Ownership, Ego, Ownership, Ego, Sharing, Sharing, and Counterfeiting and Counterfeiting Russell W. Belk Russell W. Belk University of Utah, USA University of Utah, USA Lancaster University Lancaster University Management School (visiting) Management School (visiting)
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Ownership, Ego, Sharing, and Counterfeiting Russell W. Belk University of Utah, USA Lancaster University Management School (visiting)
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Ownership, Ego, Ownership, Ego, Sharing,Sharing,
and Counterfeitingand Counterfeiting
Ownership, Ego, Ownership, Ego, Sharing,Sharing,
and Counterfeitingand CounterfeitingRussell W. BelkRussell W. Belk
University of Utah, USAUniversity of Utah, USALancaster University Lancaster University
Management School (visiting)Management School (visiting)
What (if anything) is wrong with buying a fake
Luis Vuitton Handbag?
Is counterfeiting new?
Brand forgery is newest
Preceded by Money forgery
Preceded by Art forgery
Preceded by Notions of Specific Individuals as the sources of art
Preceded by the Rise of Possessive Individualism (at least in some cultures)
All of Which are Preceded by Notions of Sharing
Premise: Counterfeiting is an unauthorized sharing of brands
Sharing: An Alternative to
Private Ownership
• Also Includes– Voluntary lending– Contractual renting– Gift-giving– Pooling & allocation of resources– Authorized use of public property– Unauthorized use by theft, vandalism,
or trespass
[Fan Tin Tsuen No. 250
Opening Hours: Noon-4 a. m.
Outside catering order
Phone # 24713184]
What we Share• We can share things, places,
people, pets, ideas, values, time, affection, animosity
• Excludes non-volitional coincidence involving things we don’t own or control– “Sharing” a common place of birth– “Sharing” a language– “Sharing” a set of experiences
Sharing Defined• The act and process of giving or losing what is
ours to others for their use • The act and process of receiving or taking
something from others for our use • When we share what we feel is ours, others
come to feel it is at least partly theirs to use• Use may be for an indefinite or prescribed
period & for another’s exclusive use or for use by us as well as others
• Givers and receivers can be individuals or groups
• Distribution may or may not make the access to things more equal
Cultural Influences• Sharing, possession, & ownership are
all culturally learned behaviors• In the West, possession & ownership
learned first; sharing, fairness, justice later
• Australian aborigines learn sharing first– Vestigial effect from nomadic past– Led to difficulties with private cars & VCRs
• Culture also prescribes what is selfish vs. altruistic, generous vs. stingy, & fair vs. unfair
Mixed Effects of Sharing
• Recipient can feel grateful or hostile• We may feel we get our fair share, more, or
less• Can reduce envy & foster feelings of
community or create dependency & feelings of inferiority
• We may see sharing as a sincere effort to help or a sop
• Can take place within excess or insufficiency• We may share broadly or narrowly
Impediments to Sharing
• Feelings of object attachment• Cathecting objects as part of extended self
(e.g., body organs)• Materialism
– The importance attached to possessions– Components: envy, possessiveness, non-generosity– Accounts of materialism in 4 cultures
• E.g., Christmas giving– From broad charitable giving– To narrow giving with the family
Sharing & the Museum Without Walls
• Fine art is Finite• But it can be broadly distributed
– Art Museums– Inexpensive copies
• What is the problem here?– Benjamin’s loss of “aura”– Denigrating reproduction, fraud, fake,
forgery– Status hierarchies – e.g, Visiting Luxor in
Egypt vs. Las Vegas, vs. books, Internet & postcards
Incentives to Share Intangibles
• Some of “our” intangibles are not legally ours – a view, an aisle seat, “our” song
• Other intangibles may be our property – ideas, designs, & various creations– Academic ideas – ours vs. plagiarized– Presenting & publishing = sharing– It also = the way to make them ours– We should give them rather than sell them– We are more apt to share with doctoral students– But sharing raw data = less likely – Others may admire our garden, but may not borrow
our tools, seeds, & potting soil
Sharing without Losing• A song, joke, body, digital files• Copies of books, journals, or videos• The online gift economy
– Linux, Napster, freeware– BBSs, chat rooms, web sites
• Why share in these virtual communities?– Keeping while giving (Weiner)– Cheap altruism (Coyne)– Utilitarianism– True hi-tech gift economy
Intangible Sharing Communities
• Marker goods• Sports fans, music fans, brand cults• Proselytizing & recruiting members• Feeling of minority status,
persecution, & uniqueness• iPod?
Case in Point:The Grateful Dead
• Long known for “tapers” freely trading (not selling) concert tapes
• Evolved into digital downloading• But in late November, 2005, GD did an
about face & told Live Music Archive to stop making it available
• Fan uproar caused a partial reversal• But GD already suggested shift
– From Internet as cornucopia– To Internet as pay-per-play jukebox
Brand Grateful Dead
• “The Dead had created an anarchy of trust, going not by statute but by instinct and turning fans into co-conspirators, spreading their music and buying tickets, T-shirts and official CD’s to show their loyalty. The new approach…changes that relationship….The change also downgrades fans into the customers they were all along. It removes…brand value from the Dead’s legacy by reducing them to one more band with products to sell” (Jon Pareles, “The Dead’s Gamble: Free Music for Sale” NYT, December 3, 2005.
Incentives to Share Tangibles
• School boys/girls sharing clothing• Leveraged lifestyles
– Lease vs. buy car– RealNetwork’s Rhapsody– Blockbuster, Netflix