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Overview of Diverse Computer Simulations and
their Potential Contribution to Volcanology
Yasuhiro ISHIMINE�
This paper presents an overview of diverse computer simulations, such as those based on the finite di#erence
method, lattice Boltzmann method and molecular dynamics, to discuss their potential contribution to volcanology.
The general features of several numerical methods are described to provide information for finding appropriate
approaches to investigate various volcanic processes on a wide range of time and space scales. This paper also
outlines previous numerical studies of some volcanic phenomena, including the generation of magma deep
underground, the ground deformation due to magma injection into the Earth’s crust, and the evolution of giant
eruption columns penetrating into the stratosphere. Fundamental issues on conducting computer simulations of
volcanic phenomena are then discussed with the aim of promoting e#ective numerical studies in volcanology.
Key words : simulation, numerical procedure, modeling, multiphysics
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LMl4�|N}@o7O:Y"'67� ���������P(~I�{2A% �QR�(S���������(T���� ,**/ ; LMUV+_W����+33/a ; The Earth Simulator Center, ,**/B��X���YZ%�����������������8�Z��[W}� ���\8�]L��4I2AoB z'$?:^�<_`Z%o{ ��67��LM� '�!�a�:9��'67�1�b�2������������GcR�x�:~I%$?�:@2A%B d�� �_ ef¡�,'� �_ e¢(£gh67ST�¤�8� ��67�1)^+¥_'67���+�o ¦��iUV��������1��§¨-�0�'S© 1A?uvª�«�� ,**+�e4 ,**.�m8 ¬~I jU"�k\UI:f'���������®KIo �d��l: ,**. ; Hidaka
et al., ,**/B 6m�_n'�_67opq¯ghr°67 ¦��s'±²³�´«b© �,**,�,**0�t 8V9��'67�e4L7+'�+<K2 µu:vG¶
�·-*/�***0 ¸w¹y+�º5»x -�+y¼�_ e67zNational Research Institute for Earth Science and
Disaster Prevention
-�+ Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/�***0, Japan.
Corresponding author : Yasuhiro Ishimine
e-mail : [email protected]
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et al. (+332)��������������������Dartevelle et al. (,**.)� ������� �!"���#$���%&'( (,**0))�� �*�+ ,-�.���/�01 ���� �23�456���7�8� 9,�.:; <=>?@<AB���(%� (+33.)�C�)D�/E61FG�� C23�HIJ%KL�30MN�OP56QRS T� ���U .VW.�XYZ@[���\]^� _\`��K�56�H�ab� !c d6C� �eRBfg3061 h�"#� i$�U�j% k�3T&l)mn'(o)�3� �p qr�s)�t*+� ,u56v0�)w�-0306/�I�01 �xy -0zg6.���{.�3� |}���D� /-��~�I�.E^� ���0)�v.Ms156��I2zg306 (Armienti
et al., +322 ; He#ter and Stunder, +33- ; Tanaka, +33.)1��QRS�OPT� � ��3 4-fg3065 67 �56 9Hurst and Turner +333 ; 89� +331;15)��� ���'(�:0T� �G�I�� ;�56�� �� E6v0��5�z� �G<����=�BQ@ (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center�VAAC)v0��}��[�@�I��fg� h�I.�<=>?@<AB ��M�=>��3061
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Fig. .. An example of numerical simulations of a volcanic eruption column accompanying a horizontally
spreading umbrella cloud (Courtesy of Y.J. Suzuki). The calculation was carried out with the discharge rate
of 2.*²+*2 kg/s, which is comparable to that of the Pinatubo +33+ eruption. A vertical cross-section of the
mass fraction of the discharged gas-particle mixture at +.** s is depicted.
� -1 '�JKy<=>?@<AB C6�L4³�OP� 9´µMN¡>�;1 ,³'¶�·bOP C6�L�4³N�OP��/� � QRS5T0��U VlHS5¸0��I¹§�3� �Lv)2306G�¨�3061
Fig. -. An example of Molecular Dynamics Simula-
tion for bubble nucleation (Courtesy of T. Kinjo).
The time evolution of bubble nucleation due to
instantaneous expansion was investigated numeri-
cally. A bubble with several solute molecules (red)
appeared in the surrounding solvent molecules
(white).
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Satake, +33/ ; Tinti et al., +333�� qr0��R9:R st �u��;�=�vw&���YZ[2\Y]^�Ml�� VxW� ,**+� I� 9X Ay�TU�Y="zN��� VZ{� ,**.� ��>5��
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Fig. /. An example of lava flow simulations (Courtesy
of E. Fujita). The lava is assumed to flow from a
vent on the southeastern flank of Mt. Fuji with a
rate of ,** m-/s. The lava spreads towards Gotenba
Station under the influence of topographic hetero-
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