-
OxyOxy--Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant Combustion for
Coal Fired Power Plant with COwith CO22 CaptureCapturewith COwith
CO22 CaptureCapture
Review of the Past 20 Years of R&D ActivitiesReview of the
Past 20 Years of R&D ActivitiesWhat are the Different Technical
Issues and Challenges to Its DevelopmentWhat are the Different
Technical Issues and Challenges to Its Development
By
Stanley SantosIEA G h G R&D PIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D
Programme
Cheltenham, UK
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk*Corresponding Author’s Email:
[email protected]
-
Presentation OutlinePresentation OutlineIEA G h G R&D P• IEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme○ Introduction to IEAGHG and its
activities.
• Introduction to Oxy-Coal Combustion with CO2 Capture
inIntroduction to Oxy Coal Combustion with CO2 Capture in Power
Generation○ General overview of the Oxy-Combustion○ Historical
perspective in development of oxy-coal combustion with
CCS for application in power generation○ Technical
considerations and issues in the development of oxy-coal p y
combustion with CCS in the perspective of power generation
(retrofit or new built power plants)
• Concluding Remarks
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 2
Concluding Remarks
-
I t d ti tI t d ti tIntroduction to Introduction to IEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D
Programme
(IEAGHG)(IEAGHG)(IEAGHG)(IEAGHG)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Introduction to IEAGHGIntroduction to IEAGHG• The IEA (Legal)
Framework:• The IEA (Legal) Framework:
○ Common rules for participation in IEA Implementing Agreements
(IA);○ Some 40 of these IA are listed at http://www.iea.org○
Participants can be:
Contracting Parties (intergovernmental organisations, countries
or designated representatives)g p )Sponsors (private sector
enterprises not designated by a government)
○ IEA GHG is an IA in which the Participants contributing to a
common fund to finance the activities.fund to finance the
activities.
Funding is approximately 2 million US$/year.
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 4
-
Current MembershipCurrent Membership
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 5
The Programme is supported by 17 governments, EC and 17
sponsors
-
Introduction to IEAGHGIntroduction to IEAGHG• A collaborative
research programme which started
in 1991It i l i t l t t h l i th t• Its main role is to evaluate
technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• The Programme’s Objective:To provide members with definitive
informationTo provide members with definitive information on the
role that technology can play in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 6
g g
-
Activities of IEAGHGActivities of IEAGHGWhat does the Programme
do now?What does the Programme do now?
• New 5-year phase started in 2005:○ 3 Main activities:
Generate technology and market informationConfidence
buildingInformation disseminationInformation dissemination
○ Aimed at answering:How do mitigation options compare?g p pCan
the option be done safely and legally?What needs to be done to
introduce the mitigation option and be confident it will be
successful?
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 7
option and be confident it will be successful?
-
IEAGHG ActivitiesIEAGHG Activities
• This IA has been operating for 15 years. • IEAGHG has:
○ Accumulated >100 studies covering carbon capture and
storage (CCS), other mitigation technologies,and storage (CCS),
other mitigation technologies, and alternative energy carriers.
○ Succeeded in establishing CCS as a mitigationSucceeded in
establishing CCS as a mitigation option capable of major reductions
in the emission of CO2 to atmosphere.
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 8
p
-
IEAGHG IEAGHG -- Completed StudiesCompleted Studies• In the
previous year some of the member’s studies completedIn the previous
year, some of the member s studies completed,
include:○ Comparison of power plants with CO2 capture
technologies○ CO2 capture at low rank coal power plants○ CO2
capture at low rank coal power plants○ Near-zero emission power
plants○ Environmental assessment for CO2 capture and storage○
Permitting issues for CO2 capture and storage○ Permitting issues
for CO2 capture and storage○ Cost and capacity for CO2 storage in
Europe and N America○ Monitoring requirements for CCS○ Safe storage
of CO2 – analogies with the natural gas industrySafe storage of CO2
analogies with the natural gas industry○ Use of CDM for CCS○ More
than 100 studies completed . . .
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 9
-
IEAGHG Studies (cont’d)IEAGHG Studies (cont’d)• For 2007 IEAGHG
will be releasing the following member’sFor 2007, IEAGHG will be
releasing the following member s
studies:○ Report on Capture Ready Plant
Work done in cooperation with IEA under task required by theWork
done in cooperation with IEA under task required by the Gleneagles
G8 meeting
○ Techno-economic evaluation of co-production of hydrogen and
electricity with carbon capture
○ CO2 capture in the cement industry○ Many others…
• Full Listing of our studies – please contact us atg
[email protected]
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 10
-
IEAGHG Research NetworkIEAGHG Research Network• Objectives•
Objectives
○ To provide an avenue for discussion on specific issues toward
development of CCS and support any confidence building
activities
○ http://www.co2captureandstorage.info/networks/networks.htmp p
g
• IEAGHG manages 6 Research Networks○ International CO2 Capture
Networkp○ International Oxy-Combustion Network○ Biofixation
Network○ Monitoring Network○ Risk Assessment Network○ Well Bore
Integrity Network
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 11
Participants from 2nd Oxy-Combustion Workshop (CT, USA – Jan.
2007)
-
GHGT Conference SeriesGHGT Conference Series• IEA GHG is the
guardian of the• IEA GHG is the guardian of the
GHGT conference series• Latest GHGT-8 held in Trondheim,
Nor a attracted more than 950Norway attracted more than 950
delegates
• Premier international conference on h t l t h lgreenhouse gas
control technology
• Next conference (GHGT-9) will be held at Washington D.C. USA
-November 2008○ http://mit.edu/ghgt9/
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 12
-
Communication & Information DisseminationCommunication &
Information Dissemination
Quarterly newsletter
Topical ReportsTopical Reports
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 13
-
OxyOxy--Combustion Application in the IndustryCombustion
Application in the Industry(General Overview)(General Overview)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Development of OxyDevelopment of Oxy--Fuel Combustion
Application in IndustryFuel Combustion Application in Industry
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 15
Adapted from slide of Sho Kobayashi, Praxair
Pictures from IFRF, Air Liqiude, Asahi Glass, Linde Gas
-
OxyOxy--Combustion with COCombustion with CO22 Capture for
Capture for Coal Fired Power StationCoal Fired Power Station
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Historical Perspective (1980 Historical Perspective (1980 ––
2000)2000)• 1982: Initial suggestion by Abraham et. al. (1982) of
using Oxy-Coal Combustion to
produce CO2 for EOR○ 1st public document looking at capturing
CO2 from flue gas using oxy-combustion.
• As early as 1978 – economic feasibility of oxy-coal combustion
was investigated for EOR li ti (H F B b k & Wil / A W l k
ANL)EOR application (H. Farzan, Babcock & Wilcox / A. Wolsky,
ANL)
• 5 major pilot scale studies between 1980 - 2000○ ANL Research
Programme
B tt ll (115 kW)Battelle (115 kW)EERC (3 MW)
○ EU – IFRF IFRF (2.5 MW)MBEL – Air Products – Naples &
Ulster University (150 kW)International Combustion – Imperial
College – EDP – IST (150kW & 35MW)
○ NEDO – IHI (1.2 MW)CANMET (300 kW)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
○ CANMET (300 kW)○ US DOE – B&W / Air Liquide (1.2 MW)
17
-
ANL ANL -- EERC StudyEERC StudyWorld’s 1st OxyWorld’s 1st
Oxy--Coal Industrial Pilot Scale StudyCoal Industrial Pilot Scale
Study
( )( )Tower Furnace (~ 3MWth)Tower Furnace (~ 3MWth)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 18
-
OxyOxy--Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler ProjectsCoal / Fuel
Oil Combustion Boiler Projects(1 (1 MWeMWe = 3 = 3 MWtMWt = 10 = 10
MMBtuMMBtu/hr)/hr)
1000 01000 0300.0
100 0
1000.0SASK Power
UtilityB il
300.0
100 0
1000.0SASK Power
UtilityB il
11.7
20.010.0
10.0
25.030.0
10.0
100.0
MW
e International CombustionVattenfall
CS Energy
TOTAL
DOOSAN-BabcockJupiter
J it
Boilers
11.7
20.010.0
10.0
25.030.0
10.0
100.0
MW
e International CombustionVattenfall
CS Energy
TOTAL
DOOSAN-BabcockJupiter
J it
Boilers
1.0
0 5
1.0
4.05.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
M
ANL/EERC
JSIM/NEDO
IFRF
B&W/AL
Jupiter
CIEMAT
ENEL
IndustrialFurnaces
1.0
0 5
1.0
4.05.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
M
ANL/EERC
JSIM/NEDO
IFRF
B&W/AL
Jupiter
CIEMAT
ENEL
IndustrialFurnaces
0.2
0.50.4 0.3
0.20.1 0.2
0.11980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ANL/BHP
IHI B&W/AL
CANMET
PowerGen
IVD-StuttgartRWE-NPOWERTest
Furnaces0.2
0.50.4 0.3
0.20.1 0.2
0.11980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ANL/BHP
IHI B&W/AL
CANMET
PowerGen
IVD-StuttgartRWE-NPOWERTest
Furnaces
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 19
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
-
OxyOxy--Coal Combustion TechnologyCoal Combustion Technology•
“Oxy-Combustion” – is the use of oxygen instead of air for
burning of fuel.○ this technology is the least mature among the
3 mostly considered○ this technology is the least mature among the
3 mostly considered
capture technology options for the power generation.○ For boiler
application, part of the flue gas is recycled to reduce flame
temperaturetemperature.
• 3 main development issues○ Boiler and burner development
(“design issues”)p ( g )○ Air Separation Unit – “Cost and capacity
of oxygen production”○ CO2 processing – “Removal of impurities”
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 20
-
OxyOxy--Coal Combustion TechnologyCoal Combustion Technology
Air separation
Air
Oxygen VentRecycled flue gas
Fuel Boiler Purification/ compression
Cooling (+FGD)
CO2
PowerSteam
Steam
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 21
Powerturbine
-
COAL
HP ADVANCED
HP HEATER
MILL STACK (START
UP)
ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
ID FAN
DEAERATOR
IP
HP PUMP
ESPLP
CONDENSOR
FGD
LP HEATERCOLD FD FAN
LP PUMP
AIR IN
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 22
-
Convective Section of the boilerh t t f fil B d i i
MILL STACK (START
COAL
HP ADVANCED
SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
• heat transfer profile• ash deposition and fouling issue
Burner design issue• Ignition• flame stability• devolatilisation
& char burnout
HP HEATER
(START UP)
IP
ID FAN
DEAERATORRadiant Section of the Boiler• heat transfer
profile
l i i
HP PUMP
ESPLP
FGD• slagging issue• fireside corrosion issue
Prior to any retrofit of carbon captureLP HEATER
CONDENSOR
COLD FD FAN
LP PUMP
Prior to any retrofit of carbon capture technology, it is
essential to repower
the plant in order to achieve the highest possible
efficiency
23
PUMP
AIR IN
-
COALHP
HP HEATER
MILL
3
STACK (START
UP)
NITROGEN
AIR
ASU
ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
HP
4
ID FAN
DEAERATOR
IP
OXYGEN
2
HP PUMP
4
ESP
FD / RECYCLE
FAN
GAS
LP
SECONDARY RECYCLE
PRIMARY RECYCLE
Gas / Gas
Heater
LP HEATER GAS DRIER
AIRINTAKE
START UP
/
GASCONDENSOR
COLD PA FAN
LP
1 - IP STEAM BLEED 2 - HEAT FROM ASU ADIABATIC MAC 3 - CO2
COMPRESSOR STAGE HEAT 4 – FLUE GAS FEEDWATER HEATING
PUMP
GAS COOLER & WATER REMOVAL
CO2 PRODUCT FOR COMPRESSION
1 2 3 4
34
CO2 PURIFICATION
INERTS3
24
REMOVALINERTS 3
-
BFWBFWSystem Steam turbines
Balance fed direct to burner
Boiler270º CMaximum23% Oxygen!! 340º C
Boiler ESP105º C
HexASUSecondary CO2 Recycle
CoalMill 330º C
Primary CO2 Recycle
y y
Cool & dry
CO d t
250º C
25
CO2 product
-
OxyOxy Coal CombustionCoal CombustionOxyOxy--Coal CombustionCoal
CombustionTechnology DevelopmentTechnology Development
(Burner and Boiler)(Burner and Boiler)(Burner and Boiler)(Burner
and Boiler)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Composition of the Comburent Through the Burner Throat
(Secondary Air)Composition of the Comburent Through the Burner
Throat (Secondary Air)(Babcock and Wilcox)(Babcock and Wilcox)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 27
-
Composition of Flue GasComposition of Flue Gas(Babcock and
Wilcox)(Babcock and Wilcox)( )( )
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 28
-
Gas compositions (omitting nonGas compositions (omitting
non--condensables)condensables)and volumes for bituminous coal
fired with air and oxygenand volumes for bituminous coal fired with
air and oxygen
(Courtesy of Prof. Adel Sarofim (Courtesy of Prof. Adel Sarofim
–– University of Utah)University of Utah)
Air Firing Oxy-Firingg y g
CO2 17 % by volume 64%
H2O 8.9% 34%
NO 2770xCR* ppm 10 700xCR* ppmNOx 2770xCR ppm 10,700xCR ppm
SOx 2470 ppm 9400 ppm
Moles 1 0.26
CR* = fractional conversion of coal nitrogen to NOx+ Bituminous
Coal Empirical Formula (CH1.1O0.2N0.017S0.015)
-
Recyled Flue Gas RatioRecyled Flue Gas RatioRecyled Flue Gas
RatioRecyled Flue Gas RatioImpact to the Flame PropertiesImpact to
the Flame Properties
RFG
mmmR+
=RFGPFG mm +
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Flue Gas Volume as Adiabatic
Flame Temperature and Flue Gas Volume as Compared to Recycle
RatioCompared to Recycle Ratio
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 31
-
Optimum Recycle RatioOptimum Recycle Ratio
Critical factors that may affect on these values:○ Amount water
in the recycle flue gas○ Amount of air in leakage (Air Ingress)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 32
○ Amount of air in-leakage (Air Ingress)
-
Flame Description Flame Description –– Impact of Recycle
RatioImpact of Recycle Ratio(Courtesy of IFRF)(Courtesy of
IFRF)
Figure 3(a): normal air-fired operation Figure 3(b): O2-RFG
flame with recycle ratio = 0.58
Figure 3(c): O2-RFG flame with recycle ratio = 0.76 Figure 3(d):
O2-RFG flame with recycle ratio = 0.52
-
Coal Flame Photos:Coal Flame Photos:Coal Flame Photos:Coal Flame
Photos:Air Fired vs OxyAir Fired vs Oxy--FiredFired
(Courtesy of IHI)(Courtesy of IHI)
Air mode(O2:21%)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 34
Oxy mode(O2:21%) Oxy mode(O2:30%)
-
Coal Flame Photos:Coal Flame Photos:Impact of Recycled Flue
GasImpact of Recycled Flue GasImpact of Recycled Flue GasImpact of
Recycled Flue Gas
(Courtesy of IFRF)(Courtesy of IFRF)
Recycle Ratio = 0.76Recycle Ratio = 0.58(~ 0.61 include the CO2
to transport coal)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 35
( 0.61 include the CO2 to transport coal)
-
Ratio of Convective Heat Transfer CoefRatio of Convective Heat
Transfer Coefficientficient(Courtesy of IFRF)(Courtesy of IFRF)
⎟⎞
⎜⎛
⎟⎞
⎜⎛
⎟⎞
⎜⎛ 3
1PrRe kh
n
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
PrPr
ReRe
kk
hh
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 36Effect of Recycle Ratio on
Convective heat transfer coefficient [IFRF APG1 Trials]
-
RadiativeRadiative Heat Flux Heat Flux
MeasurementsMeasurements
(Courtesy of IFRF)(Courtesy of IFRF)( y )( y )Ellipsoidal
Radiometer Results were also obtained by:
• ANL-EERC
• CANMET
Data from Narrow Angle Radiometer is necessary for radiation
modelling development
Radiative Flux Using Ellipsoidal Radiometer in Air (Baseline)
and O /RFG (Flames B with recycle ratio = 0 73
p
Knowledge gap is in the radiation factor contribution of
solid
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 37
(Baseline) and O2/RFG (Flames B with recycle ratio = 0.73 and
Flame C with recycle ratio = 0.58) – IFRF APG2 Trials
contribution of solid particles in the furnace
-
Issue of Air Ingress (Air InIssue of Air Ingress (Air
In--leakage)leakage)
11stst Large Scale Demonstration of OxyLarge Scale Demonstration
of Oxy--Coal Combustion (35MWth) Coal Combustion (35MWth) –– What
Are the Lesson Learned...What Are the Lesson Learned...
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Problem with Air IngressProblem with Air Ingress11stst Large
Scale OxyLarge Scale Oxy--Coal CombustionCoal Combustion11 Large
Scale OxyLarge Scale Oxy Coal Combustion Coal Combustion
Burner Test Experience Burner Test Experience -- International
Combustion Ltd.International Combustion Ltd.
30 MWth Low NOx burner
Because of Air Ingress the desired CO2composition (only ~ 28%
dry basis).
1% of air ingress ~ 4% decrease in CO2composition.
the combustion trial gained significant
39
experience in burner start up
-
OxyOxy--Combustion: KEY ISSUESCombustion: KEY ISSUESSO issue is
a big• SO3 issue is a big missing link!
• ANL study (1985) haveANL study (1985) have indicated that
SO3formation is 3 to 4 times
t d tgreater as compared to conventional air – firing mode
• We need to know more about this potential
From Chemical Engineering Progress (Vol. 70)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 40
operational issue.g g g ( )
-
Key Challenges Ahead…Key Challenges Ahead…• Boiler and burner
issuesBoiler and burner issues
○ coal properties devolatilisation and ignition propertieschar
burnout (reactivity)slagging, fouling and ash depositionpollutant
emissionpollutant emission
○ how to deal with air In-leakage○ boiler materials in relation
to corrosion.boiler materials in relation to corrosion.○ safety
issue particularly in handling oxygen
• Large scale demonstration of oxy-coal combustion
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
a ge sca e de o st at o o o y coa co bust oprocess
41
-
OxyOxy Coal CombustionCoal CombustionOxyOxy--Coal CombustionCoal
CombustionTechnology DevelopmentTechnology Development
(ASU / Oxygen Production)(ASU / Oxygen Production)(ASU / Oxygen
Production)(ASU / Oxygen Production)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Air Separation UnitAir Separation UnitFor 500 MWe (Net Output) –
You will require ~10,500 t/d of oxygen!
NO
Cold liquid air
N2O2
Air HP MP LP
reflux by reboilCold gaseous airreflux
5 barg
reflux by reboil
reboil3.5 barg
-
Process Description: Oxygen supplyProcess Description: Oxygen
supply• Two levels of air compression (saves power)• Oxygen
production in HP/MP/LP 3 column system
○ power reduced to 201kwh/ton
• Optimum oxygen purity suggested:○ 95%○ higher purity not
worthwhile due to:
Excess O2 requirement (19%)Boiler air in leakage (1%)ESP air in
leakage (2%)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
ESP air in leakage (2%)
44
-
Issues involving ASUIssues involving ASU• World’s Largest
ASU
○ South Africa (operated by Air Liquide) ~ 5000 TPD○ Mexico
(operated by BOC/Linde – N2 production) ~3 -
4000 TPD
O i i f i d t i l d ith d t• Opinion of industrial gas producers
with regard to development of very large scale ASU vs. development
of novel oxygen productiondevelopment of novel oxygen
production.
• Debate with regard to multiple ASU trains vs single large
scale ASU train operation flexibility issue!
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
large scale ASU train – operation flexibility issue!
45
-
OxyOxy Coal CombustionCoal CombustionOxyOxy--Coal CombustionCoal
CombustionTechnology DevelopmentTechnology Development
(CO2 Purification and Compression)(CO2 Purification and
Compression)(CO2 Purification and Compression)(CO2 Purification and
Compression)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
-
Purification of Purification of OxyfuelOxyfuel--Derived CO2 for
Derived CO2 for Sequestration or EORSequestration or EOR
• CO2 produced from oxyfuel requires purification○ Cooling to
remove water○ Inerts removal○ Compression
• Current design has limitations○ SOx/NOx removal○ Oxygen
removal○ Recovery limited by phase separation
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
• Necessary to define CO2 quality requirement!!!
-
CO2 Compression and Purification System –Inerts removal and
compression to 110 bar
Flue Gas Expander
Aluminium plate/fin exchangerFlue GasHeater
Flue Gas Vent 1.1 bar20°C20°C25% CO275% inerts
-55°C
Driers
inerts
CO2 product110 bar110 bar 96% CO24% Inerts-60°C dp
48
30 bar Raw CO2Saturated 30°C76% CO2 24% Inerts
p
-
CO2 Purity and Recovery
-55°C is as cold as we can make the phase separationCO2 purity
depends on pressure
– At 30 bar and -55°C, CO2 purity is 95%– Higher pressure gives
lower purity CO2Higher pressure gives lower purity CO2
CO2 recovery depends on pressure– Lower pressure gives lower CO2
recovery
At 15 b d 55°C CO i 75%– At 15 bar and -55°C, CO2 recovery is
75%– At 30 bar and -55°C, CO2 recovery is 90%
CO2 recovery depends on feed compositionCO2 recovery depends on
feed composition– Increases from zero at 25mol% to 90% at 75mol%–
Reducing air ingress increases CO2 capture rate
49
-
CO2 Purity IssuesBasic Design
CaseEOR Case
H2O < 500 ppm
CO2 > 90% mol
< 50 ppm
> 90% mol
SO2 From H&MB
NO From H&MB
O < 4% mol
< 50 ppm
From H&MB
100 ppm O2 < 4% mol
Ar + N2 + O2 < 4% mol
R l ti di h d ff h di l
100 ppm
< 4% mol
Regulations regarding onshore and off-shore disposal are being
drafted world-wideCo-disposal of other wastes (NOx, SOx, Hg) is a
sensitive issue
50
issueImportant that the CO2 can be purified for disposal or
EOR
-
NOx SO2 Reactions in the CO2Compression SystemCompression
System
We realised that SO2, NOx and Hg can be removed in the
CO2compression process, in the presence of water and
oxygen.compression process, in the presence of water and oxygen.
SO2 is converted to Sulphuric Acid, NO2 converted to Nitric
Acid:
– NO + ½ O2 = NO2 (1) Slow– 2 NO2 = N2O4 (2) Fast– 2 NO2 + H2O =
HNO2 + HNO3 (3) Slow– 3 HNO2 = HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O (4) Fast
NO + SO = NO + SO (5) Fast– NO2 + SO2 = NO + SO3 (5) Fast– SO3 +
H2O = H2SO4 (6) Fast
Rate increases with Pressure to the 3rd poweronly feasible at
elevated pressure– only feasible at elevated pressure
No Nitric Acid is formed until all the SO2 is convertedPressure,
reactor design and residence times, are important.
51
-
CO2 Compression and Purification System –Removal of SO NOx and
HgRemoval of SO2, NOx and Hg
1.02 bar 30 bar to DriersSO2 removal: 100% NOx removal:
90-99%
30°C67% CO28% H2O25%
Saturated 30°C76% CO224% InertsWater
InertsSOx NOx BFW
15 bar30 barcwCondensate
cw
cwcw
Dilute H SO
cw
Dilute HNO3
52
Dilute H2SO4 HNO3
Hg
-
SOx/NOx Removal – Key FeaturesFeatures
Adiabatic compression to 15 bar:– No interstage water removal–
All Water and SOx removed at one place
NO acts as a catalyst– NO is oxidised to NO2 and then NO2
oxidises SO2 to SO3: The Lead Chamberoxidises SO2 to SO3: The
Lead Chamber Process
Hg will also be removed, reacting with the nitric acid that is
formed (To What Extent???)
53
-
CO2 Purity - CompositionRaw Flue Gas
@ 35°C, 1 02 b
CO2 Product Vent
@ 35°C, 110 b
@ 11°C, 1 1 b1.02 bara
mol%
CO2 71 5
110 bar 1.1 barmol% mol%
Corrected Corrected
96 3 24 6CO2 71.5
N2 14.3
O2 5.9
96.3 24.6
2.0 48.7
1.1 19.42Ar 2.3
SO2 0.4
NO 400 ppm
0.6 7.1
0 0
< 10 ppm < 100 ppmNO 400 ppm
NO2 10 ppm
H2O 5.6
< 10 ppm < 100 ppm
< 10 ppm 0
0 0
54
-
Oxygen removal – Option 2
Driers
Feed to distillationdistillation column
55
30 bar Raw CO2Saturated 30°C76% CO2 24% Inerts
-
Oxygen removal – Option 2
Recycle to Feed
Impure CO 30 barCO2 30 bar
column
Pure CO2Pump to pipeline
Reboiler heated with feed
56
pressure or flash to tanker pressure
stream
-
Purity, Recovery and PowerPurity, Recovery and Power
Power includes ASU and CO system powerPower includes ASU and CO2
system power
Description CO2 PressureCO2
Recovery
Relative Specific Oxygen ContentCO2 Purity Pressure Recovery
Power
Standard Cycle 95.90 mol% 0.91 mol% 110 bar 89.0% 1.00
Content
High Purity Option 2 99 98 mol% 100 00 ppm 110 bar 87 7% 0
99High Purity Option 2 99.98 mol% 100.00 ppm 110 bar 87.7% 0.99
30 bar liquid CO2 99.98 mol% 100.00 ppm 30 bar 87.7% 0.98
7 bar liquid CO2 100 00 mol% 5 01 ppm 7 bar 87 7% 1 027 bar
liquid CO2 100.00 mol% 5.01 ppm 7 bar 87.7% 1.02
57
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Issues involving CO2 purification processIssues involving CO2
purification process• We need to establish what is appropriate and
acceptable• We need to establish what is appropriate and
acceptable
level of impurities in our CO2 based on aspects of:○ Health,
Safety and Environment considerations
What are the regulations to be established without
disadvantaging any capture technology (What is acceptable!!!)
○ Quality specifications defined by transportation/delivery of
CO2 to the storage sites
Also to consider the changes to the CO2 properties by the
impurities and its possible reactions
Q lit ifi ti d fi d b th t CO2 f diff t○ Quality specifications
defined by the storage CO2 for different storage options
• The quality of CO2 (specific level of impurities)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
q y ( p p )should be openly discussed!
58
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Large Scale OxyLarge Scale Oxy--Coal Combustion Coal Combustion
Projects that will provide a big step Projects that will provide a
big step forward for Oxyforward for Oxy--Coal Combustion…Coal
Combustion…
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 59
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SchwarzeSchwarze PumpePumpe OxyOxy--Combustion Pilot
PlantCombustion Pilot PlantTime Table for Implementation of
Oxy-Fuel Project
2009 2010 20112005 2006 2007 2008
Pre- and Order planning
Permission planning
Execution planning
Commissioning
Erection
Operation
Courtesy of Vattenfall
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 60
Courtesy of Vattenfall
-
Artist’s View of Artist’s View of Vattenfall’sVattenfall’s Pilot
PlantPilot Plant
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 61
Courtesy of Vattenfall
-
SchwarzeSchwarze PumpePumpe OxyOxy--Combustion Pilot
PlantCombustion Pilot Plant
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 62
Courtesy of Vattenfall AB
-
DoosanDoosan Babcock Burner Test (2008/09)Babcock Burner Test
(2008/09)
40 MWth
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 63
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Callide A Project: JapaneseCallide A Project:
Japanese--Australian CollaborationAustralian Collaboration
Nth Denison Trough
Callide-A Power Station Capacity: 4 x 30 MWe Commissioned: 1965
– 1969 Refurbished: 1997/98Refurbished: 1997/98 Steam Parameters:
4.1 MPa, 460oC Steam Flowrate: 123 t/h steam
Figure 2: Location of Callide-A Project A Planned retrofit to a
coal fired power plant with an oxy-combustion boiler
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
Figure 2: Location of Callide A Project. A Planned retrofit to a
coal fired power plant with an oxy combustion boiler
64
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Japanese and Australian CoJapanese and Australian
Co--operationoperation• Callide A Oxy Combustion Retrofit Project•
Callide-A Oxy-Combustion Retrofit Project• IHI (Japan) and CS
Energy (Australia)
• Project is also supported by the Australia Coal A i i JC l JP
(EPDC)Association, JCoal, JPower (EPDC)
• FEED study is expected to be completed by end of this year
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
• Construction is expected to start by next year...65
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Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksF d t l d t di f th i i l f
O C l• Fundamental understanding of the principles of Oxy-Coal
Combustion with Flue Gas Recycle have been well establish during
the past 20 years of R&D activitiesg p y○ There are still some
gaps in knowledge – but we are already ready
for large scale demonstration of the technology. - We need to
identify other potential show stoppersidentify other potential show
stoppers…
• What is needed right now is to achieve the LARGE SCALE
DEMONSTRATION OF OXY-COMBUSTION○ Oxy-combustion will be a competing
option vs. post-combustion for
coal fired power plant retrofit○ Oxy-combustion will be a
competing option vs. IGCC for new built
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
Oxy combustion will be a competing option vs. IGCC for new built
coal fired power plant.
66
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OxyOxy--Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler ProjectsCoal / Fuel
Oil Combustion Boiler Projects(1 (1 MWeMWe = 3 = 3 MWtMWt = 10 = 10
MMBtuMMBtu/hr)/hr)
1000 01000 0300.0
100 0
1000.0SASK Power
UtilityB il
300.0
100 0
1000.0SASK Power
UtilityB il
11.7
20.010.0
10.0
25.030.0
10.0
100.0
MW
e International CombustionVattenfall
CS Energy
TOTAL
DOOSAN-BabcockJupiter
J it
Boilers
11.7
20.010.0
10.0
25.030.0
10.0
100.0
MW
e International CombustionVattenfall
CS Energy
TOTAL
DOOSAN-BabcockJupiter
J it
Boilers
1.0
0 5
1.0
4.05.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
M
ANL/EERC
JSIM/NEDO
IFRF
B&W/AL
Jupiter
CIEMAT
ENEL
IndustrialFurnaces
1.0
0 5
1.0
4.05.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
M
ANL/EERC
JSIM/NEDO
IFRF
B&W/AL
Jupiter
CIEMAT
ENEL
IndustrialFurnaces
0.2
0.50.4 0.3
0.20.1 0.2
0.11980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ANL/BHP
IHI B&W/AL
CANMET
PowerGen
IVD-StuttgartRWE-NPOWERTest
Furnaces0.2
0.50.4 0.3
0.20.1 0.2
0.11980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ANL/BHP
IHI B&W/AL
CANMET
PowerGen
IVD-StuttgartRWE-NPOWERTest
Furnaces
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 67
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year