OWRT Water Reuse Research And Development Program ... · Technology for Treatment of Wastewaters for Reuse. ..... 5 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Water ... Water Reclamation

OFFICE OB WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

OWRT WATER REUSE RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

PROJECT ABSTRACTS

January, 1980

..

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. EVALUATION OF REUSE NEEDS AND POTENTIAL.. . . . . . . . . . . 1

National and Regional Water Reuse Needs and Potential.. ................................ 3

Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Technology for Water Reuse Applications.. ....................... 4

Evaluation of the Application of Desalting Technology for Treatment of Wastewaters for Reuse. .............................................. 5

Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Water 6 Reuse in Coal Coking and Gasification.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Study of Potential for Water Conservation and Reuse in the Steel Industry. . ....................... 7

8 Water Recycling in the Food Processing Industry. . . . . . Evaluation of Pulp and Paper Mill White Water

Reuse Applications., ............................... 9

II. TREATMENT PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

A . MEMBRANE PROCESSES.. ............................ 11

Development of an Open-Channel Spiral Module for Water Reuse Applications.. ..................... 13

Survey and Evaluation of Commercial Semipermeable Sheet Materials to Identify Those Suitable as Mem- branes in Ultrafiltration and Electrodialysis Equipment on Water Reuse Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . 14

The Effects of Feedwater Pretreatment Chemicals .on the Performance and Durability of Reverse Osmosis Membranes., .............................. 15

The Use of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Water Reclamation and Reuse in Domestic Sewage Treatment ........................................... 16

Evaluation of Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Reuse in the Metal Finishing Industry.. ............................... 17

Industrial Water Reuse with Coupled Transport Membranes ......................................... 18

Y

F

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Page

Optimization of Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane Type and System Design for Wastewater Reuse in the Textile Industry. ....................... 19

Reuse via Reverse Osmos i s . . ........................ 20 Advanced Pretreatment Process for Wastewater

Reuse of Industrial Wastewater by the Extraction of Organic Chemical Through Poroplastic Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

Reuse: An evaluation of Membrane Process.. . . . . . . . . 22 Treatment of Oil Field Wastewaters for

Research of Industrial Water Reuse with Coupled Transport Membranes.. ..................... 23

B . ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION PROCESSES.. . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Evaluation of Biological Activated Ca;bon for Water Reuse.. ................................... 27

Feasibility of Treating Municipal Wastewater by Lime Clarification and Pressure Ozonation.. . . . . . . . . . . 28

Weak Electrolyte Ion Exchange in Advance Tech- nology Water Reuse Systems - Evaluation and Design ............................................. 29

Weak Electrolyte Ion Exchange in Advaned Tech- nology Water Reuse Systems - Evaluation and Design ............................................. 30

Feasibility of Treating Municipal Wastewater by Lime Clarification and Pressure Ozonation.. . . . . . 31

Chemistry and Application of Ozone and Ozone/UV Light for Water Reuse. . . ........................... 32

C . AQUACULTURE.. ................................... . . 33

Performance Analysis of a Controlled Environment Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment System: Health Related Aspects of Water Treatment and Aqua- culture Byproducts.. ............................... 35

36 A Water Reuse System for Smolt Production.. . . . . . . . . . D . INNOVATIVE PROCESSES. ............................ 37

V


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Page

A Study of Wastewater Quality Improvement Using Micro-Gas-Dispersion Stripping.. .................... 39

Research on Novel Solvent Extraction Systems for Industrial Water Reuse.. ............................ 40

Feasibility of Photocatalytic Oxidation for Wastewater Clean-up and Reuse.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Research on Novel Solvent Extraction Systems for Industrial Water Reuse.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MUNICIPAL/INDUSTRIAL APPLIED REUSE RESEARCH. . . . . . . 42

43

Water Reuse Through Ground Water Recharge in Northeastern Illinois. ............................... 45

Research Study on the Use of Uranium Mine Water as a Municipal Supply for the City of Gallup, New Mexico ......................................... 46

Closed-Cycle Textile Dyeing - Full-scale Demonstration.. ..................................... 47

Evaluation of Membrane Demineralization Processes for Potable Wastewater Reuse.. ...................... 48

49

50

Evaluation of a 10-MGD Granular Activated Carbon System for Wastewater Reclamation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Activated Carbon Process for Treatment

Research and Development of Advanced Processes

of Potato Processing Wastewater for In-Plant Reuse.. . 51

Using a Mobile Treatment Unit., ..................... 52

Advanced Waste Treatment of Aluminum Plant Waste- water for Non-Potable Reuse Using Mobile Treatment Equipment ........................................... 53

of Wastewater Used for Industrial Cooling.. . . . . . . . . . . 54 Application of Ozone to Eliminate Tertiary Treatment

Industrial Cooling Tower R.euse of Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

System for Laundry and Other Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development of an Adaptive Full Scale Water Recycling

56

vii


Page

IV. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF REUSE.. . . . . . . . A . INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Public Evaluation of Wastewater Reuse Options in Basin Planning.. .................................

Institutional Barriers to Wastewater Reuse in Southern California.. .............................

Overcoming Legal and Institutional Barriers to Consumptive Reuse of Low Quality Water in the Colorado River Basin.. ..........................

Agricultural Wastewater Reuse and Salinty h~anagement .........................................

Legal, Political, and Institutional Obstacles

Legal Liability of Reclaimed Water System Proprietors. .. Legal and Institutional Barriers to the Development

and Utilization of Water Reuse Programs in the New England Region.. ...............................

MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Reuse:

to the Acceptance of Water Reuse Projects.. . . . . . . . . . .

B . A Critical Review for a Major

Urban Center ........................................ Development of Methodology for Evaluating Integrated

Water Reuse/Water Supply/Waste Treatment Alterna- tives ................................................

Development and Application of a Model for Planning Optional Water Reuse.. ..............................

Development of Chemical and Biological Submodels for Use in Ground Water Transport Simulations. . . . . . .

C , ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.. ................................ Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Program of Economic

Incentives for Consumptive Reuse of Low-Quality Water in the Colorado River Basin.. .................

The Input-Output Water Balance Model-Application to Water Reuse Planning.. ...........................

57

57

59

60

61

62

63

64

6 5

67

69

70

71

72

73

75

76

ix


Page

Industrial Wastewater Reuse: Cost Analysis and Pricing Strategies.. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

xi

E

I* EVALUATION OF REUSE NEEDS

AND POTENTIAL

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PROJECT I N F O R M A T I O N

CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. :

PROJECT T I T L E :

PERFORMING ORGAN1 ZAT I O N :

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) :

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR:

START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

P R O J E C T D E S C R I PT I O N

14-34-0001-7804

National and Regional Water Reuse Needs and P o t e n t i a l

Culp, Wesner, and Culp - Clean Water Consul tants

E l Dorado H i l l s , CA 95630 P.0. BOX 40

G. Wesner G. Culp

R. Madancy

September 1977

February 1979

The p r o j e c t w i l l a s se s s t h e magnitude of f u t u r e wastewater reuse t h a t w i l l be requi red t o augment e x i s t i n g water sources on a na t iona l and reg iona l bas i s . The research w i l l p r o j e c t water q u a n t i t i e s and qualities t h a t w i l l be requi red from reuse systems, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r i r r i g a t i o n , power, i n d u s t r i a l , and recrea- t i o n a l uses. Water Resources Council Regions and t h e aggregated subarea p o t e n t i a l s f o r lower Colorado and Ca l i fo rn ia w i l l be quan t i f i ed by user types, sources of w a t e r , q u a n t i t i e s , and q u a l i t i e s . An eva lua t ion of t h e technology and research and development requirements of i n d u s t r i e s having p o t e n t i a l f o r water reuse w i l l be presented.

The reuse p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e years 1985 and 2000 f o r each of t h e

I n t h e two aggregated subareas , major p o t e n t i a l s f o r reuse w i l l be examined on loca t ion t o v e r i f y t h e da ta and i ts implicat ions.

Pro jec t Completed F ina l Report a v a i l a b l e from National Technical Information System PB# 297283.

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PROJECT I N F O R M A T I ON

CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.:

P R O J E C T T I T L E :

PERFORMING ORGAN1 Z AT I O N :

14-34-0001-7803

Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Technology f o r Water Reuse Applicat ions

Culp, Wesner, and Culp - Clean Water Consul tants

E l Dorado H i l l s , CA 95630 P.0. BOX 40

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : G. Culp R. Culp

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: R. Madancy

START DATE: September 1977

COMPLETION DATE: October 1978

PROJECT D E S C R I PT ION The p r o j e c t w i l l provide a comprehensive eva lua t ion of t h e e f f ec t iveness of e x i s t i n g wastewater t reatment processes i n meeting i n d u s t r i a l and municipal water reuse app l i ca t ions . The eva lua t ion of u n i t processes and o v e r a l l systems inc ludes e f f i c i e n c i e s , c o s t s , energy requirements, r e l i a b i l i t y , s i d e streams and byproducts generated, compat ib i l i ty with reuse app l i ca t ions , and t h e t h r u s t of cu r ren t research. Processes t o be evaluated inc lude b io log ica l , physical- chemical, and land systems. Various reuse app l i ca t ions such a s ground water recharge, i n d u s t r i a l processes and cool ing water , energy conversion, i r r i g a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e , r e c r e a t i o n , f i s h propagation, and domestic water supply w i l l be included. I n d u s t r i e s focused upon w i l l be pulp and paper, chemicals, primary metals , t e x t i l e s , petroleum and coa l , and food and kindred products.

Ind iv idua l u n i t processes w i l l be descr ibed i n d e t a i l and evaluated a s descr ibed above on t h e b a s i s of ex tens ive con t r ac to r experience and in-house information. This w i l l be supplemented by l i t e r a t u r e review and con tac t with manufacturers, involved r e sea rche r s , and process users .

Treatment systems cons i s t ing of var ious u n i t process combinations w i l l be examined a s t o c o s t and e f f i c i e n c y , and t h e i r compa t ib i l i t y with reuse appl ica- t i o n s l i s t e d above w i l l be determined. The p o t e n t i a l s ign i f i cance of sludges generated ( i . e . , volumes, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , environmental problems assoc ia ted with processing and d i sposa l , e t c . ) w i l l a l s o be considered.

An eva lua t ion of t h e t h r u s t of cu r ren t research w i l l be presented, and recommendations f o r f u t u r e work w i l l be made.

Pro jec t Completed F ina l Report Available from National Technical Information System PB#

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PROJECT INFORMATION



P E RFO RMI NG ORGAN I 2 AT I ON :



START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT DESCRI PT ION

14-34-0001-7802

Evaluation of t h e Application of Desal t ing Technology f o r Treatment of Wastewaters f o r Reuse

Toups Corporation 972 Town and Country Road Orange, CA 92667

W. M i l l W. Everest

A. Ford

September 1978

September 1979

The study w i l l evaluate t h e use of d e s a l t i n g techniques ( r e v e r s e osmosis, electro- d i a l y s i s , u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n , f r eez ing , d i s t i l l a t i o n , e tc . ) t o m e e t w a s t e w a t e r reuse requirements. Process e f f i c i ency , r e l i a b i l i t y , energy requirements, and c o s t s f o r meeting s p e c i f i c reuse water q u a l i t y requirements w i l l be determined. Applications t o be considered w i l l be i n d u s t r i a l reuse and recycle , a g r i c u l t u r a l reuse and recycle, and municipal reuse f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and industry. I n d u s t r i e s t o be focused upon w i l l include p w e r , primary metals, chemicals, pulp and paper, and petroleum and coal.

Character izat ions of i nd iv idua l desa l ina t ion processes and economic and t echn ica l f a c t o r s favoring t h e use of desa l ina t ion f o r s p e c i f i c app l i ca t ions w i l l be developed from experience, l i t e r a t u r e review, and manufacturer contacts . Municipal, a g r i c u l t u r a l , and i n d u s t r i a l wastewater q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a g r i c u l t u r a l and i n d u s t r i a l process water q u a l i t y requirements w i l l a l s o be defined. Several case s t u d i e s w i l l be performed, and p a s t and s ta te-of- the-ar t desa l ina t ion app l i - ca t ions w i l l be evaluated and documented.

P o t e n t i a l f u t u r e desa l ina t ion app l i ca t ions w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e foregoing. Pretreatment and post-treatment requirements w i l l be described, over- a l l process r e l i a b i l i t y w i l l be analyzed, and process economics and- energy requirements w i l l be detailed. P o t e n t i a l R&D areas r e s u l t i n g i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t savings o r r e l i a b i l i t y improvements w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d , and recommendations f o r f u t u r e work w i l l be proposed.

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P R O J E C T I N F O R M A T I O N



P E RFO RMI NG ORGAN I Z AT I ON :

14-34-0001-8815

Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Water Reuse i n Coal Coking and Gas i f ica t ion

Carnegie-Mellon Schenley Park P i t t sburgh , PA

Universi ty

52 13

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : R. Luthy

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: F. Coley

START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

September 1978

October 1979

P R O J E C T D E S C R I Pc ION The research w i l l i d e n t i f y and eva lua te t reatment technologies f o r wastewater reuse and recyc le i n coa l coking and coal gas i f i ca t ion . The study w i l l i nves t iga t e recyc le s t r a t e g i e s f o r g a s i f i c a t i o n wastes t h a t are heavi ly contaminated with organic compounds.

A l i t e r a tu re review w i l l be performed t o determine w a s t e w a t e r reuse q u a l i t y c r i t e r i a f o r s o l i d s quenching, gas quenching, i n d i r e c t cool ing, and process steam production f o r coal coking and coal gas i f i ca t ion .

Sequent ia l bench-scale t e s t i n g of var ious w a s t e w a t e r t reatment schemes w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t using a c t u a l process wastewaters. Unit opera t ions t o be inves t iga ted inc lude o i l and s o l i d s separa t ion , d i sso lved gas removal, phenol removal/recovery, chemical t reatment , b io log ica l ox ida t ion , b i o l o g i c a l n i t r i f i c a t i o n - d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , r e s i d u a l carbon removal, trace m e t a l s removal, and demineral izat ion.

Based on t h e labora tory ana lys i s , t reatment u n i t and sequence e f f ec t iveness w i l l be assessed. S tudies w i l l be performed t o explore economic incent ives f o r p a r t i c u l a r s t r a t e g i e s and t o incorpora te cross-media e f f e c t s i n t h e assessment of process and con t ro l res idue d isposa l s t r a t e g i e s . Treatment modules and t r a i n s worthy of f u r t h e r s tudy w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d .

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PROJECT INFORMATION



PE RFORMI NG ORGAN I 2 AT I O N :



START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


14-34-0001-8816

Study of P o t e n t i a l f o r Water Conservation and Reuse i n t h e S t e e l Industry

Hydrotechnic Corporation 641 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10022

D. Ruggiero H. Kohlman

R. Madancy

August 1978

May 1979

The amount of w a t e r t h a t may be abs t r ac t ed , recycled, and discharged i n t h e s teel- making indus t ry by t h e years 1985 and 2000 w i l l be estimated. Guidelines f o r reuse of water from sources within and ex te rna l t o t h e p l a n t w i l l be developed, and tech- nological needs t o increase w a t e r reuse and recyc le w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d .

Inves t iga t ions w i l l examine a v a i l a b l e da ta from approximately 50 in t eg ra t ed s tee l m i l l s . Through knowledge of p a r t i c u l a r p l a n t processes , new production and con t ro l technologies , estimates of new capac i ty , and o the r f a c t o r s , p r a c t i c a l degrees of water reuse and recyc le w i l l be f o r e c a s t on a na t iona l scale.

To develop reused w a t e r q u a l i t y guide l ines , t y p i c a l i n t eg ra t ed steel p l an t processes , water systems, and appl ica t ions w i l l be defined. Consideration w i l l then be given t o a l t e r n a t i v e water supply sources and t reatment requi red p r i o r t o s teel m i l l use. The use o f municipal w a s t e w a t e r t reatment system e f f l u e n t w i l l be included. System f a c t o r s appl icable t o water reuse t i e - i n s ex te rna l t o t h e mills including q u a l i t y , r e l i a b i l i t y of source of supply, and seasonal v a r i a b i l i t y w i l l be evaluated.

F ina l ly , research and development areas important t o t h e indus t ry which should rece ive p r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n a s s tee l mills conserve more w a t e r w i l l be inves t iga ted . Among f a c t o r s t o be considered are dissolved s o l i d s bui ldup through water reuse and increased cyc les of concentrat ion. The u t i l i z a t i o n of waste hea t w i l l a l s o be considered.

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P R 3 J E C T I >; F 3 !&l.AT I 0 N

COKTRACT OR GRAKT NO. :

PR9JECT TITLE :

PERFOFLMISG ORGKiIZATION:

PRINCIPAL IWESTIGATOR (S)

ONRT TECHNICAL FfOIiITOR:

START DATE:

CObIP LET I ON DATE :

14-34-0001-9416

Water Recycling in the Food Processing Industry

James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineering, Inc. 1990 Xorth California Boulevard h'alnut Creek, California 94596

L. Russell

R. Madancy

September 1979

September 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This study will review water consumption, recycle, and wastewater production in approximately 50 separate facilities encompassing all facets of SIC 20 Food and Kindred Products. estimates of water demands and recycle potential through the years 1985 and 2000. Water quality requirements and future wastewater treatment requirements, such as BAT, will be incorporated in determining the feasibility and potential magnitude of water recycling within the food processing industries.

This data will be interpreted to formulate

The proposed study will evaluate recycled water as a supplementary o r alternate water supply in the form of process water for the food processing industry. to cost, health effects, and product quality.

The research will evaluate the effects of water reuse with respect

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PROJECT INFORMATION

CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.: 14- 34- 0001- 94 3 9

PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Pulp and Paper Mill White Water Reuse Applications

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: Water Resources Research Institute Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S): G. Lightsey



COMPLETION DATE: September 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project will evaluate the potential for reusing white water in various locations in a pulp and paper mill. The emphasis of this project is to determine types of corrosion and measure the rates o€ corrosion of: (1) paper machine components currently recycling 85% white water, machine components with a modest increase in white water recycle rate, (3) various metals at high white water recycle rates (this step will be accomplished in the laboratory using simulated white water), and paper machine equipment where white water is substituted in whole or in part for fresh water.

(2) paper

(4) non-

The research will be conducted at and in conjunction with the St. Regis Paper Company's Monticello, Mississippi, mill.

The results of this project should enable paper mill manges to evaluate the economic tradeoffs associated with increased reuse of white water.

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I I T R E A T M E N T P R O C E S S E S

A N D SYSTEMS

A. MEMBRANE PROCESSES

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I

PROJECT INFORMATION


PROJECT T I T L E :

P E RFO RM I NG ORGAN I Z AT I O N :



START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


14-34-0001-7809

Survey and Evaluation of Commercial Semipermeable Sheet Mater ia l s t o I d e n t i f y Those Su i t ab le as Mem- branes i n U l t r a f i l t r a t i o n and E lec t rod ia lys i s Equipment on Water Reuse Applications. Aqua-Chem, Inc., Water Technologies Divis ion P.O. Box 4 2 1 Milwaukee, W I 5320 1

R. Ahlgren K. F a l l g a t t e r

M. Mattson

February 1978

August 1979

The p r o j e c t w i l l i d e n t i f y and eva lua te commercially a v a i l a b l e semipermeable and ion- s e l e c t i v e f i lm ma te r i a l s which might show promise i n w a t e r r euse and r ecyc le app l i - ca t ions . Included w i l l be p o t e n t i a l membrane ma te r i a l s not p re sen t ly considered o r commercially appl ied by membrane equipment manufacturers or users . Physical , chemical, and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p rope r t i e s w i l l be analyzed, and promising membranes w i l l be t e s t e d under i n d u s t r i a l condi t ions.

P o t e n t i a l membranes f o r eva lua t ion w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d by l i t e r a t u r e searches and communications with companies i n r e l evan t s epa ra t ion or t echn ica l f i e l d s . L i t e ra - t u r e searches and communications with i n d u s t r i a l concerns w i l l a l s o be c a r r i e d ou t t o develop and screen p o t e n t i a l water recovery candidate streams.

Membranes w i l l then be c o l l e c t e d and evaluated us ing bench-scale labora tory appara- t u s i n t r e a t i n g s p e c i f i c waste streams. Semipermeable or ionse l ec t ive ma te r i a l s and modules w i l l be c l a s s i f i e d according t o t h e i r phys ica l , chemical, and t r ans - p o r t a t i o n p rope r t i e s . These w i l l be ca tegor ized a s t o t h e i r most promising water reuse app l i ca t ions . The membranes o r modules showing the g r e a t e s t promise f o r app l i ca t ion i n water reuse and recyc le w i l l be f u r t h e r t e s t e d by processing a c t u a l municipal secondary e f f l u e n t . The r e s u l t s w i l l be documented.

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PROJECT I NFORMAT I O N






START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT D E S C R I PT ION

14-34-0001-7807

Development of an Open-Channel Sp i r a l Module f o r Water Reuse Applicat ions

Envirogenics Systems Company 9255 Telstar Avenue E l Monte, CA 91731

J. .P i san i C. Lyons

M. Mattson

September 1977

June 1979

The p r o j e c t w i l l develop a new open-channel, spirally-wound u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n (UF) module f o r water reuse and recyc le appl ica t ions . Module f a b r i c a t i o n techniques w i l l be developed, and t e s t i n g w i l l be performed t o optimize module cons t ruc t ion methods, flow dynamics, and water recovery. Ten s ingle- leaf 4-inch-diameter modules w i l l be f a b r i c a t e d i n t h e optimum conf igura t ion and w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o OWRT f o r f i e l d t e s t i n g .

Polysulfone UF membranes with a molecular weight cu tof f of approximately 10 ,000 w i l l be cast on calendered Dacron. Several adhesive systems, spacer ma te r i a l s , and module conf igura t ions w i l l be evaluated using a simple, s i n g l e module t e s t loop. Relat ionships between ve loc i ty , p ressure drop, and t a p e r r a t i o s w i l l be developed using t a p water. var ious test s o l u t i o n s , and maximum ope ra t iona l temperatures and pressures w i l l be determined. F i n a l l y , t e n modules of optimum leaf length , t a p e r ra t io , and channel depth w i l l be f a b r i c a t e d and made a v a i l a b l e t o OWRT f o r f i e l d t e s t i n g .

Flux r a t e s and r e j e c t i o n s w i l l be measured using

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PROJECT INFORMATION






START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT DESCRI PI ION

14-34-0001-7810

The Ef fec t s of Feedwater Pretreatment Chemicals on t h e Performance and Durab i l i t y of Reverse Osmosis Membranes

University of C a l i f o r n i a , Los Angeles School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024

J. McCutchan J. Glater

A. Ford

September 1978

September 1979

The e f f e c t of pretreatment chemicals on var ious types of r eve r se osmosis ( R O ) membranes w i l l be s tud ied t o determine r e l a t i o n s h i p between membrane types and r e s i s t e n c e t o s p e c i f i c chemical agents. P ro jec t w i l l include chemical e f f e c t s o n membrane performance, maximum chemical dosage, and exposure t i m e to lerances.

RO membranes of s eve ra l polymer types r ece iv ing brackish water (5000 ppm sodium chlor ide s o l u t i o n ) f o r two hours a t 600 p s i g (us ing no pretreatment chemicals) w i l l be used t o e s t a b l i s h base l ine membrane performance. Membranes w i l l then be removed from t h e RO u n i t , suspended i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r , and subjected t o seve ra l d i f f e r e n t ozone concentrat ions and exposure times t o s imulate pretreatment. Fol- lowing each "pretreatment ," membranes w i l l again be subjected t o t h e base l ine operat ing condi t ions allowing comparisons between performance before and a f t e r "pretreatment. 'I

This procedure w i l l be repeated f o r d i f f e r e n t membranes, and pretreatment chemicals t h a t may be used i n reclaiming w a s t e w a t e r s including carbon dioxide, s u l f u r dioxide, ch lo r ine , bromine, and iodine. Based on t h e r e s u l t s , membrane - chemical compati- b i l i t i e s and i n c o m p a t i b i l i t i e s w i l l be detailed.

-15-

PROJECT I NFORMAT I O N



P E RFO RMI NG ORGAN I2 AT I O N :



START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT D E S C R I PT I O N

14-34-0001-7808/7818

The Use of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Water Reclamation and Reuse in Domestic Sewage Treatment

Walden Division of Abcor Wilmington, MA

M. Kepler

A. Ford

December 1977

June 1979

The project provides for a 5000-gpd ultrafiltration (UF) unit and associated services to be tested on municipal wastewater effluent at Water Factory 2 1 which is operated by the Orange County Water District in California. This UF unit will be one of several tested on various sidestreams of Water Factory 2 1 effluent and will be evaluated in conjunction with several combinations of pretreatment and post-treatment processes.

-16-


CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. : 14-34-0001-8801

P R O J E C T T I T L E : Evaluation of Hollow Fiber U l t r a f i l t r a t i o n and Reverse O s m o s i s f o r Wastewater Reuse i n t h e Metal F in i sh ing Industry

PERFORMING ORGAN1 Z AT ION : ROmicon, Inc. 100 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : B. Breslan R. Cross

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: M. Mattson




The p r o j e c t is c u r r e n t l y i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e use of "charged" hollow-fiber u l t r a - f i l t r a t i o n ( U F ) membranes as a pretreatment process f o r r eve r se osmosis (RO) systems r ece iv ing var ious e l e c t r o p l a t i n g rinse waters. Recently developed UF membranes e x h i b i t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d i v a l e n t ion r e j e c t i o n s w i l l be u t i l i z e d to reduce RO system feed-water i o n i c s t r e n g t h s , thereby improving RO system performance. z a t i o n of coupled UF/RO system operation. Also, economic f e a s i b i l i t y w i l l be determined.

Optimization of t h e UF membrane operat ion w i l l be followed by optimi-

-17-

PROJECT INFORMATION



PERFORMING ORGAN1 2 AT I O N :

14-34-0001-8802

I n d u s t r i a l Water Reuse with Coupled Transport Membranes

Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, OR 97701

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : H. Lonsdale W. Babcock


START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

S. Johnson

September 1978

September 1979

PROJECT DESCRI PI ION This p r o j e c t w i l l explore and demonstrate t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of using coupled t r ans - p o r t membranes f o r t reatment and reuse of primary metals indus t ry w a s t e streams. Microporous membranes having pores f i l l e d with l i q u i d organic , water-immiscible complexing agents are t o be used t o sepa ra t e and concentrate d i l u t e aqueous metal- ion so lu t ions . The processes are dr iven by r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l pH drops across t h e membranes a t atmospheric pressures .

The f i r s t step of t h e program w i l l i d e n t i f y s i x primary metals indus t ry waste streams p o t e n t i a l l y amenable t o coupled t r a n s p o r t membrane treatment. Waste streams containing heavy m e t a l s (Fe, C r , Cu, N i , Co, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg) from p ick l ing opera t ions , t i n p l a t i n g and galvanizing processes , and e l e c t r o p l a t i n g opera t ions w i l l be considered.

This w i l l be followed by labora tory s t u d i e s t o develop s u i t a b l e membranes f o r t reatment of t h e s i x s e l e c t e d w a s t e streams. Liquid complexing agents including commercially ava i l ab le hydroxyoximes, sal icylaldoximes, secondary and t e r t i a r y amines, organophosphoric ac id esters, and o the r s w i l l be inves t iga ted . Once s u i t a b l e complexing agents are i d e n t i f i e d , transmembrane f luxes w i l l be measured i n permeation cel ls us ing commercially a v a i l a b l e microporous polypropylene f i lms as t h e matrices f o r holding l i qu id membrane complexing agents.

F ina l ly , t h e performance of hollow f i b e r modules t r e a t i n g simulated wastewaters from t h e previously se l ec t ed primary metals i n d u s t r i e s w i l l be evaluated. Fol- lowing successfu l completion of t h e labora tory s t u d i e s , bench-scale demonstration, and process eva lua t ion of a s i n g l e p o t e n t i a l l y reuseable primary m e t a l w a s t e stream cur ren t ly not economically t r e a t a b l e by e x i s t i n g technology w i l l be performed.

-18-

PROJECT INFORMATION






START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


14-34-0001-8803

Optimization of Hollow Fiber U l t r a f i l t r a t i o n Membrane Type and System Design f o r Wastewater Reuse i n t h e T e x t i l e Indus t ry

" i con , Inc. 100 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801

B. Breslan R. Cross

M. Mattson

September 1978

August 1979

P i l o t programs t o s e l e c t optimum hollow f i b e r u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n (UF) membranes and systems f o r economical recovery and reuse of t h r e e t e x t i l e indus t ry waste streams w i l l be conducted. These include wastewater from water je t looms, des i z ing opera- t i o n s , and composite waste streams ( t o t a l p l a n t e f f l u e n t ) . In i n i t i a l small-scale p i l o t work, t he b e s t membrane and s y s t e m conf igura t ions w i l l be chosen. Then a s i n g l e , l a r g e r p i l o t system w i l l be run on each of t h e waste streams t o optimize opera t ion and c leaning procedures and long-term f l u x r a t e s . Based on t h e r e s u l t s , t h e impacts of reused water on t e x t i l e production processes w i l l be determined.

For water j e t looms, both batch and s ingle-pass opera t ions w i l l be t e s t e d using membranes of varying diameters and molecular weight cu to f f s . Process water w i l l be p r e f i l t e r e d through a coarse bag f i l t e r p r i o r t o UF. Permeate w i l l continuously feed a s to rage tank , from where it w i l l be cooled and s e n t t o t h e l o o m f o r reuse. Next, t reatment of high-temperature des ize wash water using polysul fonic membranes with d i f f e r i n g molecular weight c u t o f f s w i l l be pursued.

F ina l ly , composite w a s t e w a t e r pretreatment using UF membranes of d i f f e r i n g molecular weight c u t o f f s both with and without d iva l en t ion r e j e c t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s w i l l be s tud ied i n conjunct ion with reverse osmosis (RO) t reatment . A l s o , in te rmedia te use of UF membranes with d iva l en t ion r e j e c t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s fol lowing o the r UF membranes (without t h i s c a p a b i l i t y ) and ahead of RO u n i t s w i l l be inves t iga ted .

-19-




PE RFO RMI NG ORGAN I Z AT I ON :

14-34-0001-8804

Advanced Pretreatment Process f o r Wastewater Reuse v i a Reverse Osmosis

F i lmt ec Corporation 15305 Minnetonka Boulevard Minnetonka, MN 55343

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : R* Petersen J. Cadotte

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: A. Ford


COMPLETION DATE: March 1980

PROJECT D E S C R I PT ION

An advanced r eve r se osmosis ( R O ) pretreatment method employing a f e r r i c ion c o l l o i d a s a coagulant w i l l be tested on var ious feed waters and w i l l be compared with o t h e r methods t o determine i t s performance and range of a p p l i c a b i l i t y . Treated municipal e f f l u e n t , pulp and paper processing e f f l u e n t , petroleum r e f i n i n g wastewater, and a g r i c u l t u r a l drainage water w i l l be used a s feed waters. Experiments t o optimize f e r r i c ch lo r ide pretreatment dosages and feed water pH, followed by reverse osmosis membrane foul ing/ f lux dec l ine s t u d i e s on the t r e a t e d c l a r i f i e d water w i l l be performed. Feed and c l a r i f i e d w a t e r q u a l i t y parameters inc luding COD, TDS, conduc- t i v i t y , t u r b i d i t y and i r o n content w i l l be rou t ine ly measured, a long with o the r appropr ia te analyses .

Comparison da ta w i l l be generated f o r c u r r e n t l y p rac t i ced pretreatment methods t h a t use l i m e , alum, and polymer coagulants. The r e l a t i v e e f f ec t iveness of t h e var ious pretreatment methods w i l l be judged on the b a s i s of prevent ion and con t ro l of RO membrane foul ing . Fundamental b a s i s of f e r r i c ion a c t i o n w i l l be examined through c o l l o i d charge measurements, a n a l y s i s of membrane fou lan t depos i t s , and r e l a t e d experiments. Granular media f i l t r a t i o n w i l l be explored i n conjunction with f e r r i c ion c o l l o i d experiments t o determine t h e commercial a d a p t a b i l i t y of t h i s p r e t r e a t - ment method. Data generated w i l l be used i n performing prel iminary parametr ic cost s t u d i e s on t h e p o t e n t i a l c o s t savings i n ' commercial membrane processing appl ica t ions .

-20-

PROJECT INFOR~LATZON

CONTRACT OR G M - T N O . :

PROJECT TITLE :

PRINCIPAL INl'ESTIGATUR( S)


START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE :

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

14-34-0001-9456

Reuse o f I n d u s t r i a l Wastewater by the Ext rac t ion o f Organic Chemicals Through Porop la s t i c Membranes

Moleculon Research Corporation 139 'lain S t r e e t Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142

L . Nichols A . Obenaye r

J . Garvin

September 1979

September 1980

This p r o j e c t w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e use of Po rop la s t i c membrane e x t r a c t i o n systems t o remove and recover organic s o l u t e s from i n d u s t r i a l wastewater. The research w i l l be conducted i n t h e labora tory and w i l l include the following: (1) prepara t ion of t h i n r e in fo rced membranes with t h e requi red p r o p e r t i e s , ( 2 ) i n v e s t i g a t i o n of techniques f o r maintaining uniform in te r laminar spacing i n s p i r a l membrane modules , and (3) oerformance t e s t s and comparison with theory. membranes resembling p ro jec t ed product ion ma te r i a l i n th ickness and reinforcement . The l eng th , width and th ickness of flow channels as well as t he t o t a l number of membrane l aye r s will be he ld t o experimental ly convenient values and t h e r e s u l t s sca led t o obta in hypo the t i ca l module performance.

A l l o f t h e t e s t s w i l l be performed us ing

I t i s intended t h a t t h e proposed research w i l l provide b a s i c d a t a f o r a v e r s a t i l e new water reuse/waste recovery process r e a d i l y t a i l o r e d t o l a r g e o r small chemical and a l l i e d product i n d u s t r i e s .

- 2 1 -

PROJECT INFOVL.21 IOA\

CONTR4CT OR GWCT ;<9. :

PROJECT TITLE:

14-34-0001-9441

Treatment of Oil Field Wastexaters for Reuse: An evaluation of Membrane Process

PERFORMIXG ORG.A:;I LATION : Walden Division of Abcor, Inc. 850 blain Street Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (S) : K . Mcliulty W. Choate

OWRT TECHK I CAL blOS ITOR : A. Ford


COMPLETIOS DATE: September 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project will evaluate the applicability of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis to the treatment of producted wastewaters from the steam- based Enhanced Oil Recovery process in California. The EOR recovery process requires an average ratio of water for steam production to oil produced of 5:l and is a prime candidate for water recycling, since, the produced wastewater contains a high TDS content rendering it unsuitable for direct recycling to the steam generator. wastewater will be treated by an ultrafiltration process to remove oil and suspended solids and a reverse osmosis process to remove dissolved solids. If the treated wastewater is of sufficient quality it will be recycled directly back to the steam generator o r utility boiler eliminating the need for dilution with freshwater and further treatment steps.

The produced

The research will be conducted at three field sites in California by using small portable test unites that can be rapidly deployed. tests, will be conducted with the UF and RO equipment on various potential feed streams to determine the flux and rejection as a function of feed concentration and as a function of time. A fouling index will be used to assess the potential of feed-solids fouling for various potential RO feed streams. of membrane foulants.

At each site,

Diagnostic tests will also be performed to determine the nature

- 2 2 r

PROJECT INFOT~!.ATIO:;

CONTMCT OR GRKiT .KO. :

PROJECT TITLE :

P E R F 0 Ri1 I SG 0 RG .Vi I Z AT I OX :

PRINCIPAL IhWESTIGATO!l (S) :

OWRT TECHNICAL MOSITOR:

START DATE:

CONP LET I OS DATE :

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOS

13-34-0001-9427

Research of I n d u s t r i a l Water Reuse with Coupled Transport Membranes

Bend Research Incorporat ion 64550 Research Road Bend, Oregon 97701

K . Smith

S . Johnson

September 1979

September 1980

The ob jec t ive of t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o cont inue t o develop and t e s t a bench s c a l e coupled t r a n s p o r t concent ra tor f o r t r e a t i n g metal f i n i s h i n g waste streams. A previous OKRT research p r o j e c t (Contract #14-34-0001-8802) demonstrated t h e t echn ica l f e a s i b i l i t y of applying t h i s new type of l i q u i d ion-exchange t o t h e reuse of s eve ra l important i n d u s t r i a l waste streams. Prel iminary r e s u l t s with hollow f i b e r membrane modcles i n d i c a t e t h a t coupled t r anspor t i s an economical method f o r t r e a t i n g chromium p l a t i n g r i n s e s o l u t i o n s f o r r euse . The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e i s t o cons t ruc t a bench scale coupled t r a n s p o r t concent ra tor f o r t r e a t i n g a c t u a l chromium p l a t i n g r inse s o l u t i o n s . This concent ra tor would produce r eusab le water on a continuous b a s i s and produce e i t h e r chromic ac id f o r r euse i n p l a t i n g o r a s a l e a b l e chromium sa l t .

-23-

i

B - ADSORPTION A N D OXIDATION PROCESSES

-25-




PERFORMING ORGAN I Z AT I O N :

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S) :


START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

P R O J E C T D E S C R I PT I O N The p r o j e c t i s c u r r e n t l y studying . .

14-34-0001-8805

Evaluation of Bio logica l Act ivated Carbon f o r Water Reuse

Jacobs Engineering Co. 251 South Lake Avenue Pasadena, CA 9 1 10 1

N. Phelan A. Benedek

R. Madancy

September 1978

March 1980

the a b i l i t y of t h e Bio logica l Act ivated Carbon (BAC) process t o t r e a t i n d u s t r i a l process and wastewater f o r reuse a s Boi le r feedwater, i n d u s t r i a l process water, cool ing water , and s e r v i c e water. BAC t reatment involves t h e sequen t i a l s t e p s of ozonation, sand f i l t r a t i o n , a e r a t i o n ( o p t i o n a l ) , and granular , a c t i v a t e d carbon f i l t r a t i o n . Laboratory BAC u n i t s have been in- s t a l l e d t o t r e a t s e l e c t e d process and wastewaters generated by t h e fol lowing i n d u s t r i e s : paper and a l l i e d products , chemicals and a l l i e d products , primary metals, t e x t i l e s , petroleum and coa l products , and food and kindred products.

Water w i l l be analyzed before and a f t e r ozonation and a f t e r processing through t h e a c t i v a t e d carbon columns. Contact times and dosages f o r ozonation p lus a c t i v a t e d carbon w i l l be s tud ied t o determine s p e c i f i c degrees of removal of d i sso lved organics and ammonia achievable. The e f f e c t s of t he BAC process on o the r wastewater q u a l i t y parameters w i l l be determined. Other key opera t ing parameters such a s backwash and carbon r e a c t i v a t i o n frequency requirements and types of pre- and post- t reatment necessary f o r reuse of t he t r e a t e d water w i l l be evaluated. F ina l ly , t h e cos t -e f fec t iveness of t r e a t i n g the se l ec t ed wastewater streams using t h e BAC process w i l l be compared with c u r r e n t l y used processes.

-27 -

PROJECT INFORMATION




14-34-0001-8806

F e a s i b i l i t y of Trea t ing Municipal Wastewater by L i m e C l a r i f i c a t i o n and Pressure Ozonation

Louisiana Tech Universi ty College of Engineering Ruston, LA 71272

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( s ) : A. H i l l J. Howell



COMPLETION DATE: November 1979

PROJECT DESCRI PT ION This p r o j e c t w i l l determine t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a new process f o r removing t r a c e organics , phosphorous, ammonia, heavy metals, and pathogens from municipal secondary e f f luen t . The process incorpora tes s ing le-s tage l i m e c l a r i f i c a t i o n (without sodium carbonate add i t ion o r recarbonat ion) , packed-column vacuum de- ae ra t ion , p re s su re ozonation ( a novel a p p l i c a t i o n ) , and pressure c a r t r i d g e f i l t r a t i o n . Research w i l l include syne rg i s t i c e f f e c t s of l i m e c l a r i f i c a t i o n and pressur ized ozonation. Anticipated e f f e c t s t o be evaluated include: 1 ) Enhanced ozone oxid iz ing power due t o high pH, 2 ) Recarbonation by ozone oxida t ion of w a s t e stream organic carbon, 3 ) Heavy metals i n s o l u b i l i z a t i o n during pressure ozonation f a c i l i t a t i n g removal by pressure type cartridge f i l t e r s , 4 ) Ammonia s t r i p p i n g by high p H of t h e w a s t e stream, and 5) Ozone d i s in fec t ion .

Process opt imizat ion w i l l include batch and continuous flow t e s t i n g of ind iv idua l components. Ozone generator and mul t i s tage compressor scale-up and f a b r i c a t i o n w i l l be included. This w i l l be followed by in t eg ra t ed system performance t e s t i n g and evaluat ion.

- 2 8 -

PROJECT INFORMATION






START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


14-34-000 1-8809

Weak E l e c t r o l y t e Ion Exchange i n Advanced Technology Water Reuse Systems - Evaluation and Design

University of C a l i f o r n i a College of Engineering Berkeley, CA 94720

T. Vermeulem G . Klein

W. McCoy

September 19 78

October 1979

The research w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e improved techniques f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e performance of weak-electrolyte ion exchange. For seve ra l important r e s i n and ion types, key process ope ra t ing parameters w i l l be defined, design cr i ter ia w i l l be developed, and economics w i l l be evaluated.

Exchange processes (such as t h e removal of scale-forming c o n s t i t u e n t s from boiler feed water) and r e s i n s of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t w i l l be s e l e c t e d f o r study. Laboratory column tests w i l l be performed t o v e r i f y previously developed t h e o r i e s which descr ibe t h e fixed-bed response of weak-electrolyte ion exchangers. Weak-acid r e s i n s w i l l be f e d s o l u t i o n components €or which t h e exchanger e x h i b i t s unfavorable equi l ibr ium a t low-feed flow rates and s o l u t i o n components f o r which equi l ibr ium i s favorable , with stepwise inc reases i n t h e concentration of t h i s component. Isotherms w i l l be con- s t r u c t e d and Donnan exclusion w i l l be evaluated. The r e s u l t s w i l l be compared t o t h e o r e t i c a l estimates.

E f f o r t s w i l l be made t o r e so lve t h e mechanical d i f f i c u l t i e s of column plugging and channelling r e s u l t i n g from weak-electrolyte exchange r e s i n shr inking and swelling. Based on experimental v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e o r e t i c a l isotherm contours, a method w i l l be developed t o der ive s i m i l a r contours from t i t r a t i o n curves.

-29-

PROJECT INFOR'iATIOK

CONTRACT OR GRANT N O . : 14-34-0001-9418

PROJECT TITLE : Neak-Electrolyte Ion Exchange i n Advanced-Technology Water Reuse Systems- -Evaluation and Design

PERFOR~~INC. CRGA~'IZ.LITION: Univers i ty of Ca l i fo rn ia Berkeley, Ca l i fo rn ia 94720

PRINCIPAL IhJ\.ESTIGATOR (S) : T. Vermeulen

OWRT TECHX'ICAL MONITOR: I Y . blcC0y

START 'PATE : September 19 79

COMPLETIOh DATE : August 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOK

The research w i l l cont inue t o i n v e s t i g a t e imuroved techniques f o r p red ic t ing t h e performance of weak-electrolyte ion exchange. app l i ca t ion f o r water t r ea tmen t , high regenerant and r e s i n u t i l i z a t i o n a r e mandatory f o r economic reasons. i nc reas ing measure through use of weak-e lec t ro ly te r e s i n s . s tanding o f t h e behavior of such r e s i n s i n c y c l i c opera t ion has lagged f a r behind the theory a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e s t r o n g - e l e c t r o l y t e r e s i n s .

In ar;y ion-exchange

Both have i n r e c e n t years been obtained i n The b a s i c under-

The s p e c i f i c approach proposed here i s t o provide process ana lys i s and design t o o l s t h a t w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e r a t i o n a l eva lua t ion and design of processes involving weak-e lec t ro ly te r e s i n s so as t o d e f i n e t h e parameters of major i n t e r e s t , and t o eva lua te them f o r several of t h e most important r e s i n and ion types .

The research i s expected t o enable t h e engineer r e a d i l y t o screen a number of processes proposed f o r h i s problem, t o make a pre l iminary design of the p r e f e r r e d p rocess , t o o u t l i n e a program f o r i t s f u r t h e r development where needed, t o approximately opt imize t h a t p rocess , and t o make a cos t estimate f o r it. This research i s a l s o expected t o sys temat ize and i l l umina te the b a s i c concepts underlying t h e performance o f weak-e lec t ro ly te exchangers i n c y c l i c f ixed-bed one ra t ions .

-30-

PROJ E CT IS F 0 FL'sLAT I ON

CCiSTRACT OR GRrLKT

' ~ P R O J E C T TITLE:

14 - 3 4 - 900 1 - 94 3 7

Feasibil i ty of Treating Municipal Wastewater by Lime Clarification and Pressure Ozonation

PE R F 0 RjI I N C: C R GAY I Z.4T I ON : Louisiana Tech University Col 1 ege of Chemical Engi neeri ng Ruston, Louisiana 71272

PRINCIP.AL I?nvESTIG.4TOR(S) : A. Hill


START PAT'E: September 1979

COPIPLETIOK DATE : December 1980

P R O J E C T DESCRIPTIO&

This project i s t o continue evaluation of the technical and economic efficiency o f a new process for removing t race organics, phosphorous, ammonia, heavy metals, and pathogenic organisms from municipal secondary eff luent . vacuum deaeration, pressure ozonation, pressure f i l t r a t i o n , and vacuum degassification for 02/0 recovery will be used t o demonstrate the syn- e rg is t ic combination of Time c la r i f ica t ion and pressure ozonation. Engineering data generated from the p i lo t plant will be used t o calculate estimated capital and operating costs for scaled up versions.

A p i lo t plant providing lime c la r i f ica t ion ,

-31-

PRO J E CT IN F 0 RjL4T I Oh'

CONTRACT OR GRANT N O . :

PROJECT TITLE :

14-34-0901-9436

Chemistry and A p p l i c a t i o n o f Ozone and Ozone/UV L i g h t f o r Water Reuse

PERFORMING CRGAYIZATION: Westgate Research Corporat ion 1931 Pont ius Avenue West Los Angeles, C a l i f o r n i a 90025

PRIKCIPAL IhI?'ESTIGATOR(S) : E. L e i t i s

\

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: J . Garvin

START 'DATE : August 1979

COMPLETION DATE : November 1960

I PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Th is research w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t o f ozone and UV l i g h t i n t h e decomposit ion o f organic compounds i n water reuse systems. Ox ida t i on processes us ing ozone by i t s e l f can success fu l l y o x i d i z e a wide range of d i sso l ved organic compounds i n water t o some extent , b u t n o t t o complet ion o r removal. t h a t ozone i n t h e presence o f UV l i g h t can increase the r a t e o f o x i d a t i o n and enables o x i d a t i o n t o proceed t o completion. But, t o date t h e r e i s l i t t l e known about why UV l i g h t enhances ozonation, t h e pathways i nvo lved i n UV-ozonation, o r t h e p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f degree o f o x i d a t i o n f o r var ious c lasses o f compounds. research may l e a d t o a c o s t e f f e c t i v e process t o remove r e f r a c t o r y organics i n wastewater p r i o r t o reuse a p p l i c a t i o n s .

Experimental evidence has demonstrated

The successfu l1 complet ion of t h i s

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C * AQUACULTURE

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P R O J E C T I N F O R M A T ION




14-34-0001-7817/8810

Performance Analysis of a Control led Environ- ment Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment System: Health Related Aspects of Water Treatment and Aquaculture Byproducts. Applied Aquatic Resources I n s t i t u t e Building 257, P.O. Box 29145 The P res id io of San Francisco, CA 94129

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : s. Serfling D. Mendola


START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

F. Carlson

September ? 978

December 1979

P R O J E C T D E S C R I PT I O N Research i s being conducted t o eva lua te t h e performance of a managed, mult ispecies aquacul ture system f o r t reatment of wastewaters and f o r production of harves tab le biomass. The aquacul ture system c o n s i s t s of fou r , series-connected tanks within a greenhouse, r ece iv ing municipal primary e f f l u e n t . The sys t em contains water hyacinths , duckweed, s n a i l s , amphipods, b a c t e r i a l su r f ace a rea s u b s t r a t e s , f i s h and shrimp.

The system w i l l be examined f o r removal of t r a d i t i o n a l l y monitored wastewater parameters (BOD, SS, TKN, phosphorus, and co l i forms) . Heal th-related parameters (halogenated organic compounds, heavy metals , v i ruses , col i forms, and o the r pathogens) w i l l be monitored t o determine uptake, concent ra t ion , and/or metabolism by t h e aqua t i c b i o t a and removal from t h e wastewater.

The growth of f i s h (T iap ia ) and f r e s h water shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbe rg i i ) w i l l be measured t o es t imate production p o t e n t i a l of t h e s e spec ies grown on wastewater aquacul ture system n u t r i e n t , d e t r i t u s , p l a n t s , and food-chain organisms.

The e f f ec t iveness of t h e wastewater aquacul ture system t o produce food products while removing p o t e n t i a l l y t o x i c contaminants and o f f s e t t i n g wastewater t reatment c o s t s w i l l a l s o be determined.

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PROJECT INFORMATION






START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


14-34-0001-8811

A Water Reuse System f o r Smolt Production

Sea Run, Inc. RFD 2 Kennebunkport, ME 0 4046

E. Sawyer P. Sawyer

F. Carlson

August 1978

November 1980

The p r o j e c t w i l l demonstrate a f i s h hatchery water reuse system appl icable t o t h e salmon and t r o u t aquacul ture industry. Smolt (young salmonid) hatchery e f f l u e n t t reatment cons i s t ing of s o l i d s removal, b i o l o g i c a l f i l t r a t i o n , ae ra t ion , and chemical c l a r i f i c a t i o n w i l l be used t o achieve approximately 99.9 percent water reuse. A t t h e same t i m e , hatchery production w i l l be increased by reducing t h e smolt-rais ing t i m e from 18 t o 2 2 months t o 3 t o 6 months. This w i l l be accom- p l i shed by using s o l a r energy t o hea t t h e water and t o acce le ra t e growth and by gradual ly r a i s i n g the s a l i n i t y t o adapt f i s h t o seawater a t a smaller-than-normal s i z e .

Process performance and economics w i l l be evaluated, and t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r widespread process u t i l i z a t i o n w i l l be assessed.

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D m INNOVATIVE PROCESSES

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P R O J E C T I NF O R M A T I ON





OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR:

S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-8807

A Study of Wastewater Q u a l i t y Improvement Using Micro-Gas-Dispersion S t r i p p i n g

Buchart-Horn, Inc. 612 W. Market S t r e e t

York, PA 17405 P.0. BOX M-55

A. Sha le r , F. Sebba, and J. Keane

R. Madancy

August 1978

May 1979

P R O J E C T D E S C R I PT ION

A p o r t a b l e micro-gas-dispersion (MGD) s t r i p p i n g column w i l l be t e s t e d a s an innovat ive wastewater t rea tment technique which w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e r euse of i n d u s t r i a l p rocess water. P r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s w i l l be i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of MGD t r e a t a b l e waste streams and s u r f a c t a n t chemicals needed f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n . Appl ica t ions t o be t e s t e d w i l l i n - c lude t h e fo l lowing: 1 ) Separa t ion of emul s i f i ed o i l , l i n t , and c l ay from i n d u s t r i a l laundry washwater, 2 ) Removal of c e l l u l o s e f i b e r p a r t i c l e s from paper-mil l pulp washwater, and 3 ) Removal of c o l l o i d a l coa l s l imes from bituminous c o a l washwater ponds. Phased programs of s t a t i c and dynamic column t e s t i n g w i l l be used t o i d e n t i f y and opt imize t h e choice and dosage of s u r f a c t a n t s and o v e r a l l w a s t e s t ream t r e a t a b i l i t y using MGD techniques.

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14-34-0001-8808

Research on Novel Solvent Ex t rac t ion Systems €or I n d u s t r i a l Water Reuse

PERFORMING ORGAN I ZAT I O N : Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, OR 97701

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : R. Baker R. B a r s s

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: S. Johnson

S T A R T DATE: September 1978



The f e a s i b i l i t y , e f f i c i e n c y , and economics of apply ing a novel system of ion exchange and s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n t o recover water i n t h e primary meta ls i ndus t ry w i l l be explored. The system re l ies on s m a l l microporous polysul fone beads impregnated wi th a l i q u i d ion exchanger which is r e t a i n e d by c a p i l l a r i t y . as i n a convent iona l ion-exchange bed t o e x t r a c t metal i ons from s o l u t i o n and t o recover them i n a s t r i p p i n g cycle .

The beads are used

S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e p r o j e c t w i l l s tudy t h e k i n e t i c s of e x t r a c t i o n and s t r i p p i n g , loss of l i q u i d reagent and bead l i f e , improvement of bead morphology, and s y s t e m economic f e a s i b i l i t y . , Feed s o l u t i o n s s imula t ing s t r o n g and weak a c i d ( f e r r o u s and f e r r i c i r o n ) p i c k l e l i q u o r s , chrome and n i c k e l p l a t i n g r i n s e w a t e r s , and b o i l e r blowdown waters w i l l be t e s t e d .

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PROJECT TITLE F e a s i b i l i t y of P h o t o c a t a l y t i c Oxida t ion f o r Kas tewater Clean-up and Reuse

P.O. Box 14864 Aus t in , Texas 78761

PRINCIPAL IN\FSTIGATOR(S) : D . Deberry

OKRT TECHKJCAL MOKITOR: J . Garvin

START DATE: December 1979

COblPLETION DATE : August 19 80

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOK

This r e s e a r c h i s t o i n v e s t i p a t e t h e photochemical p r o p e r t i e s o f semiconductor powders i n t h e t r e a t m e n t of i n d u s t r i a l was t ewa te r s . The use o f semiconductor powders i s an undeveloped t r e a t m e n t p rocess which may have a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t r e a t m e n t o f i n d u s t r i a l p o l l u t a n t s . Although p a s t r e s e a r c h on t h i s s u b j e c t i s l i m i t e d , exper imenta l r e s u l t s t o d a t e are f a v o r a b l e f o r p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n . The p rocess appears t o be b e s t s u i t e d as a p r e t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s f o r u s e wi th o t h e r t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s such as r e v e r s osmosis o r a d s o r p t i o n . The p rocess may a l s o b e s u i t a b l e as a p o l i s h i n g mechanism f o r t r e a t i n g d i l u t e waste s t r eams from o t h e r t r e a t m e n t sys tems.

The pr imary o b j e c t i v e i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e and i d e n t i f y t h e p o t e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t c a D a b i l i t i e s and l i m i t a t i o n s o f v a r i o u s semiconductor powders on v a r i o u s p o l l u t a n t s . R e s u l t s from t h e a n a l y t i c a l exper iments w i l l b e i n t e r m e t e d t o i d e n t i f y p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s and t o assess t h e i r e n g i n e e r i n g f e a s i b i l i t y .

S ince t h i s technology i s r e l a t i v e l y undeveloped and b a s i c r e s e a r c h i s r e q u i r e d be fo re s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n s and e n g i n e e r i n g d e t a i l s can be s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d , t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s program a r e p r i m a r i l y in t ended t o p rov ide t h e n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n t o i d e n t i f y t h e n e c e s s i t y o r d e s i r a b i l i t v f o r cont inued r e s e a r c h .

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PROJECT ISFORliAT I O N

C,ONTRACT OR GRcLKT NO. : 14-34-0001-9426

PROJECT TITLE Research on Novel Solvent E x t r a c t i o n S!-stems f o r I n d u s t r i a l Water Reuse

PEFIFORVIKC: Cl?G.kYIZ4TIDS : Bend Research I n c o r p o r a t i o n 64550 Research Road Bend, Oregon 97701

PRINCIP.AL Ih’\‘ESTIG.4MR(S) : R . Baker

OKRT TECHhTICAL MONITOR: S . Johnson


COYkIPLETION DATE : SeDtemher 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This p r o i e c t w i l l cont inue r e s e a r c h and development of s o l v e n t impregnated micronorous beads f o r e x t r a c t i o n of m e t a l s from i n d u s t r i a l wastewaters. The s n e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e of t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o develoD s o l v e n t impregnated beads w i t h meta l e x t r a c t i o n D r o p e r t i e s s u D e r i o r t o t h o s e p r e v i o u s l y developed, under a p r e v i o u s OWRT p r o j e c t , and t o d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t and tes t a bench s c a l e u n i t i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e s e improved beads . The bench s c a l e u n i t w i l l be des igned t o t r e a t a c t u a l wastewater from a metal f i n i s h i n g p r o c e s s on a c l o s e d loo^ b a s i s producing both r e u s e a b l e w a t e r and rec la imed meta l .

The p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h i d e n t i f i e d advantages o v e r o t h e r t y p e s of t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s i n c l u d i n g improved k i n e t i c s , low c o s t of l i q u i d s o l v e n t e x t r a c - t i o n , h igh e f f l u e n t water q u a l i t y , and h igh c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f recovered m e t a l s .

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111- M U N C I P A L / I N D U S T R I A L A P P L I E D REUSE RESEARCH

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14-34-0001-7811

Water Reuse Through Ground Water Recharge i n Northeastern I l l i n o i s

Univers i ty of I l l i n o i s and S t a t e of I l l i n o i s Water Resources Center 2535 Hydrosystems Laboratory Urbana, I L 61801

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : G. S tou t W. Ackerman

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: R. Madancy

S T A R T DATE: October 1977



The p r o j e c t w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e shal low a q u i f e r recharge wi th high q u a l i t y , municipal t e r t i a r y e f f l u e n t . The a q u i f e r , l o c a t e d i n no r theas t e rn I l l i n o i s , i s c u r r e n t l y used as t h e domestic w a t e r supply by r e s i d e n t s of t h e surrounding area. Both t h e impacts of recharge on water q u a l i t y and l e v e l s of p u b l i c a c c e p t a b i l i t y w i l l be inves t iga t ed .

E f f luen t from a municipal advanced w a s t e w a t e r t r ea tmen t p l a n t opera ted by t h e Metropol i tan S a n i t a r y D i s t r i c t of Greater Chicago w i l l be pumped i n t o a nearby p i t t o recharge t h e l o c a l aqu i f e r . Water q u a l i t y parameters, a s w e l l as heavy metals, trace o rgan ic s , and v i ruses , w i l l be monitored as t h e t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t e n t e r s t h e recharge p i t and as it moves through t h e s o i l s t r a t a and t h e aqu i f e r . Spec ia l a t t e n t i o n w i l l be given t o t h e f a t e of any t o x i c s p r e s e n t i n t h e e f f l u e n t . In a d d i t i o n , t e s t i n g w i l l be performed on t h e l i n i n g of t h e recharge p i t , n a t u r a l and s y n t h e t i c f i l t e r media i n t h e p i t , and t h e a q u i f e r formation t o determine t h e most e f f e c t i v e means of removing any p o t e n t i a l l y t o x i c substances. A f t e r pre- l iminary s tudy r e s u l t s are known, no r theas t e rn I l l i n o i s geo log ica l and hydro logica l d a t a w i l l be re-examined t o map p o t e n t i a l areas more a c c u r a t e l y f o r ground w a t e r recharge with h igh ly t r e a t e d wastewaters.

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S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-7812

Research Study on t h e U s e of Uranium Mine Water as a Municipal Supply f o r t h e C i t y of Gallup, N e w Mexico

C i ty of Gal lup P.O. Box 1270 Gallup, NM 87301

R. Allgood W . Bark1 ey

F. Coley

October 1977

Ju ly 1, 1979


The p r o j e c t w i l l s tudy t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of us ing water pumped from uranium mines no r theas t of Gal lup, New Mexico, a s a municipal supply. The most cos t - e f f ec t ive water r ece iv ing l o c a t i o n w i l l be eva lua ted , t r ea tmen t a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l be de te r - mined, and pre l iminary t rea tment and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system design w i l l be prepared.

Economic eva lua t ion of water-receiving loca t ions w i l l cons ider water supply q u a n t i t y , a v a i l a b i l i t y and dependabi l i ty . Co l l ec t ion methods t o be explored f o r s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s w i l l inc lude simply connect ing t o e x i s t i n g mine-water e f f l u e n t p i p e l i n e s , i n s t a l l i n g t r a d i t i o n a l r i v e r i n t a k e s t r u c t u r e s , c o n s t r u c t i n g c o l l e c t i o n g a l l e r i e s i n a r i v e r bed, and d r i l l i n g shallow w e l l s i n a l luvium being recharged by r i v e r water con ta in ing mine e f f l u e n t .

The e x t e n t of mine-water t rea tment needed w i l l depend on mine-water q u a l i t y a t i n t ake loca t ions . Although mine w a t e r s gene ra l ly are t r e a t e d (by adding f l o c - c u l a t i n g agents and barium ch lo r ide t o remove uranium, radium, and suspended s o l i d s i n s e t t l i n g ponds) p r i o r t o d ischarge , a d d i t i o n a l i r o n , selenium, heavy metals, suspended s o l i d s , and b a c t e r i a l count reduct ions may be r equ i r ed p r i o r t o municipal w a t e r use. To m e e t t h e s e needs, bench-scale l abora to ry t e s t i n g us ing physical-chemical , r e v e r s e osmosis, and/or ion-exchange t rea tment methods w i l l be performed. c o l l e c t i o n , t r ea tmen t , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems w i l l be made, and pre l iminary des igns w i l l be formulated.

Based on t e s t i n g r e s u l t s , o v e r a l l economic eva lua t ions of

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PROJECT INFORMATION






S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

Closed-Cycle T e x t i l e Dyeing - Ful l -Sca le Demonstration

Riegel T e x t i l e Corporat ion La France I n d u s t r i e s Div is ion La France, SC 29656

C. Brandon, J. P o r t e r

F. Coley (OWRT), M. Samfield ( E P A ) , and J. R o s s m e i s s e l (DOE)

,August 1977

August 1981

PROJECT DESCRI PT ION This j o i n t l y sponsored (OWRT, EPA, DOE) p r o j e c t w i l l involve design, i n s t a l l a t i o n , and ope ra t ion of a l a rge - sca l e , high-temperature, reverse-osmosis (RO) system t o achieve closed-cycle ope ra t ion of a t ex t i l e -dye ing ope ra t ion . a l low f o r recovery and use of dyes and f o r r e c y c l e and r euse of a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n of dyeing process waters .

The s y s t e m w i l l

Based on f i e l d eva lua t ions of membrane equipment, p rocess mod i f i ca t ions , and recyc le c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , s e l e c t i o n of e i t h e r t h e cont inuous range o r atmospheric becks f o r c losed-cycle process demonstration w i l l be made. De ta i l ed system designs w i l l be prepared , equipment w i l l be procured and i n s t a l l e d , and ope ra t ing condi t ions w i l l be developed. pre t rea tment requirements w i 11 be made.

Determination of membrane c l ean ing procedures and

Af ter a 3-month s t a r t - u p per iod , f u l l - s c a l e c losed-cycle ope ra t ion w i l l be conducted. ope ra t ion w i l l be cha rac t e r i zed . t i o n w i l l be eva lua ted based on t h e q u a l i t y of t e x t i l e product produced. p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of t h i s membrane s e p a r a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l be determined by eva lua t ion of c a p i t a l , ope ra t ing , and maintenance c o s t s and product ion savings r e s u l t i n g from conserva t ion ( through r e c y c l e of chemicals , energy, and w a t e r ) . The impact of t h e p o l l u t i o n abatement and conserva t ion w i l l be a s ses sed f o r industry-wide a p p l i c a t i o n .

A t t h e end of t h e per iod , t h e chemical ba lance achieved i n c losed-cycle The t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y o f closed-cycle opera-

The

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14-34-0001-8520

Evaluat ion of Membrane Demineral izat ion Processes f o r Potab le Wastewater Reuse

Orange County Water D i s t r i c t 10500 E l l i s Avenue P.O. Box 8300 Fountain Val ley, CA 92708

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : D. Argo

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: S. Johnson

S T A R T DATE: Ju ly 1978

COMPLETION DATE: Ju ly 1979


A 5 a i l l i o n ga l lon pe r day ( M G D ) , s p i r a l wound r e v e r s e osmosis ( R O ) p l a n t has been cons t ruc ted a t Orange County, C a l i f o r n i a ' s Water Factory 21 , which i s t h e wor ld ' s l a r g e s t w a s t e w a t e r deminera l iza t ion f a c i l i t y . The p r o j e c t i s provid ing ope ra t ing experience f o r accu ra t e ope ra t ion and maintenance c o s t eva lua t ion of l a r g e RO systems t r e a t i n g municipal e f f l u e n t . S p e c i f i c p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s include:

Product ion of c o s t da t a so t h a t la rge-sca le RO p r o j e c t s can be eva lua ted as advanced w a s t e t rea tment (AWT) and municipal w a t e r supply f a c i l i t y a l t e r n a t i v e s .

Evaluat ion of t h e e f f e c t s of u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n , ozonat ion and secondary e f f l u e n t f i l t r a t i o n p i l o t u n i t s on w a s t e w a t e r RO u n i t performance.

Determination of wastewater RO membrane f o u l i n g causes and optimum re juvenat ion methods.

Development of l a rge - sca l e RO f a c i l i t y ope ra t ion techniques which opt imize c o s t s and e f f i c i e n c y .

Demonstration of RO c a p a b i l i t y t o produce a po tab le w a t e r q u a l i t y product from municipal ly t r e a t e d wastewater.

Providing d e t a i l e d w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a t o desc r ibe AWT and RO u n i t performance, with p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on removal of s p e c i f i c o rgan ic s and v i r u s e s contained i n municipal ly t r e a t e d wastewater.

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PROJECT I NFORMAT ION



P E RFORMI NG ORGAN I Z AT I O N :



S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-8812

Evaluat ion of a 10-MGD Granular Act ivated Carbon System f o r Wastewater Reclamation

S a n i t a t i o n D i s t r i c t s of Los Angeles County P.O. Box 4998 Whi t t i e r , CA 90607

C. Chen

R. Madancy

September 1978

August 1980


This p r o j e c t w i l l eva lua te t h e performance, r e l i a b i l i t y , and c o s t of ope ra t ion of a 100-GPM g ranu la r a c t i v a t e d carbon (GAC) p i l o t system a t t h e Pomona Water Reclama- t i o n P lan t . The carbon w i l l be regenera ted wi th an i n f r a r e d t r a v e l i n g - b e l t furnace a t a ra te of 35 pounds pe r hour.

System performance w i l l be assessed by monitor ing numerous water q u a l i t y parameters with s p e c i f i c emphasis on t r a c e organics sampling and t o x i c i t y screening. Monitor- i n g p o i n t s w i l l i nc lude i n f l u e n t t o t h e carbon system, carbon t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t s ( a t va r ious s t a g e s ) , and chlorinated/dechlorinated e f f l u e n t .

GAC p i l o t system ope ra t ion and monitoring da ta w i l l be u t i l i z e d f o r s e v e r a l pur- poses. be assessed. Optimum carbon t rea tment system des ign and ope ra t ion c r i t e r i a w i l l be developed. GAC system cos t - e f f ec t iveness ( i n c l u d i n g t h a t of t h e carbon regenera t ion hardware) w i l l be e s t ab l i shed .

GAC system c a p a b i l i t y t o remove t r a c e o rgan ic s and p o t e n t i a l mutagens w i l l

The trace o rgan ic s monitor ing t o be performed i n t h i s s tudy w i l l be c l o s e l y t i e d t o Orange and Los Angeles Counties Reuse Study/Effects of Ground Water Recharge.

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P R O J E C T INFORMATION



PERFORMING ORGAN I ZAT I O N :



S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:


This p r o j e c t w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e

14-34-0001-8813

Reuse of T e x t i l e Dyeing Wastewater

Georgia I n s t i t u t e of Technology School of T e x t i l e Engineer ing At l an ta , GA 30332

W. Tincher

F. Coley

September 1978

August 1980

f e a s i b i l i t y of an innovat ive system f o r t rea tment and r ecyc le of t e x t i l e dyeing w a t e r . The wastewater w i l l be decolor ized us ing ozone and/or oxygen e x c i t e d by exposure t o u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t be fo re being reused d i r e c t l y f o r dyeing. Decolor iza t ion experiments w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t on f i f t e e n dyes used i n c a r p e t dyeing, fo l lowing by experiments conducted on spen t carpet-dye ba ths . R e l a - t i o n s h i p s between dye s t r u c t u r e and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o oxidant t rea tments w i l l be developed.

This w i l l be fol lowed by experiments involv ing t rea tment and reuse of decolor ized w a s t e w a t e r t o dye a d d i t i o n a l c a r p e t samples. Up t o t e n r euses w i l l be attempted. The process w i l l be eva lua ted f o r dyeing uni formi ty , r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y , and s t a b i l i t y . Modif icat ions i n dyeing procedures and r ec ipes w i l l be developed t o circumvent prob- l e m s encountered i n us ing decolor ized wastewater.

F i n a l l y , t h e economic impact of dyeing i n decolor ized wastewater w i l l be evaluated. Comparisons w i l l be made t o conventional dyeing process ing economics. chemical and energy savings t h a t may o f f s e t ozone and/or excited-oxygen decolor i - z a t i o n c o s t s w i l l be analyzed.

P o t e n t i a l

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P R O J E C T T I T L E : B io log ica l Act ivated Carbon Process f o r Treatment of Po ta to Processing Wastewaters f o r In-Plant Reuse

PERFORMING ORGAN1 ZAT I O N : The Unive r s i ty of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : Y. Hung

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: R. Madancy



. P R O J E C T D E S C R I PT I O N

The r e sea rch w i l l examine t h e use of t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v a t e d carbon ( B A C ) process as t e r t i a r y t r ea tmen t f o r upgrading p o t a t o p rocess ing wastewaters f o r i n -p l an t reuse. Reuse w a t e r q u a l i t y requirements f o r fluming, washing, pee l ing , s l i c i n g , and blanching w i l l be e s t a b l i s h e d , and major p rocess ing waste streams w i l l be cha rac t e r i zed .

Bench-scale BAC u n i t s and c o n t r o l columns con ta in ing a c t i v a t e d carbon media without b i o l o g i c a l growth w i l l r e c e i v e a c t u a l p rocess ing wastewaters, p r e t r e a t e d i n t h e l abora to ry . Pretreatment processes w i l l c o n s i s t of s e t t l i n g , complete-mix a c t i v a t e d sludge, r a p i d sand f i l t r a t i o n , and ozone i n j e c t i o n . From t h e l abora to ry d a t a , o p t i - mum design and o p e r a t i n g parameters w i l l be determined f o r each u n i t process. BAC and c o n t r o l u n i t s , t h i s w i l l i nc lude hydrau l i c loading rates, f eed concentra- t i o n s , media c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , breakthrough t i m e s and r egene ra t ion frequencies . Prel iminary des igns of t r ea tmen t systems f o r i n -p l an t wastewater r euse w i l l be developed, and c a p i t a l and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s w i l l be generated.

For

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S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-7805

Research and Development of Advanced Processes Using a Mobile Treatment Unit

Envirex, Inc. Environmental Sciences Divis ion 5103 W e s t B e l o i t Road Milwaukee, W I 53201

R. Osantowski A. Geinopolos

A. Ford

January 1978

October 1979

P R O J E C T D E S C R I P T I O N

The p r o j e c t w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of advanced processes ( r e v e r s e osmosis, e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s , and ion exchange) t o t r e a t i n d u s t r i a l e f f l u e n t s f o r non- po tab le reuse. A mobile t rea tment f a c i l i t y f o r bench- and p i l o t - s c a l e t e s t i n g w i l l be f a b r i c a t e d . F l o c c u l a t i o n - c l a r i f i c a t i o n , f i l t r a t i o n , and carbon adsorp t ion equipment f o r p r e t r e a t i n g t h e w a s t e p r i o r t o t h e d e s a l t i n g technologies w i l l a l s o be in - cluded. S i t e s of t h e p i l o t t e s t i n g inc lude a paper mill, a food process ing p l a n t , and a chemical manufacturing f a c i l i t y .

I n i t i a l l y , bench-scale t e s t i n g of each i n d u s t r i a l t r ea tmen t system e f f l u e n t w i l l be conducted t o provide information concerning t h e advanced w a s t e t rea tment methods t o be s t u d i e d dur ing p i l o t p l a n t i nves t iga t ions . Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t w i l l be pre- t rea tment requirements , magnitude of ope ra t ing v a r i a b l e s , expected t rea tment e f f i c i e n c i e s and e f f l u e n t q u a l i t y , s e l e c t i o n of equipment and media, and p i l o t - system design.

Four advanced t rea tment t r a i n s t o be s tud ied on a p i l o t b a s i s w i l l inc lude ( 1 ) dua l media f i l t r a t i o n ( a l o n e ) and chemical t rea tment and dua l media f i l t r a t i o n followed by ( 2 ) r e v e r s e osmosis, ( 3 ) a c t i v a t e d carbon and i o n exchange, and ( 4 ) a c t i v a t e d carbon and e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s . Process and t rea tment t r a i n performance w i l l be assessed, b a s i c design and ope ra t ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l be presented , and f u l l - s c a l e u n i t c a p i t a l and ope ra t ing c o s t s and space requirements w i l l be determined. I n a d d i t i o n , p rocess comparisons w i l l be made, and t h e most c o s t - e f f e c t i v e advanced waste t rea tment processes f o r producing w a t e r s u i t a b l e f o r reuse a t t h e test sites w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d .

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CCNTRACT OR GRkYT N O . : 14-34-0001-7805

PROJECT TITLE : Advanced Waste Treatment of Aluminum P l a n t Wastewater f o r Non- Pot ab 1 e Reuse Using alobile Treatment Equipment

pERFOR\lINC. CRGAhIZATIOK : Re.v.nord I n c o r p o r a t i o n Environmental Research Center Milwaukee , h' isconsin 53214

OKRT TECHKICAL MONITOR: A . Ford

START PATE: J u l y 1979

COI\IPLETIOh' DATE : J u l y 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOK

This p r o j e c t w i l l p r o v i d e an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x i s t i n g t r e a t m e n t technology i n r e n o v a t i n g p r o c e s s waters t o meet v a r i o u s non- p o t a b l e r e u s e a n p l i c a t i o n s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e purpose of t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o de te rmine t h e most f e a s i b l e and economical approach t o t r ea t and r e u s e t h e was tewaters now genera ted from s e l e c t e d high w a t e r usage i n d u s t r i e s , s D e c i f i c a l l y , t h e aluninum i n d u s t r y . The was tewaters t e s t e d w i l l be t h e e f f l u e n t s genera ted from v a r i o u s i n - p l a n t i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s s t r e a m s .

The p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e i s t o conduct an in-depth p i l o t p l a n t program t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of advanced t r e a t m e n t methods ( i o n exchange, r e v e r s e osmosis , and e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s ) f o r r e n o v a t i n g i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s streams. van and t h e OWRT mobile t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y c o n t a i n i n g t h e p i l o t s c a l e d e s a l t i n g equipment t e s t e d a t o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l s i t es under a p r e v i o u s phase o f t h i s c o n t r a c t .

The s t u d y w i l l b e performed u s i n g t h e Rexnord ANT p r e t r e a t m e n t

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PROJECT INFORliAT ION

CONTRACT OR G U Y T N O . : 14-34-0001-9413

PROJECT TITLE A p p l i c a t i o n o f Ozone t o E l i m i n a t e T e r t i a r v Treatment o f Kastewater Used f o r I n d u s t r i a l CoolinR

PERFORdTNG CRG.kYI24TIDK : Brown 6 Caldwell 150 1 North Broadi\.av Walnut Creek, C a l i f o r n i a 94596

PRINCIPAL 1Yl7ESTIG4TOR(S) : D . Parker D . Y e r r i l l

OKRT TECHKICAL MONITOR : J . Garvin

START PATE: Au gu s t 1 9 7 9

COMPLETIOK DATE : August 19 80

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t will b e t o e v a l u a t e t h e u s e of ozone t o t r e a t c i r c u l a t i n g waters i n c o o l i n g towers . During p r e v i o u s s t u d y s e v e r a l systems were analyzed where ozone was used t o t r e a t c i r c u l a t i n g waters of c o o l i n g towers s e r v i c i n g a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g u n i t s . Biofoul ing w a s a p p a r e n t l y c o n t r o l l e d , and i n a d d i t i o n , t h e systems o p e r a t e d a t c o n d i t i o n s fa r exceeding convent iona l s c a l i n g l i m i t a t i o n s . As a r e s u l t , chemicals were aDparent lv p r e c i p i t a t e d b u t seemingly s e t t l e d o u t i n t h e c o o l i n g tower b a s i n s r a t h e r t h a n f o u l i n g h e a t exchanger s u r f a c e s . The systems were t h e r e f o r e a b l e t o oDerate at v e r y h igh c y c l e s o f concent ra - t i o n (30-50 c y c l e s ) . By p i l o t t e s t i n g o f i d e n t i c a l p a r a l l e l c o o l i n g systems u s i n g ozone and convent iona l t r e a t m e n t s , t h e p r o j e c t w i l l de te rmine i f t h e unexpected and unusual performance o b t a i n e d can b e extended t o g e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l c o o l i n g , where makeup water i s secondary munic ipa l e f f l u e n t . I f t h i s performance can be d u p l i c a t e d , t h e n t h e b e n e f i t s o b t a i n e d i n small a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g systems would o c c u r a t a v e r y l a r g e s c a l e . T e r t i a r y chemical t r e a t m e n t , now r e q u i r e d where wastewater i s used as makeup, would a l s o b e e l i m i n a t e d , t h u s g r e a t l y encouraging water reuse.

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PROJECT IN FOR~IAT I O N

CONTRACT OR GRUT N O . :

PROJECT TITLE

14-34-0001-9459

Industrial C o o l i n g Tower Reuse o f Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater

PERFORVIK'G CFiGAVIZ.4TIOK: Contra Costa Country Water Distr ic t 1331 Concord Avenue Concord, California 94522

PRINCIPAL IN\'ESTIG4TOR(S) : 3. Gregg

OKRT TECHKICAL MOKITOR: J . Garvin


COI\IPLETIOK DATE : September 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOK

The project will investigate using the municipal effluent from the Contra Costa County S a n i t a t i o n Department wastewater treatment plant for industrial cooling towers. The CCCSD treatment plant was designed t o provide nitrogen and phosphorous removal, however, a relaxiation of the discharge standards eliminated t h a t requirement. Under the secondary treatment requirements now i n e f fec t , phosphorous and possibly s i l i c a could produce conditions conducive to the formation of scale on the heat exchanger surfaces a t lower cycles of concentration. T h i s project will specif ical ly identify, (1) wha t , i f any additional treatment steps are necessary by e i ther the municipal treatment system or by industry t o produce a reuseable water, ( 2 ) the problem.causing species of scale and the best method of removing these species, ( 3 ) the various internal chemical treatment steps on the reclaimed effluent and determine the i r effectiveness and enhancement of cycles of concentration, and ( 4 ) optimum treatment methods for recycling the reclaimed water.

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PROJECT INFOR'ATLOK

CONTRACT OR GRLYT N O . : 14-34-0001-9414

PROJECT TITLE Development of an Adapt ive F u l l S c a l e Water Recycl ing System f o r Laundry and Other Users

PERFORf1ING CRG.4YIZATION: James Keane

PRINCIP.4L Ih?T.STIG.4TOR(S) : James Keane

OKRT TECHNICAL MOKITOR: R . Madancy

START PATE: September 1979

COFlPLETIOK DATE : September 1981

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This p r o j e c t i s t o d e s i g n , b u i l d and t e s t an Adaptive Treatment System f o r r e c y c l i n g i n d u s t r i a l laundry water by u s i n g t h e Micro-Gas-Despersion p r o c e s s ( Y G D ) developed under a p r e v i o u s OIfRT r e s e a r c h e f f o r t . (Cont. 14-34-0001-8807).

The i n d u s t r i a l laundry i n d u s t r y , because o f i t s ex t remely v a r i a b l e l o a d i n g , a c t s as a c o l l e c t o r and c o n c e n t r a t o r f o r numerous t y p e s of p o l l u t a n t s from o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s . I t i s because o f t h i s f a c t t h a t t h e Adaptive MGD p r o c e s s i s b e i n g t e s t e d s i n c e t h e p r o c e s s can be a l t e r e d q u i c k l y t o meet t h e changes o f t h e incoming p o l l u t a n t s . p r o c e s s e x h i b i t s an e x t r a o r d i n a r y chemical a c t i v i t y which w i l l s t r i p o i l s , most heavy metals, and o t h e r d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s from t h e waste water streams, and deDending on t h e d e g r e e o f t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e d , y i e l d water t h a t i s r e u s e a b l e i n many d i f f e r e n t a r e a s of t h e laundry .

The MGD

Although t h e c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h emphasis i s on i n d u s t r i a l l aundry wastes, t h e MGD shows g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r t r e a t i n g o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l was tewaters f o r r e c y c l y i n g .

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I\'. PLANNING AKC hlAN.4GEVEKT ASPECTS OF REUSE

A . INSTIT11TIOK.4L, LEGAL A N ? S O C I A L

-57-

PROJECT INFORMATION






S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-7813

P u b l i c Evaluat ion of Wastewater Reuse Options i n Basin Planning

S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a , Department of Health San i t a ry Engineering Sec t ion 2151 Berkeley Way Berkeley, CA 94704

W. Bruvold J. Gaston

R. Madancy

December 1977

December 1979


The p u b l i c view of a c t u a l w a s t e w a t e r d i s p o s a l and r euse a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l be assessed. Socio-demographic and b e l i e f d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be r e l a t e d t o pe r sona l a t t i t u d e s toward reclaimed w a t e r on t h e b a s i s of c loseness of c o n t a c t , h e a l t h r i s k s , and method f o r a s s e s s i n g cos t s . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of widely accep tab le reuse a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l be sought.

Study areas s e l e c t e d w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l t o e l i c i t l o c a l i n t e r e s t and a l s o be confronted by a l t e r n a t i v e p l ans d i f f e r e n t enough t o provide real choice, a t l eas t one of which must involve high-contact reuse. Approximately 1400 i n d i v i d u a l s ranging i n age, occupat ion, educat ion, income, knowledge of reclaimed w a t e r , and use of f a c i l i t i e s supp l i ed wi th reclaimed w a t e r w i l l be po l l ed . A t t i t u d e s and b e l i e f s toward t h e use of reclaimed water t o s o l v e a v a r i e t y of problems such as t o so lve a w a t e r supply sho r t age w i l l be determined.

Differences i n reuse o p t i o n p re fe rences depending on method of c o s t and h e a l t h r i s k information p r e s e n t a t i o n w i l l be assessed. Impacts w i l l be p re sen ted t o one group i n terms of government spending and h e a l t h agency requirements , while t h e o t h e r group would be informed i n personal terms of inc reased monthly u t i l i t y b i l l s and p o s s i b l e ill h e a l t h f o r h i s immediate family. A l l information obtained w i l l be scored, ranked, and c r o s s - c o r r e l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y dominant a t t i t u d e s , b e l i e f s , and preferences.

P r o j e c t Completed F i n a l Report Avai lable from National Technical Information System PB# 299027

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14-34-0001-7814

I n s t i t u t i o n a l Barriers t o Wastewater Reuse i n Southern C a l i f o r n i a

Univers i ty of C a l i f o r n i a , Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : L. Lake R. P e r r i n e

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: T. Roefs

S T A R T DATE: November 1977

COMPLETION DATE: November 1978


The s tudy w i l l examine i n s t i t u t i o n a l b a r r i e r s t o wastewater reuse i n Ca l i fo rn ia . Economic, s o c i a l , po l i t i ca l and environmental t r a d e o f f s involved wi th w a s t e w a t e r u t i l i z a t i o n w i l l be eva lua ted by conducting case s t u d i e s . A methodology f o r implementing w a s t e w a t e r reuse p l ans employing "environmental mediation" w i l l be examined. Recommendations w i l l be made t o l o c a l w a s t e w a t e r rec lamat ion agencies and w a t e r supp l i e s t o he lp select and implement prev ious ly developed s t a t e and r eg iona l wastewater reuse p lans .

To assist case s tudy des ign , s e l e c t i o n , and execut ion, a w a s t e w a t e r r euse advisory committee w i l l be formed. Committee members w i l l i nc lude r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of s t a t e and l o c a l w a t e r supply agencies , water purveyors, p u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c i a l s , and i n t e r e s t e d groups concerned wi th water u t i l i z a t i o n and a l l o c a t i o n impacts on t h e environment and r eg iona l development.

Information c o l l e c t i o n w i l l involve p u b l i c meetings with in t e re s t -g roup repre- s e n t a t i v e s and advisory committee members, l a w reviews of water supply c o n t r a c t r e g u l a t i o n s and i n s t i t u t i o n a l arrangements. The a b i l i t i e s of l o c a l and r eg iona l agencies t o implement e x i s t i n g p l ans and i n s t i t u t i o n a l arrangements necessary t o f a c i l i t a t e s p e c i f i c reuse a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l be e s t a b l i s h e d , and economic, s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and environmental t r a d e o f f s w i l l be made.

P ro jec t Completed F i n a l Report Avai lable from Nat iona l Technical Information System PB#299027.

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PROJECT INFORMATION



14-34-0001-7816

Overcoming Legal and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Barriers t o Consumptive Reuse of Low Qua l i ty Water i n t h e Colorado River Basin.

PERFORMING ORGAN I ZAT I O N : Denver Research I n s t i t u t e Un ive r s i ty of Denver - Colorado Seminary Un ive r s i ty Park Denver, CO 80208

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : J. Mi l l iken


S T A R T DATE: October 1977

COMPLETION DATE: February 1979

PROJECT DESCRI PT ION The s tudy w i l l i d e n t i f y and examine l e g a l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l , and p o l i t i c a l b a r r i e r s t o water r euse wi th in t h e seven s ta tes of t h e Colorado River Basin. A l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n s t o overcome t h e s e barriers w i l l be eva lua ted i n terms of c o s t , economic b e n e f i t , p o l i t i c a l p o t e n t i a l , and o v e r a l l f e a s i b i l i t y of implementing t h e s e solu- t i o n s . P a r t i c u l a r emphasis w i l l be placed on overcoming o b s t a c l e s t o consumptive r euse of low-quality water.

Focused l e g a l r e s e a r c h i n t o i n t e r s t a t e - and s t a t e - s p e c i f i c w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n law and f e d e r a l and s t a t e environmental l a w s w i l l be conducted t o i d e n t i f y l e g a l barriers t o reuse. I n s t i t u t i o n a l and p o l i t i c a l o b s t a c l e s w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d through document review and comprehensive in t e rv i ews with water management o f f i c i a l s . S o c i e t a l p o s i t i o n s toward d i f f e r e n t types of w a t e r r e u s e w i l l be documented through t h e ex tens ive l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e , while w a t e r r e u s e r concerns w i l l be drawn from both in t e rv i ews and documentation.

C a s e s t u d i e s of f i v e a c t u a l o r proposed r euse p r o j e c t s w i l l be conducted t o e s t ab - l i s h t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between reuse b a r r i e r s and i n c e n t i v e s i n real s i t u a t i o n s and

I t o determine which s o l u t i o n s and s t r a t e g i e s were most u s e f u l i n promoting reuse.

S t r a t e g i e s considered w i l l i nc lude imaginat ive t a c t i c s by p rospec t ive r e u s e r s , s t r a t e g i c a c t i o n s by s t a t e w a t e r a l l o c a t o r s , and changes t o c e r t a i n s t a t u t e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r educ t ion of i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n f l i c t s by making r euse b e n e f i t s v i s i b l e t o par t ies i n c o n f l i c t over w a t e r resource development p l a n s w i l l be evaluated.

P r o j e c t Completed F i n a l Report Avai lable from National Technical Information System PB#297270.

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PROJECT INFORMATION



PERFORMING ORGAN I ZAT I O N :

14-34-0001-7815

Agr i cu l tu ra l Wastewater Reuse and S a l i n i t y Management

Univers i ty of C a l i f o r n i a C i v i l Engineering Department Berkeley, CA 94720

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : C. Scherer

OWRT T E C H N I C A L MONITOR: T. m e f s

S T A R T DATE: January 1978

COMPLETION DATE: December 1979

PROJECT DESCRI PT I O N

The p r o j e c t w i l l develop a model f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e economic v i a b i l i t y of a g r i c u l t u r a l wastewater reuse i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a San Joaquin Valley. be placed on s imultaneous cons ide ra t ion of s a l i n i t y management, s o l u t i o n t o r eg iona l drainage problems, and w a t e r conservat ion.

Emphasis w i l l

Formal q u a n t i t a t i v e s ta tements of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between app l i ed f r e s h w a t e r , i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y , d e s a l t i n g c o s t s , and a g r i c u l t u r a l wastewater d i sposa l c o s t s w i l l be developed. These r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i l l form t h e b a s i s f o r development of an engineering-economic, h y d r o s a l i n i t y model of t h e r eg iona l i r r i g a t i o n system. S p a t i a l arrangements of d e s a l t i n g f a c i l i t i e s and dra inage f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be con- s idered .

Several economic o b j e c t i v e s , i nc lud ing t o t a l c o s t minimizat ion and p r i c e s e n s i t i v e demand f o r f r e s h and reused water, w i l l be eva lua ted . A paramet r ic approach w i l l be used t o i d e n t i f y gene ra l ranges of d e s a l t i n g cost and water p r i c e ( i n t e r m s of d o l l a r s per ac re - foo t ) over which reuse by d e s a l t i n g would be economically v i ab le . A comprehensive framework i n which s o l u t i o n s t o r eg iona l s a l i n i t y problems can be eva lua ted w i l l r e s u l t .

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PROJECT INFORMATION






S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT DESCRI PT ION Nine case s t u d i e s w i l l document

14-34-0001-8819

Legal, P o l i t i c a l , and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Obstacles t o t h e Acceptance of Water Reuse P r o j e c t s

David M. Dornbusch & Company, Inc. 1736 Stockton S t r e e t San Francisco, CA 94133

D. Dornbusch

D. V la t a s

September 1978

September 1979

Legal, p o l i t i c a l , and i n s t i t u t i o n a l o b s t a c l e s t o water reuse i n t h e western United S t a t e s . The case s t u d i e s w i l l focus on s i t u a - t i o n s where r euse p roposa l s have been r e s i s t e d o r r e j e c t e d . t o overcoming t h e s e o b s t a c l e s w i l l be analyzed i n t e r m s of c o s t , p o l i t i c a l f e a s i - b i l i t y , and implementation d i f f i c u l t y .

A l t e r n a t i v e approaches

I s sues being i n v e s t i g a t e d w i l l i nc lude s e p a r a t i o n of w a t e r supply and sewerage agencies , water q u a l i t y and h e a l t h s t anda rds , water r i g h t s , c o n f l i c t over competing water r euses , urban growth c o n t r o l , stream w a t e r q u a l i t y and c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t in- terests , and o t h e r i s s u e s i d e n t i f i e d by involved p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s . Based on analy- s is of t h i s information, p r a c t i c a l gu ide l ines €o r a n t i c i p a t i n g l e g a l , p o l i t i c a l , and i n s t i t u t i o n a l problems and f o r implementing programs l ead ing t o w a t e r r euse program acceptance w i l l be developed. The g u i d e l i n e s w i l l emphasize methods and t iming f o r developing p r o j e c t s so t h a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l i s s u e s can be addressed simultaneously with eng inee r ing and t e c h n i c a l planning.

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PROJECT INFORMATION


PROJECT T I T L E :

PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N :

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):


START DATE :

COMPLETION DATE :

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The purpose of t h i s r e s e a r c h

14- 34-0001- 94 55

Legal L i a b i l i t y of Reclaimed Water System P r o p r i e t o r s

Brown and Caldwell 150 South Arroyo Parkway Pasadena, C a l i f o r n i a 91109

Z i e t z e w

D. Vlatas

J a n u a r y 1980

July 1980

o j e c t i t o i n v e s t i g a t e t e n t i a l l e g a l i s s u e s t h a t may impose l i a b i l i t y on p r o p r i e t o r s of rec la imed water sys tems under e x i s t i n g c i v i l l a w i n t h e a r i d s ta tes . Legal i s s u e s t o be explored i n c l u d e product l i a b i l i t y , n e g l i g e n c e and b reach of e x p r e s s and impl ied warran ty . f o r any i n j u r i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h water r euse .

P r o p r i e t o r s of mun ic ipa l water sys tems maw Be M d lqallv liable

P r o s p e c t i v e p l a i n t i f f s and de fendan t s w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d under each p o t e n t i a l c a u s e of a c t i o n . Model r e g u l a t o r y p rocedures and l e g i s l a t i v e enac tments w i l l be proposed t h a t w i l l a c h i e v e e q u i t y , p r o t e c t t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h and minimize exposure t o c i v i l l i a b i l i t y .

-64-

PROJECT 1NFOF.NATION

CONTRACT OR GR4NT NO.

PROJECT TITLE:

PERFORjIING ORGAl'IZATION:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):


STATE DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project is to conduct

14-34-0001-9424

Legal and Institutional Barriers to the Development and Utilization of Water Reuse Programs in the Kels England Region

Bracken, Selig and Baram 33 Iilount Vernon Street Boston, Ma. 02108

M. Baram J. R. Miyares

D. Vlatas

September 1979

June 1980

legal research into the statutes, regulations, - - and case law of four New Englind states in order to identify and assess legal and institutional barriers to the reuse of water f o r supplementing the existing water supply.

The results of this legal research will be used to develop strategies to overcome existing legal and institutional barriers in the New England region. Successful results could foster the practical application of water reuse programs in an environment of both intese urbanization and rural development, at a time prior to widespread vatkr shortapes.

-65-

E . NOEEL DEVELOPYENT AND A P P L I C A T I O N

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PROJECT INFORKAT LON

CONTRACT OR GRAXT N O . : 14-34-0001-9417

PROJECT TITLE : Water Reuse: A C r i t i c a l Review f o r a ? l a jo r Urban Center

PERFOR\IING CRGANIZATION: Memphis S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Department o f Engineer ing Ilemohis, Tennessee 38152

PRIXCIP.AL Ih?'ESTIGf\TOR(S) : J . Smith

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: T . Roefs

START DATE: J u l y 1979

CONPLETION DATE : September 1980

PROJECT DESCRIPTIOK

The r e s e a r c h w i l l c r i t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e t h e v a r i o u s d e c i s i o n f a c t o r s which e n t e r i n t o an e v a l u a t i o n of water r e u s e i n a major urban c e n t e r (Memphis). Data c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s w i l l b e d i r e c t e d toward an a n a l y t i c a l model which could be a p p l i e d i n o t h e r geograph ica l l o c a t i o n s . Inpu t from an adv i so ry board composed of i n d u s t r i a l and community l e a d e r s w i l l be f a c t o r e d i n t o t h e model. Water u s e r a t e s and q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t s w i l l b e developed. Water ava i l ' ab le f o r r e u s e w i l l be q u a n t i f i e d and used i n t h e r e u s e model. Non-technical i s s u e s will a l s o be e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e s tudy a r e a and en te red i n t o t h e model.

Water r e u s e has g e n e r a l l y been cons idered where " f r e sh" water w a s i n l i m i t e d supply and/or of h igh c o s t . t h e s e a r e a s have some b i a s due t o t h e need f a c t o r . Some e f f o r t s have been expended toward recharRe of ground water systems over a prolonged t ime p e r i o d t o r e p l e n i s h t h e supp ly . t h a t a major impact of water conse rva t ion could be made by r e u s e i n t h e urban , wa te r p l e n t i f u l , a r e a s , t h e proposed r e s e a r c h w i l l a t t empt t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e c r i t e r i a germaine t o a r e u s e d e c i s i o n i n an urban environment . T e s t i n g such c r i t e r i a i n t h e Memphis a r e a where e x c e l l e n t q u a l i t y ground water i s abundant ly a v a i l a b l e w i l l p rov ide one of t h e more s e v e r e t e s t cases i n t h e n a t i o n .

Accordingly, r e s u l t s of s t u d i e s f o r

However, o p e r a t i n g under t h e theo ry

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PROJECT INFORMATION


PROJECT TITLE:

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S) :


START DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

14- 34-0001-9423

Development of Methodology f o r Evaluat ing In t eg ra t ed Water Reuse/ Water Supply/Waste Treatment A l t e r n a t i v e s

Water Resources Center Desert Research I n s t i t u t e Univers i ty of Nevada System Reno, Nevada 89506

G. Cochran J. Fordham

T. Roefs

September 1979

February 1981

This p r o j e c t w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e water r e u s e and conserva t ion as a means of expanding water s u p p l i e s t o provide f o r growing water needs.

A methodology is proposed t o develop opt imal s t r a t e g i e s f o r water r e u s e and conse rva t ion w i t h i n t h e con tex t of the t o t a l w a t e r r e source supply and demand system cons ider ing both water q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y . r e source system w i l l be considered us ing t h e ' t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ' model i n l i n e a r programming wi th a p p r o p r i a t e mod i f i ca t ions t o d e p i c t sources , uses , t rea tment , r e u s e and u l t i m a t e d i s p o s a l of water and wastewater. The model w i l l be s t r u c t u r e d t o opt imize t h e system conf igu ra t ion and flows whi le minimizing c o s t s and meeting growing demands. The model i s t o be s o cons t ruc ted t h a t t i m e dependent processes such as streamflows, s t o r a g e and inc reas ing demands are e x p l i c i t l y considered by l i n k i n g i n time single time per iod f low networks. The i n i t i a l focus of t h e r e sea rch w i l l be on develop- mentof t h e methodologies working on a s i m p l i f i e d hypo the t i ca l problem. The second s t a g e w i l l e n t a i l applying t h e s e methodologies t o t h e Carson Ci ty , Nevada area t o t e s t t h e model by d i r e c t l y cons ider ing t h e Carson Ci ty water supply and wastewater t rea tment t o assess t h e r e u s e and conser- v a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i n meeting f u t u r e needs.

The water

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I

PROJECT ISFORblATIOS

COYTMCT OR GR4:;T NO. :

PROJECT TITLE:

PERFORMING ORGAN1 ZATIOS :

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (S) :

OIVRT TECKYICAL NONITOR:

START DATE:

COMP LET I OK DATE :

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

14-34-0001-9438

Development and Application of a Model for Planning Optional Water Reuse

University of Texas Austin, Texas 78712

L. Mays

T. Roefs

November 1979

November 1981

The objective of this research is focused on developing a water reuse planning model for use in determining the optimum reuse of wastewaters on a regional basis, minimizing the overall cost of water supply. Wastewaters from all use sectors, along with fresh water, would be considered as candidate sources or origins of water for other elements within the use sector and also for elements of other use sectors. model is for use in determining the best planning of future treatment systems to indicate the number, size, location and degree of treatment, based upon growth patterns and planning scenarios. of scale in treatment and transportation. Quality parameters of various sources of flows will be explicitly considered. Recycling of water among many possible treatment processes, users, and disposal sites is explicitly considered within the framework of choosing among recycling combinations. The model will be applicable to large scale systems. be used to assess various planning scenarios and the imports of new technologies, legal constraints, and other factors.

Another aspect of the

The model would allow for economies

Such a model may also

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PROJECT INFORMATION






S T A R T DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:

14-34-0001-8824

Development of Chemical and B io log ica l Submodels f o r U s e i n Ground Water Transport Simulat ions.

S tanford Univers i ty Stanford, CA 94305

G. Parks P. Roberts

T. Roefs

September 1978

August 1980


The p r o j e c t w i l l develop gene ra l i zed mathematical models t o p r e d i c t t h e t r a n s p o r t of chemically and b i o l o g i c a l l y r e a c t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t s through s o i l s and aqu i f e r s . A s y n t h e s i s of phys i ca l and b io logica l /chemica l t r a n s p o r t p rocess models w i l l be provided.

A series of chemical and b i o l o g i c a l submodels w i l l be incorpora ted i n t o a mathematical model of areal , two-dimensional convect ive-dispers ive t r a n s p o r t of contaminants i n j e c t e d i n t o ground w a t e r basins . Submodels t o be b u i l t w i l l inc lude ion-exchange, adso rp t ion , p r e c i p i t a t i o n - d i s s o l u t i o n , ox ida t ion- reduct ion , and s u b s t r a t e u t i l i z a t i o n by b a c t e r i a l biof i l m s . Their cons t ruc t ion w i l l be governed i n p a r t by t h e i r performance i n a t r a n s p o r t s imula t ion v e r i f i e d from da ta gathered i n t h e Palo Alto Baylands P ro jec t . The f i n a l genera l ized s imula t ion models f o r ground water contaminant t r a n s p o r t w i l l be q u a n t i t a t i v e l y accu ra t e over a wide range of aqu i f e r s .

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C . FCCSO!;IC .4S.ALYSIS

-73-

PROJECT INFORMATION



14-34-0001-8820

Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Program of Economic Incen t ives f o r Consumptive Reuse of Low-Quality Water i n t h e Colorado River Basin.

PERFORMING ORGAN I ZAT I O N : Denver Research I n s t i t u t e Univers i ty of Denver - Colorado Seminary Univers i ty P a r k Denver, CO 80208

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : J. ~ i l l i k e n

L. Lohman




PROJECT DESCRI PT ION A bene f i t - cos t a n a l y s i s w i l l be developed t o de f ine a program of economic incen t ives t o promote t h e reuse of low-quality w a t e r on a compet i t ive b a s i s with o t h e r Colorado River Basin water sources . The a n a l y s i s w i l l i nc lude a d d i t i o n a l t rea tment c o s t s f o r r euse of low-qual i ty w a t e r compared wi th one-time use of h igher q u a l i t y water and loca t ion , s i t i n g , o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s t o o b t a i n t h e water.

A l i t e r a t u r e sea rch w i l l be conducted t o assemble d a t a f o r t h e c o s t s of consumptive use of low-qual i ty water and t h e b e n e f i t s r e s u l t i n g from w a t e r q u a l i t y improvement. Ex i s t ing d a t a on pena l ty c o s t s of s a l i n i t y and on t h e p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s of s a l i n i t y reduct ion w i l l be supplemented by in te rv iews with s t a t e and l o c a l o f f i c a l s and water- u se r o rgan iza t ions i n t h e Colorado River Basin. Concurrent ly , t h e p o t e n t i a l c o s t s of reuse w i l l be ga thered from a survey of w a t e r u se r s . The economic da ta w i l l be used t o develop a program of economic incen t ives l i k e l y t o s t i m u l a t e an inc rease i n consumptive reuse . An i n c e n t i v e program t h a t appears both f e a s i b l e and e f f e c t i v e w i l l be s e l e c t e d and used as a b a s i s f o r bene f i t - cos t a n a l y s i s , t a k i n g a n a t i o n a l viewpoint.

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P R O J E C T I N F O R K A T I O N




14-34-0001-8818

The Input-Output Water Balance Model- Applicat ion t o Water Reuse Planning

Colorado S t a t e Univers i ty Department of C i v i l Engineer ing For t C o l l i n s , CO 80523

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : D. Hendricks


S T A R T DATE: September

COMPLETION DATE: August 198

978


The p r o j e c t w i l l demonstrate t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of a l r eady developed input-output water balance models t o r e g i o n a l water use planning. U t i l i z i n g systems engineer ing concepts, t h e e x t e n t t o which r euse exchanges can a s s u r e u s e r s of f u t u r e access t o primary water s u p p l i e s i n a s p e c i f i c l o c a l i t y w i l l be a sce r t a ined . Empir ical da ta from t h r e e nes ted input-output w a t e r balance model demonstrat ions provid ing in- c r eas ing l e v e l s of r e s o l u t i o n w i l l be used.

Data w i l l be drawn from models of t h e South P l a t t e River Basin, t h e Cache La Poudre River Sub-basin, and t h e C i t y of For t Co l l in s , Colorado. Recycle reuse and sequen- t i a l reuse a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d , descr ibed , and r e l a t e d t o planning ob- j e c t i v e s wi th in t h e con tex t of a l a r g e , complex water supply-use system involv ing w a t e r resources development p r o j e c t s , app ropr i a t ions of water , waste d ischarges , streamflow minimums, exchanges of w a t e r , etc. The f e a s i b i l i t y of u t i l i z i n g a g r i - cu l tura l -urban water exchanges t o provide South P la t t e -F ron t Range use r s with primary water supp l i e s w i l l be de l inea ted . Furthermore, t h e e x t e n t t o which f u t u r e urban water demands can be met by such reuse exchange schemes w i l l be de- f ined .

P r o j e c t ou tput w i l l s e rve a s a guide f o r a p p l i c a t i o n of input-output models t o water reuse planning s t u d i e s i n o t h e r a reas . The use mat r ices showing water reuse t r a n s f e r and p o s i t i v e o r nega t ive " s ide e f f ec t s ' ' o r o t h e r nonquant i f iab le considera- t i o n s w i l l be h ighl ighted .

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PROJECT INFORMATION




14-34-0001-8817

I n d u s t r i a l Wastewater Reuse : Cost Analysis and P r i c i n g S t r a t e g i e s

James M. Montgomery Consul t ing Engineers, Inc. 555 E a s t Walnut S t r e e t Pasadena, CA 91101

P R I N C I P A L I N V E S T I G A T O R ( S ) : R. T r u s s e l l N. Hixson

OWRT TECHNICAL MONITOR: D. Vla tas

S T A R T DATE: August 1978

COMPLETION DATE: August 1979

PROJECT DESCRI PTION This research w i l l determine t h e economic t r a d e o f f s involved i n widespread implementation of i n d u s t r i a l use of reclaimed w a t e r . A methodology w i l l be developed t o a s s o c i a t e reclaimed w a t e r wi th large-volume i n d u s t r i a l u s e r s and t o a l l o c a t e implementation c o s t s among p a r t i c i p a n t s , thereby opt imiz ing resource u t i l i z a t i o n . Major i n d u s t r i a l reuse a p p l i c a t i o n s t c be considered w i l l be cool ing water and b o i l e r make-up water.

I n i t i a l l y , t h e r e sea rch w i l l i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c u s e r s of i n d u s t r i a l water and w i l l determine c o s t func t ions app l i cab le t o t h e use r and t h e appropr i a t e water purveyor. U s e r c a t egor i e s w i l l be developed based on c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d wi th d i f f e r e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y requirements and on ind iv idua l u se r problems such as scale formation, con- densate contamination, co r ros ion , and hea t t r a n s f e r e f f i c i e n c y dec l ine .

An a n a l y t i c a l model w i l l i nco rpora t e t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o provide a tool f o r eva lua t ion of i n c r e a s i n g w a t e r supp l i e s while reducing d i sposa l needs r e l a t i v e t o t h e c o s t s i ncu r red by use r s and s u p p l i e r s of reclaimed water. This model w i l l be app l i ed t o s e v e r a l reuse case s t u d i e s t o t e s t , r e f i n e and v a l i d a t e t h e prev ious ly def ined economic r e l a t i o n s h i p s between use r , purveyor, and waste t rea tment agency. A formal methodology f o r use of t h e model w i l l be developed, and recommendations w i l l be made f o r i t s use as a management t o o l t o i d e n t i f y u s e r s , a l l o c a t e c o s t s , and cons ider funding mechanisms such t h a t t h e b e n e f i t s of implementing i n d u s t r i a l w a t e r reuse w i l l be maximized.

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OWRT Water Reuse Research And Development Program ... · Technology for Treatment of Wastewaters for Reuse. ..... 5 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Water ... Water Reclamation

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