Ozone & Perozone® Characteristics and Practice William B. Kerfoot Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. In Situ Chemical Oxidation Workshop The 25th Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments and Water University of Massachusetts, Amherst October 21, 2009
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Ozone & Perozone®
Characteristics and Practice
William B. Kerfoot
Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation W
orkshop
The 25th Annual International Conference on
Soils, Sedim
ents and W
ater
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
October 21, 2009
C-S
parg
e™
(mic
rob
ub
ble
ozo
ne)
O3
+ 2
H+
+ 2
e‾
→O
2+
2H
2O
Clean by-products
Pero
zon
e®
(pero
xid
e-c
oate
d o
zon
e)
2O
3+
H2O
2→
2O
H•
+ 3
O2
Clean by-products
Ho
w e
ffecti
ve a
re t
he o
xid
an
ts?
•Ove
r 850 in
stalla
tions
in E
uro
pe a
nd t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s
•Ove
r 80%
of
site
s have
been c
leane
d u
p in
less
than 3
years
•Pero
zone®
has
show
n c
apaci
ty f
or
cleanu
p in
perio
ds
of m
onth
s
•Ch
em
ical r
eact
ion o
f P
ero
zone®
rele
ase
s tw
ice t
he h
ydro
xyl
radic
als
pe
r m
ole
of pero
xide t
ha
n F
ento
n’s
Re
ag
ent
Eq
uip
men
t &
Pro
cesses
Sta
tes W
here
Ozo
ne is B
ein
g U
sed
fo
r In-situ
Rem
ed
iati
on
Approved
Oxidant
Price per cubic yard
of soil
($)
Cost Price
$/ton
Cost Price
$/kg*
Type
Fen
ton’s
rea
gen
t7.8
–63
7.4
–60
.5 –
.8
5 –
15%
solu
tion
Ozo
ne/
per
oxid
e
(Per
ozo
ne®
)
1 –
10 plu
me
met
hod
10 –
31 sourc
e m
ethod
.9 –
9.5
9.5
–29.5
.04 -
.38
.4 –
1.2
gas
/liq
uid
Ozo
ne
21 –
31
20 –
29.5
.8
–1.2
gas
Per
man
gan
ate
13 –
52
12 –
49.5
2.7
–4.1
40%
solu
tion
Oxidant
Price per m
3of soil
(€)
Cost Price
€/kg*
Type
Fen
ton’s
rea
gen
t15 –
120
0.7
–1
5 –
15%
so
lution
Ozo
ne/
per
oxid
e
(Per
ozo
ne®
)
2 –
20 plu
me
met
hod
20 –
60 so
urc
e m
ethod
.1 –
1.0
1 –
1.5
gas
/liq
uid
Ozo
ne
40 –
60
1 –
1.5
gas
Per
man
gan
ate
25 –
100
4 –
6
40%
solu
tion
*kg
of
co
nta
min
an
t w
eig
ht
Fro
m:
ISC
O,
In-S
itu
Ch
em
ical
Ox
idati
on
, SK
B,
Neth
erl
an
ds C
en
tre f
or
So
il Q
uality
Man
ag
em
en
t an
d K
no
wle
dg
e T
ran
sfe
r, G
ou
da,
Neth
erl
an
ds
20
00
-20
03
(%
)
CH
LO
RIN
ATED
PETR
OLEU
M
IND
US
TR
IAL
OTH
ER
2000 –
2003
2003 –
2005
%
%
CH
LO
RIN
AT
ED
8
20
PE
TR
OL
EU
M
88
70
IND
US
TR
IAL
1
5
OT
HE
R
35
ME
AN
1.8
2 y
rs
ME
DIA
N 2
.0 y
rs
Ad
van
tag
es o
f O
zon
e w
ith
Petr
ole
um
H
yd
rocarb
on
s
�In
crem
enta
l decr
ease
in c
ost
/hig
h %
clo
sure
/vi
rtually
no r
ebound
�O
xygen d
eliv
ery
15 k
g tota
l oxy
gen p
er
poin
t per
day
Sourc
es:
20%
O2
in a
ir, ozo
ne, and p
ero
xide
�C
om
patib
le w
ith b
iolo
gic
al a
ctiv
ity
�T
reats
reca
lcitr
ant co
mpounds
TP
H –
alk
anes,
alk
enes
MT
BE
–oxy
genate
sP
AH
s –
naphth
ale
ne
TB
A –
alc
ohols
TC
A/D
CA
-ch
loro
alk
anes
1,4
Dio
xane
Mass Removal
Site M
anagement Program
Improves efficiency –reduces time-to-treat
•Converts aqueous to adsorbed equivalents
•Recalculates oxidant mass needed per
Spargepoint®
•Computes tim
e-to-treat per point
•Discloses m
igratory or secondary sources
by m
ass balance
Rad
ius o
f In
flu
en
ce o
f Sp
arg
e W
ells
•T
he r
ad
ius o
f in
flu
en
ce
was c
alc
ula
ted
fro
m
cri
tical
pre
ssu
re t
o
ind
uce f
low
, a f
un
cti
on
o
f lin
e a
nd
po
int
losses,
hyd
rau
lic h
ead
, an
d
form
ati
on
lo
ss.
•Fie
ld a
nd
an
aly
tical
scre
en
ing
in
dic
ate
s t
hat
these m
ay r
ep
resen
t m
inim
um
s.
$100
$50
$20
$5 -
?
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995
2000
2005
2010
Tim
eTim
eTim
eTim
e
Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($)
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing T
reatm
ent
Currently $10-$15 per cubic yard
Bubble
Config
ura
tion
Solub
ility
Hen
ry's
Con
stan
t
Ads
orpt
ion
Str
ippi
ng
O2
H
•O
H
2C
O2
•O
H2
2O
Me
thyl
-tert
-buty
leth
er CH
HC
H3
H
MT
BE
H CO
CH C
3
3
Gas
ph
as
e
(Membra
ne phase)
O
•O
H H2
2
O2
•O
H
(sed
imen
t s
oil)
So
lid
Aq
ueo
us
(gro
un
dw
ate
r)
2O
Adsorption
Solubility
Ex
tracti
on
/reacti
on
Inco
min
g –
Hen
ry’s
Co
nsta
nt
Ou
tgo
ing
–H
yd
rox
yl
rad
ical
plu
s d
isso
lved
ozo
ne
CO
2
Criegee M
echanism of Reaction
Perozone™Type Reactions
Peroxide Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxygen
H2O
2+ 2O
3→
2HO
•+ 3O
2
+ Complex Set of Side Reactions
Ozone Hydrogen Superozone Hydroperoxide
Peroxide Anion Anion Radical
O3+ HO
2‾
→O
3‾+ HO
2•
Superozone Hydrogen Hydrogen Trioxide
O3+ H+ HO
3
Aieta, et al., 1988
Nan
o t
o
Mic
rob
ub
ble
Pro
du
cti
on
Ox
ida
tio
n P
ote
nti
als
Ox
ida
nts
vs
. C
on
tam
ina
nts
1.2
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.8
2.8
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
O2
MnO
4
H2O
2O
3 (m
olec
ular
)
O3
(gas
) Fento
ns R
eage
ns
Peroz
one
Av
aila
ble
Ox
ida
nts
Oxidation Potential (V)
C-H
: A
lkane
se
.g. M
ine
ral O
il
C=
C: A
lke
ne
s
e.g
. C
hlo
roe
the
ne
s
: A
rom
atic
s
(mo
no
). e
.g. B
TE
X
: A
rom
atic
s
(po
ly).
e.g
. P
AH
Ozo
ne S
tab
ilit
y In
Gas o
r W
ate
r P
hases
Ozo
ne c
an
react
wit
h N
AP
L a
nd
dis
so
lve
do
r ad
so
rbed
co
nta
min
an
ts.
Th
e
gas p
hase h
alf
lif
e m
ay b
e t
he c
on
tro
llin
g r
eacti
on
; n
ote
th
at
the
liq
uid
ph
ase h
alf
-lif
e i
s v
ery
sh
ort
sin
ce i
t re
acts
wit
h w
ate
r to
fo
rm h
yd
rox
yl
rad
icals
as s
ho
wn
on
th
e f
ollo
win
g s
lid
e.
Co
nta
ct
is n
eed
ed
betw
een
ozo
ne a
nd
th
e c
on
tam
inan
t o
r re
acta
nt.
Typ
ica
l O
3 h
alf
-lif
e v
s.
Te
mp
era
ture
Gase
ou
s
Tem
p (
C)
half
-lif
e *
-50
3-m
onth
s
-35
18
-da
ys
-25
8-d
ays
20
3-d
ays
120
1.5
-ho
urs
250
1.5
- se
con
ds
Dis
solv
ed in
Wa
ter
(pH
7)
Tem
p (
C)
half
-lif
e
15
30-m
inute
s
20
20-m
inute
s
25
15-m
inute
s
30
12-m
inute
s
35
8-m
inute
s
(R.
Bro
wn
, 20
05
)
Pu
lsin
g
(Ke
rfoo
t, 1
999
)
•Necessary to m
ove fine
bubbles through soil capillaries
•Effective transport of liquid
•Im
proves contact
•Avoids channelizing
•Produces fine bubbles
Mu
ltip
le S
ing
le P
oin
tsD
ual
Po
ints
Recir
cu
lati
on
Wells
Delivery Systems
Rece
ptiv
ity o
f co
nta
min
ants
to
ward
oxi
dants
•S
um
ma
rize
d b
ase
d o
n O
VA
M (
200
4),
XD
D
an
d O
sg
erb
y (
200
6)
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu
Co
nta
min
an
tM
nO
4S
O4•
Fe
nto
n's
(Pe
r)o
zon
e
Sa
tura
ted
Hy
dro
ca
rbo
ns
Pe
tro
leum
Hyd
rocarb
ons (
alk
ane
s)
PG
GE
Chlo
rinate
d E
thane
sP
P/M
P/M
P/G
MT
BE
GG
GG
Un
sa
tura
ted
Hy
dro
ca
rbo
ns
Chlo
rinate
d E
the
ne
sE
EE
E
Monocyclic Aromatics
BT
EX
P/E
EE
E
Chlo
rinate
d P
he
no
lsG
EE
E
Ene
rge
tics (
RD
X, H
MX
)E
EE
E
Polycyclic Aromatics
Po
lycyc
lic A
rom
atic
Hyd
rocarb
ons (
PA
H)
GE
EE
Po
lychlo
rinate
d B
iphe
nyl
's (
PC
B's
)P
PP
G
Pe
stic
ide
sM
GM
M/E
P =
po
or,
M =
mo
de
rate
, G
= g
oo
d, E
= e
xce
llent
Fuel Spills
MTBE, TBA, BTEX, Naphthalenes,
Methylbenzenes, EDB
Recent Note: Perozone®counteracts hexchrome form
ation
Au
tho
rsE
ffic
ien
cy
Ma
ss r
ati
o
O3/M
TB
E
Sta
rtE
nd
(m3)
(da
ys)
(%)
(g/g
)
Ke
rfo
ot,
W.B
. &
L
eC
he
min
an
t,
P.
(2001,2
003)
6,0
00
<70
3,6
30
9-1
296.6
3
Nic
ho
ls,
E.M
. &
V
oci.
C.J
. (p
ilo
t-
2001)
6,3
00
<10
2,8
30
7-1
896-9
93
Wh
ee
ler,
K.P
.
(2001)
100,0
00
4,4
00
1,9
10
30-7
595+
3
Ra
lsto
n,
E.
(2001)
4,9
00
<45
4,6
75
10-3
080-9
92.5
(1)
Ma
nh
art
, C
&
Wa
tt,
C.
(2003)
10,0
00
<100
9,5
65
7-6
085
3.4
Pu
rch
ase
, e
t. a
l.
(2005)
5,4
00
19
34,0
00
30
97-9
94.2
Ke
lla
r, E
. (2
006)
Pe
rozo
ne
®7,7
00 (
2)
45
8,5
65
15-6
072
1.3
(1)
Est
ima
ted
(n
o s
oil
sa
mp
les)
(2)
To
tal
VO
Cs
Ra
te o
f
rem
ova
l (t
1/2
)
Aq
ue
ou
s p
ha
se
(µg
/l)
Tre
atm
en
t
vo
lum
e
Observed removal rates, efficiencies and stoichiometry.
Case
stu
dy:
C-S
pa
rge
TM
at
a C
alif
orn
ia
site
Sit
e D
escri
pti
on
•A
ctiv
e b
ulk
fuel a
nd c
ard
lock
faci
lity
(sourc
e: 7 U
ST
s)
•S
ite is
rem
ode
led t
o in
clud
e r
eta
il is
lan
ds
and a
co
nve
nie
nce
sto
re
•T
opo
gra
ph
y: fla
t (5
0 m
above
MS
L)
•S
oil
chara
cterist
ics:
–F
ill: 0-1
.1 m
bgl
–sa
ndy
silt
: 1.1
-3.4
m b
gl
–si
lty s
and (
w/
clay)
: 3.4
-7.6
m b
gl
•G
roundw
ate
r ta
ble
: 1.8
m b
gl
•H
ydra
ulic
cond
uct
ivity
: 10
-3cm
/sec
(=1 m
/day)
•G
roundw
ate
r flo
w: 0.1
m/d
ay
S to S
W
Site
Are
a C
-Sparger®-system: 5-15 g O
3/hr
•Pilot test (2001): 3 Spargepoints®
•Full-scale (2002-2004): 11Spargepoints®
MtB
E in
Gro
undw
ate
r (initi
al)
Max
. co
ncen
trati
on
s
at
beg
in p
ilo
t te
st:
•M
tBE:
12
00
0 µ
g/l
•T
BA
: 8
70
µg
/l
Layo
ut
of
the F
ull
-Scale
Syste
m
Pil
ot
are
a
Pilo
t te
st:
resu
lts f
ield
measu
rem
en
ts (
2)
DO
ag
ain
st
dis
tan
ce
fro
m S
P
0123456789
10
02
46
810
12
14
Dis
tan
ce f
rom
SP
(m
)
Concentration (mg/l)
24-7
-2001
7-8
-2001
21-8
-2001
4-9
-2001
2-1
0-2
001
Esti
mate
d R
OI
Ob
serv
ed
RO
I
Fu
ll-S
cale
Rem
ed
iati
on
: M
tBE
Decay C
urv
e
MtB
E d
ec
ay
cu
rve
of
MW
-1 a
nd
MW
-6F
rom
pilo
t te
st
un
til s
ite
clo
su
re
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 5-1
2-0
05-1
2-0
15-1
2-0
25-1
2-0
34-1
2-0
44-1
2-0
54-1
2-0
6
Da
te
Concentration MW-1 (µg/l)
020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Concentration MW-6 (µg/l)
MW
-1
MW
-6
Pilo
t te
st
Fu
ll-s
cale
rem
ed
iati
on
Sit
e c
losu
re
Fu
ll-S
cale
Rem
ed
iati
on
: T
BA
Decay C
urv
e
TB
A d
ec
ay
cu
rve
of
MW
-1F
rom
pilo
t te
st
un
til s
ite
clo
su
re
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 5-1
2-0
05-1
2-0
15-1
2-0
25-1
2-0
34-1
2-0
44-1
2-0
54-1
2-0
6
Da
te
Concentration (µg/l)
MW
-1
Pilo
t te
st
Fu
ll-s
cale
rem
ed
iati
on
Sit
e c
losu
re
#6 Fuel Oil & VOCs Spill
(Brownfield)
Plu
me C
hara
cte
ris
tic
sP
lum
e C
hara
cte
ris
tic
s
•M
ajo
r so
urc
es
–dry
cle
aner
chlo
rinate
d
solv
ents
(P
CE
), U
ST
s (b
unke
r oil)
•C
onta
min
ate
d u
nsa
tura
ted z
one –
limite
d
•C
onta
min
ate
d a
quife
r –
24
0 f
t x
24
0 f
t x
20 f
t d
ee
p4
2,6
67
cu
bic
ya
rds
•M
axi
mum
conce
ntr
atio
ns
–
PC
E 4
,400 u
g/L
TP
H 3
0,0
00 u
g/L
Sp
arg
ep
oin
t®In
sta
llati
on
Ou
tco
me
Ou
tco
me
Cla
ss A
-2/R
AO
Clo
sure
-G
roundw
ate
r
Sta
rtE
nd
Re
mo
va
l
PC
E3
,00
0<
56
0>
81
%
TC
E6
9
<1
1
>
84
%
MA VPH
Alip
ha
tics
C5
-C8
80
0<
20
>
98
%
Aro
ma
tics
12
,00
0
<3
70
>
97
%
MA EPH
Alip
ha
tics
C9
-C1
8
6
,00
0
<2
0
>
99
%
MC
P S
-1 S
oil S
tan
dard
s –
Aft
er
Tre
atm
en
t(m
g/k
g o
r p
pm
)S
tan
dard
s S
ep
t-O
ct
‘02
Aliphatics
C5-C
8C
9-C
12
100
100
011
2.3
Aromatics
C9-C
10
100
1.7
Eth
yl-b
enze
ne
80
2.3
M,P
-Xyl
en
es
100
0B
RL (
10)
O-X
ylene
500
BR
L (
10)
Na
phth
ale
ne
4B
RL (
.1)
PC
E0.5
BR
L (
.1)
TC
E0.4
BR
L (
.1)
VOCs
Chloroethenes
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC
Chloroethanes
1,1,1-TCE, DCA, CE, CTC, MC
Cyclic Aromatics
BTEX, PAHs (C6to C
30)
Alkanes/Alkenes (C4to C
40)
Fede
ral S
up
erf
un
d S
iteF
ede
ral S
up
erf
un
d S
ite
•T
CE
and c
is 1
,2-D
CE
in g
roundw
ate
r
(0.5
–2.0
mg/L
)
•A
ppro
xim
ate
ly 1
5,0
00 s
quare
foot tr
eatm
ent
are
a (
100’x
150’)
•A
quife
r 35’t
hic
k (w
ate
r ta
ble
15’b
gs)
•A
ppala
chia
n P
iedm
ont P
rovi
nce
–S
ap
rolit
e S
oils
(S
ilty
fine
sa
nd
s)
–H
ydra
ulic
co
nd
uct
ivity
(a
pp
rox.
5 x
10–4 c
m/s
ec)
–S
ee
pa
ge
ve
loci
ty (
ap
pro
x. 2
5 –
50
ft/yr
)
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
•S
pring 2
001: F
ield
Pilo
t S
tudy
-2 s
parg
ing w
ells
–5
0%
re
du
ctio
n in
TC
E,
DC
E in
12
we
eks
•2001-2
002: F
ull-
Sca
le d
esi
gn a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
–9
Ozo
ne
sp
arg
ing
we
lls w
ith r
eci
rcu
latio
n c
ap
ab
ility
–A
ir/o
zon
e s
up
ply
at 2
-3 c
fm p
er
we
ll, 3
00
-50
0 p
pm
o
zon
e
•O
ctober
2002: S
yste
m s
tart
up
RM
T, In
c.
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing L
ayo
ut and Initi
al
CV
OC
Plu
me
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing L
ayo
ut and Initi
al
CV
OC
Plu
me
Cis, 1-2
DCE >
MCLs
TCE >
MCLs
RMT, Inc.
Fed
era
l S
up
erf
un
d S
ite
•O
ctober
2003 –
12 M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
–A
ll m
on
itori
ng
po
ints
< M
CL
S e
xce
pt
on
e
–7
of
9 s
pa
rge
we
lls t
urn
ed
off
•M
ay
2004 –
18 M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
–R
em
ain
ing
mo
nito
rin
g p
oin
t a
chie
ved
cle
an
up
g
oa
ls
–N
o r
eb
ou
nd
eff
ect
ob
serv
ed
in o
the
r si
te a
rea
s
–E
ntir
e s
yste
m t
urn
ed
off
RMT, Inc.
CV
OC
s after
3-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
CV
OC
s after
3-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
RMT, Inc.
CV
OC
s after
12-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
CV
OC
s after
12-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
0
150
300
450 O
ct-0
2D
ec-0
2Fe
b-03
Apr
-03
Jun-
03A
ug-0
3O
ct-0
3D
ec-0
3Fe
b-04
Apr
-04
Concentration (ug/L)
cis
1,2
-DC
E
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
0
40
80
120
160 O
ct-0
2D
ec-0
2Fe
b-03
Apr
-03
Jun-
03A
ug-0
3O
ct-0
3D
ec-0
3Fe
b-04
Apr
-04
Concentration (ug/L)
TC
E
RMT, Inc.
Wood Preservatives
Chlorophenols –PCP, TCP, CP
Creosote –Naphthalenes
Cresols
Site
Conditi
ons
•H
isto
ric
lum
ber
mill
(1955-1
965)
with
fo
rmer
chlo
rophenol r
ele
ase
.
•~
20 k
g o
f so
rbed (
~100 m
g/k
g)
and
dis
solv
ed (
~20 m
g/L
) P
CP
rem
ain
ed.
•T
wo d
istin
ct s
ourc
es
with
plu
me e
xtendin
g
200 feet dow
n-g
radie
nt.
•P
lum
e in
terc
epte
d b
y st
orm
dra
in.
•H
ydra
ulic
gra
die
nt re
vers
ed b
y le
aki
ng
wate
r lin
e.
Ozo
ne
and P
ero
xid
e I
nje
ctio
n M
ass
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1/19
/200
41/
28/2
004 2/
6/200
42/
15/2
004
2/24
/200
4 3/4/
2004
3/13
/200
43/
22/2
004
3/31
/200
4 4/9/
2004
4/18
/200
44/
27/2
004 5/
6/200
45/
15/2
004
5/24
/200
4 6/2/
2004
6/11
/200
46/
20/2
004
6/29
/200
4 7/8/
2004
7/17
/200
47/
26/2
004 8/
4/200
48/
13/2
004
8/22
/200
48/
31/2
004 9/
9/200
49/
18/2
004
9/27
/200
410
/6/2
004
10/1
5/200
410
/24/2
004
11/2
/200
411
/11/2
004
DA
TE
Gallons of Peroxide (H2O2) injected ;100% Equivalent
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ozone injected (Kg)
Pero
xid
e Inje
ction
Ozone Inje
ction
8%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
* N
ote
: H
orizonta
l slo
pes r
epre
sent tim
e p
eriods o
f no p
ero
xid
e in
jectio
n.
5%
H2O
2
** 5
% -
- perc
ent by v
olu
me o
f H
2O
2 in
jecte
d f
or
respectiv
e tim
e p
eriod.
Chlo
ride Ion
/PC
P –
Tim
e S
eries
0.11
10
10
0
10
00
10
00
0
10
00
00 1/19
/04 2/
13/0
4 3/31
/04 4/
21/0
4 5/26
/04 6/
28/0
4 7/19
/04 8/
16/0
4 9/30
/04 12
/1/0
4 12/2
0/04 12
/29/
04 12/2
9/04
2/12
/05 3/
29/0
5 5/13
/05 6/
27/0
5
PCP (µg/L)
020
00
0
40
00
0
60
00
0
80
00
0
10
00
00
12
00
00
Chloride (µg/L)
Chlo
ride
(µg/L
)P
CP
(µg/L
)W
ate
r Q
ualit
y O
bje
ctive
(WQ
O)
for
PC
P:
1.0
(µg/L
)
PC
P C
onc
ent
ratio
nT
rend
line W
QO
Reached
June 2
005
Oxi
datio
n P
roce
sses
•260 k
g (
O3 +
H2O
2)
oxi
dant in
ject
ed.
•1600 k
g O
2as
air in
ject
ed.
•1000 k
g o
rganic
carb
on m
inera
lized.
•12 k
g c
hlo
rophenols
min
era
lized.
•150 k
g o
f ca
rbonate
react
ed.
Pesticides
Orthochlorinated Series
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Aldrin
Dieldrin
HCH –Precurser
MECOPROP
DDT/DDD
Case
stu
dy:
Bid
din
ghuiz
en s
ite (
pilo
t te
st)
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu
•S
ite d
esc
rip
tio
n
–In
du
stria
l site
–G
rou
ndw
ate
r co
nta
min
atio
n w
ith M
CP
P (
com
mon
n
am
e: M
eco
pro
p):
ma
x. 5
80
µg
/l b
efo
re p
ilot
test
•A
rea
: app. 180
0 m
2
•D
epth
: u
ntil
app.
8 m
bg
l
–S
oilt
ype
:
•0-1
,3 m
bgl:
sandy
topso
il
•1,3
-2,3
m b
gl
: cl
ay
•2,3
-8 m
bgl:
fin
e s
and
•8,0
-15 m
bgl
: m
ediu
m to c
oars
e s
and
–W
ate
rta
ble
: 2
,0 m
-b
gs
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP
rop
ert
ies
of M
CP
P
•C
om
mon n
am
e: M
eco
pro
p (
aci
d h
erb
icid
e)
•C
hem
ical n
am
e: 2-(
4-c
hlo
ro-2
-meth
ylphenoxy
)-pro
pio
nic
aci
d
•M
ole
cula
r fo
rmula
: C
10H
11C
lO3
•M
ole
cula
r w
eig
ht
: 214.6
g/m
ole
•S
truct
ura
l form
ula
:
•V
apour
pre
ssure
: 1,6
x 1
0-3
Pa (2
5°
C)
(non-v
ola
tile)
•H
enry
’s c
onst
ant
: 2,1
8 x
10
-4P
a m
3/m
ol (
non-s
trip
pable
)
•W
ast
e w
ate
r tr
eatm
ent: e
ffect
ive d
egra
ded u
sing a
com
bin
atio
n o
fozo
ne a
nd h
ydro
gen p
ero
xide
“A b
enze
ne d
eriva
tive”
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP
ilot U
nit
Pero
zone
®
Op
era
tio
n p
ilo
t te
st:
•R
un
tim
e:
58
da
ys
•F
low
rate
air
/ozo
ne
: 5
-15 N
m3/h
r
•O
zon
e l
oad
ing
: 59
-85 g
O3
/hr
•F
low
rate
pero
xid
e:
4 l
/hr
(7W
%)
•P
ero
xid
e l
oad
ing
: 0
,3 k
g/h
r (1
00 W
%)
Tota
l mass
of
oxi
dant
inje
cted w
ithin
“in
ject
ion
tria
ngle
”:
Ozo
ne :
16
kg
Pero
xide: 66 k
g
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuDeve