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S p e c i a l i s s u e d e d i c a t e d t oOZONACTIONHCFC Phase out:Convenient Opportunityto Safeguard theOzone Layer and Climate
S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8
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Success in Limiting Ozone-Depleting Substances
Is also Helping to Mitigate Climate Change
Excerpt from the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2008 ReportConsumption o all ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and chlorouorocarbons (CFCs), 1986-2006 (Thousands o metric tons o ozone-depletingpotential)
The Montreal Protocol has resulted in the phasing out o over 96 per cento all ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). This quantitative success inthe protection o the ozone layer has also achieved important climate
benefts because many ozone depleting substances controlled under theProtocol are also potent greenhouse gases. It is estimated that, withoutthe worldwide eort to protect the ozone layer, the greenhouse eecto global ODS emissions would have equalled carbon dioxide emissions,currently the greenhouse gas contributing most signifcantly to climatechange. In September 2007, the 20th anniversary o the Montreal Protocol,
governments acknowledged the dual beneft to both ozone protectionand climate change by agreeing to advance by up to 10 years the fnalphaseout date or hydrochlorouorocarbons (HCFCs), currently the most
widely used ozone-depleting substance. They also agreed to providesufcient and stable unding to developing countries to achieve theaccelerated phase out.
The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which rangerom halving extreme poverty to halting the spread o HIV/AIDSand providing universal primary education, all by the target dateo 2015 orm a blueprint agreed to by all the worlds countriesand all the worlds leading development institutions. Goal 7 isEnsure environmental sustainability, which encompasses actionsto protect the ozone layer and comply with the MontrealProtocol.
Each year, the United Nations Secretariat issues an assessmento progress to date . The 2008 report ind icates that a tthis mid-point towards the 2015 target, some key successescan be seen, including the continuing achievement o the globalMontreal Protocol community in eliminating ozone-depletingsubstances. It also highlights how the accelerated phase out oHCFCs under this agreement provides a dual beneit to both ozoneprotection and climate change.
Source: www.un.org/millenniumgoals
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Tackling the Second Montreal Protocol
I 3 I
Last September in the treatys birthplace, and at the conclusion oa session stretching late into the night, the Parties to the MontrealProtocol took a remarkable decision: namely to accelerate the reezeand the phase-out o hydrouorocarbons (HCFCs). It was a decisionnot just in avour o the repair o the ozone layer, but also, andperhaps more signifcantly, in avour o combating climate changeas a result o new and emerging science that underlines thesesubstances potent greenhouse eect.
Now, in the dawn o what many have likened to a second Montreal
Protocol, the same Parties have the opportunity to help set the sceneor a resh round o climate change talks scheduled or conclusion atthe crucial UN climate convention meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark,in late 2009.
The eorts and ingenuity o the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have,over 20 years, translated scientifc realities into political decisionsleading to concrete action on the ground.
The experience o this Protocol can act as both guide and inspiringexample o the multilateral system at its best, and in turn should helpbuild confdence and consensus in the run up to Copenhagen.
That confdence will be given an even bigger boost i Article 5countries under the Montreal Protocol take quick and early actiondown the path to ending HCFC consumption and production.
This can be signalled by quick-starting the preparation o their HCFCPhase-out Management Plans and establishing their consumptionbaselines.
Only then will the countries understand the exact magnitude othe challenge and be able to clearly identiy their needs to achieveagreed goals.
The Protocols Multilateral Fund has provided the guidance andfnances to start the process. Implementing Agencies UNDP, UNIDOthe World Bank, and my institution, UNEP are assisting too.
National Ozone Units must now organise the work, make decisionmakers aware o the issue, and get national stakeholders on board.
Developed countries that have already made the transition awayrom HCFCs must show the way by sharing experience, expertise andtechnologies to replace HCFCs.
All o these actions, however, must be taken in the spirit o a new erain which the world embraces the absolute need or green growth growth that casts o the business as usual approach and acceleratesus down the path to low-carbon, resource-efcient economies whereintelligent management o natural and nature-based assets becomesthe norm, not the exception.
Indeed, the accelerated action on HCFCs will achieve maximumbenefts in terms o ozone and climate i the phase-out is accompaniedby serious improvements in areas such as energy efciency and theadoption o alternate technologies.
This also needs to include an honest evaluation o the merits anddemerits o both uorinated and natural rerigerants. The worldhas an unparalleled opportunity to simultaneously eliminate theseozone depleting substances, reap climate benefts, improve energyefciency and stimulate growth in green jobs. The harvest is not onlyenvironmental, but also social and economic.
As the UN agency which is ocussed exclusively on protecting Earthsenvironment, UNEP sincerely hopes that all Parties seize this goldenopportunity to simultaneously protect the ozone layer and assist incurbing greenhouse gas emissions viewed through the lens olong-term sustainability. This is because we do not have the luxuryo a third Montreal Protocol.
As we look orward to the Twentieth Meeting o the Parties tothe Montreal Protocol, which will take place in Doha, Qatar, rom16 - 20 November, I wish the Parties success with implementingtheir historic HCFC decision, and also in ensuring that all Article 5countries successully complete the equally historic phase-out oCFCs by 2010.
Angela Cropper,UNEP Deputy Executive Director,
United Nations Assistant Secretary General,[email protected],
www.unep.org
Lan
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Successful ODS Phase-out in Sweden:
Contemporary Elements for Success
I 4 I
The problem o depletion o the stratospheric
ozone layer has been in ocus since the 1970s
when Sweden along with USA, Canada and
Norway banned the use o CFCs in aerosol
applications. However, despite awareness
o the detrimental eect o CFCs, global
CFC consumption continued to increase.
In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was signedand since then, additional ODS have been
regulated by amendments and adjustments
to the Protocol. The latest adjustment was
in September 2007, whereby Parties agreed to advance the HCFC
phase-out, including the production and consumption sectors.
Phase-out of ODSSweden pioneered regulation o ODS by proposing an ambitious
phase-out programme or the domestic market. A proposal was
adopted by the Parliament in May 1988 and an Ordinance was issued
mandating a complete phase-out. As use o HCFCs was considered
as an alternative to CFCs within virtually all sectors, an unlimited
growth o HCFC would have deeated the very purpose o the ODSphase-out. Sweden thereby mandated a ban on CFC and HCFC uses,
ater 31 December 1993, in a number o areas including aerosols,
packaging and constructional materials (oams), sterilisation, and
general solvent uses. The bans were combined with prohibition o
imports o equivalent products. The CFC and HCFC phase-out, in
eect, encompassed eight application areas and went well beyond
targets laid down in the Montreal Protocol. Figures 1 and 2 depict
the phase-out o HCFC and development o F-gas, in terms o
CO2-equivalent.
Post phase-out situation and evaluationThe Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) implemented
the programme in close co-operation with the industry. Today wecan look back at a successul phase-out programme. What the
industry regarded as almost impossible to achieve in 1988 is
viewed today as a closed chapter. A harmul group o ODS have
been removed rom widespread use in Sweden without the need
to close companies.
The keys to successThe success o the Swedish programme can be attributed to:
C le ar l eg is la ti on c om bi ni ng r eg ul at or y a nd e co no mi c
instruments;
Deadlinesthatstimulatequickaction.Difcultsectorshadthe
chance o exemption(s);
Industrywasproperlyinformedatthehighestlevel;
Tightdeadlinessetarealchallengeandinitiatedanurgencyto
adapt;
ResponsibilityforimplementationwasputontotheODSusers,
the manuacturers, service enterprises and not on to the parties
selling the substances, or the authorities;
Rapid implementation was rewarded - a quick change was
cheaper than slow adaptation because exemptions were costly
to obtain;
Failure to comply meant that an operation became illegal,
resulting in heavy fnes, possible jail sentence and closure;
Enforcement and supervision could be included in routine
inspections by the existing environmental organisation.
At the end only about 70 exemptions were granted. Almost all
companies succeeded in switching to alternative technologies
beore the set target date.
Environmental permitsAll issued permits incorporated ODS regulation so that restrictions
on use o the ODS were ensured.
Import restrictionsSweden was one o the irst countries in the world to carry out
a systematic and total ban on ODS. The industry then had to
invest in new technologies. To acilitate air competition, import
o products and ormulations o ODS were banned to discourageproduction prohibited in Sweden rom moving abroad. Customs
oicers were provided with a list o products and ormulations to
check and stop.
Husamuddin Ahmadzai
Win
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kNordic Policies on HCFCs
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Requirements on handling ODS andequipment containing ODSIn some situations, the handling o ODS or existing ODS-containing
equipment led to quite large losses o ODS. For such cases, SEPA developed
guidelines to minimise losses o ODS beore the target dates were in orce.
Additional institutional instrumentsAlthough regulatory and economic instruments ormed the basis o
the phase-out programme, complementary action was essential to
make the programme eective. This included an inormation and
research programmes, training, supervision and sanctions, review,
and a signifcant input rom SEPA sta.
The SEPA national ODS group had to be able to feld a vast number
o queries about every aspect o global ozone layer depletion and
the implementation o ODS-ree technologies. To build up this
capacity in a short time we developed a exible organisation linking
specialists in various felds within SEPA.
In addition, SEPA operated an external network o partners in
industry, organisations and various authorities. This unorthodox
organisation just managed to do a great job in a short time.
Husamuddin Ahmadzai,Dept. o Enorcement and Implementation,Swedish Environmental Protection Agency,
[email protected],www.naturvardsverket.se
Wid
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Sw
eden
DENMARK: All uses o HCFCs are banned except: rigid extruded polystyrene andpolyurethane insulating oam in existing household, commercial and industrialheat transer systems in research, development and laboratories which werepermited until 1 January 2002.
FINLAND: Use prohibition in: Rigidinsulatingfoamorequipmentcontainingsuchfoams; Integral-skin oam or saety applications; Refrigerantsinequipmenttobeinstalledormanufacturedfrom31December
1999; Solvents.
NORWAY: Consumption/production o HCFCs reduced 35% by 1 January 2001,
60% by 1 January 2007, 80% by 1 January 2010, 95% by 1 January 2013 andphase out by 1 January 2015.
SWEDEN : Ban manuacture o HCFCs;
Prohibit use o HCFCs rigid oam insulation; Prohibit use o HCFCs in new rerigeration, heating or other climate units; Prohibit use o HCFC or reflling existing rerigeration, heating or other
climate units rom 1 January 2002; Maximum rerigerant charge limited to 20 kg or high T, 33kg or low T direct
expansion systems.
Source: www.arap.org/regs
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About
the initiativeR e f r i g e r a n t s ,Naturally! Promotesa shit in the point-o - sa l e coo l i n gtechnology in the o o d a n d d r i n kand retail sectorstowards F-gas-
ree rer igerat iontechnologies. Memberc o m p a n i e s a r e
reducing their impact on climate change and ozone depletion by
replacing HCFC and HFC rerigerants with natural rerigerants, byusing HCFC and HFC-ree insulation material, and by reducing theenergy consumption o new rerigerating equipment. This is donethrough substantial eorts or investments to progressively replaceuorocarbons with natural rerigerants in point-o-sale coolingapplications, including R and D, testing, nancial investment,
sta time or public engagement. The members are committed todevelop prospective timetables to move their operation towardsthese goals and to periodically share technical inormation aboutalternative rerigeration within the initiative via regular meetings,special events/workshops, and bilateral exchanges. Further, dataand results are shared with external stakeholders, such as theirwider supply chain, their industry peer groups, government
decision makers, and the public. Currently, more than 300,000hydrocarbon-based reezers by Unilever- Ice cream have alreadybeen installed throughout Europe, Latin America and Asia, as well
as more than 15,000 bottle- coolers and vending machines inChina, Europe and Latin America rom The Coca-Cola Company,Carlsberg and PepsiCo, either operating with CO2 or hydrocarbonrerigerants. McDonalds opened a completely HFC-ree pilotrestaurant in 2004 which allowed it to monitor and test HFC-reeequipment and perormance.
When launched4 years backRefrigerants, Naturally! Hadthreepartners, i.e. the Coca-Cola Company, McDonalds and Unilever.
Presently three more multinationals have joined-in Carlsberg,Pepsico, and IKEA.
Greenpeace and the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) are ofcial supporters and take an active role in the
management o the initiative
1
.
BackgroundHydrochlorouorocarbons (HCFCs) and Hydrouorocarbons (HFCs)are uorinated gases (F-gases) that are widely used as rerigerantsin rerigeration and cooling industry. In particular, HFCs are themost commonly used type o F-gases to replace CFCs and HCFCstwo sorts o gases to be phased out by the Montreal Protocol dueto their ozone- destroying properties. But, like CFCs and HCFCs,HFCs are extremely potent greenhouse gases with a very highglobal warming potential (GWP). They are regulated by the KyotoProtocol.
Refrigerants, Naturally !
Taking Non-HCFC Technologies
to the People
clever cooling vs global warming
An alliance for the food and drink, food service and
retail sectors who require point-of- sale cooling technology
Supported by the United Nations Environment Programme and
1. It all started with an experts meeting convened in Chicago-USA in which UNEP and Greenpeace were requested to provide advice on commonly available alternatives rerigerants that are ozone as well as climate riendly.
Currently, electrical consumption in the residential sector in developing
counties is low in comparison to developed countries, but this is rapidly
changing. For example, in China this is sector accounts or about 10 per
cent o total electricity consumption, compared to about 30 per cent in
developed countries. However, the use o air conditioners by urban residents
has increased rom 8 per cent in 1995 to 70 per cent in 2004 and use
o rerigerators has increased rom 66 per cent to 90 per cent over the
same period. As this growth is expected to continue, the consequences or
the climate o improvements in energy efciency o replacement technologies
can be expected to be considerable (see box on Climatic Advantage
on page 7) and the opportunities or saving energy are great. Potential
reductions in power requirements or air conditioner units derived rom
technology transer rom developed countries would thereore have
signiicant eects. For example, based on calculations rom Chinese warm
provinces1, these could result in reductions in total power generation o
between 15 per cent and 38 per cent in the next 15 years in China2 , that is
o up to 260 TWh equivalent to the output rom about 50 power plants3 -
with corresponding reductions in CO2 emissions.
The potential or energy eiciency improvements in room air conditioners in
developing countries is the subject o a recent inormation paper prepared
by the International Energy Agency (IEA). This paper takes two case studies,
one with a manuacturing capacity (China) and without (Ghana), and estimates
the potential reduction in electricity usage and CO2 emissions through
market penetration o energy eicient appliances.
The IEA study also considers various barriers to penetration o energy
eicient appliances in developing countries and assesses the easibility o
enorcing energy-eicient standards. It concludes that to realise the ull
potential o these energy saving measures, considerable market transormation
is needed in developing countries to acilitate the conversion to energy
eicient air conditioners. The paper suggests that the Cleam Development
Mechanism (CDM) may have a role to play in inancially supporting such
initiatives.
The ull IEA report How to Improve Air Conditioner Energy Eiciency in
Developing Countries can be downloaded rom:
www.iea.org/textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1982
kNext Generation Room Air Conditioners Can Reduce Need for Power Plants, at Least Some of Them!
1. Accounting or some 30 per cent o the population2. Energy efciency o air conditioners in developing countries and the role o CDM. IEA Inormation Paper.Satoru Koizumi, International Energy Agency, November 20073. Assuming an average output o 5 TWh per power plant
Linda Ederberg,Refrigerants,Naturally!Secretariat
Linda.Ederberg@rerigerantsnaturally.orgwww.rerigerantsnaturally.com
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The Real Accelerator of the
(Developing Country)
HCFC Phase-Out: Financing
In order to comply with theac ce le rated HCFC phase-out sche-
dule as adopted in Decision XIX/6,fnancial assistance or all Article 5Parties will be needed and this will
be the main subject o negotiations in Doha in November 2008.
TheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanel(TEAP)ReplenishmentTask Force has calculated the unding requirement or the period2009-2011 (as well as or periods beyond). It started by estimating theHCFC consumption or the period 2007-2012 or separate Parties or orgroups o Parties. The main HCFCs are HCFC-22, used in rerigerationand air conditioning and important or servicing, and HCFC-141b and-142b, used in oam blowing. Cost-eectiveness actors were determi-ned on the basis o US$/kg, using assumptions or capital and operatingcosts. Second conversions were considered eligible; a cut-o date or
eligibility (as or CFCs) was not considered a limiting actor.
A scenario called baseline unding was developed applying two cost-eectiveness actors (based on zero or two years operating costs).Assuming a three-year implementation period, this scenario mainlyaddresses the 10 per cent reduction rom the reeze year 2013 to2015. The unding requirement determined or addressing HCFCconsumption was determined at US $130-180 million including US$63 million or servicing.
A second scenario not only assumes unding the baseline, but allconsumption up to and including the year 2012, which should be
considered the maximum possible. This is because unding a reductionrom growth occurring up to 2012 in just one reduction step to the
reeze level in 2013 is the maximum easible. Compared to the frstscenario, the unding required here would increase to US $306-428million. In the triennium 2009-2011, no unding is assumed to berequired or the production phase-out. For supporting activities suchas Institutional Strengthening, the Compliance AssistanceProgramme o UNEP-OzonAction, the Multilateral Fund Secretariatand The Executive Committee an amount o about US $93 millionwas calculated1.
Parties at the 28th Open-Ended Working Group have requestedthe Task Force to look again, and in a more detailed way, at theimpact o cut-o dates, second conversions, costs or conversionsrom HCFCs to climate-riendly technologies, as well as the impacto exports and multinational shares in companies. On the basis o
the unding estimates or the two scenarios and the additionalinormation, Parties are expected to negotiate an amount o undingwhich should enable Article 5 Parties to comply with the irst 10per cent reduction step o the accelerated HCFC phase-out, byJanuary 2015.
Lambert Kuijpers,Co-chairTEAP,co-chairTEAPReplenishmentTaskForce,
1. The total unding requirement or the period 2009-2011 also includes about US $120 million or existingcommitments and some new projects or (non-HCFC) ODS, as well as or destruction; it could thereore bein the range o US $343 to 640 million.
Lambert Kuijpers
1. Guus J.M. Velders, et. al., The importance o the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, 104PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 4814 (2007).2. 12 -15 GtCO2-eq: Guus Velders, Side event o UNEPs Regional Ozone Network or Europe & Central Asia,Belgrade, Serbia - October 11, 2007. The U.S. EPA estimates that, through 2040, the HCFC agreement couldreduce emissions by up to 16 billion metric tonnes o carbon dioxide-equivalent. (Previously quoted fgureso potential reductions o 18- 25 billion metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) such as in UNEP NewsRelease. 14 September 2007. Ozone Treatys Role in Combating Climate Change Tops Environment MinistersMeeting in Canada, were based on scenarios proposed by TEAP prior to the agreed HCFC)
Ezra Clark,UNEP DTIE OzonAction,
[email protected],www.unep.r/ozonaction
kClimatic Advantage Further Opportunities to Achieve Climate Benefits
The achievements o the Montreal Protocol over its 20 year history in phasingout the production and consumption o ODS are well known. Its important role inmitigating climate emissions also merits recognition. Since 1990, actions underthe Montreal Protocol in phasing out ODS will have had the additional beneft,by 2010, o reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by about 11 billion tonnesCO2-equivalent per year (GtCO2-eq/yr) - which is 5-6 times the reduction targeto the Kyoto Protocol between 2008 and 2012 - and has delayed climate change
by between seven and 12 years1.
Therecentlypublished2008UNMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport(seepg.2)describes how the annual global CO2 emissions in 2005 reached 28 billion ton-nes, a 30 per cent increase since 1990. The recently agreed HCFCs phase-outpresents countries with an historic opportunity to not only reduce the levelso ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere, but also to have a urthersignifcant impact on the climate, as many HCFCs are powerul greenhouse gases.For example, the most commonly used HCFC - Monochlorodiuoromethane, orHCFC-22 - has a GWP o nearly 1800 times that o CO2. I zero or low GWPsubstitute technologies are adopted by countries to replace HCFC usage, the new
controls could deliver cumulative emission reductions o around 12 to 16 billion
metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) over the coming decades2. There isalso an opportunity to gain additional climate benefts rom improved energyefciency and other improvements o the replacement technologies, signifcantlyin appliances, including room air conditioner units using HCFCs.
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I 8 I
China Assesses the Challenge of HCFC Phase-out
Data reported by China under Article 7 o the Montreal Protocol showsthat Chinas HCFC consumption in 2006 accounted or 59 per cent othe total consumption o Article 5 countries and 45 per cent o total
global consumption. In the same year, Chinas production o HCFC was90 per cent o total production o Article 5 countries and 69 per cento total global production.
In the past fve years, HCFC production and consumption in Chinahave increased rapidly. In comparison with 2002, both production and
consumption increased three times, with an annual increase between13 and 38 per cent, and an average increase o 28 per cent in productionand 26 per cent in consumption.
The most widely used HCFCs in China are HCFC-22, -141b and -142b.
Using a scenario that assumes an average annual growth rate o 9 per
cent or HCFC-22, -141b and -142b and 3 per cent or other HCFCs,China would be at risk o non- compliance with the 2013 and 2015Montreal Protocol targets.
ConsumptionProjected Baseline: 22,000 ODP tons (300,000 MT)
Peak in 2012: 27,000 ODP tons (400,000 MT)Dierence: 5,000 ODP tons (100,000 MT)
ProductionProjected Baseline: 33,000 ODP tons (400,000 MT)Peak in 2012: 41,000 ODP tons (600,000 MT)Dierence: 8,000 ODP tons 200,000 MT
Reductionin2015Production: 3,300 ODPs (about 50,000 MT)Consumption: 2,200 ODPs (about 30,000 MT)
China needs to take extensive action to control HCFC growth. Thechallenges include:
Addressinga largeindustrial-economicsectorcomprisingatotal
annual production value o US $100 billion, over 10,000 enterprises
and several million employees. Rapidilyreversinga present annual growth ofmore than20per
cent, and achieving a reeze by 2013 (a reduction o about 80,000MT) and a 10 per cent reduction in 2015 (a reduction o bout30,000 MT).
Overhauling the policy frameworkto meet requirements of the
Protocols Montreal Adjustment on HCFC phase out. Overcoming the low public awareness of HCFC phase-out and
alternative technologies.
China expects to reduce HCFC growth rom 9 per cent to 4 per centthrough making policy interventions, undertaking public awarenesscampaigns, and implementing demonstration projects. The Government
believes that these measures will result in avoidance o an increase o90,000 MT o HCFC consumption beore 2013 and the reeze target andthe 10 per cent reduction target in 2015 will become easier to meet.
Furthermore, China is considering prioritizing the HCFC phaseout in theXPS oam sector because o the availability o alternatives and the highODP value o HCFC-141b.
Overview of sector characteristics in China
RoomAirConditioners Large,rapidlygrowingsector; Morethan65millionroomair-conditionerunitsproducedin2006,
about 75 per cent o the global market; Severaldozenmanufacturers:bigcompanieshavemorethan1000
models;
Almost80,000MTHCFC-22consumedasrefrigerantin2006.
Morethan90percentoftherefrigerantusedinroomairconditionersis HCFC-22;
Current alternative to HCFC-22 is R410A, but this has a high
GWP; HydrocarbonsandHFCblendswithlowGWParestillintheresearch
stage.
PolyurethaneFoams Rapidly growing sector, with a more rapidincreaseexpectedin
the uture due to energy efciency requirements or products andbuildings;
Actual number ofmanufacturing enterprises isnotknown, butcould be several thousands with a large number o SMEs;
Broadrangeofapplications-insulationpanels,blocks,boards,pipe
insulation, spray oam, appliance insulation and insulated trucks/trailers;
About40,000MTofHCFC-141bconsumedin2006;
Current alternativeto HCFC-141bare hydrocarbons, HFC-245fa,HFC-365mc and water.
Th
eGre
atw
allin
Chin
a
HCFC Production and Consumption in China (MT)
0
5000
10000
15000
2000025000
30000
Year
Pro.
Con.
199
9
200
0
2001
200
2
200
3
200
4
2005
200
6
2007
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I 9 I
As part o a wider cooperation ramework to help ensure the environmentalsustainability o the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, the Beijing OrganizingCommittee or the Games o the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) and the UNEP
teamed up to help ensure that this ultimate sporting event was also arecord-breaker in terms o ozone layer protection.
UNEP DTIEs OzonAction Programme assisted BOCOG by providingconceptual guidance on avoiding use o ODS at all Games acilities andvenues; suggestions or specifc implementation activities; and assistance
incooperatingwithotherbodiesinvolvedinozoneprotection.Regularmeetings were held betweeen both organisations to monitor progress andidentiy needed actions, and both met with equipment suppliers or theOlympic venues. BOCOG developed eight main procurement guidelines to
make the Games ozone riendly and provided them to their suppliers.
Ater the procurement guidelines were implemented, the Beijing
MunicipalResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalProtectionconductedasurvey at the end o 2006 that revealed that no CFC-based rerigerantswere being used at the Olympic venues. These data enabled BOCOG to
confrm that they have not only avoided the use o CFCs - two yearsahead o Montreal Protocol schedule - but also avoided the use o HCFCs- 32 years ahead o Montreal Protocol schedule.
Twenty-one o the Olympic acilities installed central air-conditioningsystems. O the 18 venues that had already signed purchasing contracts
atthetimeofthesurvey,14hadoptedforR-134aandtheotherfourhadchosen lithium bromide as a contribution to the CFC phase-out process.Individualairconditioners,mostofwhichrunonR-410A,wereinstalled
in17venues.Inaddition,ninevenuesusedR-134a,R-407Candothercoolants do not harm the ozone layer.
Regardingre-extinguishingequipment,18venueshadsignedpurchasingcontracts or ODS-ree fre-extinguishing products by the end o 2006.
All o them had avoided halon-based substances, opting instead or otherchemicals such as heptauoropropane or ammonium phosphate salt.
The use o carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroorm or cleaning,
laundry and electronic circuit boards was prohibited. Companiessupplying oodstus rom greenhouses were required to avoid the use o
methyl bromide umigants.
The sponsors o this Olympic Game also picked up the ODS-ree baton
and raced to make the event ozone-riendly. The Coca Cola Companyinstalled 4,000 bottle coolers that used non-ODS natural rerigerants.McDonalds engaged to not use any ODS. Haier, promised not to use
any CFCs and developed new rerigeration products, which used naturalrerigerants and employed solar energy.
Gold Medal - Green Medal:Achieving an Ozone-Friendly Olympics
Olym
pic
Stadium-B
eijin
g-
Chin
a
Contact: Xiaouan Yu,Beijing Olympic Committee or the Games o the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG),
[email protected],www.bocog/ozone
Rajendra Shende,OzonAction, UNEP DTIE,
[email protected],www.unep.r/ozonaction
XPSFoams UseofXPSfoamsasinsulationforbuildingsisincreasingrapidly; Actual numberof manufacturing enterprisesis not known, but
could be over 100 major manuacturing enterprises; MainlyusingHCFC-22andHCFC-142borblendsofthese;
About20,000-30,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006; The alternative technology for these HCFC applications is not
currently available in China;
Costofconversionisveryhigh.
RefrigerationandAirConditioningservicing Extensive use of HCFC refrigerants, including HCFC-22, HCFC-
142b, HCFC-123 and blends;
About20,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006; The consumption of HCFCs for servicing increases when the
quantity o HCFC-based equipment increases: a critical issue or
the overall HPMP strategy; NeedtoestablishasystemforrecyclingHCFCs,supportedbyregulations.
Solvents MainlyusingHCFC-141b; LargenumberofenterprisesusingHCFCsolvents,butdifcultto
locate them due to their small and medium-scale consumption; About5,000to10,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006(estimate);
NotclearaboutsubstitutesforHCFCs.
HCFC Production About30majorproducersofHCFCs; For2007,totalHCFCproductioncapacitywasestimatedat620,000MT; Estimatedoutputforthecontrolleduseswasabout370,000MTin
2007;
Phase-outismorecomplicatedincomparisontoCFCs,andwouldset o a chain-reaction in the chemical industry;
Difcultiesinmanagingandmonitoringduetolargequantitiesofexports and eedstock.
Source : Ministry o Environment Protection, presentation during thecoordination meeting organized in Beijing or HPMP preparation, 19-20 May 2008.
Contact: Yang Lirong,Director, Project Management Division III, Foreign Economic Cooperation Ofce,
Ministry o Environmental Protection, China,[email protected]
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Fluorocarbon Industry Constantly
Tackling Technical Challenges
I 10 I
Since the early days o the MontrealProtocol, businesses that produceuorocarbons and those that manuactureequipment utilizing these compounds havebeen busy identiying new technologiesand developing them to be eective at allthe stages o the CFC and HCFC phase-outs. As the Protocols HCFC phase-outschedule takes shape in all countries overthe next ew decades, industry is ready to
provide sae, efcient, cost-eective, andenvironmentally acceptable solutions to ozone depletion andclimate change.
It was an unprecedented challenge or industry to replace CFCsin the business sectors and in the myriad products that containedthem. There was no single solution to replace the ubiquitous CFCsused as rerigerants, solvents, oam-blowing agents, propellants,and sterilants. Nevertheless, with a huge investment o eortrom experts around the world, business was able to inventnew compounds, such as HFCs, invest billions o dollars, andsuccessully replace CFCs wherever they were used.
The Protocols success depended on the implementation o CFCalternatives such as HCFCs, a set o compounds with signifcantlylower ozone-depletion potential (ODP). As the Montreal ProtocolParties established dates or the HCFC phase-out, business aced
the challenge o repeating the difcult and expensive task oreplacing another widely used compound.
HCFCs continue to be important since they are needed assubstitutes or high ODP CFCs and to service a wide array o air-conditioning and rerigeration equipment or the duration o theuseul lie o these products. While the Parties agreed in 2007 tourther phase down HCFCs, they may be used in new equipmentuntil 2020 in developed countries, and 2030 in developingcountries. In the meantime, business has commercialized some
technologies as alternatives to HCFCs and will stop manuacturingHCFCs within the Protocols time-rames.
In addition to emissions reductions, and recovery/recycling/reclamation, new energy-efcient and cost-eective technologywill continue to be the solution to ozone depletion. Industryhas already implemented some alternatives to HCFCs and willbe ready to meet the Protocols goals with new or improvedsolutions, including HFCs, that protect not only the ozone layer,but prevent unnecessary emissions o carbon dioxide.
Dave Stirpe,Executive Director,
AllianceforResponsibleAtmosphericPolicy,[email protected]
www.arap.org
Dave Stirpe
I
ndustry
Frozen
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Location
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Stephen O. Andersen K. Madhava Sarma
Common Sense in Conversion:
Moving Away from HCFCsThe latest provisions o the Montreal Protocol accelerate theHCFC phase-out mandate that Parties should act to protectthe climate while choosing alternatives to ODS. This has putthe burden on the Parties to seek low-GWP HFCs or non-HFCalternatives. The expansion o the Montreal Protocol with aclimate remit provides a new opportunity or environmentalauthorities and NGOs to cooperate on the way orward or boththe ozone layer and the climate. Parties will want to use the mostsuccessul strategies rom the CFC phase-out: corporate andmilitary leadership; product bans, taxes and labels; government/industry partnerships; ample Multilateral Fund (MLF) unding;
inormation clearing-houses and networks; and essential useexemptions where alternatives to HCFCs and HFCs are not yetenvironmentally superior. Implementing agencies will want towelcome opportunities to capture climate and other co-beneftswhile urther protecting the ozone layer.
The strategy to achieve the joint ozone and climate protection goalshould include the ollowing elements:
Fully nance ozone and climate benets atthe MLF (oneMLF window with the fnancial value o climate beneftsreplenished to the MLF by the Parties or carbon-osetfnancing institutions);
UseLife-CycleClimatePerformanceasthemetricforselectingalternatives that satisy saety and health criteria (such asHFC-1234y to replace HFC-134a in vehicle AC);
Favournot-in-kind,naturalchemicals,andlow-GWPHFCswithnear-zero emissions (such as hydrocarbons or CO2 insulatingoam or mineral wool);
Allowcontinued HFC use whereenvironmentally superioralternatives are not yet available at aordable cost (such asHFC-134a or metered-dose inhalers MDIs);
Establishanessential-useprovisionorexemptionfornecessaryand desirable low ODP and low GWP HCFC uses (such as highlyefcient HCFC building air conditioning chillers);
Demandnear-zeroemission,recoveryandrecyclinginserviceand end-o-lie, and ozone and climate osets or essentialuses (making continued ODS and HFCs both climate- andozone-neutral).
This article conveys the perspective o the authors and does notnecessarily reect the views o the Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel (TEAP) or the US Environmental Protection Agency.
K. Madhava Sarma,TEAP Senior Expert Member,
Lan
dscape
Stephen O. Andersen,TEAP Co-Chair,[email protected]
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Lessons from History:
Meeting the Challenge of Illegal HCFC Trade
It is impossible to assess the risk o illegal trade in HCFCs
without a strong eeling o dj vu. When the Environmental
Investigation Agency began researching the illicit trade in CFCs
in the mid-1990s, it quickly became apparent that the regulatory
controls had unwittingly created avourable conditions or a
thriving black market. These conditions included: production
controls in industrialised countries where demand remained
high; large amounts o installed equipment reliant on CFCs; and
burgeoning production o CFCs in some developing countries.
And history could repeat itsel because similar conditions now
prevail or the trade in HCFCs, prompting ears that illicit
trafc in these chemicals could grow rapidly. Industry insiders
are predicting that, as use o HCFCs is increasingly capped, the
resulting price rises in widely used HCFCs, especially HCFC-
22, could provoke a surge in smuggling within a ew years.
Seizures o illicit HCFCs have already occurred, notably in Asia
and North America, and a US industry coalition has warned
that illegal imports o HCFCs are on the rise. Lessons rom CFC
smuggling trends suggest a rapid rise in trafcking o HCFCs
could occur beore the end o the decade.
So much or the bad news. The good news is that impressive
progress has been made in the ight against CFC smuggling,
and these experiences should leave enorcement agencies
well placed to meet the challenge o illegal trade in HCFCs.
Most o the parties to the Montreal Protocol now have ODS
licensing systems in place, which can be used to monitor
trade in HCFCs. In Asia, these systems have been used to
create an inormal method o prior notiication between
exporters and importers. A huge amount o capacity building,
especially or customs agents, has been carried out around
the world and rerigerant identiiers installed at many ports.
By tapping into these resources and remaining vigilant, the
growth o HCFC smuggling can be curbed, and the mistakes
o the past avoided.
Julian Newman,Campaigns Director,
Environmental Investigation Agency,[email protected],
www.eia-international.org
TheEnvironm
entalInvestig
ationA
gencyh
asdocum
entedtheemergenceo
illegaltra
deinH
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saroun
dthew
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Why Destroying ODS Banks is Critical
for Climate and for Small Island
Developing Countries
At the November 2008 Meetingo the Parties to the MontrealProtocol, decisions will be takenon how to collect and destroyODS in discarded products and
equipment, including rerigerators, air conditioners, and oams.These proposals were submitted by Mauritius, the FederatedStates o Micronesia, and Argentina, and were well received atthe Open-Ended Working Group meeting (OEWG) in Bangkok.
These banks o ODS are an important target, containing 400,000or more tons o ODP, and 6 to 20 billion tons o CO2-eq. Collectionand destruction will provide tremendous benefts or the ozonelayer and or the global climate.
The climatic benefts are particularly important or small islanddeveloping States (SIDS), which will be among the frst to suerrom sea-level rise and other abrupt climate changes. Some SIDSwill cease to exist, and all will suer disproportionate impactsrom abrupt climate changes.
Because the tipping points or points-o-no-return or abrupt climatechanges may be as close as 10 years away, Mauritius and other SIDSare aggressively pursuing climate mitigation strategies that have thepotential to delay climate orcing in the short-term. Urgent climatemitigation is needed to delay arrival o the tipping points.
Mauritius is proud to have joined last year with the FederatedStates o Micronesia, Argentina and Brazil and a small group odeveloped country Parties to propose adjustments to acceleratethe phase-out o HCFCs, in a way that promotes climate benefts,including energy efciency.
This joint eort, launched at the 20th anniversary meeting lastSeptember, is the frst initiative in which all countries haveexplicitly agreed to mandatory and enorceable climate mitigation,including ull incremental costs unding or required technologies.The climate benefts will be 16 or more billion tons o CO2-eq, which
compares avorably with the Kyoto Protocols goal o 1 billion tonso CO2-eq below 1990 levels per year rom 2008-2012.
This is on top o the Montreal Protocols other climate mitigation,which has reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 135 GtCO2-eqbetween 1990 and 2010, and delayed climate orcing by up to 12years. When pre-Montreal Protocol eorts to protect the ozonelayer are included, such as voluntary reductions in CFCs anddomestic regulations in the 1970s, the delay in climate orcingis 35 to 41 years. Thus the Montreal Protocol has been playing amajor role in keeping the world rom passing the tipping pointsor abrupt climate changes.
Mauritius and other SIDS see the Montreal Protocol as a air andequitable treaty that can play an expanded role in protecting theclimate system, as well as the ozone layer. We believe that allParties will beneft rom a decision this November to address banks,and we are encouraged by the strong support in the statementrom the Major Economies Meeting in Japan in July 2008, whereleaders o the worlds 17 major economies pledged to continue
to promote actions under the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer or the beneft o the global climatesystem. The leaders recognized the need or urgent action andcommitted to act without delay to strengthen the MontrealProtocol or the beneft o global climate.
For island States, addressing banks is a critical step the Partiescan take this year to help delay the tipping points or abruptclimate changes, including catastrophic sea-level rise. Successin November will give us a bit more time to solve the broaderclimate change challenge, especially the emissions o CO2 romossil uels, while giving us on-the-ground experience that canhelp us learn how to do more, aster, in the uture.
Sateeaved Seebaluck,Permanent Secretary,
Ministry o Environment, Mauritius,[email protected]
Sateeaved Seebaluck
MaldivianIslan
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Olym
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Maria Nolan
The agreement in September 2007 to accelerate the phase-out o HCFCs was intended not only to protect the earthsozone layer but at the same time to minimize impacts onthe environment, particularly the earths climate. While thiswill enable the Montreal Protocol to continue its successo reaping the dual benefts o ozone layer protection andclimate, it brings additional challenges to the MultilateralFund and its Executive Committee to adhere to its mandateo assisting Article 5 countries to comply with the MontrealProtocols HCFC phase-out schedule. This will be reected
in its unding policies to support substitutes with not onlyzero ozone depleting potential but also with lower impacton climate change and higher energy efciency. Eorts mayalso be needed to diversiy sources o unding to meet theseadditional needs and optimize environmental benefts.Only seven months ater the historic agreement on HCFCs, theExecutive Committee approved guidelines or HCFC phase-outmanagement plans (HPMPs) and provided the opportunityor each Article 5 country to develop the ramework orits over-arching strategy or total HCFC phase-out. TheCommittee recommended that the strategy be implemented
in a stepwise or staged approach, and that countries shouldtake advantage o the dynamic HPMP guidelines as these notonly enable early action on HCFC phaseout but also retaincountries exibility to take advantage o new technologies asthey evolve. The decisions taken by the Executive Committeeat its recent meetings on HPMP guidelines and on relatedcosts represent milestones in the actions to address majorenvironmental issues.
Stage one o the HPMP needs to cover the HCFC baseline
reeze in 2013 and the 10 per cent HCFC reduction in 2015.To reach these targets the Executive Committee is providingunds or HPMP preparation based on the requirements othe HPMP guidelines to enable countries to develop specifcplans in order to meet the 2013 and 2015 targets. As o July2008, 101 countries have already received unding or HPMPpreparation.
Achieving the HCFC Freeze
and Reduction Targets First Steps
Maria Nolan,Chie Ofcer o the Multilateral Fund Secretariat,
[email protected],www.multilateralund.org
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Anic
ebergf
oatingin
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The 20th anniversary o the Montreal Protocol was clearly a
triumph or both the Parties to the Protocol and the global
community. In keeping with their proactive nature, the
Parties to the Protocol went well beyond celebrating the
success o this truly remarkable treaty. Instead, through
their decision on HCFCs, they took a leap orward in their
eorts to protect both ozone and climate change. By so
doing, they demonstrated that the Montreal Protocol truly
represents a global partnership or global beneits.
In the year since the decision to move orward on HCFCs,
a great deal has been accomplished. In keeping with the
Protocols culture o success and partnership, we have seen
a burgeoning o country and privately driven eorts to
share inormation on environmentally riendly alternatives.
We have also witnessed quick action on the approval o
Multilateral Fund guidelines that are already enabling
many Article 5 parties to begin to map out a strategy or
their HCFC phaseout. Finally, we are monitoring as cutting
edge work is taking place to develop new alternatives
and technologies as well as new initiatives are underway
to enable the Parties to better understand and take into
account the energy eiciency and lie cycle implications
o changes they may make. These and other strong eorts
that will be needed to eectuate the phaseout o HCFCs
are requiring an expansion o or change rom our historic
model. Indeed, the Ozone Secretariat itsel is embarking
on a new path aimed at enhancing our support or the
various regions and regional networks, and to increasing
our work and support in the area o compliance. We
believe that these and other changes taking place in allo the ozone institutions will add to the vitality o our
common eorts and urther assist the parties as they
continue strengthening the Montreal Protocol as a model
multilateral environmental agreement.
No Resting on Laurels for Protocol Parties
Marco Gonzlez,Executive Secretary - Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol,
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),[email protected],
http://ozone.unep.org
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Marco Gonzalez
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Summary of Key Decisions Related to HCFCs
Decisions by the Meeting
of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol
November2006
XVIII/12:RequeststheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanel (TEAP) to assess measures or addressing ozone depletion,
with a ocus on HCFCs.
September2007
XIX/6: The Parties agreed to accelerate the phase-out oHCFCs production and consumption. For Article 5 Parties the
baseline will be the average o the 2009 and 2010 levels and
the phase-out schedule was set as ollows: Freeze in 2013, 10
per cent reduction by 2015, 35 per cent reduction by 2020,67.5 per cent reduction by 2025, and complete phase-out by 1
January 2030. An annual average o 2.5 per cent or servicing
would be allowed or the period o 2030-2040. This allowance
should be reviewed in 2025.
XIX/8:RequeststheTEAPtoconductastudyaddressingprospects
or the promotion and acceptance o alternatives to HCFCs in
the rerigeration and air-conditioning sectors in Article 5 Parties,
with specifc reerence to particular climatic conditions.
XIX/10: Terms o reerence or the study on the 2009-2011
replenishment o the Multilateral Fund or the Implementation
o the Montreal Protocol. TEAP to prepare a report or the XXth
Meeting o the Parties (MOP) to enable a decision to be made
on the 2009-2011 replenishment o the Multilateral Fund (MLF),
including scenarios indicating eligible incremental costs and
cost-efciencies associated with implementation by Article 5
Parties o the adjustments and decisions relating to HCFCs.
Decisions by the Executive Committeeof the Multilateral Fund
November2006
50/6: Request the Secretariat to prepare a nal report onpriorities or the triennium 2006-2008, beyond the needsidentifed by the model rolling three-year phase-out plan
or the 52nd meeting, taking into account the HCFC surveys
currently under preparation and any relevant available TEAP
reports, and states that the report should provide inormation
on the overall cost and cost-eectiveness o projects and
activities.
July200752/4:RequeststheSecretariattoprepareadiscussionpaper
or the 53rd Meeting on options or assessing and defning
eligible incremental costs or HCFC consumption and
production phase-out activities.
December2007
53/37: Sets the ratifcation o the Copenhagen Amendment asthe prerequisite or accessing MLF unding or phasing out the
consumption o HCFCs and that o the Beijing Amendment as
the prerequisite or accessing MLF unding or the productiono HCFCs. The existing policies and guidelines o the MLF or
unding the phase-out o ODS other than HCFCs would be
applicable to the unding o HCFC phase-out unless otherwise
decided by the Executive Committee. The decision requires that
institutions and capacities developed through MLF assistance
or the phase-out o ODS other than HCFCs should be used
to economize the phase-out o HCFCs and that sufcient
assistance rom the MLF would be provided to guarantee the
sustainability o such institutions and capacities.
53/39: Notes that the anticipated actions required by Article
5 countries to meet post-2010 obligations indicate need orinstitutional strengthening unding ater 2010 and that possible
unding or institutional strengthening support beyond 2010
should be examined, especially in light o decision MOP XIX/6
regarding accelerated HCFC phase-out. The decision requests
the Secretariat to: review possible unding arrangements and
levels or capacity building; explore the extent, nature and
eligibility o any additional measures that might be considered
or unding by the Executive Committee to address activities
or HCFC phase-out consistent with guidelines pertaining
to institutional strengthening activities to be agreed by
the Executive Committee; and to report to the Executive
Committee by the frst Meeting o 2009.
April2008
54/4:Requeststhatinformation (on price data) on all ODS,including HCFCs and their alternatives, be included in country
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programme data reports and that the Secretariat continues
to obtain eedback rom Article 5 countries on the risk
assessment, the general indicators o possible risk o non-
compliance therein, and their ability to achieve compliance.
54/5(b):RequeststheSecretariattoincludeanHCFCanalysis
in uture versions o the compliance-oriented model/three-
year phase-out plan and requests implementing agencies to
include tonnage or all HCFC activities, excluding preparatoryprojects, based on current practices or any modifcations
subsequently approved by the Executive Committee.
54/39: Countries should use the guidelines to develop
stage one o the HPMPs, which would address the reeze in
2013 and the 10 per cent reduction in 2015. For countries
with a servicing sector only, the stage one o the HPMP
and subsequent stages should be consistent with existing
guidelinesforthepreparationofRMPs/RMPUsandwiththe
preparation o TPMPs where applicable, contain commitments
to achieve the 2013 and 2015 HCFC control measures and, to
enable the release o unding, include a perormance-based
system or HPMPs based on the completion o activities in
the HPMP.
Requests the countries to adopt a staged approach to the
implementation o an HCFC Phase-out Management Plan
(HPMP), within the ramework o their over-arching strategy.
In the HPMPs, consideration should be given to HCFC control
measures in legislation, regulations and licensing systems as
part o the unding o HPMP preparation as necessary and
confrmation o the implementation o the same should be
required as a prerequisite or unding implementation o the
HPMP. The HPMPs should contain cost inormation at the
time o their submission based on the most current HCFC costguidelines. The decision encourages exploration o potential
fnancial incentives and opportunities or additional resources
to maximize the environmental benefts rom HPMPs. The
decision requires HPMPs to address the use o existing
institutional arrangements and the role o rerigeration
associations.
July200855/5: Urges the countries with ongoing projects to considerusing the approved unding or conversion to non-HCFC
alternatives where possible. The Secretariat is requested to
identiy projects where conversion to HCFC-based equipmentis still being considered, in order to assess the easibility o
conversion to non-HCFC alternatives.
55/13: Requires that a discount of 25 per cent should beapplied to the survey component o the unding or preparation
o the HPMP to be approved or countries that had received
unding or the HCFC surveys. It determines unding level or
preparation o HPMPs or countries with reported zero HCFC
consumption US$ 30,000, whereby additional unding may
be requested i levels o HCFC consumption greater than
zero were identifed during preparation and reported under
Article 7. Also requests the Secretariat to prepare or the 56thMeeting a cost structure or determining unding levels or
the preparation o HCFC investment and associated activities
with inputs rom the bilateral and implementing agencies. It
requests the Secretariat to apply the cost structure to any
submissions or the preparation o HCFC investment and
associated activities to the 56th Meeting.
55/42: Requests that theopen-endedcontact groupshould
continue to discuss the issues related to the HCFC production
sector at the 56th Meeting.
55/43: Set out an extensive decision on the preparationand submission o initial projects to address HCFC uses in
aerosol applications, oam and rerigeration manuacturing
sub-sectors, fre extinguishers and solvents. The intention
would be to enable the Committee to choose projects that
best demonstrated alternative technologies and acilitated the
collection o accurate data on incremental capital cost and
incremental operating costs or savings, as well as other data
relevant to the application o the technologies.
Bilateral and implementing agencies are invited to submit
demonstration projects or the conversion o HCFCs in the
rerigeration and air conditioning sub-sectors to low-global-
warming potential (GWP) technologies , to identiy all the stepsrequired and to assess their associated costs. Also requests the
Secretariat to approach other institutions with the objective
o identiying individual, regional or multilateral unding
mechanisms suitable or co-fnancing in order to achieve
additional climate benefts and to report to a uture Meeting.
The inormation above is summarized; please consult the reports o theExecutive Committee meetings or the exact text o the respective decisions.www.multilateralund.org/documents.htm and http://ozone.unep.org
kThe Montreal Protocol Whos WhoUNEP DTIE will unveil a new web portal at the 20th Meeting o the Parties inQatar to honor the visionaries, innovators and implementers who are making theMontreal Protocol a global environmental success story.
You have a unique early-bird opportunity to nominate ozone protection championsrom your country or region. Please visit www.unep.r/ozonaction to access theonline nomination orm.
I 17 I
Contact: Yerzhan Aisabayev,UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme,
[email protected],www.unep.r/ozonaction
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IguassuF
alls-Brazil
Integrating and Sequencing Financing to Protect
the Ozone Layer and Mitigate Climate Change
Suely Carvalho
The acceleration o HCFC phase-out is one o various
obligations under a multitude o Multilateral Environmental
Agreements that developing countries have to implement.
The challenges in meeting the Montreal Protocol 2013 reeze
and the 2015 reduction targets o 10 per cent are many. They
include, among others, the limited time available, the need
to tap into dierent sources o fnance to cover non- eligible
project components, and the easibility o technology transer
to bring desired climate benefts.
UNDP projects have been designed to achieve the combined
objectives o dierent conventions and protocols. Examples
include the removal o barriers to energy efciency investment
in buildings (replacing energy inefcient chillers), and
rerigeration appliance replacement programmes that reduce
ODS demand and save energy. Such projects also look into fnal
disposal o collected ODS (rerigerant and/or oam). Similar
approaches can be applied when addressing the challenges o
HCFC phase-out.
UNDP is helping countries integrate and sequence dierent
sources o unding and, in collaboration with Fortis Bank, has
established the MDG-Carbon Facility to assist with project
development and access to carbon fnance. UNDP has also
spearheaded initiatives or HCFC phase-out management
strategies and action plans, and has designed pilot projects
to validate emerging technologies. As the designated lead
agency in several developing countries, representing over 70
per cent o the HCFC consumption, UNDP stands ready to assist
countries to meet their compliance obligations with dierent
Multilateral Environmental Agreements in a coherent and
coordinated way.
Project development utilizing multiple fnancing sources
requires considerable coordination among partners.
Synchronization o dierent project cycles and fnancial
mechanisms is challenging or the stakeholders, fnancial
partners and agencies involved. Parties to various conventions
need to improve cross-convention interaction and synergies
to enable speedier access to available unding opportunities
(including market-based mechanisms). With that, HCFC
projects under the Multilateral Fund will have a better chance
o delivering the expected benefts or the ozone and climate
regimes.
Suely Carvalho,UNDP,
[email protected],www.undp.org/chemicals
Kilimanjaro - Kenya
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RajendraShende
Accelerated phase out o HCFCs provides a unique and
convenient opportunity or the world community to address
two o the most threatening issues the world is acing
today: climate change and ozone layer depletion. The UNEP
OzonAction Strategy is to enable 145 developing countries
to avail this extraordinary opportunity. There is now global,
regional and national inrastructure that has been adequately
strengthened and capacity is built in the developing countries
as a result o the experience o the governments and the
industries over last two decades in phasing out CFCs.
It is true that in terms o sheer volume, the amount o HCFCs
that developing countries have to phase out by 2030 is ar
larger than the CFCs that they will have phased-out by 2010.
However, they now have hands-on experience in phasing
out more than 90 % o the CFCs and some other ODSs, and
more than that, they know that while implementing the
Montreal Protocol, they are contributing to other important
environmental and development goals .
UNEP OzonAction has an overall mandate to enable countries
to meet compliance with the Montreal Protocol throughcapacity building and technology support. While implementing
this mandate, UNEP will utilise the lessons learned over
the last 20 years in working with the developing countries
through delivery o its integrated services, such as inormation
exchange on technologies and policies, regional networking
o the National Ozone Units, training o technicians, policy
makers, and customs and monitoring ofcers.
The oundation o this exercise will be laid by developing
the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan HPMP - through
a participatory approach. UNEP OzonAction has gained
experience rom developing Country Programmes in morethan 100 countries. Based on the lessons-learned, UNEP has
developed a guidance manual or the development o HPMPs
which will play a key role in developing HPMPs in nearly 60
countries, including India and China.
The key message that UNEP will be delivering, through practical
case studies, is that the phase-out o HCFCs would not only
contribute to protect the ozone layer but, more than that, it
would make a signifcant contribution to reducing the climate
change. The estimates indicate that globally there would be
opportunity to reduce the emissions by around 12 to 16 billion
metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) over the 2010 2040
period. I this is done in the way that it improves the energy
eiciency o the equipment and appliances using HCFCs -
and this is easible - then advantage could be signifcantlymore. This is strikingly signifcant i we consider that the
target o reduction o emission during the frst Kyoto Protocol
commitment period o 2008-2012 is about 5 billion metric
tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq).
While contributing to solving these two global problems,
countries have an unparalleled opportunity to get additional
benefts by reducing energy consumption. Estimates indicate
that i energy efciency o the room air-conditioning units
improve through technology transer rom developed countries,
the developing countries would together beneft by reducing
their energy consumption in the order o 10 - 40 per cent.Communicating the multiple advantages at the global and local
level will be the key element o UNEP strategy. UNEPs web-
based HCFC Help Center will become a hub or the inormation
on alternative HCFC technologies and policies. UNEP will also
provide the inormation on innovative co-fnancing options
or these activities apart rom the Multilateral Fund.
Ater all it will be a ftting fnale or the story o the Montreal
Protocol i we can tell the world that this is a story not only o
protecting the ozone layer but also o mitigating climate change.
Rajendra Shende,UNEP DTIE, OzonAction,
[email protected],www.unep.r/ozonaction
Convenient Opportunity to Address
an Inconvenient Truth
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Apan
oramicview
o
nAlp
s-Fran
ce
S M Si Ahmed
The historical decision XIX/6 on Adjustments to the Montreal
Protocol taken by the 19th Meeting o the Parties, in September
2007, regarding the accelerated schedule o phase-out o
production and consumption o HCFCs, undoubtedly ushers in
a new era and sets resh major challenges or all stakeholders
- including Parties, Protocol bodies, Implementing Agencies,
industry and technology developers and providers - in terms o
unding, availability o acceptable alternatives, environmental
benefts and time rames.
Since the inception o the Multilateral Fund, UNIDO has been
an active Implementing Agency in providing assistance to
Article 5 Parties to meet their ODS phase-out targets through
the development and implementation o phase-out plans and
projects. And, taking advantage o its comparatively strong
standing in the industrial sector, it was among the leaders in
adopting long-term, environmental ODS substitutions in the
oam and rerigeration sectors.
In the HCFC era, the strategic object ive or UNIDO is to continue
assisting Article 5 countries in meeting their obligations in a
sustainable manner. To achieve the above strategic objective,UNIDO considered the ollowing:
Participate in ongoing discussions regarding the
development o new policies and guidelines related to
HCFC phase-out;
Review and upgrade the capacities of the UNIDO
Montreal Protocol team to respond to HCFC phase-out
requirements;
Buildstrongtieswithandestablishanetworkoftechnology
providers;
Strengthen ties with Article 5 partners and build their
capacities in HCFC phase-out related areas using allavailable means;
Buildandstrengthenpartnershipswithotherimplementing
agencies in order to integrate eorts to achieve a more
coordinated and eective programme implementation.
Based on the above, UNIDO organized a seminar in Vienna
on Alternative Substances and Technologies to Phase Out
HCFCs in Article 5 Countries and Countries with Economies
in Transition during the period 18-20 February 2008.
Participants included representatives rom Article 5 and non-
Article 5 Parties, experts rom academia and industry, sister
implementing and bilateral agencies, the Multilateral Fund
(MLF) Secretariat and the Ozone Secretariat.
It is believed that the exchange o inormation that took
place during the seminar has enabled UNIDO, implementing
agencies and the countries concerned to better understand
the requirements or preparation o their HCFC phase-out
management plans (HPMP).
The 54th and the 55th Executive Committee meetings approved
unds or UNIDO to prepare HPMPs in 33 countries. And UNIDO
will spare no eort in working with partner countries and
other implementing agencies to meet the challenge.
S M Si Ahmed,UNIDO,
[email protected],www.unido.org
Strategy on HCFCs: Technology and Partnership
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I 21 I
Topic
alIslan
dSteve Gorman
The Parties to the Montreal Protocol took a decision a year
ago which has changed the course o our work by introducing
new challenges as well as opportunities. Decision XIX/6 on
accelerated HCFC phase-out has set in motion a second phase
o ODS phase-out, whereby Article 5 countries will ace their
frst Protocol obligation in ewer than fve years.
What is dierent in this phase is the context. HCFC production
and consumption trends indicate high growth in Article 5
countries,particularlyintherefrigerationsectorwhereR-22represents80percentofallconsumption.R-22isinabundant
supply at low cost and likely to remain so.
Already, HCFC consumption in metric tonnes has exceeded
200 per cent o peak CFC consumption, a trend that will aect
phase-out costs. Additional expense arises rom the act that
more investment will be needed to achieve the same ODP
reduction levels. This is because HCFC is only 10-20 per cent
a s p o t e n t a s C F C a n d m o s t e q u i p m e n t u s e d o r
HCFC-based product manuacturing is relatively new due to
recent conversion rom CFC-based technology.
The World Bank believes that the question o fnancing will
be critical to countries success in controlling HCFC. The
Multilateral Fund is to cover incremental costs, however not
all phase-out costs will be incremental.
By recognizing the link between HCFCs and climate change,
Decision XIX has prompted the Bank to look at how GEF and
carbon fnance can be leveraged to boost HCFC phase-out
eorts. Improved energy efciency in new equipment, control
o HCFC production and ODS destruction all have considerable
promise or generating additional resources considering the
considerable climate benefts that will result.
Through its expertise in fnancial engineering, the Bank can
help countries tap into a number o unds, such as the new
Climate Investment Fund and Carbon Partnership Facility
within the Bank, to complement Multilateral Fund assistance.
The Bank will also use experience with sector and national ODS
phase-out plans to support countries in developing exible,
programmatic approaches that generate environmental
co-benefts through a combination o policy and investment
interventions. With careully designed and phased programmes
that make the most o the climate and ozone inter-linkages,
HCFC phase-out is achievable.
Steve Gorman,The World Bank,
[email protected],www.worldbank.org
Landscape - South Arica
Blending Past Experience with Fresh Ideas
for the HCFC Phase-out
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Fast-Track Climate Mitigation:
the Montreal Protocol Shows the Way
I 22 I
To keep the climate system rom passingtipping points or abrupt and irreversibleclimate changes, it is it critical to pursueast-track mitigation strategies in the near-term, starting immediately. Such urgentactions complement eorts to develop apost-2012 climate treaty to address mid-and long-term climate goals.
Several ast-track climate mitigation
strategies are available, which also providesignifcant co-benefts. These include: strengtheningthe MontrealProtocolto captureadditional
climate mitigation, which also benefts the ozone layer; reducing emissions of black carbon, or soot, which also
benefts public health; reducing precursors for tropospheric ozone, which also
benefts public health; sequestering carbon in biochar, which also improves soil
productivity, while producing carbon-negative bio-energy, sequestering carbon in forests, which also benets local
communities, wildlie, and biodiversity; increasing energy efciency, which also reduces costs,
increases competitiveness and energy independence, andcreates job, and;
expandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources,whichalsoincreases energy independence, creates jobs, and protectspublic health.
The Montreal Protocol is a model or achieving near-termclimate benefts. By successully phasing out 97 chemicals thatharm both the ozone layer and the climate system, the MontrealProtocol has produced a net 135 billion tons o CO2-eq. in climatemitigation, and delayed climate orcing by up to 12 years.
Last years adjustment to accelerate the phase-out o HCFCs has the
potential to produce an additional 16 or more billion tons o CO2-eq.in climate mitigation, and accelerate recovery o the ozone layer bythree years. This years proposals to collect, destroy, or saely storebanks o ODSs rom discarded products and equipment can producestill morean estimated 6 billion tons o CO2-eq. by 2015, dependingupon how much is actually recovered, and more thereater.
Further climate mitigation could be produced i HFCs wereregulated under the Montreal Protocol, where they could bephased-out, rather than under the Kyoto Protocol. The MontrealProtocol has the expertise and experience to phase out HFCs,and they should be added to the list o controlled substancesnext year and phased-out as quickly as easible. Otherwise HFCswill be used as substitutes or HCFCs, and contribute to climatechange.
RequiringtheuseofLifeCycleClimatePerformance(LCCP)is
critical or capturing more o the Montreal Protocols climatemitigation potential, including the climate benefts o the HCFCphase-out. LCCP measures both the direct climate impacts othe substance, as well as the indirect climate impacts romenergy use, which can be up to 80% or more o total climateemissions.
Finally, in addition to its direct climate mitigation, the MontrealProtocol has important lessons to share with the climatenegotiators, including its start and strengthen approach, itsability to disaggregate the ozone problem into manageablepieces, its quick-response Technology & Economic AssessmentPanel and Technical Options Committees, its successul fnancial
and technology transer mechanism, its dedication supportingstrong national ozone units in 146 developing country Parties,its ast adjustment process, and its comprehensive complianceassistance approach.
Success with the Montreal Protocol and other near-term mitigationstrategies are essential to buy the international community timeto negotiate, ratiy, and implement a post-2012 climate treaty,and time to replace existing high-carbon technologies with newlow-carbon technologies and otherwise undertake the changesnecessary to achieve our mid- and long-term climate goals.
Durwood Zaelke,President, IGSD: www.igsd.org,
Director, INECE Secretariat: www.inece.org
Durwood Zaelke
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I 23 I
Highlights of TEAP/TOC Reports on HCFCs
HCFC phaseout is seen as one o the most signifcant activitiesthat would contribute to Ozone Layer protection and Climateriendliness. Following are the highlights rom reports oTechnology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)/TechnicalOption Committee (TOC) and Special Report on Ozone andClimate(SROC)byIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC) and TEAP. AsperSROCreportintheyear2006,thedemandofHCFCs
in developing countries in 2015 would be about 2.3 timesthe 2002 consumption levels. Without any interventions, thebanksofHCFCsinthesecountriesinRACandFoamsectorin
2015 would be 2.2 times and 2.3 times, respectively o the2002 levels (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007);
Evaluationsusingthe approach previouslyadopted bytheScience Assessment Panel to assess the inuence o actorson ozone recovery (return to 1980 levels o EESC) show thataccelerated HCFC phase-out can advance ozone recoveryby up to 3.3 years based on a mid-latitude assessment andby about 7.1 years, i certain other practical measures areadopted. (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007);
Intherecentpast,blendsbasedonHydrouorocarbons(HFCs)with minor quantities o Hydrocarbons (HCs) are being usedin the market as alternatives to HCFCs in servicing. (TEAPReport,Volume1,May2008) ;
Foam applications notonlyresult indemand increase butalso contribute to a large bank o ODSs deerring emissionsto the atmosphere. (TEAPReport,Volume1,May2008) ;
Service sector is one of the major contributors to HCFCdemand and emissions. It is estimated that leakage ratecould be more than 50%, annually, or servicing equipmentdepending upon age o equipment. (Report of the TaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007) ;
HCFCsareusedinfeedstockapplications(notcontrolledin the Montreal Protocol)in manuacture o PTFE (in caseo HCFC-22), Vinylidene luoride (in case o HCFC-141b)and pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals (in case
o HCFC-123).(ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007) ;
TheCleanDevelopmentMechanismwillcontinuetoplayakeyrolein ensuring that HFC-23 emissions rom HCFC-22 production do notcontribute unnecessarily to greenhouse gas emissions. It will alsobe necessary to avoid CDM revenues remaining with the HCFC-22
producers to prevent on-going market distortions. Thereore, co-operation between countries hosting HCFC-22 production wouldbe very valuable in ensuring a level playing feld (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007).
List o the HCFC-related reports :Report of the Task Force on HCFC issues (With particularocus on the impact o The Clean Development Mechanism)andEmissions Reduction benefitsarisingfromearlierHCFCphase-out and other practical measures, August 2007.
ReportoftheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanelVolume 1, May 2008.UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/4 Co-chairs consolidated issues paperon proposals or accelerated phase-out o HCFCs.
UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/4/Add.1 Co-Chairs Paper with reectionson the inormal consultation on the proposals to phase outHCFCs, Montreal, 28 July 2007.
UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/5 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theEuropean Community.
UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/6 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theUnited States o America.
UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/8 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theMultilateral Fund Secretariat.
The inormation above is summarized; please consult the respective reports orthe exact text:
http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/
Contact: Balaji Natarajan,UNEPDTIE-ROAP,
OzonAction Compliance Assistance Programme,[email protected]
Country
Road
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GTZ ProklimaNatural Refrigerants: Sustainable Ozone- andClimate-Friendly HCFC Alternatives
Replacement of R22 in the commercial and industrial refrigeration
and air-conditioning sector poses a big challenge or developing countries in
planning and implementing the accelerated HCFC phase-out. The articles in
this handbook demonstrate that natural rerigerants have proven to be energy
efcient, economically easible and environmentally riendly replacements to
HCFCs andcan be utilizedin various systems thatpreviously used R22. The
handbook contains 31 articles by individual authors covering the ollowing issues:
policiesandlegislationonF-gasesandrelatedissues(Part2);
atechnicalassessmentofnaturalrefrigerantsindifferentapplications(air- conditioning, commercial and industrial rerigeration and heat pumps) (Part 3);
case studies by manufacturers and end-users providing insights into market
developments, and examples o successul conversions to natural rerigerants
(Part 4).
www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2008-en-natural-refrigerants.pdf
New OzonAction Education Pack forSecondary Schools
This guide, targeted or secondary school students (13-15 years old) includesteachers book, students book and Ozzy and Zoe Ozone Collection and contains
an entire teaching and learning programme, based on the basic knowledge,
practical skills and participation, to enable teachers and children to learn about
simple solutions to protect the ozone layer and saely enjoy the sun.
www.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/educationpacksec_school.htm
Ozzy Goes Island Hopping
The ourth issue o the Ozzy Ozone: Deender o our Planet comic book series,
entitled Ozzy Goes Island Hopping eatures ozone depletion and climatechange with a special ocus on HCFCs. Ozzy Goes Island Hopping is a joint
publication o UNEP, UNICEF, UNESCO and the World Organization o the Scout
Movement with the participation o the governments o the hosting islands.
HCFC Help Centre
In response to the growingneed for informationabout alternatives toHCFCs - particularly in the context of the upcoming preparation anddevelopmentofHCFCManagementPlansinArticle5countries-theSwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandUNEPOzonActionhaveestablishedaweb-basedHCFCHelpCentrethathelpsNationalOzoneUnitsandindustryinthosecountriesmakesounddecisionsaboutpoliciesandtechnologytoendtheirrelianceonHCFCs.Theaimofthisinformationserviceistoraisetheawarenessofindustryandgovernmentsindevelopingcountriesabout
commercially-availablealternativestoHCFCsandhelpconvincethemaboutthebenetsofadoptingsuchtechnology.
The HCFC Help Centre provides links to selected existing inormation romaround the world. It is a living site that is updated regularly. UNEP welcomes
suggestions or new inormation that should be considered or inclusion on thesite (please send suggestions to [email protected]).The web site is available at www.unep.r/ozonaction/topics/hcc.asp
Useul web links :HCFCTrendsAnalysiswww.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/trends/index.htmA visual analysis o the historic HCFC consumption and production trends inover 140 developing countries.
InternationalTechnicalMeetingonHCFCphase-out(Montreal,5-6April2008)
ec.europa.eu/environment/ozone/workshop_montreal.htmA technical meeting organised by the European Commission held on 5-6April 2008 in Montreal, Canada that provided inormation on cost-eectiveand environmentally riendly alternatives to HCFCs in the rerigeration/air-
conditioning and oam sectors.
New publicationsThis special issue is produced by the
OzonAction Programme and fnanciallysupported by the Montreal Protocol
Multilateral Fund.
The special issue is published once a year
inArabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian
and Spanish; Available online at
www.unep.r/ozonaction/news/oan.htm
Special Issue Team:
Vinitaa Apte, James Curlin,
Samira de Gobert (Publication Manager),
Anne Fenner and Mugure Kibe Ursulet
Editor: Catriona Child
Please send comments and material or
publication to:
Mr.RajendraShende,
Head OzonAction Branch
United Nations Environment Programme
Division o Technology, Industry and
Economics (UNEP DTIE)
15, rue de Milan - 75441 Paris Cedex 09,
France
Tel : +33 1 44 37 14 50
Fax : +33 1 44 37 14 74
[email protected]/ozonaction
The content o this special issue is provided
or inormation and do not necessarily
represent the policy o UNEP.
Design and production by:
100watt, Saint Martin Bellevue, France,
Tel. +33 4 50 57 42 17
Fax: +33 4 50 57 71 27
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