Overview from last week • Optical systems act as linear sh ift-invariant (LSI) filters (we have not yet s een why) • Analysis tool for LSI filters: F ourier transform – decompose arbitrary 2D functions i nto superpositions of 2D sinusoids (Fourier transform) – use the transfer function to deter mine what happens to each 2D sinusoi d as it is transmitted through the s ystem (filtering) – recompose the filtered 2D sinusoid s to determine the output 2D functio n (Fourier integral, aka inverse Fourier transfor m) MIT 2.71/2.710 Optics 11/01/04 wk9-a-1
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Overview from last week Optical systems act as linear shift-invariant (LSI) filters (we have not yet seen why) Analysis tool for LSI filters: Fourier transform.
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Overview from last week• Optical systems act as linear shift-invariant (LSI) filters (we have not yet seen why)• Analysis tool for LSI filters: Fourier transform
– decompose arbitrary 2D functions into superpositions of 2D sinusoids (Fourier transform)
– use the transfer function to determine what happens to each 2D sinusoid as it is transmitted through the system (filtering)
– recompose the filtered 2D sinusoids to determine the output 2D function (Fourier integral, aka inverse Fourier transform)
MIT 2.71/2.710 Optics11/01/04 wk9-a-1
Today
• Wave description of optical systems
• Diffraction– very short distances: near field, we skip
– intermediate distances: Fresnel diffraction expressed as a convolution
– long distances (∞): Fraunhofer diffraction expressed as a Fourier transform
MIT 2.71/2.710 Optics11/01/04 wk9-a-2
Space and spatial frequency representations
SPACE DOMAIN
2D Fourier transform 2D Fourier integralAka
inverse 2D Fourier transformSPATIAL FREQUENCY
DOMAIN
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2D linear shift invariant systems
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input output
convolution with impulse response
multiplication with transfer function
Fou
rier
tran
sfor
m
transform
inverse Fourier
Wave description of optical imaging systems
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Thin transparencies
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coherentillumination:
planewave
Transmission function:
Field before transparence:
Field after transparence:
assumptions: transparence at z=0transparency thickness can be ignored
Diffraction: Huygens principle
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incidentplane Wave
Field at distance d:contains contributions
from all spherical wavesemitted at the transparency,
summed coherently
Field after transparence:
Huygens principle: one point source
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incomingplane wave
opaquescreen
sphericalwave
Simple interference: two point sources
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incomingplane wave
opaquescreen
intensity
Two point sources interfering: math…
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intensity
Amplitude:(paraxial approximation)
Diffraction: many point sources
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incomingplane wave
opaquescreen
many spherical waves tightly packed
Diffraction: many point sources,attenuated & phase-delayed
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incomingplane wave
thintransparency
Diffraction: many point sources attenuated & phase-delayed, math
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incomingplane wave
field
Transmission functionThin transparency
continuouslimit
wave
Fresnel diffraction
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The diffracted field is the convolution of the transparency with a spherical wave
amplitude distributionat output plane
transparencytransmissionfunction (complex teiφ)
spherical wave@z=l
(aka Green’s function)
FUNCTION OF LATERAL COORDINATES:Interesting!!!
CONSTANT:NOT interesting
Example: circular aperture
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input field
Example: circular aperture
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input field
Example: circular aperture
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input field
Example: circular aperture
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(from Hecht, Optics, 4thedition, page 494)
input field
Image removed due to copyright concerns
Fraunhofer diffraction
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propagation distance lis “very large”
approximaton valid if
Fraunhofer diffraction
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The“far-field” (i.e. the diffraction pattern at a largelongitudinal distance l equals the Fourier transform
of the original transparencycalculated at spatial frequencies
Fraunhofer diffraction
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spherical waveoriginating at x
plane wave propagatingat angle –x/l⇔ spatial frequency –x/(λl)