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TABLES
Tables - 1
Table 2-1 Selected physical and chemical properties of oxyfluorfen (additional studies inAppendices 11 and 12)
Structure
Appearance ambient Orange crystalline solid (Tomlin 2004)
CAS number 42874-03-3
Synonyms 2-chloro-aaa-trifluoro-p-tolyl 3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenyl ether (IUPAC) (Tomlin 2004)2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (CAS) (Tomlin 2004)
Development codes RH-2915 (Tomlin 2004)
Field dissipation halftime(days)
30(30-40) (recommended values)(USDAARS 1995)88 (Das et al 2003)
Foliar half-time (days) 8 (Knisel and Davis 2000)
Foliar wash-off fraction 04 (Knisel and Davis 2000)
Formulation pH 72 - 75 (CampP Press 2005 Delta Goal )
Hydrolysis Stable pH 5-9 (Tomlin 2004)Stable (USDAARS 1995)
ocK 2891 (Sand) (USDAARS 1995)32381 (Silty clay loam) (USDAARS 1995)100000 (recommended value)(Knisel and Davis 2000 USDAARS 1995)
owK 29512 (Log Kow 447 experimental) (Tomlin 2004 USDAARS1995)
Odor Floral (CampP Press 2005)
Molecular weight 3617 (Tomlin 2004)
15 11 3 4 Molecular formula C H ClF NO (Tomlin 2004)
Photolysis half-time(days)
277 days (k=0025 day ) in soil (USDAARS 1995)-1
3 days (k=0231 day ) in water (USDAARS 1995)-1
Soil half-time (days) 291-296 (aerobic) (USDAARS 1995)554-603 (anaerobic) (USDAARS 1995)35 (Knisel and Davis 2000)
dSoil sorption K 10 to about 850 depending on soil type See Appendix 11
Smiles Notation CCOc1cc(Oc2ccc(cc2Cl)C(F)(F)F)ccc1[N+](=O)[O-] (Tomlin2004)
Vapor pressure 00267 mPa (25 C)(Tomlin 2004)
Table 2-1 Selected physical and chemical properties of oxyfluorfen (additional studies inAppendices 11 and 12)
Tables - 2
Water solubility (mgL) 0116 (Tomlin 2004 USDAARS 1995)01 (Knisel and Davis 2000)
Table 1 - 3
TABLE 2-2 Commercially Available Formulations of Oxyfluorfen 1
Brand NameCompany
Composition
Application Rate (lb aiacre)(Specified by Label) 2
Inerts(Specified)
With Forestry Labeled Applications
Galigan2EMakhteshim-Agan of NorthAmericaInc222 2 lbsaigal EPA Reg 66222-28
Label recommendsuse of nonionicsurfactant
Ground Application General Minimum volume of 5 galwateracre Aerial Application General Minimum volume of 10 galwateracre droplets gt100 microns 6-10 feet above soil surface Preemergence in conifer seedbeds 025-10 lb aiacre 20 - 50gals total volumeacre Use lower rates in soils with lt1 OM At least 025 of rain within 3 to 4 weeks after application Conifer transplants 1-2 lbs aiacre a minimum of 20 galstotal volumeacre No more than 2 lbs aiyear Not for use inconifer releaseField-Grown Deciduous Trees 05 - 2 lbsacre applied to soilsurrounding plantsSpot Treatments Applications equivalent to 2 lbsacre in 110gallons of spray solution made to soil prior to bud swell
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (CAS No872-50-4 8-10)Solvent naphtha(petroleum) heavyaromatic (CAS No6474-94-5) 54-59
Goal 2XLDowAgroSciences232 lbs aigallon EPAReg 62719-424
Label recommendsuse of nonionicsurfactant
General Rates 025-2 lbsacre maximum annual rate of 2lbsacre Minimum of 20 gallons total volumeacre Maximumannual rate of 2 lbs aiacrePreemergence 025-1 lbacrePostemergence 025-05 lbacre At least 5 weeks after coniferemergenceConifer Transplants 1-2 lbsacre Two applications may benecessaryField-Grown Deciduous Trees 05-2 lbacre directly to soilSpot Treatments Applications equivalent to 2 lbsacre in 110gallons of spray solution made to soil prior to bud swell
N-methylpyrrolidone(CAS No 872-50-4)NSAromatic solvent (CASNo 6474-94-5) NSNaphthalene (CAS No91-20-3) NS
TABLE 2-2 Commercially Available Formulations of Oxyfluorfen 1
Brand NameCompany
Composition
Application Rate (lb aiacre)(Specified by Label) 2
Inerts(Specified)
Table 1 - 4
Goal TenderDowAgroSciences414 lbs aigallon EPAReg 62719-447
Label recommendsuse of nonionicsurfactant
General Preemergence At least 025 of rain or irrigationwithin 3-4 weeks after application Apply directly to soilGeneral Postemergence Thorough coverage of weed foliage upto 4-leaf stage Most effective to seedling grasses not exceeding2-leaf stageConifer seedbeds Preemergence rate of 025-2 lbacre in aminimum of 20 gals wateracre No more than 2 lbsacre perseason Postemergence rate of 025-05 lbacre in a minimum of20 gals wateracre Multiple applications may be necessaryConifer transplants 1 to 2 lbacre in a minimum of 20 gallonswateracreSelected deciduous trees 05-2 lbacre applied to soil Labelspecifies spot treatments equivalent to 1 gallon product (4 lbs ai)in 110 gallons of water per acre This may be an error because itexceeds the maximum rate of 2 lb aiacre
Propylene glycol (CASNo 57-55-6) NS
Weedfree 63 4
HerbicideHarrellrsquosInc 2 granularEPA Reg No52287-16Conditional label
General Preemergence At least 025 of rain or irrigationwithin 3-4 days after application Apply directly to soil Applywith drop or rotary spreader Conifer Seedbeds 025 to 1 lbacre for preemergence weedcontrolConifer transplants 1 to 2 lbacre applied to soil and notconifer foliage Selected deciduous trees 05 to 2 lbacre for preemergenceweed control
Not identified
Continued on next page
TABLE 2-2 Commercially Available Formulations of Oxyfluorfen 1
Brand NameCompany
Composition
Application Rate (lb aiacre)(Specified by Label) 2
Inerts(Specified)
Table 1 - 5
Continued from previous page
OtherFormulations
Delta GoalDowAgroSciences232 lbs aigallon EPAReg 707-234
Cotton 025-05 lb aiacreMaximum annual rate of 05 lb aiacre
Same as Goal 2XL
Unless otherwise noted information is taken from the product labels and material safety data sheets (CampP Press1
2005 Pro-Serve Inc 2004) All application rates expressed as pounds active ingredient (ai) Per acre All application specified in this column are in units of formulation (oz gallons or pounds) per acre Application2
rates used in Forest Service programs are discussed in Section 24 The information submitted to US EPA has been reviewed in the conduct of this risk assessment This3
information however is classified as CBI (confidential business information) under Section 7(d) and Section (10)of FIFRA and cannot be disclosed in this document See Section 3114 for a discussion of the potentialsignificance of inerts and adjuvants and Section 3115 for a discussion of the potential significance of impurities Only a conditional label has been found at 4 httpoaspubepagovpestlablpplssrchreslt Unclear that this
formulation is available
Table 1 - 6
Table 2-3 Uses of oxyfluorfen by the Forest Service between 2000 and 2003 bymanagement objective 1
Management Objective Pounds Acres PoundsAcreProportion
lbs acres
Nursery Weed Control 76857 91602 084 071 072
Noxious Weed Control 23930 27560 087 022 022
Research 5600 5500 102 005 004
Insect Suppression 1088 2175 050 001 002
Facilities Maintenance 770 800 096 001 001
Totals 108245 127637 0852
Source httpwwwfsfedusforesthealthpesticidereportsshtml One application in 2003(Region 9 Forest 7) is reported only as 214 gallons applied to 3689 acres This is notincluded in the analysis for Forest Service use The maximum reported application rate at a single site was 2 lbsacre (Forest 10 in Region1
5 in 2000) For comparison the total annual use in the US from 1990 to 1990 was 761000 lbs on2
1167000 acres for an average application rate of about 065 lbsacre
Table 2-4 Uses of oxyfluorfen by the Forest Service between 2000 and 2003 byForest Service Region
Region(No Name)
Pounds AcresAverage
lb aiacre
Proportion
Pounds Acres
1 Northern 5325 21353 025 0049 0167
2 Rocky Mountain 3626 7280 050 0034 0057
4 Intermountain 2710 4560 059 0025 0036
5 Pacific Southwest 45800 34445 133 0423 0270
6 Pacific Northwest 44970 50810 089 0415 0398
8 Southern 5600 5500 102 0052 0043
9 Eastern 214 3689 006 0002 0029
Total for All Regions 108245 127637 085
Source httpwwwfsfedusforesthealthpesticidereportsshtml
Table 1 - 7
Table 2-5 Use of oxyfluorfen between 2000 and 2003 Forest Serviceand Agricultural Use In California 12
Year Forest Service AllRegions lbs
California AgriculturalUse lbs
2000 35475 46333747
2001 30081 34758859
2002 29574 42581676
2003 13115 46916673
Source Forest Service use taken from 1
httpwwwfsfedusforesthealthpesticidereportsshtml Agriculturaluse in California taken from California Department of PesticideRegulation 2001-2004 Total use in US from 1990 to 1999 estimated at 761000 lbsyear by2
US EPA (2001g)
Table 1 - 8
Table 3-1 Nomenclature and Chemical Structures of Oxyfluorfen and OxyfluorfenMetabolites 1
Code Common Name Structure
RH-2915RH-32915AG510
Oxyfluorfen technicalOxyfluorfen 994Oxyfluorfen technical
RH-35451 Amino-Goal
RH-34670
RH-35450 N-Acyl Goal
RH-45469 Acyl-670
RH-45298 Amino-670
Table 3-1 Nomenclature and Chemical Structures of Oxyfluorfen and OxyfluorfenMetabolites 1
Code Common Name Structure
Table 1 - 9
RH-34980
RH-34800 4-Trifluoromethyl-2-chlorophenol
RH-31680 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
RH-120832
RH-120162
RH-120450
Codes and structures taken from Zhang (1993) unless otherwise specified1
Table 1 - 10
Table 3-2 Toxicity data on commercial formulations of oxyfluorfen that may be used inForest Service Programs1
Formulation Toxicity (M Male F Female) All units are formulated product2
unless otherwise specified
Galigan2EMakhteshim Aganof North AmericaInc222 2 lbsaigal
50Oral LD in Rats gt2000 mgkg
50Dermal LD in rabbit gt4000 mgkg
50Aerosol LC (species not specified) gt48mgL x 4 hoursInhalation Respiratory irritation CNS depression (narcosis)Eyes Moderately irritating (rabbit)Skin Moderately irritating (rabbit)Skin sensitization Causes allergic reaction
Goal 2XLDowAgroSciences23 2lbs aigallon
50Oral LD in rats 2985 mgkg (F) 4594 mgkg (M)
50Dermal LD in rats gt4000 mgkg
50Aerosol LC in rats gt48mgL x 4 hoursInhalation Respiratory irritation CNS depression (nacosis)Eyes Moderate irritationSkin Severe skin irritation with pain and rednessSkin sensitization Causes allergic reaction
Goal TenderDowAgroSciences41 4lbs aigallon
50Oral LD in Rats gt5000 mgkg
50Dermal LD in rabbit gt5000 mgkg
50Aerosol LC in rats gt039mgL x 4 hoursInhalation Respiratory irritation headache and nauseaEyes Temporary eye irritationSkin Brief contact non-irritatingSkin sensitization No entry
Delta GoalDowAgroSciences23 2lbs aigallon
Entries identical to those for Goal 2XLDow
Unless otherwise specified the data are taken from MSDS sheets available at CampP Press 1 httpwwwgreenbooknet CDMS Label Systemhttpwwwcdmsnetmanufmanufasp US EPA Label System httpwwwepagovpesticidespestlabelsindexhtm andhttpwwwmaugetcommlinkspdfimicmsdspdf Also unless otherwise specified toxicity data are on the formulation and expressed inunits of formulation All formulations are liquid2
Table 1 - 11
Table 3-3 Chemical and site parameters used in GLEAMS modeling for oxyfluorfen
Chemical Specific Parameters
Parameter Clay Loam Sand CommentReference
Halftimes (days)
Aquatic Sediment 230 Walker et al 1988
Foliar 8 Note 1
Soil 8705 Note 2
Water 1741 Note 3
Koc mLg 5585 Note 4
dK mLg 755 52 944 Note 5
Water Solubility mgL 0116 Knisel and Davis (2000) andTomlin (2005)
Foliar wash-off fraction 04 Knisel and Davis 2000
Fraction applied tofoliage
05 Note 6
Note1
Value recommended by Knisel and Davis (2000) Much shorter halftimes on theorder of 05 days have been reported by Massey (1990) and Frank et al (1991) SeeAppendix 12
Note2
Reference value used by US EPAOPP (2001b) based on upper 90th percentile fromReibach (1990f) Much shorter halftimes have been measured The use of the longerhalftime will accommodate the consideration of metabolites
Note3
Reference aerobic aquatic degradation rate used by US EPAOPP 2001b based onone-half of the aerobic soil degradation rate
Note4
Reference value used by US EPAOPP (2001b) A value of 100000 isrecommended by Knisel and Davis (2000) and USDAARS (1995)
Note5
Value for loam taken from Yen et al (2003) Value for sand taken from Reibach(1988) Value for clay taken as the value for silty clay from Yen et al (2003)
Note6
A foliar fraction of 05 is used a standard value for liquid formulations
Site Parameters (see SERA 2004b for details)
Pond 1 hectare pond 2 meters deep with a 001 sediment fraction 10 hectare squarefield (1093 by 1093) with a root zone of 60 inches
Table 1 - 12
Stream Base flow rate of 710000 Lday with a flow velocity of 008 msecond or 6912metersday Stream width of 2 meters (about 66 feet) 10 hectare square field(1093 by 1093) with a root zone of 60 inches
Table 1 - 13
Table 3-4 Summary of modeled concentrations in streams (all units are ugL or ppb perlbacre applied)
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
Average Maximum Average Maximum Average Maximum
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0208 334 0 0 0 0
20 045 724 0 0 0 0
25 0688 113 0 0 0 0
50 12 298 000653 0198 0 0
100 113 755 0385 109 435e-09 512e-07
150 0935 117 0545 284 000015 00327
200 0789 151 0566 497 000551 0355
250 068 179 054 718 00255 154
Table 1 - 14
Table 3-5 Summary of modeled concentrations in ponds (all units are ugL or ppb per lbacreapplied)
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
Average Maximum Average Maximum Average Maximum
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 345 586 0 0 0 0
20 706 11 0 0 0 0
25 104 149 0 0 0 0
50 165 195 0203 0229 0 0
100 147 228 895 142 517E-09 119E-07
150 122 268 116 294 000013 000319
200 104 298 117 437 00125 0101
250 904 326 111 57 0216 093
Table 1 - 15
Table 3-6 Summary of concentrations of oxyfluorfen in surface and groundwater based onmodeling and monitoring (all units in microgL or ppb)
Scenario Peak Long-Term Average
GLEAMS MODELING FOR THIS RISK ASSESSMENT (1 lbacre)
Accidental spill (WorksheetD05)
1000 (600-1500) NA
Direct Spray of Pond(Worksheet D10a)
56 NA
Pond drift at 100 feet(Worksheet D10a)
11 NA
Direct Spray of Stream(Worksheet D10b)
91 NA
Stream drift at 100 feet(Worksheet D10b)
18 NA
GLEAMS Pond Table 3-5 20 (02 - 57) 10 (02 - 17)
GLEAMS Stream Table 3-4 30 (3 - 180) 05 ( 003 - 12)
OTHER MODELING
(US EPAOPP 2001b adjusted to 1 lbacre)
PRZMEXAMS Pond 117 285 to 355
Sci-Grow 23 groundwater 004 NA
MONITORING
Area Concentrations Reference
Estimated concentrations inSan Joaquin River based onsediment data
01 to 1 ppb US EPAOPP 2001b
Peak stream concentration afteraccidental spill
541 ppb US EPAOPP 2001b
Pond water near containerproduction nursery Appl rateNS
9 ppb peak concentration Camper et al 1994 1
Table 1 - 16
Pond water near containerproduction nursery afterapplication of 2 lbacre
147 ppb peak at 1 DAT [735 ppb 1 lbacre]
lt40 ppb at 3 DAT
Keese et al 1994 1
Pond water at a commercialnursery after application of 2lbacre
40 ppb peak Riley et al 1994 1
Additional details given in Appendix 121
Table 1 - 17
Table 3-7 Concentrations of oxyfluorfen in surface water used in this risk assessment (seeSection 32346 for discussion)
At applicationrate
1 lbacre
Peak Concentration(ppb or microgL)
Longer Term Concentration(ppb or microgL)
Central 30 3
Lower 02 02
Upper 200 202
Water contamination rate mgL per lbacre applied1
Peak Concentration(mgL per lbacre)
Longer Term Concentration(mgL per lbacre)
Central 300e-02 300e-03
Lower 200e-04 200e-04
Upper 200e-01 200e-02
Water contamination rates ndash concentrations in units of mgL expected at an application rate1
of 1 lbacre Encompasses normal variability but may not encompass extreme or accidental exposures 2
These are addressed in different Worksheet D05 and discussed in Section 32341
Table 1 - 18
Table 38 Summary of Risks Exceeding Level of Concern (HQ=1) Workers
Application RateExposureScenario
HQ for SystemicToxicity
HQ for one-in-one millionCancer Risk
Central
Lower
Upper Central
Lower Upper
Typical Application Rate 1 lbsacre
Contaminated Gloves 1 hour 2 12 NA NA NA
General Exposure BackpackSpray
3 11
General Exposure Ground Spray 5 2
General Exposure Aerial Spray 3 11
Maximum Application Rate 2 lbsacre
Contaminated Gloves 1 hour 2 12 NA NA NA
General Exposure BackpackSpray
5 2
General Exposure Ground Spray 15 10 4
General Exposure Aerial Spray 5 2
Low Application Rate 025 lbsacre
Contaminated Gloves 1 hour 2 12 NA NA NA
General Exposure Groundspray
13
NA = Not applicable Cancer risk not estimated for short-term exposureNote empty cells indicate HQ values less than 1 Only scenarios with at least one HQ valuesgt1 are shown in this table
Table 1 - 19
Table 39 Summary of Risks Exceeding Level of Concern (HQ=1) General Public
Application RateExposureScenarioReceptor
HQ for SystemicToxicity
HQ for one-in-one millionCancer Risk
Central
Lower
Upper Central
Lower Upper
Typical Application Rate 1 lbsacre
Acute Expsoure
Contaminated Vegatation AdultFemale
7 NA NA NA
Water Consumption Spill Child 3 NA NA NA
ChronicLonger Term Exposures
Contaminated Vegetation AdultFemale
6 2
Maximum Application Rate 2 lbsacre
Acute Expsoure
Contaminated Fruit Adult Female 19 NA NA NA
Contaminated Vegatation AdultFemale
16 14 NA NA NA
Direct Spray Entire Child 19 NA NA NA
Water Consumption Spill Child 14 5 NA NA NA
ChronicLonger Term Exposures
Contaminated Fruit Adult Female 16
Contaminated Vegetation AdultFemale
14 12 5
Low Application Rate 025 lbsacre
Acute Expsoure
Contaminated Vegatation AdultFemale
17 NA NA NA
ChronicLonger Term Exposures
Table 1 - 20
Contaminated Vegetation AdultFemale
14
NA = Not applicable Cancer risk not estimated for short-term exposureNote empty cells indicate HQ values less than 1 Only scenarios with at least one HQ valuesgt1 are shown in this table
Table 1 - 21
Table 4-1 Summary of the cumulative loss from soil runoffand sediment as a proportion of the application rate
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
5 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
15 00182 0 0
20 00372 0 0
25 00534 0 0
50 00819 0000585 0
100 00786 00472 0
150 00714 00767 0
200 00661 00858 0
250 00622 00874 000259
Table 1 - 22
Table 4-2 Summary of modeled maximum depthof chemical in the soil column
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
5 65 65 65
10 65 65 65
15 12 12 18
20 12 12 18
25 12 12 24
50 12 18 36
100 12 24 54
150 12 24 60
200 65 24 60
250 65 24 60
Table 1 - 23
Table 4-3 Summary of modeled concentrations in the entire 60 inch soil column (all units aremgkg soil or ppm per lbacre applied)
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
Average Maximum Average Maximum Average Maximum
5 00676 0114 00603 0102 00609 0103
10 00692 0118 00625 0106 00624 0106
15 00633 0106 00623 0105 00619 0105
20 00555 00929 00621 0105 00614 0103
25 00471 00792 00619 0104 00609 0103
50 00207 00449 00611 0103 00603 0102
100 000695 00312 0042 00752 00608 0103
150 00033 00281 00269 00559 00616 0105
200 000173 00271 0018 00437 00624 0107
250 000101 00268 00128 00367 0062 0107
Table 1 - 24
Table 4-4 Summary of modeled concentrations in the top 12 inches of the soil column (allunits are mgkg soil or ppm per lbacre applied)
AnnualRainfall(inches)
Clay Loam Sand
Average Maximum Average Maximum Average Maximum
5 0338 0571 0301 0508 0304 0515
10 0346 0588 0312 053 0312 0529
15 0316 0532 0312 0527 031 0523
20 0278 0464 0311 0525 0307 0517
25 0235 0396 0309 0522 0304 051
50 0104 0225 0306 0515 0288 0474
100 00347 0156 0209 0374 0246 0387
150 00165 0141 0133 0276 0207 0319
200 000866 0135 0089 0215 0176 0272
250 000504 0134 00632 0181 0151 0239
Table 1 - 25
Table 4-5 Summary of oxyfluorfen toxicity values used in ecological risk assessment (allamounts expressed as ai)
Organism ai Endpoint Toxicity Value Reference
Mammals (mice)
994 AcuteNOAEL 125ppm 9-daydietary
198 mgkg Krijt et al 1999 1
dogs mice 857(mousestudy)
ChronicNOAELtoxicity 20ppm 20month mousedietary 100ppm 52-weekdog dietary
3 mgkgday2
(measured doseboth studies)
USEPA 2001bGoldenthal and Wazeter1977
Birds (Mallardduck)
702 AcuteNOAEL1250 ppm 5-day dietary
200 mgkg Fletcher 1987c Godfrey3
and Longacre 1990n
993 ChronicNOAEL 500ppmReproduction
647 mgkgday Frey et al 2003a
TerrestrialInvertebrates
Honey bee NOAEC formortalitygt100 ugbee
1075 mgkg Atkins 19924
Terrestrial Plants - Pre-emergence assay (seedling emergence study soil treatment)
Sensitive(cabbage lettuce
onion rytgrass)
715 NOAEC alleffects
00024 lbacre Hoberg 1990
Tolerant (soybean) 715 NOAEC alleffects
031 lbacre Hoberg 1990
Terrestrial Plants - Post-emergence assay (vegetative vigor study direct spray)
Sensitive (tomato) 715 NOAEC alleffects
000066 lbacre Hoberg 1990
Tolerant (corn) 715 NOAEC alleffects
0034 lbacre Hoberg 1990
Fish Acute
Table 4-5 Summary of oxyfluorfen toxicity values used in ecological risk assessment (allamounts expressed as ai)
Organism ai Endpoint Toxicity Value Reference
Table 1 - 26
Sensitive(bluegill)
94 NOAEC formortality
0056 mgL MRID 95585 cited by USEPA 2001b
Tolerant (Rainbowtrout) 94
NOAEC formortality
0180 mgL MRID 95585 cited by USEPA 2001b
Fish Chronic
SensitiveTolerant(Fathead
Minnows)
71 NOAEC egg-and-frydevelopment
0038 mgL Godfrey and Longacre1990f
(Continued on next page)(Table 4-5 continued from previous page)
Aquatic Invertebrates Acute
Sensitive (Freshwaterclam Eastern oyster)
74 NOAEC 00032 mgL Godfrey and Longacre 1990bMRID 96881 as cited by US EPA2001b
Sensitive (Freshwaterclam Eastern oyster)
74 NOAEC 00032 mgL Godfrey and Longacre 1990bMRID 96881 as cited by US EPA2001b
Tolerant (Fiddler crab) 74 NOAEC 320 mgL MRID 96811 as cited by US WPA2001b
Aquatic Invertebrates ChronicSensitive Daphnid NOAEC
reproduction0013 mgLadjusted forrelative acutesensitivity toEastern Oyster5
00022 mgL5
Daphnid chronic valuefrom Godfrey andLongacre 1990gAcute toxicity values fromSutherland et al 2000a and Godfreyand Longacre 1990b[ MRID 96881as cited by US EPA 2001b]
Tolerant(Daphnia)
718 NOAECreproduction
0013 mgL Godfrey and Longacre1990g
Aquatic AlgaeTolerant (Anabaena
flos-aquae)715 NOAEC 5-day
growth2 mgL Giddings 1990
Selanastrumcapricornutum
Goal 2XL(23)
NOAEC 4-daygrowth 000043mg formultionL
0000099 mgLrounded to 00001mgL
Sutherland et al 2000b
AquaticMacrophytes
SensitiveTolerant (Lemna gibba)
715 LOAEC 7-daygrowth
000055 mgL Giddings 1990
Table 4-5 Summary of oxyfluorfen toxicity values used in ecological risk assessment (allamounts expressed as ai)
Organism ai Endpoint Toxicity Value Reference
Table 1 - 27
Food ingestion rate = 0621(23g bw) = 364 gday 125 mgday x 000364 kg dietday x1 0564
10023 kg = 198 mgkgday US EPAOPP (2001b 2002) chronic NOAEL used to derive chronic RfD2
See Appendix 5 for conversion of dietary concentration to dose from experimental data3
100 ugbee divide 93E-5 kgbee x 1E-3 mgug = 1075 mgkg bw4
00197 divide 00032 = factor of 6 difference in Daphniaoyster acute toxicity 0013 mgL divide 6 =5
00022 mgL
FIGURES
Figures - 1
Figure 2-1 Use of oxyfluorfen by the Forest Service between 2000 and 2003 byregion of the country as a percentage of the total pounds used in all Forest Serviceprograms (see Table 2-4 for data)
Figures - 2
Figure 2-2 Agricultural uses of oxyfluorfen in the United States (USGS 1998)
Figures - 3
Figure 2-3 Use of oxyfluorfen between 2000 and 2003 by the Forest Service and agriculturaluse in California [The flat solid line is the US EPA (2001g) estimate of total use in US duringthe 1990s] (See Table 2-5 for data)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1-1
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
ORAL
Rats Gavage
rat Sprague-Dawley 5male 5 female
Acute toxicity limit testwith AG510 (96 ai)in arachis oil
NOAEL 5000 mg aikgNo deaths no signs of toxicityno pathological changes
Dreher 1995dMRID44712010
rats maleCRCD(3 per group)
Range finding study Goal 16E (27 ai)administered by gavageat single doses of 00505 and 50 gkg [doesnot indicate if this isformulation or ai]
No control group Novehicle used
005 gkg no mortality nosigns of toxicity no grosspathological changes
05 mgkg no mortality signsof toxicity ndash passiveness andstained muzzle no grosspathological changes
50 gkg 100 mortality signsof toxicity include ndashpassiveness ataxia prostrationgross pathological changes tolungs stomach intestines liverand bladder
50LD between 05 and 5 gkg(slightly toxic)
Krzywicki1983MRID00159811
rats CrlCDBR 6 males6females
Goal TechnicalHerbicide (714 ai)administered by gavageat a dose of 50 gformulationkg[equivalent to 357 gaikg] Corn oilvehicle
No mortalities
Signs of toxicity stainedgenital area red-stained furaround eyes and muzzlesalivation soft feces
No apparent body weighteffects No gross pathologicalchanges
50LD gt 50 g formulationkg(practically non-toxic)
Gingrich et al1990aMRID41601001
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-2
ratsCrlCDBR6sexgroup
Goal 2XL (2425 ai) administered bygavage at doses of 2030 40 and 50 gformulationkg Nocontrol group
Animals observed for 14 daysafter treatment
Mortality No deaths in 20 and30 gkg group26 deaths in 40gkg group 46 deaths in 50gkg group
Dose-related signs of toxicitysalivation lacrimationpassiveness ataxia scant fecesdiarrhea Decreased bodyweight at 40 and 50 gkggroups
Gross pathology No grosspathological changes insurviving animals In deadanimals gross pathologicalchanges related to gastricirritation
50LD = 4337 g formulationkg(95 CL 3682 ndash 5964)
Lutz and Parno1993aMRID43149802
rats CrlCDBRmales andfemales
Single dose of GoalTechnical 95administered by gavageat 50 g aikg in cornoil Corn oil controlgroup included
No deaths or treatment relatedsigns of toxicity were observedover the 14 days afteradministration
50LD gt5 g aikg
Lampe et al1988aMRID44828903
Short Term Dietary (5-15 days)
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-3
MouseBALBc 4males pergroup 22-24g
control 125 200 1000ppm ai oxyfluorfen(994 ai) in the dietfor 9 days
Dose-related increase in relativeliver weight (92plusmn08 at 1000ppm vs 50plusmn04 control)Statistically significantreductions inprotoporphyrinogen oxidaseactivities in liver and kidneytissue at 200 and 1000 ppmstatistically significant increasein liver and kidney porphyrinconcentrations (200 and 1000ppm) In liver from mice fed1000 ppm uroporphyrin Iuroporphyrin III andprotoporphyrin accounted for55 20 and 15-25 of liverporphyrins respectively Inkidney tissue protoporphyrinaccounted for 85 of totalporphyrins No porphyrinincrease was found in the brainadrenals or testes Statisticallysignificant increase in liverpentoxyresorufin dealkylation(PROSD) activity at 200 and1000 ppmNOAEC = 125 ppmLOAEC = 200 ppm
Krijit et al1997
DERMAL ndash Systemic Effects
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-4
rabbits maleNew ZealandWhite (2animals)
Range finding study Goal 16E (27 ai)applied to clippedintact skin for 24hours at 50 gkg [doesnot indicate if this isformulation or ai]
dermal effects erythema hairloss irritation
systemic effects no mortalitysigns of toxicity ndash passivenessprostration no grosspathological changes
50LD gt 50 gkg (practicallynon- toxic)
Krzywicki1983MRID00159811
rat Sprague-Dawley 5male 5 female
Acute dermal toxicitylimit test AG510(96) in arachis oil toshaved skin atconcentration of 2000mgkg
No mortality no clinical signsnormal body weight gain nodermal irritation noabnormalities at necropsyNOAEL = 2000 mgkg
Dreher 1995eMRID44712011
rats CrlCDBR 6 males6females
Goal TechnicalHerbicide (714 ai)applied to clippedintact skin at a dose of50 g formulationkg [equivalent to 357 gaikg] for 24 hours
No mortalities No clinicalsigns of toxicity No affect onbody weight No grosspathological changes
50LD gt 50 g formulationkg(practically non-toxic)
Gingrich et al1990bMRID41601002
rats CrlCDBR6 males6females
Goal 2XL (422 ai)applied undiluted toshaved intact skin atdoes of 4gformulationkg for 24hours
No deaths of treatment relatedeffects were observed Nochanges in body weight or grosspathological changes
50LC gt4 g formulationkg
Lutz and Parno1993bMRID43149803
rabbits NewZealand White6 males
Single 24-hour dermalapplication of 50 gGoal Technical 95Herbicide (971 ai)to clipped intact skin Control groupincluded
No deaths treatment-relatedsigns of toxicity or grosspathological changes observedduring the 14-day observationperiod
50LD gt50 g aikg
Lampe etal1988bMRID44828904
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-5
rats Sprague-Dawley 5males5 females
5000 mgkg Weedfree75 (containing 2oxyfluorfen and 3trifluralin) wasmoistened with salineand applied for 24hours
Note this appears to bean oxyfluorfencombination product)
Animals were observed for 14days after application
No moralities signs of toxicityor gross pathological findings
50LD gt5000 mgformulationkg
Merkel 2002MRID46250501
DERMAL ndash Skin Irritation
rabbits maleNew ZealandWhite (6animals)
Range finding study 05mL of test substance(Goal 16E 27 ai)applied to clippedintact skin for 4 hours[does not indicate ifthis is formulation orai]
72-hour mean irritation score =62 indicating that testsubstance is severely irritatingto skin
Observations erythema edemadryness sloughing
Krzywicki1983MRID00159811
rabbits femaleNew ZealandWhite (6animals)
05mL of test material(Goal TechnicalHerbicide 714 ai)applied to clippedintact skin for 4 hours
Skin irritation evaluatedaccording to Draize procedureat 1 24 48 and 72 hours and 7days after application
Very slight to moderateerythema and very slight toslight edema observed at 1 to48 hours No skin irritationobserved at 72 hours
Gingrich et al1990cMRID41601003
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-6
rabbits NewZealand White6 males
Goal 2XL (242 ai)applied undiluted (05ml) to shaved intactskin for 4 hours
Skin irritation evaluatedaccording to Draize criteria at1 24 48 and 72 hours and 7days after application
At 1 hour well definederythema and very slightedema
At 24 hours moderate erythemaand slight to severe edema
At 48 hours moderate to severeerythema and edema
At 72 hours severe erythemaand edema
No irritation or edema at day 7
Lutz and Parno1993cMRID43149804
rabbits NewZealand White6 (4 females2males)
Single 4-hour dermal application of 05 g ofAG 510 (containing~97 ai) to semi-occluded intact skin
Test site examined 1 24 48and 72 hours after application
Mild irritation noted at 1 24and 48 hours No irritation at72 hours No corrosive effectswere observed at any timepoint
AG 510 classified as a mildirritant
Dreher 1995bMRID44712015
rabbits NewZealand White6 males
05 g Goal Technical Herbicide (971 ai)applied to clippedintact skin for 4 hours
Skin irritation assessed at 1 2448 and 72 hours and 7 daysafter application
No skin irritation (erythema oredema) observed at any timepoint
Lampe et al1998cMRID44828906
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-7
DERMAL ndash Sensitization
guinea pigs(Hartley)
Three 6-hour induction(1doseweek) doses of04mL Goal TechnicalHerbicide at 50(ww) in acetone Challenge testsconducted 7 days afterinitial dosing at 1 625125 and 25 Goal inacetone
In naive animals allconcentrations producederythema
In induced animals erythemadeveloped at all testconcentrations but no evidenceof hypersensitivity
No evidence that GoalHerbicide produces contactsensitization in guinea pigs
Anderson andKyle 1991MRID41891802
guinea pigsalbinoCrt(HA)BRstrain 20 test10 irritationcontrol 10positive control10 positivecontrolirritationcontrol
Sensitizationmaximization testGoal 2XL(P) Twoinitial irritation tests todetermine definitivestudy conditions Inthe definitive studytest animalsintradermal injectionwith 5 wv Goal2XL(P) in sterile waterfollowed by topicalinduction with 25wv Goal 2XL(P) insterile water topicalinduction followed bychallenge with 10wv Goal 2XL(P) insterile water
No sensitization among animalsinduced and challenged withGoal 2XL(P) Sensitizationwas observed in positivecontrols(hehexylcinnamaldehyde inmineral oil) Conclusion Goal2XL(P) is not a dermalsensitizer
Glaza 1996MRID44814901
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-8
guinea pigs(Hartley) 10males10females
Goal 2XL (245 ai) Three 6-hour inductiondoses of 04 ml (1doseweek) of Goal2XL (undiluted) Challenge dose 04 mlundiluted Goal 2XL DNCM positive controlgroup included
Delayed contacthypersensitivity test
Goal 2XL produced delayedcontact hypersensitivity
Anderson andShuey 1994MRID43149807
Albino guineapigs (DunkinHartley)
Sensitization test withAG 510 (containing~97 ai)
Induction phaseintradermal 25 wv inarachis oil topicalinduction 50 ww inarachis oil
Challenge phasetopical challenge 5 1025 and 50 in arachisoil
Test material did not produceany sensitization effects andwas classified as a non-sensitized to guinea pig skin
Dreher 1995cMRID44712015
DERMAL ndash Absorption
rats CrlCDBR4 malesgroup
C-Goal Technical14
Herbicide applied toskin at three doselevels ndash 024mganimal (002mgcm ) 122
mganimal (01mgcm ) and 182
mganimal (144mgcm )2
The majority (80 - 975) ofC was not absorbed 218 to14
146 of C was adsorbed14
onin skin at test site
The predominant route ofelimination of absorbed dosewas feces
Cheng 1989MRID42142306
INTRAPERITONEAL
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-9
INHALATION
rats CrlCDBR6 males6females pergroup
4-hour nose-onlyinhalation exposure toGoal Technical(714) atconcentrations of 058and 54 mgformulationL
Animals observed for 14-daypost-exposure
No deaths signs of toxicity orgross pathological changes forany treatment group
504-hour LC gt54 mgformulationL(practically non-toxic)
Wanner andHagan 1991MRID42000001
rats CrlCDBR5 males5females
4-hour nose-onlyinhalation exposure toGoal 2XL (242 ai))at 48 mgformulationL
Animals evaluated for 14 daysafter exposure
No deaths occurred No grosspathological findings
Sings of toxicity ndash immediately after exposuredecreased activity laboredbreathing increased salivationAt 7-days after exposuredecreased body weight gainAt 14-days after exposuredecreased activity and laboredbreathing
50LC gt48 mg formulationL
Ulrich 1993MRID43149806
rat Sprague-Dawley 5male 5 female
1-hour inhalationexposure toGoalSurflan21G(MB-83-6897)mean (standarddeviation) measuredconcentration off718(plusmn023) mg
No mortality All rats gainedweight over the 14-day post-exposure observation periodNo unusual behavioral noabnormal gross pathology inmajor organs examined Nocontrols were used
Tansy 1983bMRID00163582
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-10
rat Sprague-Dawley 5male 5 female
1-hour inhalationexposure to GoalLasso22G (MB 83-6896) atmean measuredconcentration (standarddeviation) of 725(plusmn038) mgL
No mortality All rats gainedweight over the 14-day post-exposure period and alldisplayed ldquonormalrdquoexploratory behavior Noabnormal gross pathology inmajor organs examined Nocontrols were used
Tansy 1983aMRID00163584
rat Sprague-Dawley 5male 5 female
4-hour nose-onlyexposure to AG510(96 ai) at measuredconcentration of 371 plusmn066 mgL (275 mgLnominal) with meanmass medianaerodynamic diameterof 38 uM andinhalable fraction of522 lt 4 uM
No mortality normal bodyweight gain no abnormalpathology Transient clinicalsigns (piloerection wet furhunched posture staining withtest material) during exposureand resolved by 1 hour post-exposure
Blagden 1995MRID44712012
OCULAR
rabbits maleNew ZealandWhite (9animals)
Eye irritation study 01mL of test substance(Goal 16E 27 ai)applied to cornealsurfaces [does notindicate if this isformulation or ai]
Irritation to iris and cornea forup to 72 hours afteradministration of testsubstance
Based on duration of effectstest substance is rated asseverely irritating to eyes
Krzywicki1983MRID00159811
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-11
rabbits maleNew ZealandWhite (9animals)
01mL of test material(Goal TechnicalHerbicide 714 ai)applied to conjunctivalsac For 3 rabbits eyeswere irrigated afterdosing
Eye irritation evaluatedaccording to Draize procedureat 1 24 48 and 72 hours and 7and 14 days after application
Irritation of conjunctiva(chemosis and redness) Noeffect noted for iris or cornea Treatment-related effectsobserved at 1 through 72hours No effects observed at7 days after application
Irritation was not reduced byirrigation
Gingrich et al1990dMRID41601004
rabbits NewZealand White6 males
Undiluted (01 ml)Goal 2XL (244 ai)applied to conjunctiva
Eye irritation evaluatedaccording t0 Draize criteria at1 24 48 and 72 hours and 7days after dosing
No mortality or clinical signsof toxicity noted
Irritation of cornea andconjunctiva observed from 1 to72 hours after application Atday 7 corneal effects werereversed in 56 rabbits andconjunctival effects werereversed in 66 rabbits
Lutz andParno 1993dMRID43149805
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-12
rabbits NewZealand White6 males
Undiluted (01 ml)Goal 2XL (254)applied to conjunctiva Eyes were irrigated 24hours after dosing
Eye irritation evaluatedaccording t0 Draize criteria at1 24 48 and 72 hours and 714 and 21 days after dosing
No mortality or clinical signsof toxicity noted
Corneal and conjunctivalirritation observed through 72hours but resolved by day 7
Irritation of iris observed at 24and 48 hours but resolved at72 hours
Lutz et al1995MRID43424203
rabbits NewZealand White6 (3 males3females)
Single application of01 ml test material(AG510 containing~97 ai) toconjunctiva Noirrigation afteradministration
Eye irritation assessed at 1 2448 and 72 hours afterapplication according to Draizecriteria
1 hour moderate conjunctivalirritation 66 rabbits24 hours minimal conjunctivalirritation at 25 hours 66rabbits48 hours minimal conjunctivalirritation at 25 hours 16rabbits72 hours no effects noted
No corneal effects at any timepoint
Based on these results AG 510is a mild irritant
Dreher 1995aMRID44712015
Appendix 1 Acute toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to experimentalmammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 1-13
rabbits NewZealand White 9 males
Single application of01 g Goal Technical95 Herbicide (97ai) to corneal surface
Eye irritation assessed at 1 2448 and 72 hours and 7 daysafter application according toDraize criteria
No treatment -related oculareffects were observed at a anyobservation time
Lampe et al1988dMRID44828906
Appendix 2-1
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Teratology Studies
rats female25group
RH-2915 Technical ( 714 ai) Administered by gavage tomated females at doses of 10 100 and 1000 mg aikgdayon days 6-15 of gestation A vehicle control group received05 methylcellulose
Maternal NOAEL 100 mg aikgdayMaternal LOAEL 1000 mg aikgday urine stainingsignificantly reduced mean body weight slightly decreasedfood consumptionFetotoxic NOAEL 100 mg aikgdayFetotoxic LOAEL 1000 mg aikgday statisticallysignificant lower implantation efficiency higher incidenceof resorption lower incidence of fetal viabilityNo treatment-related teratogenic effects were observed
Piccirillo1977MRID00083444
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Appendix 2-2
rats (27 pertreatmentgroup)
Goal Technical (714 ai) in corn oil administered bygavage to pregnant rats at 0 15 150 and 750 mgkg ondays 6-15 of gestation
No maternal or fetal toxicity at 15 mgkg No treatmentrelated external visceral or skeletal malformation in fetusesat this dose No treatment-related effects on hematological variables orliver weight at any dose
Treatment related decrease in body weight and foodconsumption at does levels gt150 mgkg Treatment relatedincrease in fetal resorptions and decrease in fetal weight at does levels gt150 mgkg Treatment-related increase inskeletal malformations (bending of scapula forelimb andhindlimb bones) at does levels gt150 mgkg Retardeddevelopment at does levels gt150 mgkg
At 750 mgkg dose level 1727 maternal deaths duringtreatment period Ten survivors were pregnant but all hadcompletely resorbed litters Signs of toxicity (hunchedposture ataxia lethargy alopecia soft feces) observed Gross pathological changes (reddened linings of stomachand intestines) No viable litters produced Treatment-related increase in SGOT and alkaline phosphataseobserved at this dose
NOAEL (maternal and fetal toxicity) 15 mgkgLOAEL (maternal and fetal toxicity) 150 mgkg
Rohm amp Haas1990MRID41678801
and
Rohm amp Haas1991aMRID4174401 (these arepreliminaryreports)
Solomon andRonnanello1991MRID41806501(final report)
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Appendix 2-3
rats CD strain Oxyfluorfen Technical (98 ai) administered by gavageon days 6 to 15 of gestation at doses of 375 750 and 1000mg aikgday plus a vehicle control group(methylcellulose 1 wv) On day 20 of gestation femaleswere killed and uterine contents examined
Maternal effectsNo signs of maternal toxicity at any does level
Fetal effectsNo effects at any dose level
Oxyfluorfen at doses up to 1000 mg aikgday given topregnant rats had no effects on females or on in uterodevelopment of fetuses
Burns 1997bMRID44933103
rabbits 4femalesgroup
Range-finding study Goal 25WP (269 ai) administeredby gavage to pregnant rabbits at doses of 0 (reverse osmosispurified water) 31 62 125 250 and 500 mg aikgday
Mortality at doses of 125 mgkgday and higher abortion at125 mgkgday and reduced maternal weight gain at dosesof 62 mgkgday and higher increased resorptions andsmaller average litter sizes at 250 and 500 mgkgdaydecreased implantations at 500 mgkgdayNOAEL 31 mg aikgday
Hoberman etal 1981MRID00094051
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Appendix 2-4
rabbits NewZealandWhite 19inseminatedfemalesgroup
Goal 25WP (269 ai) at 10 30 and 90 mg aikgday ondays 6-18 of gestation Vehicle control and reverse osmosiswater control groups were also used in the study
Maternal effects mortality in 519 rabbits at 90 mgkgdaypresumed associated with observed anorexia anorexia andreduced body weight gain at 30 and 90 mgkgdayhematuria and decreased motor activity at 90 mgkgdaystatistically significant increased incidence of abortion at 30and 90 mgkgday
Fetal effects No malformations at any dose though thenumber of high-dose rabbits available for examination wassmall No effects on implantation litter size fetal viabilityfetal body weight or sex ratio at 10 or 30 mgkgday Thelimited data available for high-dose rabbits (5 litters only)indicates decreased pregnancy corpora lutea implantationand litter sizeNOAEL for maternal and fetal effects 10 mg aikgday
Hoberman etal 1982MRID00094052
rabbits NewZealandWhite 15femalesgroup
Oxyfluorfen Technical (98 ai) administered by gavageon days 6 to 19 of gestation at doses of 10 30 and 90 mgaikgday plus a vehicle control group (methylcellulose1 wv) On day 29 of gestation females were killed anduterine contents examined
maternal effectsAt highest dose level ndash reduced food intake and decreasedfecal output NOAEL = 30 mgkgday
fetal effects decreased mean litter weights delayed skeletal ossificationdelayed fetal head development NOAEL = 30 mgkgday
Burns 1997aMRID44933102
Reproduction Studies
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Appendix 2-5
rats 2-generation reproduction study with Goal TechnicalHerbicide (714 ai) at dietary concentrations of 0 100400 and 1600 ppm
P1 AdultsF1A Offspring Treatment-related decrease infemale body wt at 1600 ppm No treatment-related effectsin offspring NOAEL = 400 ppm
P2 AdultsF2A Offspring Treatment-related decrease infemale body wt at 1600 ppm Treatment-related decreasesin mean number of offspring and mean number of liveoffspring and decreased fetal body weight NOAEL = 400ppm
Rohm amp Haas1991bMRID41768701
(This is apreliminaryreport)
ratsCrlCDBR 25ratssexgroup
2-generation reproduction study with Goal TechnicalHerbicide (714 ai) at dietary concentrations of 0 100400 and 1600 ppm
Dose-related effects at dietary concentrations 400 ppm andgreater At 400 ppm histological changes in kidneys(renal-pelvic mineralization reactive hyperplasia dilationof collecting ducts) of P1 and P2 males and P2 females For adult toxicity NOAEC = 100 ppm
Reproductive performance No treatment-related effects onreproductive performance Treatment-related decreased infetal body weight at 1600 ppm Reproductive NOAEC =400 ppm
Solomon etal 1991MRID42014901
Note Thisstudy appearsto be the finalreport for thepreliminaryresultsdescribedabove
Appendix 2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations after repeated oral administrations
Species ExposureResponse Reference
Appendix 2-6
rat Long-Evans 20female and 10malegroup
3-generation reproduction study with RH-2915 (822 -857 ai) administered at 0 2 10 and 100 ppm at 857ai for approximately 16 months followed by 0 2 10 and100 ppm at 822 ai for approximately 1 month Thisexposure period encompassed 1 mating of the parentalgeneration and two matings of each of the F1 and F2generations
No treatment-related effects on mortality body weight orfood consumption of males and non-pregnant femalesmating pregnancy or fertility statistically significantdecrease in body weight gain among high-dose Fo femalesbetween day 14 and 21 of lactation This was not seen in F1or F2 generations statistically significant decrease insurvival of high-dose offspring for days 0-4 4-14 oflactation in F1a generations (correlated with weight loss inmothers) This was not seen in subsequent generations Nostatistically significant treatment-related effects on fetalsurvival size sex malformations or gross pathology Noevidence of teratogenic or embryotoxic effectsMaternal NOAELfetotoxic NOAEL = 10 ppm (FromTable 4 Week 1 week 5 and week 10 dose for Fofemales = 1407 0992 and 0721 mg aikgday)Maternal LOAELfetotoxic LOAEL = 100 ppm (fromTable 4 Week 1 week 5 and week 10 dose for Fofemales = 110 10080 and 7390 mg aikgday)
Killeen et al1977MRID00135073
Appendix 3-1
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
SUBCHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE
mice CharlesRiver CD-1 15animalssexgroup
Dietary exposure toGoal TechnicalHerbicide (725 ai)at concentrations of 0200 800 and 3200 ppmai for 13 weeks
Dose-dependent increase intoxicity
Clinical signs of toxicity at3200 dose only (lethargypassiveness arched backsataxia)
Abnormal laboratory findingsat 200 ppm ai dose decreasedhemoglobin and hematocrit(males) increased plateletcount increased cholesterol(females) increased SGPT(females) ketonuria (females) Additional findings observed athigher exposure levels
abnormal gross pathology at200 ppm ai dose increasedliver weight liver hypertrophynecrosis and hemosiderosisspleen hyperplasia (males)bone marrow hyperplasia(males) urinary bladderhyperplasia (females) Additional findings observed athigher exposure levels
LOAEC = 200 ppm ai
Nave andLongacre1990aMRID92136012
(this is asummary ofMRID00117602)
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-2
rats10sexgroup
Dietary exposure tooxyfluorfen technical(98 ai) at 0 5001500 6000 and 10000pm ai for 13 weeks
Findings after 13 weeks oftreatment
500 ppm no treatment-relatedfinding
1500 ppm decreased mean cellvolume and mean cellhemoglobin some alterations ofurine electrolytes
6000 ppm slightly decreased inbody weight Decreasedpacked cell volumehemoglobin concentration andmean cell volume Elevatedserum ALAT creatinine totalcholesterol High urine outputand some changes in urineelectrolytes High lever andspleen weights ( and amp) andhigh kidney weights (amp) Gross pathological changes tokidneys
10000 ppm decreased bodyweight and food consumption Decreased packed cell volumehemoglobin concentration andmean cell volume Elevatedleukocyte counts Hypochromic erythrocytes Elevated serum alkalinephosphatase ATAT Highurine output and some changesin urine electrolytes Highlever and spleen weights ( andamp) high kidney weights (amp) andhigh thyroid weights () Histopathologic changes to
Stewart 1997MRID44933101
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-3
rat Japanese Charles RiverCRF-CDF10sexgroup
13-week study dietaryexposure to RH 2915(725 ai) atmeasuredconcentrations nominalconcentrations of 0200 1000 and 5000ppm ai (Mean dosemales 0 14 71 and361 mg aikgdaymean dose females 018 75 and 396 mgaikgday)
Note Poor qualityfiche and poortranslation into English
5000 ppm reduced bodyweight gain increased foodconsumption liver changes asfor 1000 ppm (both sexes) andincreased ALP (males)increased cholesterol (females)and increased plasmacholinesterase activity(females) vacuolardegeneration of distal tubuli ofkidneys hypertrophy andhyperplasia of transitionalepithelia of kidney depositionof calcium in renal pelvisincreased BUN pigmentationof liver kupfer cells and kidneylumen and tubular epitheliadecreased adrenal weight andvacuolation of cells of the zonafasciculata atrophy of thymuscortex decreased RBCshematocrit increasedreticulocyte ratio increasedmean corpuscular volume andmean corpuscular hemoglobin1000 ppm increased foodconsumption increasedabsolute liver weight (males)and increased incidence ofswollen hepatic cells and fattyliver (males) vacuolardegeneration of distal tubuli ofkidneys (females) hypertrophyand hyperplasia of transitionalepithelia of kidney (females)deposition of calcium in renalpelvis (females) yellowpigmentation of tubularepithelia and lumen decreasedRBCs hematocrit andhemoglobin concentration
NomuraResearchInstitute 1982MRID0117603
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-4
SUBCHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE
rat CharlesRiver CD10sexgroup
aerosols of Goal 2E (ai not stated)ataverage meteredconcentrations of 020and 078 mgL 6hrday 5 daysweek for20 or 11 exposure daysin one monthuntreated and vehicle(081 mgL)controlsaverage aerodynamicmass median diameterswere 32 30 and 34for the vehicle low-dose and high-doseaerosols respectivelyFor each sample gt90by weight wasconsidered respirableVehicle was notidentified
Vehicle controls had excessivesalivation no clinical signs inother groupsStatistically significantelevation in leukocytes andpercentage of lymphocytes inGoal 2E exposed rats withrespect to controls but withinrange of normal for CharlesRiver CD rats in experimenterrsquoslaboratoryDecreased adrenal weights withrespect to vehicle controls inmales at both concentrationsHistopathologic respiratorysystem changes consideredvehicle-relatedGross pathological respiratorychanges considered vehicle-related
Goldenthal etal 1978 MRID00071916
SUBCHRONIC DERMAL EXPOSURE
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-5
rabbit NewZealand White4sexgroupincludes controland solventcontrols
20 exposures (5daysweek for 4 weeks)to RH-2915 as eitherpaste of technical gradein solventemulsifier oraqueous solution ofemulsifiableconcentrate (RH-2915EC)Group I untreatedcontrolsGroup IIsolventemulsifier (notspecified) control
Group III RH-2915Technical at 2 gkg(1500 mg aikg)
RH-2915 EC inaqueous solutionapplied to intact andabraded skin at GroupIV 01 mlkg (242 mgaikg) and Group V 04 mlkg(968 mg aikg)
mortality 1 Group II femaledermal all treatmentsincluding solventemulsifiercontrol caused erythemaedema skin cracking bleedingand dessication (least severe inGroup V)body weight significantlydecreased in Group II and Vmales with respect to untreatedcontrols No differencebetween Group II and V malebody weights (implicatessolventemulsifier as causalagent) No effect on females Transient decrease in bodyweight in Group III males andfemales with respect tountreated controls with femalesrebounding more quickly thanmalesfood consumption reduced(10-18) in treated males(including Group II) throughoutthe testhematology Increased meanwhite cell counts with respectto untreated controls in allfemales Group II (67) GroupIII (56) Group IV(20) andGroup V(43) Authors statethat Group III and V valuesreached statistical significancewith respect to controlsGross pathology pale or tanareas in liver of 14 males and34 females in Group IV Skinthickening and discoloration inall treated rabbits
Cruzan et al1978 MRID00071915
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-6
CHRONIC EXPOSURE
dog 10sexcontrol 6sexexposed
52-week dietaryexposure to RH-2915(714 - 738 ai)at 0100 600 or 3600 ppmdiet (males 31 185610 mgkgdayfemales 0 30 188603 mgkgday)
NOAEL 100 ppm LOAEL 600 ppm based ondecreased body weight gainincreased serum alkalinephosphatase increased liverweight and increased bile-pigmented hepatocytes
Piccirillo 1977MRID00071918 (26-week interimreport) andRohm andHaas 1981MRID00078767(final reportnot availableresults as citedin US EPA2001a)
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-7
mice CharlesRiver CD-1 60micesexgroup
20 month dietaryexposure to RH-2915technical (857 ai)at 0 0 solvent control(ethanol) 2 20 and200 ppm ai
Average doses 0003 3 33 mgaikgday males 0004 4 42 mgaikgday females
No treatment-related changesfor behavior appearance bodywt food consumption andhematolgical or biochemicalparametersAfter 12 months No grosspathological findings in 200ppm ai group Liver weightsincreased () and microscopicmoderate to severe liverchanges () characterized byhepatocyte vacuolizationhyaline bodies and hepatocytenecrosis in 200 ppm group Nopositive findings at 2 or 20 ppmai
after 20 months at 200 ppmai no increase in liverweights Slight increase (butnot statistically significant) inliver masses diagnosedhistopathologically ashyperplastic nodules orhepatocellular carcinomas Statistically significant increasehepatocellular regenerationlesion (characterized byvariation in hepatocyte size andincrease in mitotic activity) Statistically significant increasein combined hepatocellularcarcinoma+adenoma+regeneration lesion at 200 ppm Nopositive findings at 2 or 20 ppmai
NOAEC = 20 ppm ai (3mgkgday)LOAEC = 200 ppm (33 and 42mgkgday for M and F
Goldenthaland Wazeter1977MRID00037939
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-8
NOTE on Goldenthal and Wazeter 1977 US EPA 2001a uses this study as the basis forderiving a Q1 of 73E-02 (mgkgday) based on combined liver adenomacarcinoma US-1
EPA 1987 (IRIS) says 2 ppm (03 mg aikgday) is the NOAEL and 20 ppm (3 mgkgday) isLOAEL (increased absolute liver weight necrosis regeneration and hyperplastic nodules withincreased incidences of effects at 200 ppm) US EPA 2001a (HED) says 20 ppm is theNOAEL and 200 ppm is the LOAEL (increased SGPT increased SAP and liverhistopathology including hepatocyte necrosis) US EPA 1987 derives an RfD of 0003mgkgday on the basis of a NOAEL of 03 mgkgday and an uncertainty factor of 100 USEPA 2001a derives an RfD of 003 mgkgday on the basis of their NOAEL of 3 mgkgdayand an uncertainty factor of 100
Appendix 3 Subchronic and Chronic toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfenformulations to experimental mammals
Species Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 3-9
rats Long-Evans50sexgroupInterimnecropsy on10sexhighdose and6sexcontrol at12 monthsInterimlaboratorystudies on6sexcontroland high doseat 13610 1218 24 months
Combinedcarcinogenicitychronictoxicity study RH-2915 (857 ai) in thediet at 0 2 400 and8001600 (mean of685) ppm ai for 24months
Although many statisticallysignificant effects wererandomly observed among thevarious control and treatmentgroups no dose-response couldbe established for any effect Itis not possible to makemeaningful qualitative orquantitative conclusions fromthis study
The histopathological resultsfor the above study arepresented in MRID 00135072 No treatment-related histopathologic changes werefound in low-and mid-doseanimals at either interim orfinal necropsy Minimalhypertrophy of centrilobularhepatocytes (liver) wasconsidered to be treatment-related and was seen in onemale and 2 female high-doserats This effect was attributedto metabolic adaptation of theliver and was not considered tobe adverse due to the lack ofany other treatment-relatedchanges There were notreatment-related or notabledifferences in the incidence ofneoplastic changes betweencontrol and exposed rats
NOTE this study was found tobe unacceptable by OPPHED(US EPA 2001a) but wasused by OPPHED to establisha NOAEL of 8001600 ppm
Auletta et al1978MRID00083445
Tornaben etal 1977MRID00135072
Appendix 3-10
Appendix 4-1
Appendix 4 Mutagenicity studies on oxyfluorfen
Organism Exposure Level AssaySystem
Effects Reference
Mouse bonemarrowcells
Single dose of GoalTechnical Herbicidein corn oiladministered bygavage at doses of 005 25 and 50 gaikg
In vivochromosomeaberrationassay
No increase in thenumber of aberrantcells GoalTechnical Herbicidewas negative in thein vivo chromosomeaberration assay
Gudi 1990MRID41873801
SalmonellastrainsTA98TA100 TA1535 andTA 1537
Goal TechnicalHerbicide (725ai) at 0 (solventcontrol DMSO)10 10 100 250500 1000 25005000 6000 7600 gformulation perplate
Salmonellareversemutationassay withand withoutS-9 activation
Test substanceproduced amutagenic responsein this assay systemin strains TA98 andTA100
Nave andLongacre 1990bMRID92136021
(this is asummary ofMRID00098420)
primary rathepatocytes
Goal TechnicalHerbicide (73 ai)at concentrations of0 (solvent controlDMSO) 010 02505 10 25 50100 and 250gmL
UnscheduledDNAsynthesisassay
Test substance wasinactive (non-genotoxic) in thisassay system
Nave andLongacre 1990cMRID92136021
mouselymphoma
Goal TechnicalHerbicide (727ai) atconcentrations of 0(solvent controlDMSO) 625 125250 500 and 1000gmL
mouselymphomaforwardmutationassay
Goal TechnicalHerbicide is weaklymutagenic in thepresence of anactivation system(S-9)
Nave andLongacre 1990dMRID92136022
Appendix 4 Mutagenicity studies on oxyfluorfen
Organism Exposure Level AssaySystem
Effects Reference
Appendix 4-2
Salmonellatyphimurium (strainsTA 1535TA 1537TA 98 andTA 100)
Ag 510 Technical(96 ai) indimethyl sulfoxide ndash50 150 500 and1500 gplate
reversemutationassay
AG 510 was notmutagenic in thistest system
Everich 1995aMRID44933104
bonemarrowcells ofmice
1000 mgkg AG 510Technical (96 ai)in methyl celluloseadministered byintraperitonealinjection
mousemicronucleustest
Test substance didnot show anyevidence of causingchromosomedamage in this invivo test
Everich 1995bMRID44933105
primary ratliver cells
Single oral dose(600 and 2000mgkg) of AG 510Technical (96 ai)in methyl cellulose
In vivounscheduledDNAsynthesisassay
Test substance sisnot elicit anyevidence of inducingunscheduled DNAsynthesis in rat liverin vivo
Everich 1995cMRID44922106
Salmonellatyphimurium (strainsTA 1535TA 1537TA 1538TA 98 andTA 100)
AG 510 (96 ai) atconcentrations of 10to 5000 gplate
mutagenicactivity assay
AG 510 inducedmutagenic activityin the TA 100 strainin the presence of S9 activation Nomutagenic activitywas observed in anyother strain
Willington1999MRID44942801
Appendix 4 Mutagenicity studies on oxyfluorfen
Organism Exposure Level AssaySystem
Effects Reference
Appendix 4-3
L5178YTK+-mouselymphomacells
Goal Technical 95Herbicide (971ai)
mouselymphomamutagenesisassay
Under testconditions testsubstance didproduced a negativeresponse both in thepresences andabsence of S9activation Therefore GoalTechnical 95herbicide isconsidered to benon-mutagenic inthis system
Kirby 1987MRID44947202
Appendix 5-1
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Single Dose Gavage
bobwhite quail5 males5females perexposure group
single dose ofGoal TechnicalHerbicide (702ai) in corn oiladministered bygavage at does of0 (corn oilcontrol) 1470and 2150 mgaikg
Birds observed for 21 days Onedeath at the highest dose Signs oftoxicity observed at both Goal doses(weakness anorexia piloerectionabnormal cage droppings decreasedfood consumption)
50LC gt2150 mg aikg
Fletcher1987aMRID42142301
Multiple Exposure Gavage
bobwhite quail25-34 weeksold 5sexgroup
21-day acutetoxicity studyexposure to GoalTechnical (702ai) by gavage incorn oil atconcentrations of0 1470 and 2150mg aikg bodyweight
50LD gt2150 mg aikgLOAEC = 1470 mg aikg on basisof transient anorexia and weakness
Severely decreased foodconsumption days 0-3 (both groups)and 4-7 (high dose) in comparisonwith controls No significant impacton body weight Weakness andanorexia in treated birds but not innegative or vehicle controls Onedeath at 2150 mgkg
Study was found to be acceptable interms of fulfilling EPA testguidelines and requirements fortesting
Godfrey andLongacre1990dMRID92136090(Phase IIIsummary ofMRID92136106)
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Appendix 5-2
Americankestrel (Falcosparvaricus) 4nestlings
range finding partof study withmultipleherbicides dosingby gavage for 10days withoxyfluorfen(985 ai) at 500mgkg in corn oil
No mortality No definitive study onsurvival and growth was conductedwith oxyfluorfen due to a lack ofmortality in the range-finding studyNOAEL 500 mgkg
Hoffman etal 1991ab
Acute Dietary
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Appendix 5-3
bobwhite quail13 days old 10birdsgroup
5-day dietaryexposure to GoalTechnicalHerbicide (702ai) atconcentrations of0 (vehicle controlcorn oil) 312625 1250 2500and 5000 ppm ai(followed by 3-dayobservationperiod)
No mortalities or gross pathologicalchanges in any treatment group
Effects observed at concentrations of2500 and 5000 food avoidancedecreased body weight decreasedbody weight gain
50LC gt5000 ppm ai
For signs of toxicity ndash NOAEC = 1250 ppm aiLOAEC = 2500 ppm ai
Fletcher1987bMRID42142302Godfrey andLongacre1990eMRID92136091(Phase IIIsummary
mallard ducks5 days old 10birdsgroup
5-day dietaryexposure to GoalTechnicalHerbicide (702ai) atconcentrations of0 (vehicle controlcorn oil) 312625 1250 2500and 5000 ppm ai(followed by 3-dayobservationperiod)
One mortality in the 5000 ppm aigroupNo mortalities or gross pathologicalchanges in any treatment group
Effects observed decreased bodyweight in 5000 ppm ai group
50LC gt5000 ppm aiNOAEC = 1250 ppm ai
Fletcher1987cMRID42142303Godfrey andLongacre1990nMRID92136092(Phase IIIsummary)
Fletcher 1987c Note Food consumption during exposure averaged 22 gbird 19 gbird 18gbird 17 gbird and 13 gbird in the 312 625 1250 2500 and 5000 ppm groups respectively(Table V) In the same order mean body weights during exposure were 118 g 115 g 112 g120 g and 93 g (Table IV) Thus the fractional food consumption (g foodg bw) was 019017 016 014 and 014 and the corresponding doses were 59 mgkg bw 106 mgkg bw 200mgkg bw 350 mgkg bw and 700 mgkg bw
Reproduction Studies
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Appendix 5-4
mallard duck17 weeks totalnumber ofanimals instudy 80 malesand 80 females
dietary exposureto Goal Technicalpurified (993ai) at 0 125250 500 and 750ppm ai for 20weeks
authors reportoverall calculated daily dose for 20weeks based onfood consumption0 158 310 647and 999 mgaikg bodywtday
Toxicity to adultsNo treatment-related mortalitiessigns of toxicity or gross pathologicalfindings at any concentration tested
Reproductive parametersNo effect on reproductive parametersat 125 250 or 500 At 750 ppmdoes level decreased egg productionembryo development andhatchability
NOAEC for reproductive effects =500 ppm ai
Frey et al2003aMRID46070101
mallard ducks1 male and 3females perpen 8 pensgroup
RH-2915Technical (ai) at 0 and 100ppm diet
Experimental design andmethodology only No results given
Rohm andHaas 1981bMRID00094057
mallard ducks5 male and 25female pergroup
one generationstudy dietaryexposure to RH-2915 technical (ai not stated) at 0 20 and 100 ppmai
Fiche is poor quality cannot readtables text states there was nomortality and no statisticallysignificant differences in body weightbetween controls and exposed ducks High-dose birds had significantlygreater food consumption thancontrols at end of study Notreatment-related differences innumber of eggs laid eggshellthickness embryo vitality orhatchling survivalNOAEC = 100 ppm ai
Piccirillo andNajarim 1978MRID00110734
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Appendix 5-5
bobwhitequail19 weeksold totalnumber ofanimals instudy 80 malesand 80 females
dietary exposureto Goal Technicalpurified (993ai) at 0 125250 500 and 750ppm ai for 20weeks
authors reportoverall calculateddaily dose for 20weeks based onfood consumption0 113 213 435and 692 mgaikg bodywtday
Toxicity to adultsNo treatment-related mortalitiessigns of toxicity or gross pathologicalfindings at any concentration tested
Reproductive parametersNo effect on reproductive parametersat any concentration tested
NOAEC for reproductive effects =750 ppm ai
Frey et al2003bMRID46070102
bobwhite quail12 males and 24females perconcentration
one-generationstudy with GoalTechnical (725ai) at 0 50 or100 ppm ai diet(mean measuredconcentrations ofnot detected 508and 926 ppm ai)
No difference between controls andtreated birds in percentage of eggscracked viable embryos live 3-weekembryos normal hatchlings and 14-day old survivors The percentage ofcracked eggs was actually less in thetreated groups than in controls
NOAEC = 100 ppm ai diet (926ppm ai)
Study was found ldquoacceptablerdquo infulfilling EPA test guidelines andrequirements
Godfrey andLongacre1990cMRID92136004(Phase IIIsummary ofMRID00117619)
bobwhite quail1 male and 2females perpen 12pensconcentration
one-generationstudy dietaryadministration ofRH-2915Technical ( ainot specified) at 050 or 100 ppm
No results given This fiche containsonly the study protocol
Rohm andHaas 1981aMRID00094056
Appendix 5 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations to birds
SpeciesNature ofExposure Effects Reference
Appendix 5-6
bobwhite quail12 male and 24females pergroup
one-generationstudy dietaryadministration ofRH-2915 ( ainot specified) at 020 or 100 ppm ai
Poor quality fiche No treatment-related mortality No statisticallysignificant differences in body weightgain Statistical analysis of foodconsumption was not conducted Nosignificant differences in number ofeggs laid eggshell thickness Noadverse effects on hatchling viabilityNOAEC = 100 ppm ai
Piccirillo andPeterson 1978MRID00110735
Appendix 6-1
Appendix 6 Effects of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations on terrestrialinvertebrates and soil microorganisms
Species Exposure Observations Reference
honey bees adultworker 100group
Single exposureto GoalTechnicalHerbicide in abell jar vacuum duster atapproximatedoses of 0 3367 and 100 gaibee
Acute dust exposure toxicity test Bees evaluated for 96 hours
No treatment-related mortality orsigns of toxicity
50LD gt100 g aibee
Author states that 100 g aibee isequivalent to 893 lb aiA
Atkins 1992MRID4236801
Predacious mite(Typhlodromus pyriScheuten) 5replicatestreatment 20protonymphstreatment
Exposure toplates sprayedwith Goal 4F(also known asGoal480C)(429ai) at 144 kgaiha (appliedin a volume of200 mlha)negative control(deionizedwater) positivecontrol(Perfekthion at12 mlha)
After 7days differences incumulative mortality betweencontrol and the Goalreg 4F miteswere statistically significant(Fisherrsquos Exact test p lt0001) Themortality was 5 98 100 in thecontrol the Goalreg 4F and positivecontrol groups respectivelyFrom days 7 to 14 the reproductionwas 55 eggs female in the controlIn the Goalreg 4F treatment noreproduction was recorded since nofemales survived day 9 of the test
LOAEC = 144 kg aiha (128 lbaiacre)
Milligan2000MRID45271303
entomopathogenicnematodes 2species 3 instarrd
juveniles
312 to 10000ppm of Goalformulation (ai notspecified)
NOAEC (immobility) 625 ppmLOAEC (immobility) 5000 ppmbased on some limited immobilityalthough gt 50 of the testorganisms were mobile
NOAEC (ability to infect preylarvae) 10000 ppm ie nodifference from controls at highestconcentration tested
Rovesti andDesceo 1990
Appendix 6 Effects of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations on terrestrialinvertebrates and soil microorganisms
Species Exposure Observations Reference
Appendix 6-2
soil microbesassessed bacteriafungi andactinomycetes
field test pre-emergence application ofoxyfluorfen(formulationand ai notspecified) tosoil in whichsesame isgrown at 003kgha
Initial reduction in bacterial fungaland actinomycete populations at 25post-treatment in comparison withhand-weeded controls Populationsequaled or exceeded controls at days56 and 75 post-treatment
Nayak et al1994
soil fungi pre-emergence application ofoxyfluorfen at025 or 05 kgaiha
Fungal population was not affectedwith respect to controls in mediumblack soil treated with 025 kgaiha
Fungal population was increasedwith respect to controls in sandyloam soil treated with 05 kg aiha
linseed oil seeds soaked in 50 ugmloxyfluorfen solution had fungalpopulation similar to untreatedcontrols The fungal population wasincreased over controls in seedssoaked in 100 ulml oxyfluorfen
Ahmed andVyas 1997
phosphatesolubilizingmicroorganisms
field study ricefields treatedwith post-emergence (10days aftertransplantingseedlings)application ofoxyfluorfen at012 kg aiha
oxyfluorfen increased the number ofphosphate solubilizingmicroorganisms in the rhizosphereof the soil (sampling mean of 758cfu x 10 per gram of soil) with4
respect to controls (612 cfu x 104
per gram of soil) increased thephosphate solubilizing capacities inthe rhizosphere soil and increasedthe available phosphate content inthe rhizosphere soil
Das et al2003
Appendix 6 Effects of oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen formulations on terrestrialinvertebrates and soil microorganisms
Species Exposure Observations Reference
Appendix 6-3
Appendix 7-1
Appendix 7 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to terrestrial plants
Plant Exposure Response Reference
Standard EPA-required studies unpublished
10 plantspeciescabbagecarrot corncucumberlettuce oatsonionryegrasssoybeantomato
Goal Technical(715 ai) appliedat 0 0 (solventcontrol acetone)00060 0060 06lb and 15 aiA
Seedling germination study Endpointexamined ndash emergence
No morphological abnormalitiesobserved for any species
Most sensitive species TomatoNOAEC 0050 lb aiA
Most tolerant species cabbage corncucumber lettuce oats ryegrass andsoybeanNOAEC 15 lb aiA
Hoberg 1990MRID41644001
10 plantspeciescabbagecarrot corncucumberlettuce oatsonionryegrasssoybeantomato
Goal Technical (715 ai) appliedat 0 0 (solventcontrol acetone)000020 000200020 020 lb and20 aiA Rangevaried according tospecies
Seedling emergence study Emergence observed 10 and 14 dayspost-application
Most sensitive species cabbagelettuce onion ryegrassNOAEC 00024 lb aiA
Most tolerant species soybeanNOAEC 031 lb aiA
Hoberg 1990MRID41644001
10 plantspeciescabbagecarrot corncucumberlettuce oatsonionryegrasssoybeantomato
Goal Technical (715 ai) appliedat 0 0 (solventcontrol methanol)000020 000200020 and 20 lbaiA Rangevaried according tospecies
Vegetative vigor study Plantsexamined 14 days after application
Most sensitive species tomatoNOAEC 000066 lb aiA
Most tolerant species cornNOAEC 0034 lb aiA
Hoberg 1990MRID41644001
Appendix 7 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to terrestrial plants
Plant Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 7-2
Lettucetransplants at6-8 inches inheight
Greenhouse study Goal 16EHerbicide appliedat rates of 05 0250125 0062 00310016 0008 0004and 0 lb aiA withaddition ofTRITON AG-98low foam sprayadjuvant (025vv) Single sprayapplication
Vegetative vigor assessed 3days afterspraying on a scale with addition ofTRITON AG-98 low foam sprayadjuvant (025 vv) Dose-responseincrease in damaged observed
Results (application ratescore)000004370008520016570031700062670125900259505095
Holmdal1984aMRID00141610
Lettucetransplants at4-8 inches inheight
Field drift lossstudy Aerialapplication of Goal16E Herbicide at05 lg aiA withaddition ofTRITON AG-98low foam sprayadjuvant (025vv)
Examined relationship of spray driftto plant damage by placing plants atvarious distances from the aerialapplication site (35 to 800 m) Phytotoxicity assessed at 3 days afterapplication on a scale with additionof TRITON AG-98 low foam sprayadjuvant (025 vv)
Based on visual damage to plantscrop injury results from spray drift
Holmdal1984bMRID00144894
(sameinformationpresented inMRID92136058)
Relevant studies published in the open literature
Gladiolus 10cultivars 2replicateseach oftreated and 4replicates ofnon-treatedrows
Field study Pre-emergencetreatment via hand-sprayer withoxyfluorfen ( ainot specified) ateither 2 or 4 lbaiacre
ldquoOxyfluorfen caused leaf burn andgreatly reduced the production ofgladiolus corms and cormelsrdquo LOAEC 2 lb aiacre on the basis ofaverage corm yield in grams from1000 cormels
Bing 1979
Appendix 7 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to terrestrial plants
Plant Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 7-3
broccoli 4cultivars
post-emergencegreenhouse studyseedlings (4-5-leafstage) sprayed withemulsifiableconcentrateformulation ofoxyfluorfen (noother specificdetails given) atrates of 01 0204 08 and 16kgha
Spring 1993 andFall 1993 post-transplant fieldstudiesoxyfluorfensprayed atconcentrations ofcontrol 025 05and 10 kghawith and withoutsurfactant (025vv) in Spring1993 oxyfluorfenat concentrations ofcontrol 0125025 05 and 10kgha withsurfactant in Fall1993
No effect of surfactant Regardless ofthe study all cultivars exposed tooxyfluorfen at rates of 025 kgha orless recovered from injurysufficiently to have yields similar tocontrols At higher application ratescultivars varied in terms of sensitivityand yield Cultivars which maturelater (eg Pinnacle) recovered morereadily from injury to yield broccoliheads similar to controls in terms ofnumber and size Early-maturingcultivars (eg Green Goliath) weremore likely to have yield losses withrespect to controls
Bottom line Appropriate choice ofcultivar is important if oxyfluorfen isto be used as a post-emergencetreatment for weed controlNOAEC 0 25 kghaLOAEC 05 kgha (injury leading toreduction in crop yield with respectto controls)
Farnham andHarrison1995
Appendix 7 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to terrestrial plants
Plant Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 7-4
broccoli 10cultivars
greenhouseexperiment withpotted seeds pre-emergenceapplication ofoxyfluorfen viaconveyor beltsprayer 2 weeksafter planting at013 025 05 10and 15 kgha(formulation and ai not specified)
field study pre-emergenceapplication ofoxyfluorfen(formulation and ai not specified)three differentstudies (Fall 1993Spring 1994 andFall 1994) withpre-emergenceapplication
LOAEC 013 kgha All applicationrates injured broccoli (cotyledoncrinkling and slight growth retardationat lower rates to severe growthreduction and cotyledon necrosis andseedling death at highest rates
ldquoBroccoli seedling weights and standcounts averaged across 10 cultivarsand oxyfluorfen application rates of0125 025 and 05 kgha were 70and 81 of control respectively forthe two fall-planted experiments and39 and 50 of control respectivelyfor the spring-planted experiment
Harrison andFarnham1998
Tomato 6cultivars
field studies post-transplant spraying(via backpacksprayer noadjuvant) withoxyfluorfen(formulation and ai not specified)at rates of 028 and056 kg aiha
LOAEC 028 kg aiha based onsignificantly less yields than hand-weeded controls
Masiunas1989
Appendix 7 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to terrestrial plants
Plant Exposure Response Reference
Appendix 7-5
18 species (9families) ofnativeAustralianplants
greenhouse studywith plants incontainers pre-emergencetreatment withGoal 24EC at 1 kgaiha
Early phytotoxicity observed in mostspecies especially in the Proteaceaeand Gramineae families Mostspecies outgrew the treatment-relatedinjuries incurred by day 85 aftertreatment
Jusaitis et al1993
Rosesdormantpotted plantswith 1 cmshoots
pre-emergenceapplication ofoxyfluorfen (nodetails onformulation or ai) to tops ofroses at labelapplication rate
No effects Karlik andGonzalez1997
soybeans field study inIndia pre-emergenceapplication ofoxyfluorfen (Goal235 EC) at 02and 03 kgha
LOAEC 02 kgha With respect to hand-weededcontrols reduction in nitrogenaseactivity 90 days after treatmentsignificantly lower uptake ofnitrogen significantly less dry matteraccumulation significantly reducedseed yield
Singh et al1995
Appendix 8-1
Appendix 8 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to fish
Species Exposure Effects Reference
Sheepsheadminnowjuveniles 10perconcentration2 replicates
96-hour static acutetoxicity with Goaltechnical (714 ai) atnominal concentrationsof negative controlsolvent control (acetone034 mgL) 13 22 3660 and 100 mg aiL
5096-hour LC gt 100 mgaiLNOAEC 100 mg aiLNo mortality or treatment-related toxicity at anyconcentrationEFED core study
Graves and Peters1990MRID 41698801
Fatheadminnow eggsand fry 2replicates eachconcentration40fryconcentration after hatching
Early life stage flow-through test with GoalTechnical (71 ai) atmean measured RH-2915concentrations of 0solvent control 10 2038 74 and 160 ugL(donrsquot know whether thisis ai) eggs exposedwithin 48 hours offertilization untilcompletion of hatchingthen fry were exposed for30 days post-hatch
NOAEC = 38 ugL (0038mgL)LOAEC = 74 ugL (0074mgL) on basis of reducedsurvival total length andaverage weight of fry incomparison with controls 160 ugL fry wereextremely lethargic and fryin 74 ugL group were lessvigorous than controls
EFED core study
Godfrey andLongacre 1990fMRID92136057(PhaseIII summary ofMRID 00099270)
Bluegill 96-hour flow-throughacute toxicity withoxyfluorfen technical(94 ai)
5096-hour LC = 200 mgaiLNOAEC = 56 ugLEFED core study
MRID 95585 ascited by USEPA 2001b
Appendix 8 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to fish
Species Exposure Effects Reference
Appendix 8-2
Bluegilljuveniles 10perconcentration2 replicates
96-hour static acutetoxicity with Goaltechnical (714 ai) atmean measured testconcentrations ofnegative control solventcontrol (acetone) 00290054 0093 0175 and0346 mg aiLNOTE the two highestconcentrations weregreater than the watersolubility of the testsubstance and were 47 -73 of the nominalconcentrations
5096-hour LC = 021 mgaiLNOAEC = 0093 mg aiLLOAEC = 0175 mg aiL
At 0175 mgL 520 fishdied in 48 hours At 0346mgL 1420 fish weremoribund or died within24 hours All were deadby 72 hours
EFED core study
Graves and Smith1991aMRID 42129801
Rainbow trout 96-hour flow-throughacute toxicity test withoxyfluorfen technical(94 ai)
5096-hour LC = 410 mgaiLNOAEC = 180 ugLEFED core study
MRID 95585 ascited by USEPA 2001b
Rainbow troutjuveniles 10perconcentration2 replicates
96-hour static acutetoxicity with Goaltechnical (714 ai) atmean measuredconcentrations ofnegative control solventcontrol (acetone) 0037 0083 01750398 and 109 mgaiL
5096-hour LC = 025 mgaiLNOAEC = 0037 mgaiLLOAEC = 0083 mgaiL
24 and 20 of the fishin the 0083 and 0175mgL groups died within96 hours 70 of the fishat 0398 mgL were deadwithin 96 hours 15 ofthe fish in the 109 mgLgroup died within 24hours and 1920 weredead by 96 hours
EFED core study
Graves and Smith1991bMRID 42129802
Appendix 8 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to fish
Species Exposure Effects Reference
Appendix 8-3
Channel catfish 96-hour static acutetoxicity test withoxyfluorfen technical(74 ai)
5096-hour LC = 400 mgaiLNOAEC = 180 ugLEFED core study
MRID 96881 ascited by USEPA 2001b
Oreochromisniloticus andGambusiaaffinis(freshwater fishfound inEgypt)
study of brainacetylcholinesteraseinhibition exposure toGoal (236 mgoxyfluorfenL) atpreviously measuredLC50 concentrations of3 mg aiL (O niloticus)and 43 mg aiL (Gaffinis) for 6 days 033
50LC values for 15 days
50and 01 LC values for30 days
Statistically significantreductions in brainacetylcholinesteraseactivity (AChE) withrespect to pre-test controlvalues in both species andall doses (all in mg aiL)and durations of exposureOreochromis niloticus 6-day LOAEC 3 mgL15-day LOAEC 1 mgL30-day LOAEC 03mgL
Gambusia affinis 6-day LOAEC 43 mgL15-day LOAEC 143mgL30-day LOAEC 043mgL
Hassanein 2002
Oreochromisniloticus(freshwaterEgyptian fish)
measure of the bio-marker hsp70 (heatshock protein 70 aprotein produced inresponse toenvironmental andchemical stressors) in theliver and kidney as ameasure of exposureexposure to Goal atconcentrations of 3015 and 075 mg aiLfor 6 15 and 24 daysrespectively
Induction of heat shockproteins in both kidneyand liver Statisticallyincreased percentage ofheat shock protein withrespect to controls wasobserved as follows3 mg aiL at 24 and 6days exposure 15 mg aiL at 5 10and 15 days exposure075 mg aiL at 8 16and 24 days exposureLOAEC 075 mg aiL
Hassanein et al1999
Appendix 8-4
Appendix 9-1
Appendix 9 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to aquatic invertebrates
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Freshwater species
Daphniamagna
48-hour flowthrough test Goal2XL(P) at measuredconcentrations of 00085 025 06614 and 33 mgGoal2XL(P)L
5048-hour immobilization EC 033 mgformulaL48-hour NOAEC 0085 mg formulaL(0020 mg aiL)
Sutherland etal 2000aMRID45271301
Daphniamagna
48-hour static test Oxyfluorfentechnical (822ai)
5048-hour EC 1500 ug aiLNOAEC 100 ug ai L
EFED core study
MRID 96881as cited byUS EPA2001b
Daphniamagna
21-day life cyclestudy Exposure toGoal Technical(718 ai) Atmeasuredconcentrations (asRH-2915) ofcontrol solventcontrol 18 43 7413 and 28 ugLbased on results of 2range-findingstudies
NOAEC 13 ug aiLLOAEC 28 ug aiL on basis of adultmean length survival of young andyoungadultreproduction day
The study is classified asldquosupplementalrdquo by EFED
Godfrey andLongacre1990gMRID92136094(Phase IIIsummary ofMRID92136106)
NOTE thisappears to bethe same studyreported belowby Forbis 1986
Appendix 9 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to aquatic invertebrates
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 9-2
Daphniamagna
21-day life cyclestudy under flow-through conditions Exposure to RH-2915 atconcentrations(measured) of 0 1843 74 13 and 28gL[does not indicateif this isformulation or ai]
adult lengthNOAEC 13 g LLOAEC 28 gL
adult survivalNOAEC 28 gLLOAEC gt28 gL
youngadultreproductive dayNOAEC 13 gLLOAEC 28 gL
Forbis 1986MRID42142305
freshwaterclam(Elliptiocomplanata)
96-hour exposure toGoal TechnicalHerbicide (74 ai)at concentrations of0 0 (solvent controlacetone) 32 56100 180 and 320g formulationL
Endpoint assessed percent mortality
Dose-related increased in mortality(70 at highest dose)
5024-hour EC = gt320 gformulationL
5048-hour EC = gt320 gformulationL
5096-hour EC = 957 gformulationL 96-hour LOAEC = 32 gformulationLNote EFED does not convert valuesto on basis of formulation for otherstudies it cites based on 71-74technical grade herbicide thereforefor purposes of comparison thesevalues are considered ug aiL
Godfrey andLongacre1990bMRID92136009
(this is asummary ofMRID00134452)
Appendix 9 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to aquatic invertebrates
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 9-3
Mayfly 48-hour staticmayfly toxicitystudy with Goal16E atconcentrations of 0 0 (solvent blank(formulation withoutai) 001 00220046 010 022046 and 10 mgL[does not indicateif this isformulation or ai]
For lethality Dose-response lethalityat concentrations of 022mgL andgreater 15 mortality observed insolvent control () group
5048-hour LC = 042 mg L (95 CL024 - 10 mgL)
For sub-lethal effects loss ofequilibrium and quiescence observedat concentrations of 022mgL andgreater
5048-hour EC = 019 mg L (95 CL01 - 046 mgL)
NOTE authors state that due tosolvent toxicity LD50 and EC50values reported here may notaccurately reflect the toxicity ofGOAL The solvent control is theformulation without the ai
NOTE there appear to be problemswith this study It is not clear if it isproperly controlled Fiche is verydifficult to read
Swigert 1986MRID42048003
Estuarinemarine Species
Easternoyster
48-hour static testoxyfluorfentechnical (740ai)
48-hour LC50 gt 32 ug aiLNOAEC = 32 ug aiLEFED supplemental study
MRID 96881as cited byUS EPA2001b
Easternoyster
96-hour flowthrough test of shelldepositionoxyfluorfentechnical (714ai)
96-hour EC50 = 693 ug aiLNOAEC = 375 ug aiLEFED core study
MRID423789-01 ascited by USEPA 2001b
Appendix 9 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen and its formulations to aquatic invertebrates
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 9-4
Easternoysterembryolarvae(Crassostrea virginica)
48-hour exposure toGoal TechnicalHerbicide (74 ai)at concentrations of0 0 (solvent controlacetone) 32 56100 180 and 320g formulationL
Endpoint assessed percent abnormaldevelopment
Dose-related increase in abnormaldevelopment (230 at highestconcentration)
5048-hour EC = 950 gformulationL (95 CL 206 -4377)NOAEC lt32 g formulationL
Godfrey andLongacre1990aMRID92136008
(this is asummary ofMRID00134453)
Grassshrimp
96-hour static testOxyfluorfentechnical (740ai)
96-hour LC50 = 32 ug aiLNOAEC = 18 ug aiL
EFED supplemental study
MRID309701-17 ascited by USEPA 2001b
Fiddler crab 96-hour static testOxyfluorfentechnical (740ai)
96-hour LC50 gt 1000 mg aiLNOAEC = 320 mg aiL
EFED supplemental study
MRID 96811as cited byUS EPA2001b
sea urchin(Lytechinusvariegatus)fertilizedeggs
effect on eggdevelopmentfollowing exposureto Goal (240 gaiL) at aconcentration of 27x 10 M within 3-4
minutes of eggfertilization
Microscopic study revealed thatoxyfluorfen delays early eggdevelopment by interfering withdevelopment of the mitotic apparatusand subsequent formation of theequatorial plate and asters
Medina et al1994
Appendix 10-1
Appendix 10 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to aquatic algae and macrophytes
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
AQUATIC ALGAE and DIATOMS
Selenastrumcapricornutum
120-hour exposureto Goal Technical(715 ai) atconcentrations(measured) of032 039 07817 and 36 gaiL
Endpoint assessedreduction in cell density
All units = g aiL
50EC 03595 CL 033-037NOAEC 032
Giddings 1990MRID 41618401
Selenastrumcapricornutum
96-hour exposureto Goal 2XL(P) atmeasured concentrations of0 0076 015025 043 and 19ug formulationL
50EC for cell density andarea under the growthcurve = 12 ug Goal2XL(P)LNOAEC for cell densitygrowth rate and area underthe growth curve = 043 ugGoal2XL(P)L
Sutherland et al2000bMRID 45271302
Anabaena flos-aquae
120-hour exposureto Goal Technical(715 ai) atconcentrations(measured) of017 025 04412 and 20 mgaiL (170 250440 1200 and2000 g aiL)
Endpoint assessedreduction in cell density
All units = g aiL
50EC gt200095 CL ndash NOAEC 2000
Giddings 1990MRID 41618401
Naviculapelliculosa
120-hour exposureto Goal Technical(715 ai) at(measured)concentrations of010 018 040062 and 14 gaiL
Endpoint assessedreduction in cell density
All units = g aiL
50EC 02495 CL 0066-082NOAEC 010
Giddings 1990MRID 41618401
Appendix 10 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to aquatic algae and macrophytes
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 10-2
Skeletonemacostatum
120-hour exposureto Goal Technical(715 ai) atconcentrations(nominal) of 030060 13 25 and50 g aiL
Endpoint assessedreduction in cell density
All units = g aiL
50EC 9395 CL 11-58NOAEC 25
Giddings 1990MRID 41618401
Pseudokirchneriellasubcaptica(formerlySelenastrumcapricornutum)
Goal TechnicalPurified Herbicide(9919 ai) Nominalconcentrationstested 030 1530 g aiL inthesedimenthumicacid system(measuredconcentrations026 14 and 29gaiL)
10-day toxicity test withfreshwater green algaewith artificial sedimentand humic acid added tothe test system
for inhibition of biomass10-day NOAEC = 29 gaiL (the highest dosetested)
5010-day EC gt29 gaiL
For growth rate 10-day NOAEC = 29 gaiL (the highest dosetested)
5010-day EC gt29 gaiL
Hoberg 1999MRID 45581601
Appendix 10 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to aquatic algae and macrophytes
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 10-3
Seven species ofalgae tested 6green algae 1blue-green alga(Synechoccusleopoliensis)
72-96-hourbiomass andgrowth assay ofGoal 2E (240 gLai)
50Species EC (ugformulationL)Scenedesmus subspicatus0676Scenedesmus quadricauda219Raphidocelis subcapitata263Chlamydomonasreinhardii 2743Stichococcus bacillaris111592Chorella kesleri 383685Synechoccus leopoliensis496761
Rojickova-Padrtova andMarsalek 1999
Appendix 10 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to aquatic algae and macrophytes
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 10-4
Green algaeScenedesmusobliquus
48-hour exposureto oxyfluorfen at 0 75 15 or 225ugl
Thirteen measures ofgrowth rate chlorophyllcontent and indicators ofphotosynthetic andantioxidant enzymeactivities were measured LOAEC 75 ugLStatistical difference fromcontrols in growth rate (9)chlorophyll synthesis (9)catalase activity (8)glutathione reductaseactivity (8) glutathione-S-transferase activity (8) andseveral measures ofphotosynthetic activitywith the most sensitivevariables indicatingadverse impacts onphotosystem II Variableswith statistical significanceat the low dose showeddose-related changes(increases or decreases asappropriate)
Geoffroy et al2003
Appendix 10 Toxicity of oxyfluorfen to aquatic algae and macrophytes
Species Exposure Effects Referencea
Appendix 10-5
Green algaeScenedesmusacutus
10uM oxyfluorfenfor 6 hours in thelight controls
oxyfluorfen damagesproteins which are integralcomponents ofphotosynthetic electrontransport (cytochromes andchlorophyll) This studyanalyzesspectrophotometricchanges and proteincomponents Results showdamage to various forms ofcytochromes c f andchlorophyll specificallywith loss of the aminoacids of water solubleproteins as followsmethionine (60)histidine (30) arginine(25) tyrosine (20) andglutamic acid (4)withrespect to untreatedcontrols
Kunert et al1985Kunert andBoeger 1984
AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
duckweed(Lemna gibba)
7-day exposure toGoal Technical(715 ai) atconcentrations of072 12 22 43and 62 g aiL
Endpoint assessedreduction in frond growth
All units = g aiL
50EC 1495 CL 087-24Reported NOAEC lt055(note reported value lowerthan lowest concentrationtested)LOAEC 055
Giddings 1990MRID 41618401
Appendix 11-1
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Aquatic Sediment Halftimes
Shake flask assay biotic halftime of 412 days and abiotic halftime of 2200days
Walker et al1988
Dislodgeable Residues
Investigation of dislodgeable residue dissipation from pine foliage undernursery conditions Goal herbicide applied at 015 kg aiha [approximately15 microgcm ] to loblolly pine and ponderosa pine2
24-hours after application oxyfluorfen residues dissipated to lt20 ofinitial foliar deposits
Maximum amount of oxyfluorfen dislodgeable residues 004 to 011gcm Based on the application rate of 15 microgcm the fraction residue is2 2
0027 to 007
Foliar half-life = 991 hr (range 75 to 125 hr)
Massey 1990MRID42098301
Hydrolysis
In buffered aqueous solution no hydrolysis of oxyfluorfen ( C-RH-2915)14
occurred during exposure to ambient light at pH 4 7 and 10 both 25BCand 45BC during a 30-day incubation period
Oxyfluorfen appears resistant to hydrolysis
Reibach 1990aMRID92136023
Hydrolysis study of two concentrations (005 and 05 ppm) of C-RH-291514
at pH 4 7 and 10 in darkness at ambient 25 and 45BC Samples tested at 0 3 21and 30 days
Oxyfluorfen appears resistant to hydrolysis
Garstka 1990MRID92136063
Halftime in non-sterile water of 660 days Halftime in sterile water of 1315days
Walker et al1988
Reference aerobic aquatic degradation rate used by EFED 1741 days basedon one-half of the aerobic soil degradation rate
US EPAOPP2001b
Reference anaerobic aquatic degradation rate used by EFED 1308 daysbased on one-half of the aerobic soil degradation rate
US EPAOPP2001b
OctanolWater Partition Coefficient
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-2
125900 (log Kow = 52) This is based on QSAR and is consistent with theoutput of EPI-Suite
Brudenell et al1995
29512 (Log Kow 447) Tomlin 2004USDAARS1995
Photolysis Aqueous
At pH 7 14C-oxyfluorfen undergoes rapid photolysis results in severaldegradates Degradates were not identified Degradation scheme depictedin Figure 3 p 32
Half-life 234 to 300 days (varied according to where parent compoundwas labeled)
Reibach 1991bMRID42129101
Aqueous photolysis study of oxyfluorfen labeled in 2 positions ndashchlorophenyl ring and nitrophenyl ring
For chlorophenyl ring At pH 7 samples were irradiated for 20 days innatural sunlight or placed in dark Half-life in dark = 709 days Half-lifein sunlight = 37 days Photodegradation produced multiple polar prducts(all lt10 of total radioactivity)
For nitrophenyl ring At pH 7 samples were irradiated for 20 days innatural sunlight or placed in dark Half-life in dark = 819 days Half-lifein sunlight = 54 days Photodegradation produced multiple polar products(all lt10 of total radioactivity)
Reibach 1990eMRID92136064
Reference value used by EFED based on Reibach 1991b 75 days US EPAOPP2001b
5 hr Ying andWilliams 1999
Photolysis Soil
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-3
Investigated fate of C-oxyfluorfen on moist soil (sandy loam) surface14
following irradiation by natural sunlight Samples evaluated at 0 8 15 and30 days
Half-life = 28 days
Due to low levels of individual degradates degradation products were notidentified Most degradates were polar in nature Two volatile degradateswere formed A proposed degradation scheme is depicted in Figure 22 ofthis report
Reibach 1991MRID41999901
519 days Ying andWilliams 1999
Soil DegradationDissipation
Metabolism of C-RH-2915 (Goal) in aerated and non-aerated clay loam14
soil 14C in soil measured 1 3 6 and 12 weeks for aerated soil and 3 and12 weeks for non-aerated soil RH-2915 ldquoappliedrdquo to achieve 1 lb aiacre
Soil characteristics CEC 99 meq100 g OM 15 pH 525 sand 08silt 694 clay 298
RH-2915 rapidly became associated with the soil fraction and was notappreciably degraded in soil A slight increase in degradation products andpolar material was observed over time RH-2915 shows a slow butmeasurable decline over 12 weeks in both aerated and non-aerated soil Aeration had no apparent effect on soil metabolism
Peirson andFisher 1978MRID00149203
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-4
Aerobic soil metabolism of oxyfluorfen in sandy loam and clay loam soilsfor 1 year (25BC in the dark)
No significant levels of metabolites were detected Trace amounts of C-14
2CO detected
On clay soil half-life = 291 to 294 days (varied with location of C-label)14
On sandy soil half-life = 556 to 596 days (varied with location of C-label)14
Korsch andDoran 1988aMRID42142309
(sameinformationreported inMRID92136098)
Anaerobic metabolism of Oxyfluorfen in sandy loam soil evaluated for 60days after being under aerobic conditions for 30 days
No significant levels of metabolites were detected Bound C increased fro14
7 to 12
25 during anaerobic period Trace amounts of C-CO detected14
anaerobic Half-life = 554 to 603 days (varied with location of C-label)14
Korsch andDoran 1988bMRID42142310
(sameinformationpresented inMRID92136098)
Filed study to determine the persistence and mobility of Goal Herbicide 2E Test material applied at 20 lb aiA to bare soil at 2 sites in CA Soil coresexamined for up to 18 months post-application
Soil types ndash loamy sand (coast site) and clay loam (valley site)
half-life clay loamndash 328 to 527 dayshalf-life loamy sand 340 to 581 days
Residues found only in the top six inches of soil no significant downwardmovement observed
Reibach 1995MRID43840101
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-5
Field study to determine half-life of oxyfluorfen Goal Herbicide 16Eapplied at 20 lb aiA to bare soil at 2 sites in CA ndash a valley site (loamysand) and a coastal site (loam soil) Soils sampled 8 times during the firstmonth and then at months 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15 and 18 after applicationat depths up to 48 inches
Soil composition (top 0-12 inches)Valley site sand 736 silt 13 clay 9 OM 05 pH 71 CEC 28mEg100gCoastal site sand 78 silt 40 clay 24 OM 15 pH 69 CEC 145mEg100g
Residue levels immediately after application (top 0-3 inches of soil)Valley site 0680 ppmCoastal site 1555 ppmNo residues were found below 12 inches at any site for any sampling time Oxyfluorfen was not mobile However residues were only sporadicallydetected at the 6-12 inch depth
Half-lifeCoast site Half-life in top 0-3 inches of soil = 262 days Half-life in top 0-12 inches of soil = 254 daysValley site Half-life in top 0-3 inches of soil = 117 days Half-life in top 0-12 inches of soil = 118 days
Riebach 1990iMRID92136122
Reference aerobic soil halftime used by EFED 8705 days (upper 90th
percentile)Reibach 1990fcited in USEPAOPP2001b
Reference anaerobic soil halftime used by EFED 6539 days (upper 90th
percentile)Reibach 1990ecited in USEPAOPP2001b
Half-life = 35 d Ahrens 1994 ascited in Futchand Singh 1999Beach et al1995
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-6
Half-life = 86 d 0-15 cm single treatment of 120 kgha 103 d 0-15 cm single treatment of 240 kgha 30 d 0 - 5 cm single treatment of 60 kgha 33 d 0 - 5 cm single treatment of 120 kgha 78 d 0-15 cm four treatments of 60 kgha 69 d 0-15 cm four treatments of 120 kgha 70 d 0-15 cm single treatment of 720 g[sic]ha
Frank et al1991
Under different temperatures and moisture regimes Half-life range = 101-242 d clay loam = 59-142 d silty clay = 106-169d silty clay = 38-128 d sandy clay loam = 43-81 d loam = 15-171 d silty clay
Yen et al 2003
Very little movement in sandy clay loam soil columns Retained in top 5-cm of soil
Milanova andGrigorov 1996
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-7
Soil Binding (Kd Koc)
Adsorption of oxyfluorfen evaluated at 4 concentrations (0024 00590087 0117) in 4 soil types (sandy loam clay loam silty clay loam andsand)
Soil characteristicssandy loam 566 sand 332 silt 10 clay OM 13 CEC 61 pH 65OC 0765clay loam 260 sand 460 silt 280 clay OM 30 CEC 169 pH69 OC 1765sand 932 sand 08 silt 60 clay OM 05 CEC 21 pH 73 OC0294silty clay loam 88 sand 620 silt 292 clay OM 12 CEC 66 pH70 OC 0706
Kd valuessandy loam 8812clay loam 12537sand 944silty clay loam 3028
Koc (adsorption) valuessandy loam 8076clay loam 5886sand 2991silty clay loam 32381
Reibach 1988MRID42142311
ocK = 100000 Ahrens 1994 ascited in Futchand Singh 1999
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-8
dK at 25degC = 613 clay loam = 463 silty clay = 421 silty clay = 151 sandy clay loam = 52 loam = 755 silty clay
dK at 37degC = 763 clay loam = 668 silty clay = 484 silty clay = 172 sandy clay loam = 111 loam = 829 silty clay
Yen et al 2003
Reference value for Koc used by EFED based on Reibach 1990j 5585(lowest non sand value) and 6831 (median value)
US EPAOPP2001b
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-9
Translocation
Study objective To determine if Goal Herbicide applied to soil surroundingbearing apple trees is absorbed by the roots and translocated to twig leagand fruit Plant material examined from 7 to 126 days after application
3Application C-NPR Goal Herbicide at 2 4 and 8 lb aiA and C-CF14 14
Goal Herbicide at 2 lb aiAResults No 14C detected in any twig leaf or fruitConclusions Goal Herbicide is not absorbed through the root system andtranslocated into aerial portions of the tree
Zogotski andLafferty 1986MRID00160143
(data alsoreported inMRID921306027
Bioconcentration in Fish
Appendix 11 Laboratory and field simulation studies on the environmental fate ofoxyfluorfen
Data Summary Reference
Appendix 11-10
3Bluegill sunfish exposed to C-oxyfluorfen labeled in either the CF14
position or the nitrophenyl (NPR) position at a nominal concentration 10gL for 40 days followed by 14 days of depuration
3Bioconcentration for CF -labeled positionmuscle Concentration of C increased up to exposure day 14 when an14
apparent equilibrium was reached BCF Mean equilibrium= 605 1day=024whole fish Concentration of C continued to increase over the 40day14
exposure period Maximum BCF at 40 days = 2200 1 day=05viscera Concentration of C increased up to exposure day 10 when an14
apparent equilibrium was reached BCF Mean equilibrium = 3265 1 day= 18
Bioconcentration for NPR-labeled positionmuscle Concentration of C increased up to exposure day 14 when an14
apparent equilibrium was reached Mean equilibrium BCF = 450 1 day =014whole fish Concentration of C increased up to exposure day 14 when an14
apparent equilibrium was reached Mean equilibrium BCF = 450 1 day =042viscera Concentration of C increased up to exposure day 10 when an14
apparent equilibrium was reached Mean equilibrium BCF = 4360 1 day= 17
3Elimination For oxyfluorfen labeled in the CF positions gt80 C was14
eliminated from muscle whole fish and viscera at the end of the 14-daydepuration period For oxyfluorfen labeled in the NPR position gt90 C14
was eliminated from muscle whole fish and viscera
Reibach 1990bMRID92136026
(sameinformationreported inMRID42098303 andMRID92136064)
Appendix 12-1
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Monthly broadcast application (for 1year) of granular Rout and OH-2 tobed areas in a container productionnursery in the Piedmont region ofSouth Carolina Amount applied notgiven Open beds on sloped terrainswith containment ponds receivingrunoff Water and sediment samplesmonthly for 1 year
Oxyfluorfen never detected at levelsgreater than 0009 microgml in pond waterHighest sediment concentrations werein Dec 1991 (275 microgg) and April1992 (gt30 microgg) Authors report thatlevels detected were low compared toamount applied A ldquorigorous digestionrdquo of thesediments to release bound residueswas not conducted
Camper etal 1994
General survey of farm ponds inOntario Canada
No oxyfluorfen detected Frank et al1990
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Appendix 12-2
Treatment 1 Oxyfluorfen formulatedas Goal (192 g aiL) was applied at120 and 240 g aiha (01 and 02lbacre) to plots of six-leaf stageonions growing in organic soil at theresearch station on Holland Marshnear Toronto Canada Applicationwas with a boom-type sprayer on July12 1985
Treatment 2 Oxyfluorfen formulatedas Goal (192 g aiL) was applied at60 and 120 g aiha to plots of six-leaf stage onions growing in organicsoil at the research station on HollandMarsh near Toronto Canada Application was with a boom-typesprayer on July 12 1986
Treatment 3 Oxyfluorfen formulatedas Goal was applied at 120 g aihato plots of 1st-4th leaf stage onionsgrowing on four separate farms onHolland Marsh near TorontoCanada Application was with aboom-type sprayer on May 29 orJune 9 1987
Treatment 4 Oxyfluorfen formulatedas Goal was applied at 60 and 120 gaiha to plots of 2 and 4th-5th leafnd
stage onions growing in organic soil
Onion and soil (0-15cm) samples weretaken on 0 10 and 70(normal harvesttime) days after treatment At Day 0oxyfluorfen residue on onions was 063mgkg and 110 mgkg for the 120 and240 gha application rates respectively At Days 10 and 70 residues werelt005 mgkg (the limit of detection) forboth application rates Half-life ofresidues in soil was 86 days and 103days for the 120 and 240 ghaapplication rates respectively
Onion and soil (0-5cm) samples weretaken on 0 11 40 and 70 days aftertreatment At Day 0 oxyfluorfenresidue on onions was 033 mgkg and038 mgkg for the 60 and 120 ghaapplication rates respectively AtDays 11 40 and 70 residues werelt005 mgkg (the limit of detection) forboth application rates Half-life ofresidues in soil was 30 days and 33days for the 60 and 120 ghaapplication rates respectively
Onion samples were taken on 012468 and 10 days after treatment At Day 0 residue of oxyfluorfen ononions was 122 mgkg and decreasedto lt005 mgkg (the detection limit) byDay 6 A half life disappearance wascalculated to be 16 days with a firstorder regression equation Accordingto the authors residue decline did notappear to be correlated to rainfall
Onion samples were taken followingthe fourth application and then on 0
Frank et al1991
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Appendix 12-3
Treatment 5 Oxyfluorfenformulated as Goal was applied at240 g aiha to plots of 3-4 true leafstage onions growing in organic soilat a research station on HollandMarsh near Toronto Canada Application was with a boom-typesprayer on June 21 1988
Treatment 6 Oxyfluorfen wasapplied at 720 g [sic]aiha toorganic soil at a research station onHolland Marsh near TorontoCanada Application was with aboom-type sprayer on June 21 1988
Onion samples were taken on Days 0-6after treatment At Day 0 residue ofoxyfluorfen on onions was 019 mgkgand decreased to lt001 mgkg (belowthe detection limit) by Day 6 A halflife disappearance was calculated to be17 days with a first order regressionequation Accumulated rainfallchanged from 0 mm to 11 mm at Day1 and then remained unchanged
Soil samples collected prior totreatment showed residues lt005mgkg (below detection limit) Soilsamples were collected at three depths0-5 5-10 and 10-15 cm Authors givethe theoretical concentration in theupper 15 cm as 030 or 120 mgkg inthe upper 5 cm from a 120 ghaapplication Initial concentrationsindicated little or no loss duringapplication Half-life of residues insoil was 70 days Regression analysisshowed a best fit for disappearance ofoxyfluorfen was a Log y = a + bxequation
Frank et al1991 cont
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Appendix 12-4
Oxyfluorfen (Goal 16Ereg) wasapplied at 403 kgha to Candler sandsoil from Central Florida The soilhad been uniformly packed intoleaching columns to simulate the soilprofile as collected in the field thensaturated with water and allowed todrain prior to application Oxyfluorfen was applied with a smalldropper to the soil surface thenallowed to equilibrate for severalhours 32 64 96 or 128 cm ofwater was allowed to drip onto thecolumn and columns were againallowed to drain The columns werethen split in half and seeds ofbioindicator plants (winter rye grassLolium perenne) were planted alongtheir lengths
Visual ratings as to the depth in cm oftoxic levels of herbicide movementwere made 28 d after planting asindicated by plant death or lack of seedgermination Interaction betweenoxyfluorfen leaching depth and waterapplication rate was significant at the5 level leaching of oxyfluorfenincreased as the amount of waterapplied increased Oxyfluorfen movedfrom 541 cm to 889 cm the authorsrated it as an herbicide with lowmobility Chemical characteristics ofoxyfluorfen cited from other studieswere given
Futch andSingh 1999
General survey of Arno River inItaly
Detected in one of four years in survey In that year detected in 4 of sampleswith a maximum concentration of000011 mgL
Griffini etal 1997
Oxyfluorfen (Goal 16Ereg) wasapplied to rooted cuttings ofEuonymus grown in pots ofpeatsand Oxyfluorfen was appliedinto the potting media (2 7 or 14 cmdeep) when cuttings were planted (at10 100 or 1000 ppm as Goal 16Eregor 192 192 or 1920 mgkg Goal)or as surface spray (16 160 or1600 Lha as Goal 16Ereg or 03131 or 310 kgha Goal) immediatelyafter planting
Presence of oxyfluorfen in effluent wasdetermined 1 and 8 wks afterapplication by bentgrass bioassay At 1week no herbicide was detected ineffluents from surface spray up to 3kgha or from rates up to 19 mgkgincorporated in the upper 2 or 7 cmlayer At 8 wks no herbicide wasdetected in effluent except at the 192mgkg rate
Horowitz etal 1989
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Appendix 12-5
Oxyfluorfen was applied at 20 ppmand 200 ppm to a 2- to 3- cm surfacelayer in columns packed with apotting media (HF mix 31redwoodbark and sand) and UCD mix (11peat and sand) and columns ofagricultural soils Stockton clay andYolo fine sandy loam
Movement of oxyfluorfen wasdetermined by bioassays withbentgrass Depth of leaching was 1 cmin UCD mix 3 cm with Stockton clay5 cm with Yolo fine sandy loam and 6cm with HF mix The authors reportdepth of leaching was not related tosoil organic matter content Raisingdose from 20 to 200 ppm increased thedepth of leaching
Horowitzand Elmore1991
Granular formulation Rout (a mix oforyzalin and oxyfluorfen) equivalentto oxyfluorfen at 22 kg aiha (2lbac) was applied to beds ofcontainer plants in a nursery inChesnee SC The beds were sloped5 and drained into a single stormdrain
Runoff collected at the storm drainshowed oxyfluorfen residuesconsistently below 1 mgL water Cumulative oxyfluorfen loss wascalculated by multiplying volume ofwater runoff at each sampling time bythe detected herbicide concentrationlosses totaled 118 g ai 044applied Oxyfluorfen residues in acontainment pond receiving the runoffwere determined and showed adecrease over time with the highestconcentration of 0147 mgL at 1 dayafter treatment followed by a decreaseto lt004 mgL at approximately 3 daysafter treatment
Keese et al1994
Appendix 12 Field or field simulation studies on the environmental fate of oxyfluorfen
Application Observations Reference
Appendix 12-6
Granular formulations of OH-2 (2oxyfluorfen 1 mendimethalin) orRout (2oxyfluorfen 1 oryzalin)equivalent to oxyfluorfen rate of 22kg aiha was applied to trays ofcontainers of azaleas with plasticwoven fabric or gravel bedcovers ona 5 slope at the South CarolinaBotanical Garden Applications werebroadcast with a hand-held shakercan with overhead sprinklerirrigation begun within 30 min Thismicroplot study was conducted inJune and September 1991
Water runoff samples were collectedimmediately after application and on 12 5 9 and 19 days after application Cumulative oxyfluorfen loss in runoffwater showed significant differencesamong all three bedcovers after Day 2loss was greatest from plastic and leastfrom gravel This pattern remaineduntil the end of the study Plasticbedcover lost gt160 microg oxyfluorfenafter 19 days
Keese et al1994
Sediment and pond water at acommercial nursery in the coastalregion of SC were monitored for twoyears (Feb 1991-Jan 1993) duringnormal nursery operations Granularapplications of OH-2 at the standardrate equivalent to 2 kg ai ha (18lbacre) were made periodically tobed areas for weed control by nurseryoperators and then followed byoverhead irrigation
The highest concentration ofoxyfluorfen found in pond water andsediment was 004 microgml and 40 microggrespectively In irrigation water thehighest concentration found was 0005microgml Oxyfluorfen did notaccumulate in water or sediment overthe 2 yr period
Riley et al1994
Oxyfluorfen (as Goal 23EC) wassprayed at 01 02 and 04 kg aihaonto cabbage potato and groundnutcrops following sowing and plantingduring 1986-1988 (Location andphysical details not given)
The crops and soil samples (0-15 cm)were analyzed for oxyfluorfen residuesat 3 months after application Residueswere not detectable in edible parts ofcabbage or potato except in the 2 andnd
3 season when traces were detectedrd
in cabbage only at the highest applieddose of 04 kg aiha only traces weredetected in groundnut-kernel and soilsamples
Sundararajan et al 1993