize & Peyote

Annualpilgrimage


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Visionary art following the Peyote pilgrimage


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Peyote

• Thefreshordriedheadsofthecactus,“peyotebuttons”• Eaten,madeintoatea,orpowdered

• Over55alkaloidsinpeyote,• Mainpsychoactivealkaloid,mescaline

• UseofpeyotespreadtoNorthAmericanIndiansbytheMescaleroApache&theLipanApacheofMexico

• AmericanIndiansusepeyoteto

• Dispelbadspiritsbelievedtobecausingillness• Diabetes,pain,colds,bites,alcoholism,headache,blindness,menstrualdisorders&brokenbones


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The Native American Church

• TheNativeAmericanChurch,(NAC)pan-IndianreligiondiffuseddirectlyfromtheolderMexicanforms:transcendscurrentborders

• BasedontheuseofthePeyotecactusasasacramentalmedicine

• Developedinthelate19thcenturyinresponsetothecommunitytrauma

• Requiresabstinencefromalcohol&drugs

• Offersanimportantresourcetoparticipantswhoaredetoxifyingfromalcohol

• Aholistic,communalceremonyduringwhichthepeyotespiritmayilluminateananswerorknowledgeaboutproblem


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Peyote & the NAC

• Peyote&NativeAmericanChurchofferamodelofatraditionalentheogenritual

• Ahealingcontextusedtoprovidealternativestodrugs&alcohol

• Indigenous-centricalternativetoAlcoholicsAnonymous(AA)

• Fosterspositiveculturalpractices• Supportsindividual&groupidentity• Mitigatestheongoingeffectsofcolonization

• Promoteshealthinareasbeyondaddiction


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Spirit MoleculeAyahuasca and DMT

• “Vineofthesouls”(aya=spirit,waska=vine)• Ayahuasca(combination:B.caapiandPsychotriaviridis)

• Santodaimereligiouspractice:Brazil&global

• MainhallucinogenicalkaloidsareDMT(N,N-dimethyltryptamine)&β-carbolines(monoamineoxidaseinhibitingharmalaalkaloids)

• Serotoninanalogue• Near-death&mysticalexperiencesarearesultofDMTproducedbythepinealgland(RickStrassman,2001)

• “SpiritMolecule”(Strassman)DMT

• Ubiquitousinhumans,animals&plants25


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Ayahuasca

• LegalstatusintheUSischanging• Theplantsusedtomakethebrewaregenerallynotregulated,butmainpsychoactivecomponent,N,N-DMT,isascheduleIillegaldrug

• Ayahuasca-basedreligiousgroups,SantoDaimechurchandUniãodoVegetal–(UDV)

• ApprovedbyU.S.Courtsforlegaluseofayahuascainceremonies

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Ayahuasca-led Retreats Research

• Counselingandceremonies

• Aboriginalpopulation• Statisticallysignificant(p<0.05)improvements

• Forscales:hopefulness,empowerment,mindfulness,&qualityoflifemeaning&outlooksubscales

• Self-reportedalcohol,tobaccoandcocaineusedeclined,cannabis&opiateusedidnot(duetobeingprescription)

• Significantreductionsinproblematiccocaineuse

• Allstudyparticipantsreportedpositive,lastingchangesCurrentDrugAbuseReviews,2013,6,000-00011874-4737/13Ayahuasca-AssistedTherapyforAddiction:Results

fromaPreliminaryObservationalStudyinCanadaGeraldThomasPhilippeLucas,N.RielleCapler,KennethW.TupperGinaMartin


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DMT & Toad Licking

• “Psychoactivetoad”ofMesoAmericantraditionalmedicine(Weil&Davis,1994)

• TheSonorandeserttoad,Bufoalvarius,secreteslargeamountsofthepotenthallucinogen,5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine(5-MeO-DMT)

• Toad-lickingrituals• MedicinaluseoftoadsbyindigenouspeoplesofwestMexico

• Ruboilonthetoadandthenrubitoverareasofthebodyaffectedbyerysipelas

• Whenfinished,thenthetoadiswashed&releasedbackintothewild

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MDMA

• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

• Ecstasy• Empathogen

•Meaningtogenerateastateofempathy

• Anentactogen,meaningtotouchwithin

• Empathogens=subcategoryofpsychedelicdrugsLSD&psilocybin(Metzner&Adamson,2001)

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MDMA

• UseofMDMAwithpsychotherapy

• 6womenwithchronicPTSDfollowingsexualassault

• Lowdoses(50-75mg.)weresafepsychologically&physically(Bouso,Doblin,Farré,Alcázar,&Gómez-Jarabo,2008)

• PotentialtotreatPTSDbyreducingfear,anxiety

• Openness&trust,improvetherapeuticrelationship(Mithoefer,2007)

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MDMA

• StudiesofMDMA&psychotherapy

1)ChronicrefractoryPTSD

• Resultedinresolutionofsymptomssothatalarge%ofthegroupnolongermetthecriteriaforPTSD

(Mithoeferetal.,2010)

2)RandomizedcontrolledstudyonMDMAforpatientswithPTSDwhohadnotrespondedtopsychotherapy/medication

• Resultsincludedsignificant⬇scoresoftheclinicianadministered

PTSDscaleMithoefer,Wagner,Mithoefer,Jerome,andDoblin(2011)


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MDMA

• LowdosesofMDMAhelppeoplebegentlewiththemselves,⬇defenses

&beopentopsychotherapyprocess(Holland,2001)

• Therapeuticdoseisabout125mg(Holland,2000)

• Chemicallysimilartomescaline,whichalongwithMDMAbelongstothefamilyofphenethylamines(Holland,2001)

• Releasesafloodofserotonin&dopamine

•⬆bloodlevelsoftheaffiliationhormonesoxytocinandprolactin(Jerome,

2004)➡profoundsenseofempathy(JohansenandKrebs,2009)

• Potentialtodeepentrustwiththerapist


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MDMA

•⬇activityintheamygdala&mayfacilitateanexplorationoftraumatic

memories

•⬆norepinephrine&cortisol,itmightalsoenhancetherateofextinction

learning(Johansen&Krebs,2009)

• MDMAissafetoadministertohumansinacontrolledclinicalsetting&causesfewadverseevents(Jerome,2004)

• TheCYP2D6enzymemetabolizesMDMAintheliver

• Deficient/totallyabsentin5to10%ofCaucasians&AfricanAmericans&1to2%ofAsians

• PeoplewithoutCYP2D6enzymeshouldnotuseMDMA(Holland,2000)


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Ketamine

• SpecialKorK2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone

• Dissociativeanaestheticandpsychedelic• Widelyusedrecreationallyforitspsychedelic&dissociativeeffects,whichincludealteredperceptions,vertigo,decreasedmotorfunction,enhancedsociability,&dissociation

• Slightlyaddictivepsychologically,yetitalsohasbeenusedtotreataddictioninacontrolledsetting

(Jansen,2000)

• CurrentlylistedasascheduleIIIillegalsubstance

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Ketamine

• Lowdosesusedasantidepressant&“transpersonal”drugfordeathanxiety(Kolpetal.,2007).

• Study:treatmentresistantdepressionimprovementofsymptomswithinhours,withathirdofthemexperiencinglastingreliefforoneweek

• Study:Alcoholism&heroinaddiction

• 65%ofpatientsremainedsoberforatleastoneyear(Krupitsky&Grinenko,1997)

• Alcohol&heroinusingpatientsexperienced⬇craving,anxiety&

depression

• Positivechangesinattitudestowardthemselves,others,&towardslife,⬆spirituality&sobriety

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Ketamine

• Smalldosestotreatpain&hasbeenreportedtoproducelastingpain-reducingeffects

(Borsook,2009)

• Someadverseeffects

• Confusion,visual&perceptualchanges,• Increasedbloodpressure,dizziness,• Increasedlibidoallofwhichhavebeenobservedtosubsidewithin1-2hours

• Topicalcompoundforneuropathicpain:ketamine/ketprofen/capsaicin

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Iboga/ Ibogaine

• IbogahasbeenusedforcenturiesinreligiousceremoniesandtraditionalmedicinebytheGabonandCongocultures

• Tabernantheiboga• TheFangBwiticult:asyncreticNeo-Christianreligion• ThepowderedIbogarootsserveastheEucharistinMass

• Non-addictive.Ibogainetheextractdrugfromtheplant

• Atypicalopiatethatappearstoaltertheaddictioncircuitbyactingonbothopioid&serotonergicreceptors

(Mash,2010)

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Ibogaine

• Treatment:individualswithopiateaddictionsexperience

• Liftingofthephysicalsymptomsofdependencewithin30-45minutesfollowingingestion

• Severaltreatmentsareoftenrequired• 30N:Oxyandheroin-previousunsuccessfulTxMaximaleffectat1month

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1320802

• Studyof14N:Asingleibogainetreatmentreducedopioidwithdrawalsymptoms,achievedopioidcessation/sustainedreducedusedependentindividualsover12months

THEAMERICANJOURNALOFDRUGANDALCOHOLABUSE http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1310218

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Addiction Interrupter

• “Thevisualexperiencethatibogaineprovideshelpssomepeople(butnoteveryone)toreceiveinsightsintotheirdestructivebehaviorsandhelpthemtorewritetheirmythology”DeborahMash

• Aftercareincludesintegrativeapproachtoaddresscausesandongoingselfcareprotocols


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MAPS

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• PsychedelicHarmReductionProjectTrainingonhowtobestsupportdifficultpsychedelicexperiencesWebsite:http://www.zendoproject.org/

• CertificateinPsychedelic-AssistedTherapiesandResearchWebsite:https://www.ciis.edu/public-programs/certificate-programs/

certificate-in-psychedelic-assisted-therapies-and-research

Psychedelic Medicine


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• PsychedelicPsychotherapyForum Website:http://www.psychedelicpsychotherapy.ca/

• MAPSPsychedelicMedicineBibliographyWebsite:http://www.maps.org/resources/psychedelic-bibliography

Entheogens & Psychedelic Medicine


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Summary

• Definitionsofentheogens,psychedelicmedicine

• Linkedtoculturalritualreligiouspractices• Currentuseinpsychotherapy&otherrituals• Applicationsforavarietyofmentalhealthdis-orders

• Recreational/Selfmedication/Therapeuticuse

• VariousstatesoflegalityintheUS&othercountries• Varietyofplant&extracts&syntheticsubstances• Targetsvariousreceptorsinthebrain• Identifyingapplications,findingresourcesforcollaboration

Thank you!drlesliekorn.com [email protected]

P 12 Entheogens PPT Retreat Fa March28

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