Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of.

Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:

What, Why and How

Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:

What, Why and How

Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics

Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.

2009 Institute Agenda

Monday, July 20

2009 Tuesday, July 21

2009 Wed., July 22

2009 Thursday, July 23

2009 Friday, July 24

2009

Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions

8:30 AM

Coffee and Registration Lobby of ISB

Coffee Gel observation

Coffee Gel observation

Coffee Gel observation.

Coffee Gel observation

Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364

9:00 AM

Welcome, intros Nano overview 329

Why Size Matters: PPT, activities; Intro to AFM 329

Self assembly 329

Societal issues Jigsaw: Experts (varied locations) 10:00 Peer groups Nanomedicine 329

10:30 Break Break Break Break Break

Magnetic memory; web resources 329

10:45 AM

Gelatin diffusion experiment 329, 364

AFM, cont. 364

Magnetism module 329

Peer groups, cont. 11:30 Full group

Nanomedicine, cont.

12:00 PM

Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit

Lab tour Hasbrouck basement

1:00 PM

Franklin; oleic acid experiment 329, 364

Nanoparticles and sunscreen 329

Virtual clean room

Lithography, electrodeposition 329, 364

Academic year Sharing (posters) 329

2:00 PM

Nanofilters 329

Emily Erikson societal issues 329

Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm

Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback

3:00 Break Break Break Break

3:15 Powers of Ten Nano impact, applications, careers 329

Academic year planning, posters 329

Jigsaw Assignment Intro 329

Curriculum design project 329 Exploring the web

4:30 PM

Feedback and gel observation 364

Feedback and gel observation 364

Feedback and gel observation 364

Feedback and gel observation 364

BBQ at Rob Snyder’s Home

NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing

Research Education Outreach

A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass

NanotechnologyThe biggest science

initiative since the Apollo program

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still

Hair

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6,000 nanometersDNA

3 nanometers

100,000 nanomete

rs10 nm objectsmade by guidedself-assembly

Applications of Nanotechnology

10 GB2001

20 GB2002

40 GB2004

80 GB2006

160 GB2007

First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity

Hard driveMagnetic data storage

Uses nanotechnology!

Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits

Hitachi

Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically

Disk

N S

direction of disk motion

“ Write”Head

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _

“ Bits” ofinformation

NS

“ Read”Head

Signalcurrent

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology

• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology

Granular Media

PerpendicularWrite Head

Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)

coil

Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)

1 bit

• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage

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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.

Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

Applications of Nanotechnology

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)

• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

For a sustainable future!

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"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"

nano.gov

Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made

"Nanostructures"

Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials

nanoscale outer dimensions

nanoscale internal structure

Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials

"nanoparticle""nanorod"

"nanofilm"

"nanotube"and more

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Nanofilms

Pressure must be held low to prevent contamination!

Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, othersQuickTime™ and a

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Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes

"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

Nanofilm on plastic

Nanofilm on glass

A thin film method:Thermal Evaporation

Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber

vacuum~10-7 torr

sample

source

film

vacuumpump

QCM

vapor

heating source

Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!

Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others

There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques

Photolithography for Deposition

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

liftoffnarrow line

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

Lithography

IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip

PatternedSeveral Times

Self Assembly

An Early Nanotechnologist?

Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)

...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

A nanofilm!

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"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)

"Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis

(reverse-micelle method)

a

Interaction with Light

"Artificial atom"

E = hf

420 THz 750 THz

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Scale set by molecular size

CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition

Template

EtchingMask

NanoporousMembrane

Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)

Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

(physical orelectrochemical)

nanoporous template

Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask

1x1012 magnets/in2

Data Storage......and More

More Applications of Nanotechnology

Solar Cells

Konarka

Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface

cross-sectional view

n-type silicon

p-type silicon

+

-

Sunlight

Voltage “load”

CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell

- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt

Nanostructured Solar Cells

+

-

Sunlight

Voltage “load”

CurrentMore interface area - More power!

Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy

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tumor

gold nanoshells

Halas group, Rice Univ.

www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390

targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment

www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer

Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our

society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others

• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products

A Message for Students

Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our

lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing

societies across the world