Page 1
Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules
- Antibodies
- Complement
- Cytokines
- MHC
Components of IS
Functions of IS
Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
Applications
Prevention
Diagnosis
Therapy
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor
Transplantation
rejection
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Consequences of IR
Physiology
• Immunologic defense
• Immunologic homeostasis
• Immunologic surveillance
Pathology
• Hypersensitivity
• Immunodificiency
• Autoimmune diseases
• Tumor immunology
• Transplantation rejection
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
Page 4
Components of IS -- Organs and tissues
Questions: 1.Which organs belong to the immune system? 2. Describe the functions of bone marrow and thymus. 3. What are the functions of secondary lymphoid organs? 4. Terms: MALT—IS / Location / function
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Components of IS -- Organs and tissues
Questions:
Describe the mature T cell properties in peripheral lymphoid
organs from the functions of thymus.
Functions of thymus: -- 4 分Positive selection
Negative selection
Mature T cell properties: -- 4 分Recognition: TCR / MHC + Ag(no-self)
Classification: CD4 / CD8
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— Bone Marrow• Primary source of pluripotent stem
cells
All haemopoietic cells
• Place for B cell maturation
— Thymus• Place for T cell maturation
Primary Lymphoid Organs(Central Lymphoid Organs)
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• Cells of IS are produced from haemopoietic stem
cells (HSC) in BM.
• Stromal cells (epithelial cells, fibroblast,
macrophage) is required for the differentiation of a
particular lineage.
• Cytokines( CSF) produced from stromal cells
provide the local environment for the
hematopoiesis.
Primary Lymphoid Organs-- Bone Marrow
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• Large numbers of functionally antigen specific
T cells are matured in thymus.
• Each of T cells has only one specificity.
• T cells are selected using their receptors
( positive and negative selection)
Primary Lymphoid Organs -- Thymus
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Lymph nodes
Place of immune response to pathogen entering
the tissues
Spleen
Place of immune response to blood borne
infections
MALT
Place of immune response to mucosal surfaces
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Lymph nodes
- Situated alone lymphatic vessels (p30)
- Filter of the lymph
- Contain T/B lymphocytes and phagocytes(p29)
- Place of immune response to pathogen
entering the tissues
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Spleen
-- Situated on the left side of the body below the
diaphragm
-- Filter of the blood
-- Contain T/B lymphocytes and phagocytes
-- Place of immune response to pathogen
entering the blood
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
Page 15
Components of IS -- Cells
Questions:1. Which cells belong to the immune system?
2. The functions of mononuclear phagocytes are….? 3. Try to explain the classification and function of lymphocytes.
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The cells of immune system recognize antigens
by their receptors, please explain how the cells of followings
recognize target antigens:
Macrophage: PRR -- 2 分NK cell: KIR/ KAR -- 2 分T cells: TCR -- 2 分B cells: BCR -- 2 分
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4. Terms: CD : Marker / identification by mAb / functionTCR : Location / structure / functionBCR : Location / structure / functionPRR : Location / functions KIR : Location / functionsKAR : Location / functions
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— Mononuclear phagocyte system
• Monocyte• Macrophage• Dendritic Cells
— Granulocytes
• Neutrophils• Basophils• Eosinophils
— Lymphocytes
• T lymphocyte• B lymphocyte• NK (Natural killer cells)
Cells of Immune System-Classification
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AgAg DCs
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Functions in Immune Response (IR)
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
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— Phagocytosis
— Antigen presentation
— Cytokine secretion
Mononuclear Phagocyte SystemMononuclear Phagocyte System
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— T lymphocyte
— B lymphocyte
— Natural killer cells (NK)
Lymphocytes
TH1
TH2
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Infected cells
Virus Bacterium
IL-1
PerforinGranzymesTNFa/TNFb
Killing
Cellular immunity
BCR
Antibody
Neutralizing
Complementactivating
NK ADCC
Mq
PhagocytosisMAC
PMN
Lysis
C3b
C3a/C5a
Humoral immunity
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TH (CD4+CD3+) TH1: Help Tc and macrophages by secretion of
IFN/γ/IL-2
TH2 : Help B cells by secration of IL-4,
IL-5,IL-6
TC (CD8+CD3+)
Killing of target cells by releasing perforin and
granzymes
Functions of T cells
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Antibody production
Functions of B cells
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Antibody Production by B cell
Th2
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— Neutrophils
— Basophils
— Eosinophils
GranulocytesGranulocytes
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
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Components of IS -- Ab
1.Try to describe the biological function of
antibodies.
2. Terms: mAb / Ab / ADCC
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4. Terms: mAb / Ab / ADCC
mAb :: Artificial / hybridoma / property / applicationArtificial / hybridoma / property / application
Ab: Generation cell / structure/ classes/ functions
ADCC: Ab / Fab-target / Fc-NK / cytotoxocity
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How to understand the antibodies and complement
are the molecules that are involved in both physiological and
pathological consequences of immune response by using
examples.
Antibodies -- 4Antibodies -- 4 分分 : Physiological / Pathological: Physiological / Pathological
Complement -- 4Complement -- 4 分分 : Physiological / Pathological: Physiological / Pathological
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Complementarity determining region
(CDR)
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Functions of Antibody
Role of Ab alone
Role of Ab in complement activation
Role of Ab with effector cells
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1 、 Role of Ab alone
To Neutralize virus and toxins
and blocks their biological
activity (IgG).
To inhibit microbes attachment
to mucosal epithelial cells (IgA).
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2 、 Role of Ab in complement activation
To Activate the classical pathway
of complement to lysis of the Ag by
binding to Ag (IgG/ IgM).
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3 、 Role of Ab with effectors cells
Macrophage and neutrophil: Opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes (IgG)
NK cell and eosinophil:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC) (IgG)
Basophil and mast cell:Type I hypersensitivity – allergy (IgE)
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FcrR(CD16)
IgG
NK cells
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Sensitization against allergensSensitization against allergens
pollen
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ResultResult
– Vasodilatation,
– Vascular Leakiness,
– Smooth Muscle Contraction,
– Mucus Secretion.
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
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Components of IS -- Complement
1. Try to describe the pathways that are involved
in activation of complement.
2. The functions of complement include ….
3. Term: MAC– activation of C / components /
function
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— Anaphylatoxins: C3a, C5a
— Chemotaxis: C5a
— Opsonization: C3b
— Lysis of the microbes:MAC
Functions of complement
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
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Components of IS -- Cytokines
1.1. Try to explain Try to explain how cytokines play their how cytokines play their
functions functions in immune response?in immune response?
2.2. The The General characteristics of CKs are…… are……
3. 3. Terms: Terms: CKs CKs – generation / functions – generation / functions
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Infected cells
Virus Bacterium
IL-1
PerforinGranzymesTNFa/TNFb
Killing
Cellular immunity
BCR
Antibody
Neutralizing
Complementactivating
NK ADCC
Mq
PhagocytosisMAC
PMN
Lysis
C3b
C3a/C5a
Humoral immunity
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General characteristics of CKs Small molecules Secreted by : ⑴ Immune Cells; Related cells⑵ - Autocrine - Paracrine - Endocrine Bind with specific receptor
Effector : - Pleiotropy - Synergy - Redundancy - Antagonism
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
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Components of IS – MHC molecules
1. Describe the biological functions of MHC molecules.
2. Terms: MHC -- genes / classes / functions
HLA – Human MHC
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Components of IS – MHC molecules
MHC molecules are the important
molecules in transplantation rejection, why ? Transplantation rejection = Immune response
Ag : graft -- MHC -- 3 分IR: APC -- MHC
Direct pathway – 2.5 分Indirect pathway – 2.5 分
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Biological functions of MHC
— Immune Response
— Transplantation
— Related with diseases
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Medical Immunology 吉林大学基础医学院免疫学教研室 21
Deletion
T differentiation
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T differentiation
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AgAg APCs
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
MHC in immune response
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
TargetTargetMHCMHC
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AgAg APCs
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
MHC in immune response
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
TargetTargetMHCMHC
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Medical Immunology DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY 11
graftgraft APC
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Immune response to graft
graftgraft
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
Recognition
Activation
Effects
Rejection
Immune response to graft
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
Page 66
Functions of IS -- Ag
1. Try to explain the biological meanings of antigens
that are related with medicine with 2 or 3 examples.
2. Terms: (1)Antigenic determinant
(2) Hapten;
(3) Adjuvant
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(1)Antigenic determinant: Ag / specificity
(2) Hapten: property / carrier
(3) Adjuvant
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Functions of IS – IR : innate immunity?
1. What kind of factors might be involved in innate
immunity?
2. Terms: O Opsonization – Ab -Fc / C-CR /
phagocytes/ target cells PRR– location / functions
KIR – location / function KAR – location / function
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Natural immune responseNatural immune response ( Innate Immunity)
— External defensesExternal defenses
— Cell effectsCell effects
— Molecular effectsMolecular effects
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Mq/DCs
Phagocytosis
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Functions of IS – IR : Adaptive immunity?
1. What kinds of factors determine the specificity of immune response?2. How could lymphocytes be activated?3. Describe the biological effects of humoral and cellular immune response.4. Try to explain the relationship between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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AgAg APC
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Immune Response(IR)
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
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Adaptive Immune ResponseAdaptive Immune Response(Acquired Immunity)(Acquired Immunity)
— Antigen presentationAntigen presentation
— Antigen recognitionAntigen recognition
— Activation of cellsActivation of cells
— EffectsEffectsI
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Antigen presentation
— Types of APCs
● Monocytes/Macrophage
● Dendritic cells
● B lymphocytes
— Pathways of antigen processing
● Class I processing pathway
● Class II processing pathway
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Antigen Recognition
T cell recognition of Ag
B cell recognition of Ag
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Adaptive Immune ResponseAdaptive Immune Response(Acquired Immunity)(Acquired Immunity)
— Antigen presentationAntigen presentation
— Antigen recognitionAntigen recognition
— Activation of cellsActivation of cells
— EffectsEffectsI
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Activation of Cells
— Signals
● Antigen
● Co-stimulators
● Cytokines
— Signal transduction
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Adaptive Immune ResponseAdaptive Immune Response(Acquired Immunity)(Acquired Immunity)
— Antigen presentationAntigen presentation
— Antigen recognitionAntigen recognition
— Activation of cellsActivation of cells
— EffectsEffectsI
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Effects of adaptive immune response
Antibody response ( Humoral
immunity )
Antibody response ( Humoral
immunity ) T cell response ( Cellular
immunity )
T cell response ( Cellular
immunity )
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Infected cells
Virus Bacterium
IL-1
PerforinGranzymesTNFa/TNFb
Killing
Cellular immunity
BCR
Antibody
Neutralizing
Complementactivating
NK ADCC
Mq
PhagocytosisMAC
PMN
Lysis
C3b
C3a/C5a
Humoral immunity
Page 86
Functions of IS – Control mechanisms
How to understand the
immune response to a particular
Ag could be maintained in a
proper level ?
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Regulation of Immune Response Regulation of Immune Responses
Medical Immunology DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY 26
AgAg APC
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Regulation in immune system
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
Ts
neuro-endocrine
system
+
-
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Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response
Page 89
Pathology of IR – Hypersensitivity
1. Describe the mechanisms of hypersensitivity.2. What kind of cells will be involved in type I
hypersensitivity and how ?3. Try to give some examples of diseases that are belong to
type II and type III hypersensitivity.
Page 90
Type-I Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
Type-I Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
PollenInsect venomsAnimal danderFungiWormsFoodDrugs
Allergen
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ResultResult
– Vasodilatation,
– Vascular Leakiness,
– Smooth Muscle Contraction,
– Mucus Secretion.
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Type-II Hypersensitivity (Ab-dependent Cytotoxic)
Type-II Hypersensitivity (Ab-dependent Cytotoxic)
Complementactivation
NK
PMN
Ag + Ab
lysis
Killing
phagocytosis
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Type-III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)
Type-III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)
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Type-III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)
Type-III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)
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Type IV hypersensitivity(Delayed reaction)
Type IV hypersensitivity(Delayed reaction)
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Pathology of IR -- Autoimmune disease (AD)
1. Why does the immune system not attack self-tissue in 1. Why does the immune system not attack self-tissue in normal conditions? normal conditions?2. How could the self–tissue become the targets of immune 2. How could the self–tissue become the targets of immune
system ?system ?3. How are the tissue destroyed by immune system ?3. How are the tissue destroyed by immune system ?4. Terms:4. Terms:
Self-tolerance : self-Ag / no response / specificitySelf-tolerance : self-Ag / no response / specificity
Page 97
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
-- Central tolerance
-- Peripheral tolerance
Self-tolerance
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Self-tolerance – Innate Immunity
-- Cells :1. Mononuclear phagocyte system
2. Granulocytes
3. Natural killer cells (NK)
-- Molecule:
Complement
Page 99
Central tolerance
Peripheral tolerance
Self-tolerance -- Adaptive
Immunity
Page 100
Selection of T cells in thymus
Page 101
DCs
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Immune response to self – Self-Tolerance
TargetTargetcellscells
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
SelfSelf
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3. How are the tissue destroyed by immune system ?
Antibody mediated (type )Ⅱ
Immune complex mediated (type III)
T-cell mediated (type IV)
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MechanismsMechanisms
Complementactivation
NK
PMN
Ag + Ab
lysis
Killing
phagocytosis
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MechanismMechanism
Page 105
Type IV hypersensitivity mediated AD
Pancreatic Beta cells
IDDM
Loss of insulin production
Brain cells
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Demyelination of CNS, Paralysis
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Pathology of IR -- Tumor
1. How could the tumor cells escape the surveillance of immune system? 2. What kinds of mechanisms could the tumor cells be destroyed
by immune system? 3. Do you have any ideas about the strategies of
immunotherapy? 4. Term: TAA—tumor/ quantity
TSA – tumor/ quality
Page 107
IL-1
PerforinGranzymesTNFa/TNFb
Killing
Cellular immunity !!
BCR
AntibodyComplementactivating
NK ADCC
Mq
PhagocytosisLysis
C3b
Humoral immunity !
Tumorcells
shedtumor-Ag
shedtumor-Ag
Page 108
Mechanisms of tumor escape
• Variation of tumor antigens
• Co-stimulator decreaseCo-stimulator decrease
• Down-regulation of MHC expressionDown-regulation of MHC expression
• Immune suppression of tumorImmune suppression of tumor
• Masking of tumor cell antigenMasking of tumor cell antigen
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1. Variation of tumor antigens1. Variation of tumor antigens
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2. Co-stimulator decrease2. Co-stimulator decrease
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3. Down-regulation of MHC expression3. Down-regulation of MHC expression3. Down-regulation of MHC expression3. Down-regulation of MHC expression
Page 112
4. Immune-suppression of tumor4. Immune-suppression of tumor 4. Immune-suppression of tumor4. Immune-suppression of tumor
Tumor cellsTumor cells
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5. Masking of tumor cell antigen5. Masking of tumor cell antigen5. Masking of tumor cell antigen5. Masking of tumor cell antigen
Page 114
Immunotheropy of tumors
Preventive
specific
, T cells
Page 115
Pathology of IR -- Transplantation rejection
1. What is the reason of transplantation rejection?2.Do you have any ideas about how to overcome the transplantation
rejection?3. Terms: GVHR/ HVGR/ MLR(MLC)
4. Terms: GVHR: Ag-recipient / IS -graftHVGR: Ag – graft / IS - recipient MLR(MLC): method / application
Page 116
Medical Immunology DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY 11
graftgraft APC
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Immune response to graft
graftgraft
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
Recognition
Activation
Effects
Rejection
Immune response to graft
Page 117
Medical Immunology DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY 14
Indirect pathway
Graftedcells
Tc
Th
Recipient
Donor
APC
Medical Immunology DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY 15
Direct pathway
Graftedcells
Tc
Th
Recipient
APCs
Donor
Allo-reactive T cellsPassenger leukocytes
Indirect and direct pathways
Page 118
Prevention of rejection
Family grafting
Tissue typing
Cross-matching
Immunosuppressio
n
Page 119
Family grafting
a c a c
TwinsHomozygotes
Page 121
Cross-matching -1
(Tritium)
Page 122
graftgraft APC
Th1 Tc
B Ab
PMNPMN
NK
Th2
ComplementComplement
Suppress T cell activation
graftgraft
MHCMHCCKCK
MHCMHCCKCK
CKsCKs
CKsCKs
Page 123
Pathology of IR -- Immunodificiency
Terms: AIDS – HIV-gp120/ CD4-T / IS / clinical
Page 124
Overview of Immunology
Organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules - Antibodies - Complement - Cytokines
- MHC molecules
Antigen (Ag)
Immune Responses
Control mechanisms
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency
Tumor immunology
Transplantation
Components of IS Functions of IS Pathology of IR
* IS: Immune system IR: Immune response