OVERVIEW OVERVIEW The Seven The Seven Technological Technological Ages of Ages of Man Man
Jan 11, 2016
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
The Seven The Seven Technological Ages ofTechnological Ages of
ManMan
Technological Ages of ManTechnological Ages of Man
Man, The Hunter, Masters FireMan, The Hunter, Masters FireThe Farmer, The Smith, The WheelThe Farmer, The Smith, The WheelThe First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age Intimations of AutomationIntimations of AutomationThe Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of SteamThe Freedom of Internal CombustionThe Freedom of Internal CombustionElectron ControlledElectron Controlled
THE FIRST AGETHE FIRST AGE
Man, The Hunter, Masters FireMan, The Hunter, Masters Fire
Man, Hunter, Masters FireMan, Hunter, Masters Fire
Material AgesMaterial AgesEarly ToolsEarly ToolsFireFireStone Age ToolsStone Age Tools
Material AgesMaterial AgesEolithic Dawn Stone Age < 10,000,000 ybp origins of tool making
Lower Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 5,000,000 ybp Itinerant hunter tribeshand axes widespread
Middle Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 500,000 ybp
Upper Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 35,000 ybp origins of blade technology
Mesolithic Middle Stone Age < 12,000 BC
Neolithic New Stone Age < 6,000 BC agrarian revolutionbeginnings of towns
Aeneolithic Bronze Age < 3,000 BC copper articles in EgyptTin in Mesopotamia
Iron Age < 1,500 BC
Early ToolsEarly Tools
Pre - Homo erectus / SapiensPre - Homo erectus / SapiensRamepithecusRamepithecus
14,000,000 ybp - No Tools14,000,000 ybp - No ToolsRelated to great apesRelated to great apes
AustralopithecenesAustralopithecenes2,500,000 ybp - Walked upright2,500,000 ybp - Walked uprightTaung Man, Oldurai Gorge, TanzaniaTaung Man, Oldurai Gorge, TanzaniaDr. Louis Leakey (1925)Dr. Louis Leakey (1925)
Basalt Side-ChopperBasalt Side-Chopper
FireFire
Making FireMaking FireHomo-erectus (600,000 BC)Homo-erectus (600,000 BC)Charcoal layers in caves, China Charcoal layers in caves, China Man’s greatest accomplishment ?Man’s greatest accomplishment ?Tasmanian & Andamanese tribesTasmanian & Andamanese tribes
Using FireUsing FireMeteors, volcanoes, spontaneous combustion, Meteors, volcanoes, spontaneous combustion,
etc.etc.Early tribal societies tended a fireEarly tribal societies tended a fire
Fire (continued)Fire (continued)
Uses of FireUses of FireWarmth, cooking, protection, curingWarmth, cooking, protection, curingFocus of tribal lifeFocus of tribal lifeHollowing out logsHollowing out logsFiring pots, bricks, tilesFiring pots, bricks, tilesExtraction of copper & ironExtraction of copper & ironWorking of tools, weapons, ornamentsWorking of tools, weapons, ornamentsBases of metallurgical erasBases of metallurgical erasMaking of glassMaking of glass
Fire (continued)Fire (continued)
Making FireMaking Fire Impacting flint and iron or iron pyritesImpacting flint and iron or iron pyrites
Occurred by chance ?Occurred by chance ?Needs addition of fuelNeeds addition of fuel
Generation of heat from frictionGeneration of heat from frictionHard stick (fire drill)Hard stick (fire drill)Softwood block (hearth)Softwood block (hearth)Intellectual - addition of weight, string, bowIntellectual - addition of weight, string, bow
Fire DrillsFire Drills
First elementary machines ?First elementary machines ? Multi-componentsMulti-components Translation to rotationTranslation to rotation Mechanical advantage with flywheelMechanical advantage with flywheel Bow later turned lathes in Iron ageBow later turned lathes in Iron age Bow later used as a weapon in late Stone Bow later used as a weapon in late Stone
age (Tunisia)age (Tunisia) First engineers ?First engineers ?
Fire Drills (continued)Fire Drills (continued)
Stone Age ToolsStone Age Tools
PropertiesPropertiesDensity, hardness, durabilityDensity, hardness, durabilitySelf-sharpening in some instancesSelf-sharpening in some instancesDifficult to manufactureDifficult to manufacture
First Industry ? First Industry ? Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp)Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp)Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)
Stone Age Tools (continued)Stone Age Tools (continued)
ChronologyChronologyPebble tools (2,600,000 ybp)Pebble tools (2,600,000 ybp)Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp)Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp)
Pebbles and quarried natural rock
Blade tools (< 35,000 BC)Blade tools (< 35,000 BC)Flakes of flint, chert, or obsidianVariants are gravers, shaves, planes, drills
Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC)Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC)Region dependent (basalt & epidiorite)Peaked before Bronze age
Stone Age Tools (continued)Stone Age Tools (continued)
Production ProcessesProduction ProcessesBasic core and flake toolsBasic core and flake tools
Pressure flakingPercussion flakingHighly skilled trade (industry ?)
Grinding and polishingGrinding and polishingWetted sandstone or similarSand was used as abrasive powderFinal burnishing with a skin/hide
THE SECOND AGETHE SECOND AGE
The Farmer, The Smith, The Farmer, The Smith,
The WheelThe Wheel
Farmer, Smith, WheelFarmer, Smith, Wheel
Social influences of copper and ironSocial influences of copper and iron The Common groundThe Common ground The wheelThe wheel GlassGlass GearingGearing Early machines in EgyptEarly machines in Egypt Greece & RomeGreece & Rome The Dark agesThe Dark ages
IntroductionIntroduction
Nomadic hunter to agricultural villagerNomadic hunter to agricultural villagerEnd of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)Wild wheat and goat grass Wild wheat and goat grass Wheat, barley, & millet was harvestedWheat, barley, & millet was harvested
Villages grew to citiesVillages grew to citiesreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brickreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick
Animals were domesticatedAnimals were domesticated Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)
Social Influences of Social Influences of Copper & IronCopper & Iron
CauseCause Copper and Bronze were Copper and Bronze were
expensiveexpensive Skill CraftsmanSkill Craftsman Metals were used for Metals were used for
ornamentsornaments Society was a hierarchySociety was a hierarchy Ironmaking & forging Ironmaking & forging
was complexwas complex Iron was inexpensiveIron was inexpensive
EffectEffect Metal tools expensiveMetal tools expensive Farmers used wood, Farmers used wood,
stone, & bone toolsstone, & bone tools Elitist SocietyElitist Society Small agricultural Small agricultural
surplusessurpluses Democratic metalDemocratic metal IRON AGEIRON AGE
The Common GroundThe Common Ground
Metallurgy became the common groundMetallurgy became the common groundSociety needed foodSociety needed foodFarming community needed toolsFarming community needed toolsMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Construction of Furnaces & CruciblesConstruction of Furnaces & CruciblesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesTransportation (wheel !) industry grewTransportation (wheel !) industry grew
PloughPlough
Not possible in Copper ageNot possible in Copper age Improvement of hoe for tillingImprovement of hoe for tillingCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughAnimal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)
Egyptian Hand Digging Egyptian Hand Digging Instrument (1500 BC)Instrument (1500 BC)
Tools From Early MetallurgyTools From Early Metallurgy
PloughPloughCopper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC)Copper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC) Iron nails used in shipsIron nails used in shipsWoodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)
The WheelThe Wheel
Used for transporting heavy loadsUsed for transporting heavy loadsEvolved from potters wheelEvolved from potters wheelFirst was stone ?First was stone ?Solid wood Solid wood SpokedSpokedAxle - Egyptian war chariotAxle - Egyptian war chariot
Transporting Heavy LoadsTransporting Heavy Loads
StretcherStretcher
SledgeSledge
Ur (3,500 BC)Ur (3,500 BC)
MercuragoMercurago
MercuragoMercurago
Egyptian (1500 BC)Egyptian (1500 BC)
Assyrian (700 BC)Assyrian (700 BC)
Greek (400 BC)Greek (400 BC)
Etruscan (400 BC)Etruscan (400 BC)
Roman (300 BC)Roman (300 BC)
Etruscan (300 BC)Etruscan (300 BC)
Plaustrum (200 BC)Plaustrum (200 BC)
Roman (100 AD)Roman (100 AD)
LeonardoLeonardo
Pneumatic Studded (1907)Pneumatic Studded (1907)
GearingGearing
PurposesPurposesFriction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)Friction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)MaterialsMaterials
Wood - large units transmitting powerWood - large units transmitting powerbronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomybronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy
Lanthorne & trundleLanthorne & trundleHelical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)
Early Machines in EgyptEarly Machines in Egypt
Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Lever (3000 BC)Lever (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsPulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsScrewScrew
ChineseChinese
Cast iron (350 BC)Cast iron (350 BC)13 centuries before the west13 centuries before the west
Double-acting box bellowsDouble-acting box bellows Steel (100 BC)Steel (100 BC) Papermaking (100 AD)Papermaking (100 AD) GunpowderGunpowder Little technology transfer to west despite Little technology transfer to west despite
“Silk Road”“Silk Road”
GreeceGreece
Heavily dependent on slaves Heavily dependent on slaves Great buildersGreat buildersArchitectureArchitectureScientists instead of technologistsScientists instead of technologists
Mathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyMathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyNot great inventorsNot great inventorsArchimedesArchimedes
Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)0.5 horsepower0.5 horsepower
Architecture - ParthenonArchitecture - Parthenon
Horizontal WaterwheelHorizontal Waterwheel
RomanRomanHeavily dependent on slavesHeavily dependent on slavesVertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)
3.0 horsepower3.0 horsepowerBridges & roadsBridges & roadsAqueducts Aqueducts Water usageWater usage
270 liters per person per day270 liters per person per dayLead pipesLead pipesFall of Roman empireFall of Roman empire
Vertical WaterwheelVertical Waterwheel
Roads & BridgesRoads & Bridges
AqueductsAqueducts
Dark AgesDark Ages Fall of Roman empire (450 AD)Fall of Roman empire (450 AD)
Contact between Rome and Britain endedContact between Rome and Britain endedRoman roads, bridges & aqueducts diedRoman roads, bridges & aqueducts died
Societies depended less on slavesSocieties depended less on slaves England (250 people per watermill)England (250 people per watermill)
Early applicationsEarly applicationsCorn milling, beer making, forge hammers and bellows
Later applicationsLater applicationswater lifting & irrigation, saw mills, lathe drives, wire
drawing
Dark Ages (continued)Dark Ages (continued)
Wind Power (1100 AD)Wind Power (1100 AD)Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)Tower Mill (1300 AD)Tower Mill (1300 AD)Netherlands (1500 AD)Netherlands (1500 AD)
AgricultureAgricultureHorse collarHorse collarNailed iron horseshoesNailed iron horseshoesheavy wheeled plough and harrowheavy wheeled plough and harrow
Dark Ages (continued)Dark Ages (continued)
TextilesTextilesRope driven spinning wheelRope driven spinning wheelWeaving technologies (1300 AD)Weaving technologies (1300 AD)
Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD)Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD)Start of a period of higher learningStart of a period of higher learningBeginning of engineering discipline ?Beginning of engineering discipline ?
THE THIRD AGETHE THIRD AGE
The First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age
The First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age
TimekeepingTimekeepingOpticsOpticsCrankCrankPrintPrint
TimekeepingTimekeeping
ChronologyChronology
Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC)Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC)ObeliskObeliskSundialSundialWaterclockWaterclockSandglassSandglassMechanical / PendulumMechanical / PendulumElectronicElectronic
GnomonGnomon
Sundial / ObeliskSundial / Obelisk
Problems with GnomonProblems with GnomonThin short rodThin short rodDid not work at different latitudesDid not work at different latitudes
length and direction of shadow varied
Exact position of sun’s centerExact position of sun’s centerPlaced perpendicular to groundPlaced perpendicular to ground
needs to be perpendicular with axis of rotation
Waterclocks & SandglassesWaterclocks & Sandglasses
Reset periodicallyReset periodicallyEnvironment dependenceEnvironment dependenceVariations with ageVariations with age InaccurateInaccurate
Vitruvius (150 BC)Vitruvius (150 BC)
SchottSchott
CingaleseCingalese
Sand-glassSand-glass
Mechanical ClockMechanical ClockRegulating deviceRegulating device
Creates oscillationsCreates oscillationsNeeds energy to stop from running downNeeds energy to stop from running down
weight or spring (watch)
Distribution mechanismDistribution mechanismSupplies energy in correct amount and at correct timeSupplies energy in correct amount and at correct timeHolds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct Holds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct
time - escapementtime - escapement Indexing & GearingIndexing & Gearing
Translates time to spaceTranslates time to space
Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria
Verge & FoliotVerge & Foliot
Anchor EscapementAnchor Escapement
Standard Weight ClockStandard Weight Clock
Alarm ClockAlarm Clock
Pendulum ClockPendulum Clock
Isochronous motionIsochronous motionGalileo (1583)Galileo (1583)Vincenzo (1649)Vincenzo (1649)Huygens (1675) & Robert HookeHuygens (1675) & Robert Hooke
Regulating hair springRegulating hair spring
Pendulum ClockPendulum Clock
Huygens (1675)Huygens (1675)Regulating spiralRegulating spiral
Giovani di Dondi (1364)Giovani di Dondi (1364)
Electronic / AtomicElectronic / Atomic
pico-secondpico-second ElectronicElectronic
quartz crystal produces a constant current quartz crystal produces a constant current when excitedwhen excited
compressed to produce constant frequencycompressed to produce constant frequency AtomicAtomic
Excitations of electrons in Caesium moleculeExcitations of electrons in Caesium molecule
Caesium Atomic clockCaesium Atomic clock
OpticsOptics TelescopeTelescope
Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)By accident - no knowledge of opticsBy accident - no knowledge of opticsManufactured & sold in London (1609)Manufactured & sold in London (1609)
MicroscopeMicroscopeInventor unknownInventor unknown
Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)
Surveyors quadrant (1631)Surveyors quadrant (1631)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)
CrankCrank
Conversion of rotary & reciprocating Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motionsmotions
Cam - Hero of AlexandriaCam - Hero of AlexandriaCrank & connecting rod (1430)Crank & connecting rod (1430)
Crank & Connecting RodCrank & Connecting Rod
PrintPrint
Greatest invention of Middle agesGreatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)
Invention of paper reached Germany in about Invention of paper reached Germany in about 13201320
Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten ironplate, pour molten iron
Development of inksDevelopment of inks First book (Caxton, 1474)First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in EuropeBy 1500, 1050 presses in Europe
Screw PressScrew Press
THE FOURTH AGETHE FOURTH AGE
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Coinage - first mass production ?Coinage - first mass production ?Factory systemFactory system Interchangeability of componentsInterchangeability of componentsA computer too earlyA computer too early
CoinageCoinage
As early as 600 BCAs early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000)Coin Blanks (1000)
Sheet of metal, hammered, then cutSheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500)Bramante (Florence, 1500)
Utilized screw pressUtilized screw pressRolling millsRolling mills
Boulton (Soho, 1797)Boulton (Soho, 1797)Utilized power from steam engineUtilized power from steam engine
Factory SystemFactory System
Began with print shops and mintsBegan with print shops and mintsTextile industry (late 1700’s)Textile industry (late 1700’s)
Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)
Primarily operated by steamPrimarily operated by steam
Factory System (continued)Factory System (continued) Industrial citiesIndustrial cities
Coal and oil in addition to steamCoal and oil in addition to steamNo need to locate industry by a riverNo need to locate industry by a riverBritainBritain
Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham
Metal-working industriesMetal-working industriesMachines create more machinesMachines create more machineslathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing,
grinding, & gear-cuttinggrinding, & gear-cutting
James Watt’s Micrometer James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)(1772)
Henry Maudslay’s Screw Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)Cutting Lathe (1797)
Interchangeability of Interchangeability of ComponentsComponents
Beginning of mass productionBeginning of mass production LocksLocks
Joseph Bramah (1790)Joseph Bramah (1790)Required accuracy in productionRequired accuracy in productionBarrel of lock fits casing of anotherBarrel of lock fits casing of another
Smooth bore flintlock musketsSmooth bore flintlock musketsEli Whitney (1798)Eli Whitney (1798)Supplied US govt. with 15,000Supplied US govt. with 15,000Required 8 yearsRequired 8 years
A Computer Too EarlyA Computer Too Early Charles BabbageCharles Babbage
Professor of Mathematics, CambridgeProfessor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference EngineDifference Engine (1833)(1833)
Special purpose calculating machineSpecial purpose calculating machine Analytical Engine (>1834)Analytical Engine (>1834)
Universal calculatorUniversal calculator Engine ?Engine ?
Power by steam (no foresight)Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and
machiningmachining
Difference Engine (1833)Difference Engine (1833)
THE FIFTH AGETHE FIFTH AGE
The Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of Steam
Pre-SteamPre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606)Francesca della Porta (1606)
Suction caused by condensing steamSuction caused by condensing steamAbility to draw up waterAbility to draw up water
Otto von Guericke (1654)Otto von Guericke (1654)Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere
made of two halvesmade of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648)Blaise Pascal (1648)
Weight of column of air is less at elevationWeight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660)Robert Boyle (1660)
Gas lawsGas laws
Steam EngineSteam Engine Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)
21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke10 gallons of water 51 yards per strokeLow efficiencyLow efficiency
WattWattCondense steam & create vacuumCondense steam & create vacuumSeparate condenser (1769)Separate condenser (1769)Double-acting engine (1782)Double-acting engine (1782)Rotative Engine (1781)Rotative Engine (1781)
Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)
Development of SteamDevelopment of Steam
Trevithick (1799)Trevithick (1799)High pressure steamHigh pressure steam
Fulton (1807)Fulton (1807)Clermont on Hudson river Clermont on Hudson river
Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830) Intercontinental RailwayIntercontinental Railway
THE SIXTH AGETHE SIXTH AGE
The Freedom of Internal The Freedom of Internal CombustionCombustion
ChronologyChronology
Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinderand cylinder
Etienne Lenoir (1859)Etienne Lenoir (1859)Coal gas as fuel with ignitionCoal gas as fuel with ignition
Nikolaus Otto (1877)Nikolaus Otto (1877)Four-stroke cycleFour-stroke cycle
Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Petrol as fuelPetrol as fuel
Benz Tricycle (1855)Benz Tricycle (1855)
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)
Paris-Rouen race (1894)Paris-Rouen race (1894)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Wright Brothers (1903)Wright Brothers (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)
THE SEVENTH AGETHE SEVENTH AGE
Electrons ControlledElectrons Controlled
ChronologyChronology Gas Lines (Late 1700s)Gas Lines (Late 1700s)
Philippe Lebon (1799)Philippe Lebon (1799)Gas From Heating Wood
Frederick Windsor (1807)Frederick Windsor (1807)Gas From CoalLit Pall Mall in London (1807)26 mile long main (1816)
Hydraulic MainsHydraulic MainsJoseph BramahJoseph Bramah
Hydraulic Press (1795)Hydraulic Mains (1812)
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)
ElectricityElectricityWilliam Gilbert (1600)William Gilbert (1600)Alessandro Volta (1800s)Alessandro Volta (1800s)
Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic PileFirst True Battery - Static Source of Power
Michael Faraday (1831)Michael Faraday (1831)First Electric GeneratorMoved Magnet near a Wire
Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Substituted ElectromagnetsFirst Dynamo
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued) Telephone - Bell (1876)Telephone - Bell (1876) Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison - USAThomas Edison - USAJ.W. Swan - EnglandJ.W. Swan - England
ElectronicsElectronicsJ.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)
Automatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorMechanical Switching
ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator