Outline of Ps

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Title:PROJECT PROPOSAL OF FOOTBRIDGE AND NEW ROADWAY AT

POBLACION, IBA

AbstractThis paper focuses on the methodologies used to create a design for the treatment

proposal in minimizing and preventing the traffic congestion implemented by the increasing of vehicles, human growth and employment. Constructing a footbridge and establishing new roadsare the idea that we made for the treatment of traffic congestion and accident at thePOBLACION, IBA ROAD.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In most areas, road accidents affect the lives of many people each year due to poor trafficmanagement and lack of proper knowledge in design and sub-standard materials used inconstruction that cost millions of pesos each year which is consequently a lost of our economicoutput. Although we have those traffic signs and other ads to reduce this problem, this is notenough to eliminate these inevitable problems. Our authorities and officials on roadways atcertain location are indeed having a hard time to think those possible alternative solutions toattend on traffic problems such as congestions on roads, pedestrian, and road accidents on certainareas. On the other hand, in many cases just making small changes to the design and constructionof roadways that will not sacrifice the quality of materials and works and to the implementationof traffic rules can significantly reduce the risk of road accidents and the cause of trafficcongestion at a particular location could be made continuously.

As a member of this society, the researchers wanted to help to reduce the problems in our society. The researchers have decided to come up with the idea of constructing a footbridge at a

particular location which is along IBA PUBLIC MARKET, where the problems are located and proposing a new roads for rerouting. This research will serve as an idea to the officials or authorities what locations of the roadways needed for a construction of a footbridge and a new

proposed road for rerouting.A footbridge or pedestrian bridge is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some cases

cyclists and horse riders, rather than vehicular traffic. An enclosed footbridge between two buildings is sometimes known as a skyway. Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclistsare often referred to as green bridges and form an important part of sustainable transportmovement towards more sustainable cities.

Footbridges are often situated to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areaswhere there are no nearby roads to necessitate a road bridge, they are also located across roads tolet pedestrians cross safely without slowing down the traffic. The latter is a type of pedestrianseparation structure, examples of which are particularly found near schools, to help preventchildren running in front of moving cars.

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between places. Roads are typically

smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, andhistorically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.


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1.1 Background of the StudyIncrease in road traffic congestion and accidents are two of the major effects observable

due to rapid motorization and urbanization growth in most areas and also largely, due to vastmotor vehicle volumes, and increase in urban poor population and its related problems. Althoughurbanization improved the regions economic growth as generated by Asian cities, its negativeimpacts on the countries cannot be ignored. Road traffic accidents are one of the worlds largestcontributors to injury problems and loss of lives. Establishment of footbridges and constructing anew road are one of the alternative solutions to minimize the road traffic and roads accident.These structures are design for the passages of pedestrians to let them cross the way safelywithout injuring them and disturbing the traffic flow.

1.2 Conceptual Framework This section gives a guide on the main issues covered in the succeeding chapters of this

report.

1.3 Statement of the ProblemIn this research, the only problem we are going to encounter is the location in establishing

footbridges. Maybe, footbridges may also become an additional hazardous structure that mayaffect the establishment near or at the place of heavy traffic. As a result, the footbridge may not

be utilized. Designation of proper loading and unloading of passengers may directly affect theflow of traffic. In short, poor traffic management will create the major problems in our roadways.On the other hand, this footbridge can give essentials for the sustainable transportation movementtowards to a developing society.

1.4 Statement of the Hypothesis / AssumptionsIn putting these footbridges, pedestrians can only used this bridges not the vehicles. It is

used by pedestrians to transport to the other side without disturbing the flow of traffic. Althoughthe footbridge is usable it is not recommended for the place that have many structures areestablished, it may become hazardous and making place narrower creating traffic congestion.

1.5 Significance of the studyAt present, increasing of population and mobilization makes the roads become crowded.

This project study will provide solutions to the problems regarding the traffic congestions androad accidents. By using or establishing footbridges, the flow of traffic and the transportations toanother place may become easier and the traffic flows smoothly without disturbing anybody. Onthe other hand, more investor will encourage investing their money here that will create more

jobs for the people and for the development of our country.

Chapter 2: Research design, Methods and ProceduresI. Research Design

a. Identify the hazardous locations- The aim of this step is to identify all locations with a high traffic congestion andurbanization growth and to draw all sources to identify all locations with poor trafficmanagement and prepare a list of locations that will considered for treatment.

b. Investigate the hazardous locations


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- As a general guide, priority should generally be given to investigating siteswhere there is traffic congestion and people become crowded.

-c. Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road.

- Before the constructions, we need to coordinate to the people who are involvedto know their opinions for us to know what the things are going to be change inthe design and constructions.

d. Formulate the possible design and construction of footbridge and roads-After collecting and analyzing the gathered data, this is time to formulate the

possible design and constructions to those areas where investigated and todetermine low cost and the most effective design.

e. Appraise the project economics-In general, the aim of evaluating project is to find the projects that provide themost cost- effective way of allocating money that deliver the best return fromevery peso you spent.

f. Deliver the projects- After the funds of the project are approved, the next thing to do is to deliver itto start the project.

II. Preparation for the Research1. Identify the hazardous locations

a. Analyze traffic data b. Review locations nominated from other resourcesc. Compile data of worst accident and traffic locations

2. Investigate hazardous locations.a. Collect the traffic data.

b. Presentation of traffic datac. Analyze the data.d. Site inspection

e. Review the information & formulate conclusions

3. Formulate the possible design & construction of footbridge and roads.

a. Prepare concept design plan b. Prepare cost estimatee. Conclusion


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CONDUCT OF THE SURVEY ON QUESTIONINGTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SURVEY

Name: _______________________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________________________

QUESTIONS YES NO1. Do you think undisciplined motorist mostly causes trafficand accidents?2. Would you like to relocate new terminal for tricycles and

jeepneys?3. Do you think putting a footbridge is necessary for thistown?4. On your own observation, do you think traffic flow onthis town is unmanageable?5. Thus traffic lights applicable for this town?6. Do you think traffic enforcers help to manage trafficflow?7. Do accidents occur here mostly?8. Would you like to create new lane for MagsaysayAvenue and Rizal Avenue?9. Is the traffic law enough to discipline the motorists10. Do traffic enforcers correct traffic violators?

To validate the data obtained we, the researcher personally conducted a survey by askingthe people belonging to Poblacion Iba, Zambales.

The gathered data from this study were organized, presented in statistical tables andanalyze accordance with the problem that this study attempted to answer.


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FINDINGS:In the study it was found out that, statistically

R E S U LT S O F T R A F F I C M A N A G E M E N T

96%

60 %

54%

72%

48 %

70 %

52 %

66%

70 %

56%

4%

40 %

46%2 8%

52 %

30%

48 %

34%

30%

44 %

Q u e s t io n 1

Q u e s t io n 2

Q u e s t io n 3Q u e s t io n 4

Q u e s t io n 5

Q u e s t io n 6

Q u e s t io n 7

Q u e s t io n 8

Q u e s t io n 9

Q u e s t i o n 1 0

%

%

% N O 4% 4 0 % 46% 28% 52% 30% 48% 34% 30% 44%

% YE S 96% 60% 54% 72% 48% 70% 52% 66% 70% 56%

Questio

1

Quest io

2

Quest io

3

Quest io

4

Quest io

5

Quest io

6

Questio

7

Quest io

8

Questio

9

Quest io

10

CHAPTER 2. THE PROJECT CYCLEThis part of research puts the task of project preparation into context within the overall

project preparation, evaluation and delivery cycle. Because all of the phases in the cycle arelinked, it is important to understand where the project preparation phase fits within this overall

process. The key steps in the process are shown in the following diagram.

Step 1: Identify the Location of footbridge and new roadwayThe first step in the project cycle is to identify locations of footbridge and new roadway

with high road traffic congestion at Poblacion, Iba road. Possible location can be identified from a variety of sources they can be:

Suggested by the community or local government officials;

The aim of this step is to identify the location at Poblacion, Iba roads with high traffic congestionand urbanization growth.

Step 2: Investigate the hazardous locations


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As a general guide, priority should generally be given to investigating sites where there istraffic congestion and people become crowded.

Information required from the site investigation:

Confirmation of accident frequency and severity

Location of environment (roadside structures, adjacent land,environment)

Traffic volume and composition

Physical geometry of the site (layout of road sections O)Driver behavior Other relevant information about traffic and road use;

Step 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road.Before the preliminary of constructions, we need to coordinate to the people who are

mainly involved to know their opinions for us to know what the things are this study needs in thedesign of the new roadway and constructions of footbridge. Why is it important for their opinions? For the reason is that, they were mostly affected by poor traffic management thatmainly leads to many acquired accidents and the incidence of heavy traffic.

Information required in putting footbridge and new roadway.

Step 4: Formulate candidate projectsHaving identified and investigated the locations, the next step is to formulate a proposal

for reducing the level of accident and the volume of traffics. Proposing of new roadway and afootbridge is the best way or solution to prevent or reduce the traffic volume and accident in thearea specified. And also, to see how those candidate projects will fit to location spotted.

Consideration for the making of new roadway and establishing footbridge:1. Site and traffic conditions2. Effectiveness of the design in reducing the accident and the traffic congestions.3. Preliminary estimated cost of the design project.

Step 5: appraise the project economicsIn general, the aim of evaluating project is to find the projects that provide the most cost-

effective way of allocating money that deliver the best return from every peso you spent. In thecontext of proposing a new road and footbridge projects, this means delivering the greatestreduction in road traffic congestion and human growth, causing accident and slowing traffic flow.

Step 6: Deliver the projectThis step is to obtain budget allocation and release of funds, and implement the highest

ranked projects. This research does not cover the budget process for funding of road accidentreduction projects, or the contracting and delivery of engineering works at hazardous locations.


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CHAPTER 3. PREPARATIONS OF ROAD DESIGN ANDFOOTBRIDGE

This part of project study provides the step in preparing the design of new roadway and afootbridge, where as to reduce the incidents and the volume of traffic load in that area.Step 1. Identify the locationsStep 2. Investigate the locationsStep 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about constructing a footbridge and a new road.Step 4. Develop a project road and footbridge to reduce the accident and Traffic congestion.Step 5. Report and Conclusion

At the end of this project cycle, develop designs for infrastructure improvements toreduce the traffic load and road accident at hazardous locations will be showed.Step 1. Identify the locations

The first stage of the project cycle for the designing of new roadway and footbridge is theidentification of hazardous locations. The main objective of this stage of the process is toestablish which location in Poblacion, IBA road we can put a new road and a footbridge. Creatingof a new road can lessen the volume of traffic and make the flow of traffic become easy. Andalso, establishing a footbridge for the pedestrians transferring to the other side of the road withoutaffecting the flow of traffic and reduces the accident causing by the low traffic management.

At this step in the project cycle, the aim is to draw on all sources of information and datato produce a list of locations that will be considered for the design of road and footbridge. The

primary sources of information to establish the most traffic volume data given by DPWH. Other possible locations may be identified from other sources and these should be given dueconsideration.

The process of identifying locations can be broken down in the following steps:Step 1.1 Analyze Traffic Data.

Step 1.2 Review locations for the project proposal.Step 1.3 Select locations for the project proposal.

Step 1.1 Analyze traffic Data

Traffic Data on the national road network is obtained in Axle load survey. The data of road vehicles passing are collected and recorded in Axle load survey in a way that allows them to

be analyzed within the system and produce a range of standard and users defined outputs in theform of reports and charts that are suited to specific needs. Minimal knowledge of the Axle loadsurveys program is required to produce many of standard outputs.

AXLE LOAD DETERMINATIONAxle load data collection is no-apprehension survey which involves the weighing of large

buses and trucks. The vehicles are weight by wheel at the same time to avoid discrepancy invehicle weights. For example for a three-axle truck wheels are weighed at the same time using six

portable weigh scales.


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Step 1.2 Review the location nominated from the other sources.From the other data, we can also be identified from a number of other sources, such as

vicinity map of IBA, community members and local government officials. From the localknowledge of risky locations from such sources often provides valuable additional information,

particularly about the cause of accidents and the accumulation of vehicles.Sites nominated from such sources should be checked against the report of worst accident

and heavy traffic locations from those given data present from the community members, DistrictDPWH engineers, Police station of IBA, and local government officials. If the site is included,

precede to the next step, otherwise the accident and heavy traffic history of the nominatedlocation should be extracted from those given data. If the recorded accident and heavy traffichistory does meet the minimum criteria for identifying those possible locations of the project

proposals, the location should not be included on the final list of worst accidents and heavy trafficlocations unless there is an alternative source of reliable data on the major accident and heavytraffic at the site (for example traffic enforcer records that have not been recorded by police or local officials).Sites that do not meet the project proposals criteria could be reviewed under theROAD SAFETY AUDIT PROGRAM, DPWH, and eventually included for treatment in theAccident Prevention Program and Traffic Management Program.

STEP 1.3 Select locations for constructing the design road and . FootbridgeAt this stage, after investigating and analyzing all the information gathered from the

reliable resources, and through the aid of maps, we may select the best locations of the project proposals is to be next thing to do. But at this point, problems will rise that might affect the project proposals. To avoid these problems, we must consider all the possible things that might beencountered when selecting the location for this project proposal, such as if there areestablishment needed to demolish, and private property needed to purchase just to establish the

project. Those were the things that make the construction phase delayed. Therefore, it is noweasily for us to establish the best locations for the construction of the new road way andfootbridge. In addition, the possibility of making the project finish on time is not unattainable todo.

STEP 2 : Investigate the locations for the project . Naturally, before going to the preliminary of constructing any structure, it is important to

investigate the locations first. The objective of the location investigation is to identify the predominant types and patterns and by the analysis of reported traffic accidents and surveyanalysis on the site. The investigations of the sited locations must require a systematic and logicalstep-by-step approach and an understanding of the nature the particular location. in the course of investigations, problems possibly will take place. However, through investigations we will beable to anticipate and make the solutions for the problems that were encountered..Step 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road.

Figure shows the typical mix of human, vehicles and road environment factors involvedin road accidents. The diagram shows for example that around 95% of accidents involve an error

by the road user, whilst 24% involve a combination of human and road environment factors.

DESIGN


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Figure Contributing Factors in Accidents

Step 4. Develop a project road and footbridge to reduce the Traffic congestions.Engineers, highway officials, traffic enforcers and even the local government officials in

our country were having a hard time to formulate a new solution in solving the inevitable problems encountered in the implementation on road safety and traffic management. To minimizethe source of accidents and traffic congestions in our roads, lot of things is going to do. Have acomprehensive study on how to minimize roads accidents and traffic congestions and haveenough knowledge to develop projects that would solve these problems even permanently.Through the study have been conducted, we could predict those possible solutions to graduallydecrease the incidents of road accidents and the occurrence of heavy traffic in our area. In order

to develop new ideas, we must provide those data and information that will be needed for thedevelopment of the project.Once the base map was established, the roadway system was developed using high

quality aerial mapping. The aerials were used to determine approach and departure geometry, andas well as measured storage lengths and crosswalk lengths. In the absence of aerial photography,

personnel would have to conduct field studies to obtain this information. A method that workedwell was to display the aerial image on one computer (an LCD projector works even better) andhave another set up to code the geometry in Synchronic.

Step 4.1 Prepare concept design planIt is very important to produce an idea or preliminary layout plans to a sufficient level to

show that the treatment proposal and able to be implemented, to display its most importantfeatures and impacts, and to provide with a basis for the preparation of a preliminary costestimate.

On the other hand, minor projects may not require concept plans if clear description of the scope of the proposed works will be sufficient.

As the design proceeds, it may be necessary to modify the treatment proposal to accountfor any issues that arise.

Traffic Congestion is a persistent problem in Poblacion, Iba road is projected to continue growingin terms of total population and employment. Proposing of footbridge across the Iba public

67%

2 4 %

RoadEnvironment

Factors(28%)

Vehicle Factor (8%)

Human Factor(95%)


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market road is one of best solution to minimize the traffic congestion and to prevent accident. Tominimize the traffic congestions we are also proposing a new roadway crossing at the back of Happy Valley connecting through Magsaysay road. For the purpose of this is to make the roads infront of Iba public market become one way roads. Just to minimize the congestion due to thehuman growth and increased vehicles.

SOME TYPES OF BRIDGES

more elaborate types of arch bridges

beam bridge

this type of design was considered but rejected because of aesthetics


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suspension bridge

This type of bridge is used to span a large distances and hold great loads and was not used because the design was overkill for the projected usage.

cable stayed bridge

This type of bridge is used to span large distances and hold great loads and was not consideredfor the same reasons as the suspension bridge

REINFORCED CONCRETE (RCC) BRIDGESCharacteristics and ApplicationsThese bridges comprise a concrete slab reinforced with steel bar that spans the crossing. The slabmay either be of a plain solid rectangular section or a thinner slab strengthened on its underside

by integral beams that run along and across the bridge .The latter type of slab will use lessmaterial than a plain slab but will involve considerably greater difficulty and effort in preparationfor pouring the concrete. For footbridges the top surface of the concrete slab can be the walkwaysurface saving the need for a separate deck. The upper limit of span for a RCC bridge is about12m. Piers are needed for longer spans. When large cranes are available slabs can be pre-cast andlifted into position. However, in situations covered by this manual, slabs will be cast in situ. Thistherefore requires the construction and support of wooden box-work (shuttering) in which the

reinforcing steel is supported and the concrete poured. This will involve considerabletime inputs from skilled carpenters and will prevent the use of RCC bridges where the river-beddoes not allow the construction of timber scaffolding to support the shuttering.

Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages:- The main advantages of RCC bridges are their long life, at least 50 years, and their lowmaintenance costs. Therefore although their initial cost may be higher than other types, their


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total life cost may be lower as their maintenance costs will be lower and other types may needto be replaced one or more times during the life of the RCC bridge.

Disadvantages:- The main disadvantages in regard to local construction are the effort and skills needed,

particularly in erecting the shuttering for the concrete slab. The mixing and pouring of concretewill also require good organization and experience. For example, the amount of water used to mixthe cement affects the strength of the concrete. Some skilled and experienced labor will therefore

be needed with possibly support from the local community in carrying out less skilled tasks.

Step 4.2 Prepare a cost estimate base on the design of footbridge and new road proposal.A prepared cost of estimate, based on the concept plan prepared.

The estimate would be generally be itemized as follows:For footbridge:

o excavationo concretingo formso electricalo finishing

For roads:o survey and designo land acquisitiono roadwork o street lightingo Traffic signal installation / alterationso Contingencieso Project management

The following labor percentage ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2 are typical and includeequipment operators, truck drivers and laborers.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:ANALYSIS OF LOADS:

1. Dead Loads2. Live Loads3. Moment Distribution Method4. Factored Loadings5. Shear & Moment Diagram

DESIGN of FOOTBRIDGE:1. Design of beams

2. Design of reinforcement3. Design of column4. Design of footing5. Design of stairs

Propose design of roads :DESIGN of NEW ROAD:1. Plans & length of road2. Clearing & grubbing


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3. Excavation4. Base & sub base preparation5. Asphalting

TABLE 1

Work Item PercentLabor

Low Percent Factors High Percent Factors

151-Mobilization 33-62Short travel distancewith few pieces of equipment todismantleand reassemble.

Long travel distance,many pieces of equipmentto move, dismantling andassembly of equipment,semi-permanentstructures, platforms, etc.,to erect for project support

201-Clearing and GrubbingSmall timber, lightground cover, gentleterrain, good soils,scattering, accessibleto equipment.

Large timber, heavyground area, difficultterrain, poor soils androck, pile and burn,inaccessible to equipment.

204-Excavation andEmbankmentThis item may be broken downasfollows:Movement DirtSlope, Rounding, and BenchingCompactionScarificationDrill and BlastTraffic ControlStation-Yard OverhaulYd3-mile Overhaul

25-45

2425304586902337

Gentle terrain, goodsoils, wide poor soilsand tolerances, no

blasting

Difficult terrain, rock,closetolerance, blasting, andhaul.

209-Structure Excavation andBackfill

35-45 Gentle terrain, goodsoils, easy equipmentaccess, no dewatering

Difficult terrain, poor soilsand rock, equipmentaccess difficult,dewatering required.


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TABLE 2.

Work Item PercentLabor

Low Percent Factors High Percent Factors

251-RiprapHand-PlacedMachine-PlacedSackedWire-Enclosed

45206075

253-Gabions25-35

303-Road Reconditioning 50

322-Minor AggregateCourse

25-45 Crushed pit rock, widegradation tolerance

Crushed quarry rock,close gradation tolerance

400-Asphalt Pavement 20-30 Large project, road mix,wide tolerance

Small project, plant mix,close tolerance, labor intensive.

550-Bridge Construction 20-30 No reduction if purchaser is not equipped to perform.Requires analysis of equipment, labor, and materials

602-Culverts and drains 45-60 Gentle terrain, easilyavailable bedding and

backfill material.

Steep pipe grade, poor gradation for bedding and

backfill material.

605-Underdrains(Installation Only)BackfillFilter ClothSpecial Granular Backfill

90101025

606-Corrugated SpillwaysInstallation Only

2080

619-Fences, Gates andCattleguardsMetal gates and cattlequardsFence and wire gates10-1560

10-1560

625-Turf Establishment 35-70 Hydromulch, flatslopes, large project.

Hand-placed mulch, steepslopes, small project.


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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTBRIDGESThis type of bridge comprises basically a concrete slab reinforced with steel bars. Since

concrete has a very low tensile strength, the primary steel bars are located near the bottom of theslab to carry all the tensile bending stresses. The concrete isassumedto carry all the compressive

bendinstresses.

The main advantages of reinforced concrete footbridges (RCC) are:- All the materials needed cement, sand, stone aggregate and steel bar will be locally availablein most locations- For footbridges, the concrete can serve as the deck surface so that timber or other forms of decking are not needed- The bridges have a long life and require little maintenance. Therefore, although their initial costmay be higher than other types, their total life cost will probably be lower

The main problems of local level construction of RCC footbridges are:

- The concrete slab has to be cast in-situ which requires considerable preparation work insetting up the formwork into which the concrete is poured. The dead weight of the concrete slabis high so that strong supports are needed for the formwork. Therefore, apart from quite shortspans, props will be needed from the riverbed to support the formwork at intervals of 1 to 2 m sothat RCC footbridges are only possible where the riverbed is suitable for this

- Setting up the steel reinforcement in the shutter boxes (boxes into which the concrete is poured)and the mixing and pouring of the concrete requires workers with appropriate skills andexperience. These will probably have to be brought in from outside, increasing construction costs.It is possible that the formwork can be constructed by local carpenters under the supervision of anexperienced technician.

The maximum unsupported span of RCC footbridges is about 12m. For longer spans intermediate pier supports will be needed. Therefore RCC footbridges can only be used for crossings of greater than about 10-12m width when the riverbed allows the construction of support piers. This will be mainly in areas of flat to moderate rolling terrain.

Within the limitations outlined above, RCC footbridges should be considered alongside other possible types. The main selection considerations are likely to be initial cost and whether theskilled and experienced labour needed is available. If neither of these factors rule out the use of RCC footbridges then they should be strongly considered because of their long life and low maintenance.

ROAD CONSTRUCTIONSteps to Building a Road

1. Determine the ProjectDecisions are made by Councillors, in consultation with Works Engineers, residents andin some cases, the Department of Main Roads, about road priorities for the coming year.At a formal Council meeting, the go-ahead is given for the project.


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2. Survey and Soil Test the SiteCouncils Surveyors carry out a detailed survey of the road site to record all relevantfeatures such as trees, fences, driveways, other utilities and ground levels to determineslopes, profiles and drainage paths.

3. Design the RoadEngineers and draftsmen in Councils Design and Development Department draft plansof the proposed road to determine the alignments and the pavement thickness required tosatisfy the project needs such as traffic, design life and design speed.

4. Estimate the Cost and Materials NeededCouncils designers prepare detailed estimates for the project.

5. Review the Project and Allocate FundsWorks Engineers review the project estimates, design standards and available funds, andadjust some of these as necessary to allow the project to proceed.

6. Plan Resources and Order MaterialsWorks supervisors carry out detailed project planning of resources and materialrequirements. Materials such as gravel, bitumen, culverts, concrete and signs are ordered.

7. Prepare the Site

Usually the first activities on site are erecting roadwork signs, vegetation clearing and preliminary earthworks.8. Install Drainage

Construction gangs install roadside and cross drainage pipes.9. Road Formation

Fill or cut away the existing soil to provide a uniform surface to a designed profile.

10. Lay the PavementConstruction gangs cart, spread, compact and trim the gravel in a number of layers. The

pavement thickness depends on traffic volumes and the existing material beneath the

proposed road.11. Seal the Pavement

Hot bitumen is sprayed on the road surface and covered with aggregate (uniform crushedstones). It is rolled into a tight interlocking mat.

12. Erect SignageSigns, guideposts and guard rails are erected, and linemarking is carried out. Our projectis now complete!


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GENERAL CONCLUSION

Based on the studies done of the researchers & findings from observed data, wefound out that most of the people of Iba want to eliminate traffic congestion by providingnecessary footbridge & new roadway connecting Rizal Avenue. The design of footbridgewas carefully analyzed and it is suited to the area & location of project so that it will surelyaccessible for pedestrians crossing the lanes without worrying their safety.In the design of new roadway, calculations & consideration was based from the dataprovided by the DPWH on the recent Axle-Load survey that the value to be used for thedesign of road pavement is the maximum total axle load observed on a 3 & 4-axle semi-trailer truck during 11-12 hour of September 12, 2008 was 37,700 kg. The proposed start of new roadway was situated between Caltex Gas Station & Happy Valley Supermart andends near of Bons Restaurant. These formulated location was the best alternative due tothe limited area of the vicinity, budget management & the only route that suit to connectRizal Ave. but effectively change the state of traffic flow on their road into a moremanageable & accessible one.

From the suggestions of the people, we now found out that the ideas weve madewere also the ideas of the people who wants to keep traffic on their town to a moremanageable manner so that the town of Iba will no longer suffer from accidents, trafficbuild-up and slow economic growth.

Outline of Ps

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