Overview of Computers

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1. History of computers2. Generations of computers

3. Components



The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline

of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the

centuries prior. The progression, from mechanical inventions and

mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines,

formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwideindustry.



Binary logic :

In 1703, Gottfried Leibnitz developed logic in a formal, mathematical sensewith his writings on the binary numeral system. In his system, the ones andzeros also represent true and false values or on and off states. But it took morethan a century before George Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854with a complete system that allowed computational processes to bemathematically modeled.

By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a binary pattern had been

invented. The industrial revolution had driven forward the mechanization ofmany tasks, and this included weaving. Punched cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in 1801, where a hole punched in the card indicated abinary one and an un-punched spot indicated a binary zero. Jacquard's loomwas far from being a computer, but it did illustrate that machines could bedriven by binary systems.



Birth of computer science :

Before the1920s, computers (sometimes computers) werehuman clerks that performed computations.

They were usually under the lead of aphysicist. Many thousands of computers wereemployed in commerce, government, andresearch establishments. Most of thesecomputers were women, and they wereknown to have a degree in calculus. Some

performed astronomical calculations forcalendars.After the 1920s, the expression computingmachine referred to any machine thatperformed the work of a human computer,especially those in accordance with effective

methods of the Church-Turing thesis. Thethesis states that a mathematical method iseffective if it could be set out as a list ofinstructions able to be followed by a humanclerk with paper and pencil, for as long asnecessary, and without ingenuity or insight.



In fact there are two generations

They are :

non-electronic generation (before1945).

Electronic generations (againclassified as 5 generations).



Period:1945-1956

Inventor :lee de forest

Main processing device-vacuum tubes

Advantages: It was only electronic device

First device to hold the memory

Disadvantages: Too large in size

Vacuum tubes burns quickly



Period:1956-1964inventor : William Shockley

M ain processing device: transistor

memory storage area :magnetic disk

Advantages:Size reduced consider

Accurate

Very much reliable

Disadvantages : They over heated quickly

Maintenance problem



Period: 1964-1971

I nventor : jack Kirby, robort noyee

M ain processing unit: integrated circuit

Storage medium: floppies

Advantages:IC·s are small in size

Improved performance

Production cost cheap

Disadvantages:IC·s are sophisticated



Period: 1971-1990

Inventor :Ted Hoff

Main processing device: IC·s with very large scaleintegrated

Memory storage: floppies,CD·s

Advantages:Less power consumption

Production cost is cheap

disadvantages: No artificial intelligence



Period : 1991-presentMain processing device : IC·s with parallelprocessing

Storage media: video discs

Advantages:Artificial intelligence

Expert system



COMPUTER CASE - Where all of the components are stored

CPU- It is basically the brain of your computer.

The CPU is a used to process everything

from basic

to complex functions in a computer .



RAM - RAM is memory that attaches to the motherboard.

RAM is hardware used to temporarily store and access data.

Motherboard - A Motherboard is the most important component in a computer system.

All of the other hardware in a computer system connect to the motherboard.



Power Supply - A Power Supply is the

sends power to all of the other

hardware so they can operate.

Hard Drive - A Hard Drive is used for

permanently storing files and programs.

Disk Drives - Disk Drives can be a

floppy drive, CD drive, DVD drive or other possible

file storage devices that are used in a

computer.



Video Card - A Video Card is the part of

a computer system that converts binary

code

from the CPU so you can view it on amonitor.

Monitor - The part of a computer thatallows you to see what the computer is

processing.

Keyboard - A keyboard allows a

computer user to enter text commands into

a computer system.



Mouse :

A mouse allows a computer user to use a point and click

interface to enter commands.



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