Overview of Microgrid R&D in Japan Akihiko Yokoyama The University of Tokyo Microgrid Symposium September 17, 2009 San Diego
Overview of Microgrid R&D in Japan
Akihiko Yokoyama
The University of Tokyo
Microgrid SymposiumSeptember 17, 2009San Diego
Concept of Advanced Power Supply Network
Technical Committee supported by METI
Communicationterminal
Controller
Power StorageBattery
Communicationline for control(Optical Fiber)
Distributionfeeders
コージェネ
レーション
コージェネ
レーション
Control Center
コージェネ
レーション
Control&Informationsystem
Controlinformation
Controlinformation
Powerflow
Power flow
Substation(Power Storage Battery)
Power flow
Substation
From 2001 to 2003
PV System
Battery
BatteryPV System Battery
Low-voltage Line
CustomerLoad
CustomerLoad
High-voltage Line
Distribution Substation
Measuring System
Measuring deviceMeasuring
device
Low-voltage Line
Remote Communication Device
Measuring device
SCADA System
Communication Line
Power Conditioner
Remote Communication Device
Power Flow
Measuring device
Measuring device
Measuring device
NEDO Ohta City Project
From 2002 to 2007
Voltage Control of a Feeder with a Large Penetration of PV Generations by Batteries
Communication device
Wind direction, velocitySolar Radiation
NEDO Hachi-no-he City Project
Tohoku Electric Power Co.
Bio Gas Engine Photovoltaic Generation (50kW)
Control System
Battery
Biomass Boiler
Wasted Water Process Center
Primary School(50kW)
Junior High School(49kW)
Primary School(47kW)
Junior High School(49kW)
City Hall (360kW)
City Hall (38kW)
Tohoku Electric Power Co.
Wind Power
Wind Power Wind PowerPV PV
PV
Dis
trib
utio
n Li
ne
Bio Gas
Peak load600kW
Independent and Islanding Operation of MicrogridFrom 2003 to 2008
Photovoltaic Power Generation
Wind PowerGenerationBio Gas
GenerationFuel Cell
City Hall Hospital School
Internet
Supply side
Demand side
Supply & DemandBalance Control
Apartment House
Balance Control System
NEDO Kyoto Project
Operation of DGs including RES as a Virtual Power Plant
From 2003 to 2008Commercial Power System, Utility Power System
Multiple Power-Quality Electricity Supply Network
NEDO Sendai City ProjectDVR : Dynamic Voltage Restorer
From 2003 to 2008Utility (Tohoku Electric Power Co.)
Normal-QualityLoad
High-Quality(B1)Load
High-Quality(B2)Load
High-Quality(B3)Load
High-Quality(A)Load
DCLoad
High-Quality(B3)Load
Integrated High-Quality Power Supply Device
CB
Energy CenterTohoku Fukushi Univ.
Sendai City
3-phase 6.6kV Bus
Bus Tie CB
Measuring point ( Total 22 pts)
From 2003 to 2008
Experimental substation
DG & Load
1km
0.5km
DG & Load
DG & Load DG & Load
Main trans. - 2000kVA (2 units)
Operation system
66kV commercial line
Site A
Site B 6.6kV and 22kV Distribution line(Total length; 5km)
Site D
Site C
N
NEDO Akagi Project by CRIEPI
- Many types of DGs installed in 4 places separately
- Communication Network
Supply and Demand Integrated Distribution SystemFrom 2003 to 2008--- Autonomous Demand Area Power System ---
Shimizu Microgrid System
Laboratory buildings
排熱回収
Exhaust heat utilizationMicrogrid control system
Chilled/hot water
Absorption water heater-chiller
Heat pump chiller
Electric power flow
Heat storage tank
Purchased power from Utility Co.(TEPCO) Thermal energy
flow
Solar photovoltaics 10kW
Gas engine gen. 350kW
Gas engine gen. 90kW
Electric double layercapacitor 100kW x ±2
sec
Nickel metal hydritebattery 40kW x 10hrs
Exhaust heat recovery
Thermal energy storage
Tie linepower flow
3φ3W 200V1φ3W 200/100V
100kVA transformer
Shadable load
Biogas engine generator 9.9kW
(Planned)
Solar photovoltaic10kW
Gas engine CHP 25kW×2
Wind turbine 6kW×2Lead acid
battery 50kW-30min
INVINV
Triple effectabsorption chiller
Air-conditioning
Gas engine CHP9.9kW
Hot water
Nickel hydrogen battery50kW-2hrs
100kVA transformer
Most
sensitive load
Sensitive load
Islanding operation of multiple DERs
Tokyo Gas Microgrid System
Simulation Study on Islanding Operation of Microgrid with DC based DGs and AC Feeder
Battery:20kW
PV :15kW
3-Phase 3-line 200V 50Hz
Fuel Cell:6kW
Load:0~18kW
Fuel Cell:6kW
Load:0~18kW
Fuel Cell:6kW
Load:0~18kW
一般家庭20軒程度
CB
Fault on Commercial Line
About 10 Residential
HousesIslanding Operation
Minimization of the required capacity of Battery
Joint Project of Univ. of Tokyo and Mitsubishi
From 2004 to 2006
Autonomous Decentralized Control by use of AC Feeder Frequency
• The System Frequency is used for Active Power Balance Control of Fuel Cell and Battery.
• The Battery changes the frequency according to its output power and each FC detects the frequency change and decides its output.
L(PQ specified)
SB (CVCF) PV (PQ specified)Vfl_SB
FC(PV specified)
Microgrid
PQ_LPQ_FCPQ_PVPQ_SB
PQref_LPref_FC
SB : Storage BatteryFC : Fuel CellPV : Photovoltaic GeneratorL : Load
PQref_PV
f_SB PLL
f_FC
AC Feeder
LoadBattery(CVCF)
Contribution of Microgrid to Utility Grid
How much is the excess capacity used?How is the microgrid controlled?How is an ancillary service cost is defined?
TransmissionNetwork
ThermalPlant
NuclearPlant
Distribution System
Microgrid
Local Control Center
Tie Line Power Flow Control
Expected total capacity of Microgridwill be 20% of total utility load demand.
Excess capacity of Microgrid may be used for the contribution.
Ex. Load Frequency Control
Joint Project of Univ. of Tokyo and Tokyo Gas
Concept of Advanced Smarter Grid in Japan (Ubiquitous Power Grid)
Large-scalePower Supply Network
Small Power Supply NetworkMicrogrid
Load
PV
BatterySuper Capacitor
GHeat Pump
Hot Water Tank
Load
Hydrogen Local Network
GThermal G
HydroG
Nuclear
Wind
Heat
Power WindPower
Power
Power
Power
H2H2
Electric Vehicle
PowerReversible FC
H2
Power
Power
Small-sizeGas EngineGas Turbine
H2
Local Control Center
Central Control
Center
Local Control Center
Reversible FC
Small Power Supply Network
Large-scalePower Supply Network
Small Power Supply NetworkMicrogrid
Load
PV
BatterySuper Capacitor
GHeat Pump
Hot Water Tank
Load
Hydrogen Local Network
GThermal G
HydroG
Nuclear
Wind
Heat
Power WindPower
Power
Power
Power
H2H2
Electric Vehicle
PowerReversible FC
H2
Power
Power
Small-sizeGas EngineGas Turbine
H2
Local Control Center
Central Control
Center
Local Control Center
Reversible FC
Small Power Supply Network
Proposed by The Univ. of Tokyo
Contribution of Heat Pump based Water Heater to LFC for Reduction of Battery Capacity
HP Water Heater
Wind Power Output HP Water Heater Battery
100%
80%
90%
Type (b)
Power consumption0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
BESS(Battery)
HP Water Heater
LFC Generator
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35001200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
Time [s]
Hea
t Pum
p C
onsu
mpt
ion
[MW
]
w/o HPHP (b)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Time [s]
BES
S O
utpu
t [M
W]
w/o HPHP (b)
Coordinated Control of PHEV, EV, Battery, RES and Thermal Power Plant
Large-scale Network
Small-scale NetworkMicrogridDistribution Network
Load PV
BatterySuper Capacitor
G
GThermal G
HydroG
Nuclear
WindPower
Wind
Power
Power
Power MicroGas Engine Gas Turbine
power
・When? ・How?・How much?
Control Signal
Control Signal
PHEV, EV
Charging & Discharging
Outline of Battery System R&D for Grid Integration of RES Generations
Development of Technologies Required for Low-Cost, Long-Lifetime and Large-Capacity Battery System for Grid Integration of RES Based Generations
Purpose
(1)Technology Development for Practical UseLarge-Capacity Battery System and Output Power Control Technology※Final target=Field test for more than 6 months
(2)Elemental Technology DevelopmentMaterials for High Performance※Final target=Cost $400/kWh, Lifetime10 years
(3)Next Generation Technology DevelopmentNew Materials and Their Production Methods, etc.※Final target=Feasible Cost $150/kWh, Lifetime 20 years
(4)Fundamental Research for Common Use Assessment Methods Applied to Battery Produced in the Above Projects※Final target=Assessment methods for Cost, Safety, Lifetime, Performance
Topics and Final Targets
Practical Use
Capacity
(4)Fundamental Research
for common use
(1)
Practical use
(2)
Element(3)Next Generation
Assessment Methods
NEDO Project from 2008 to 2010
New National Projects in JapanFrom 2009 to 2014
Remote Island Microgrid Projectwith a Large Penetration of PV and Wind Power Generations
Simulation Study using Analog type Power System Simulator with DGs such as PV and Controllable Load
Battery Battery
BatteryWind
PV
PV
Diesel Engine Generation