NTD PAGE 26
OUTLINE IN BANKING AND SPECIAL COMMERCIAL LAWSDean Nilo T.
Divina
I. LETTERS OF CREDIT
Definition/concept
1. A letter of credit is any arrangement, however named or
described, whereby a bank, acting upon the request of its client or
on its own behalf, agrees to pay another against stipulated
documents, provided that the terms of the credit are complied
with.2. While a letter of credit is a security arrangement, the
liability of the bank that issued the letter of credit is neither
that of a surety nor a guarantor. The liability of the issuing bank
is primary and solidary.3. The stay order issued by the
rehabilitation court enjoining the enforcement of claims against
the principal debtor, its guarantor and surety not liable
solidarily with the principal debtor does not preclude the
beneficiary from collecting on the letter of credit. 4. Issuing
bank is not entitled to the benefit of excussion. 5. The issuing
bank should pay the beneficiary upon the latters submission of the
stipulated documents and compliance with the terms of the credit
even though there is a pending issue on whether or not the main
contract underlying the l/c has been paid/fulfilled or not.
Governing law
1. Letter of credit is a commercial transaction. As such, it is
governed by the Code of Commerce. 2. The Code of Commerce,
nevertheless, provides that in the absence of applicable laws
governing commercial transactions, customs and usages shall be made
to apply.3. Letter of credit is thus now primarily governed by the
Uniform Customs and Practices (UCP ) for Documentary Credit, a
codification of customs and usages governing letter of credit
prepared by the International Chamber of Commerce.4. The Supreme
Court has recognized the validity and applicability of UCP in
resolving issues and disputes relating to letter of credit.5.
Letter of credit is not governed by the Negotiable Instruments Law
nor the Corporation Code. However, the draft which the beneficiary
may issue under a letter of credit as a mode of payment may be
governed by the Negotiable Instruments law if the draft conforms to
all the elements of negotiability under the NIL.6. The law on
contracts and damages shall also apply to provide remedies to the
party aggrieved by the breach of the main contract although such
breach will not affect the obligation of the bank to pay the
beneficiary or its right to obtain reimbursement from the applicant
of the letter of credit if the terms of the l/c have been complied
with.
Parties to a letter of credit/rights and obligations
- Account Party/Applicant
1. The account party or applicant of the letter of credit who is
either the importer or buyer in a commercial letter of credit or
the obligor/debtor in a standby letter of credit. He agrees to pay
the bank that issued the l/c the commission/charges and to
reimburse the issuing bank amounts duly paid under the lc.2.
Applicant has no obligation to reimburse the issuing bank if the
latter pays without the stipulated documents or in case of
discrepant documents.3. He has the right to have the marginal
deposit deducted from the principal obligation under the l/c and to
have the interest computed only on the balance and not on the face
value thereof.
The issuing bank
1. It undertakes to pay the beneficiary upon the latters
submission of stipulated documents/compliance with the credit
despite any breach in the main contract underlying the l/c.2. After
due payment, issuing bank is entitled to reimbursement as a matter
of right. Reimbursement includes debiting the bank account of the
applicant, if any. 3. The failure of the beneficiary to present the
draft to the applicant does not affect the right of the issuing
bank to reimbursement.4. An issuing bank which paid the beneficiary
of an expired letter of credit can recover payment from the
applicant which obtained the goods from the beneficiary to prevent
unjust enrichment.
The beneficiary
1. The beneficiary is the one entitled to payment from the
issuing bank after submission of stipulated documents and
compliance with the terms of the credit.2. He has a prestation to
do under the main contract but his failure to fulfill his
obligation under the main contract does not negate his right to
payment from the issuing bank as long as he is able to submit the
required documents and comply with the terms of the credit, without
prejudice to his liability against the account party under the law
on contract and damages.
-The advising/notifying bank
1. The advising bank determines the apparent authenticity of the
letter of credit and notifies the beneficiary of the l/c
issuance.2. It does not guarantee the genuineness or due execution
of the l/c. It is not liable for damages even if the l/c turns out
to be spurious provided the spurious character is not apparent on
the face of the instrument.3. It has no obligation to pay the
beneficiary unless it is also the paying or confirming bank.
The paying bank
1. The paying bank is the agent of the issuing bank to
facilitate payment to the beneficiary. 2. The paying bank can also
be the advising bank.
The confirming bank
1. The confirming bank lends credence to the lc issued by a
lesser known bank as if it were the one that issued the letter of
credit.2. Its obligation is similar to the issuing bank. Thus,
beneficiary may tender documents to the confirming bank and collect
payment.3. The confirming bank collects fees for such engagement
and obtains reimbursement from the issuing bank.
The negotiating bank
1. The negotiating bank becomes a party to the l/c transaction
after it buys the draft drawn by the beneficiary and becomes the
holder thereof.2. As holder, it has the right to payment from the
bank primarily liable on the draft ( either the issuing bank or the
confirming bank ).3. If the party primarily liable on the l/c(
issuing bank or confirming bank ) refuses to honor the draft, the
negotiating bank has the right to proceed against the drawer
thereof.
Basic principles of letter of credit
Doctrine of independence
1. By this doctrine, the relationships among : a) the issuing
bank and the beneficiary; b ) the issuing bank and the applicant;
and, c ) the beneficiary and the applicant while interrelated are
separate, distinct and independent of one another.2. Thus, in
determining the obligation of the issuing bank to pay the
beneficiary, the issuing bank has no obligation to verify whether
or not the main contract has been fulfilled or not.3. The issuing
bank is liable to pay the beneficiary upon the latters submission
of the stipulated documents and compliance with the terms of the
credit regardless of any breach of contract by the beneficiary to
the applicant of the l/c. 4. Conversely, the right of the issuing
bank to obtain reimbursement from the applicant of the l/c is not
adversely affected by the non-fulfillment by the beneficiary of its
obligation to the applicant.5. In letters of credit, banks deal
with documents, they dont deal with goods.6. In standby letter of
credit securing a loan obligation, any payment of the debtor to the
creditor should not be deducted from the total obligation of the
issuing bank to the beneficiary. The issuing bank, after payment of
the full amount, is entitled to full reimbursement from the debtor.
But the debtor may recover excess payment from the creditor to
prevent unjust enrichment.
Fraud exception principle
1. The fraud exception principle is an exception to the doctrine
of independence.2. Under the fraud exception principle, the
beneficiary may be enjoined from collecting on the letter of credit
if the following elements are present : a ) there is fraud on the
part of the beneficiary, b ) fraud must be in relation to the
independent purpose or character of the credit, c ) unless the
beneficiary is restrained, the applicant shall suffer grave and
irreparable injury.3. For the fraud exception principle to serve as
an exception to the doctrine of independence, the fraud must not be
in relation to the performance of the main contract but in relation
to the independent purpose or character of the credit.
Doctrine of strict compliance
1. Under this doctrine, the documents that the beneficiary
should submit to the issuing bank or confirming bank must strictly
conform to the documents stipulated. If there is discrepancy, the
issuing bank is not liable to pay. If it pays despite discrepant
documents, it pays at its own risk and can not obtain reimbursement
from the applicant.2. It is not a question of whether or not it is
fair or equitable to require submission of documents but whether or
not the documents were agreed upon. In which case, all such
documents must be submitted.
II. WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS LAW
Nature and functions of warehouse receipt
1. A warehouse receipt is a written acknowledgement by a
warehouseman that he has received and holds certain goods described
therein in store for the person to whom it is issued.2. Receipts
not issued by a warehouseman are not warehouse receipts although in
the form of warehouse receipts. This transaction will not be
governed by the warehouse receipts law but by the law on deposit.3.
A warehouse receipt is not a negotiable instrument within the
meaning of the NIL even though the warehouse receipt, as a document
of title, may be negotiable.
To whom delivered
In general-1. To the person lawfully entitled to possession of
the goods or his agent, or2. The person entitled to delivery under
a non-negotiable receipt, or,3. Person in possession of a duly
negotiated warehouse receipt
Specific situations-
4. Between a judgment creditor and the holder of a duly
negotiated negotiable warehouse receipt, the latter has the better
right5. Between the unpaid seller of the goods deposited to the
warehouseman and the holder a duly negotiated warehouse receipt,
the latter has a better right6. The rights of the assignee of a
non-negotiable warehouse receipt may be defeated by the judgment
creditor of the depositor or the unpaid seller of the goods
deposited pending notice to the warehouseman of the assignment or
transfer.7. If the goods were stolen from the owner and deposited
to the warehouseman who subsequently issued a warehouse receipt
which in turn was duly negotiated to an innocent purchaser for
value, the owner has the better right than the holder of the
negotiable warehouse receipt. This is because a thief transfers no
title.8. If the goods were deposited by the owner for which the
warehouseman issued a negotiable warehouse receipt but the receipt
was negotiated in bad faith, the holder of such negotiable
warehouse receipt has a better right against the owner because the
validity of the negotiation is not impaired by the fact that such
negotiation was a breach of duty on the part of the person making
the negotiation provided that the holder has no notice of the
breach of duty or fraud, mistake or duress.9. The negotiation of
the warehouse receipt by the buyer of goods purchased from and
deposited to the warehouse is valid even if the warehouseman who
issued a negotiable receipt was not paid by the buyer.
Kinds
1. Negotiable warehouse receipt- is a receipt in which it is
stated that the goods received will be delivered to the bearer or
to the order of any person named in such receipt2. Non-negotiable-
a receipt in which it is stated that the goods received will be
delivered to the depositor or to any other specified person.
Distinctions between negotiable instrument and negotiable
warehouse receipt
In negotiable instrument, the obligation is to pay money while
in a warehouse receipt, the obligation is to deliver goods.
In a negotiable instrument, the general endorsers warrant that
the instrument, after due presentment, shall be paid and in that
case of dishonor and notice of dishonor is duly given, the endorser
shall pay the holder. In a warehouse receipt, the endorsers or
intermediate parties are not liable for any failure on the part of
the warehouseman or previous endorsers of the receipt to fulfill
their obligations. The endorsers of a negotiable warehouse receipt
may however be held liable for breach of warranties, such as : the
receipt is genuine and in respects what it purports to be; they
have legal title to the instrument; the goods are fit for
consumption and merchantable; they are not aware of any information
that would render the instrument valueless or worthless.
Rights of a holder of a negotiable warehouse receipt
1. The holder of a negotiable receipt acquires : a ) such title
to the goods as the depositor or the person negotiating had or had
ability to convey to a purchaser in good faith for value; and b )
the direct obligation of the warehouseman to hold possession of the
goods for him according to the terms of the receipt as if the
warehouseman had contracted directly with him.2. The goods covered
by the receipt can not be garnished or levied upon under execution
unless the receipt is surrendered, or impounded or its negotiation
enjoined.3. The goods that the receipt covers are not subject to
sellers lien or stoppage in transit
Rights of a transferee of a non-negotiable warehouse receipt
1. The title to the goods as against the transferor2. The right
to notify the warehouseman of the transfer thereof; and3. The
right, thereafter, to acquire the obligation of the warehouseman to
hold the goods for him4. The right of the transferee is not
absolute as it is subject to the terms of any agreement with the
transferor. He merely steps into the shoes of the transferor
Duties of warehouseman
1. To take care of the goods entrusted to his safekeeping with
the same care as a reasonably careful owner of similar goods would
exercise2. To deliver the goods to the holder of the receipt or the
depositor provided the following conditions are fulfilled :
a. offer to satisfy the warehousemans lienb. offer to surrender
the receipt, if negotiable with such indorsements as would be
necessary for the negotiation of the receipt; andc. readiness and
willingness to sign when the goods are delivered acknowledgment
that they have been received
The refusal of the warehouseman who previously owned goods
stored with it to deliver the goods to the endorsee of the receipt
on the ground that the goods had not been paid by the buyer is
unlawful.
The warehouseman has no cause of action for repossession and
damages against a person to whom it delivered deposited articles on
the basis of an alleged falsified delivery permit where the real
parties interested in the questioned articles have not yet sued the
warehouseman for damages on account of wrongful delivery.
Warehousemans lien
1. The warehousemans lien over the goods deposited with him is
his security, just like a pledge or mortgage for the payment of the
charges for the storage and preservation of the goods, money
advanced and other expenses in relation to such goods.2. The
remedies available to the warehouseman to enforce the lien are : 1
) refuse to deliver the goods until his lien is satisfied; 2 ) to
sell the goods and apply the proceeds to the value of the lien; 3 )
by other means allowed by law to a creditor against his debtor for
the collection from the depositor of all charges and advances which
the debtor contracted with the warehouseman; or such remedies
allowed by law for the enforcement of a lien against personal
property3. A warehousemans lien should in no event go beyond the
value of the credit in favor of the pledgee.4. The warehouseman
fees and charges cease to accrue from the date of rejection by the
warehouseman to heed the lawful demand by the endorsee of the
quedan for the release of the goods.
TRUST RECEIPTS LAW
Definition/concept of a trust receipt transaction
1. Trust receipt is a transaction between the entruster and the
entrustee whereby the entruster who owns or holds absolute title or
security interest over certain goods, documents and instruments,
releases the same to the possession of the entrustee upon the
latters execution and delivery of a trust receipt wherein the
entrustee binds himself to hold the designated goods, documents and
instruments in trust for the entruster and to sell or otherwise
dispose of the goods or instruments with the obligation to turn
over to the entruster the proceeds thereof to the extent of the
amount owing to the entruster or to return them to the entruster in
case of non- sale.2. The failure of the entrustee to deliver the
proceeds of the sale of the goods or instruments subject of the
trust receipt or to return the goods constitutes estafa.3. Not all
obligations of the entrustee are criminal in nature but only the
obligations specified above.4. Under recent jurisprudence, the
penal sanction under the trust receipts law does not apply in case
the goods are not intended for sale or resale such as when they are
for actual use.5. To be in the nature of the trust receipt, the
entruster should have financed the acquisition or importation of
the goods. The funds should have been delivered before or
simultaneously with delivery of the goods. If the entrustee is
already the owner or in possession of the goods before delivery of
the loan and execution of the trust receipt agreement, the
transaction shall be considered a simple loan even though the
parties may have denominated the agreement as one of trust
receipt.
Loan/security feature
1. A trust receipt has loan and security features. The entruster
(bank ) extends the loan to the entrustee ( importer and retail
dealers ) to finance the importation or acquisition of goods or
instruments in favor of the entrustee who may not be able to obtain
credit except thru utilization of the merchandise imported or
purchased. The security feature is in the covering trust receipt
which secures the indebtedness.2. For as long as the loan is not
paid, the civil obligation remains.
Thus :
a ) the loss of the goods subject of the trust receipt
regardless of the cause does not extinguish the civil liability of
the entrustee;b ) the return of the goods may extinguish the
criminal liability but not the civil liability of the entrustee
unless the goods are sold and proceeds thereof applied in full
payment of the loanc ) repossession of the goods by the entruster
in case of default by the entrustee does not extinguish the civil
liability of the entrustee unless the goods are sold and proceeds
applied in payment of the obligation.d. repossession of the goods
in case of default of the entrustee does not prevent the entruster
from foreclosing any mortgage on the property which the entrustee
or surety offered as additional security for the loan
3. A civil action for the collection of the loan may be
instituted independently of the criminal action for violation of
the trust receipts law.
Ownership of the goods, documents and instruments under trust
receipt
1. If under the trust receipt, the bank is made to appear as
owner, it was but a legal fiction than fact for if it were really
so, it could dispose of the goods in any manner that it wants which
it can not do so. To consider the bank the owner would be to
disregard the loan feature thereof2. The entrustee, however, can
not mortgage the goods because one of the requisites of a valid
mortgage is that the mortgagor must be the absolute owner of the
property mortgaged or must have free disposal thereof. Entrustee is
not the absolute owner of the goods under trust receipt nor has
free disposal thereof.3. The entruster is not responsible as
principal or vendor under any sale or contract to sell made by the
entrustee
Rights of the entruster
1. To be entitled to the proceeds of the sale of the goods under
trust receipt to the extent of the amount owing to him or to the
return of the goods in case of non-sale2. To cancel the trust and
take possession of the goods or of the proceeds realized therefrom
at any time upon default by the entrustee3. To sell the goods with
at least five day notice to the entrustee and apply the proceeds in
payment of the obligation. Entrustee liable to pay deficiency, if
any
Validity of the security interest as against creditors of the
entrustee/innocent purchasers for value
1. The entrusters security interest in the goods under trust
receipt shall be valid as against all creditors of the entrustee
for the duration of the trust receipt agreement.2. Thus, the
security interest of the entruster over the goods under trust
receipt is superior than the monetary claims of the laborers of the
entrustee.3. The innocent purchaser for value of the goods sold by
the entrustee has a better right than the entruster. He acquires
title to the goods free from the security interest of the
entruster.
Obligations/liability of the entrustee
1. To hold the goods, documents or instruments in trust for the
entruster and to dispose of them strictly in accordance with the
terms of the trust receipt;2. To receive the proceeds in trust for
the entruster and turn over the same to the entruster to the extent
of the obligation to the entruster3. To insure the goods for their
total value against loss from fire, theft, pilferage or other
casualties;4. To keep said goods or proceeds thereof separate and
capable of identification as property of the entruster;5. To return
the goods, documents or instruments in the event of non-sale or
upon demand of the entruster; and6. To observe all other terms and
conditions of the trust receipt not contrary to law
However, the gravamen of the criminal offense under the trust
receipts law is the failure of the entrustee to deliver the
proceeds of the sale to the entruster up to the extent of the
entrustees obligations or to return the same in case of
non-sale
Other legal points to consider :
1. The officer of the corporation who signed a trust receipt can
not hide behind the cloak of the separate legal personality of the
corporation and can not avoid criminal prosecution even though he
had no physical possession of the goods. The law makes him liable
for such corporate act without prejudice to the civil liability of
the corporation and/or directors/officers responsible for the
violation.
2. Deposit by the entrustee of sum of money with the entruster
bank without reference to the trust receipt obligation does not
give rise to legal compensation because such compensation is not
proper for a debt consisting of a civil liability arising from a
crime
3. Cases where there is no criminal liability despite execution
of a trust receipt agreement :
a. The transaction is not a trust receipt within the
contemplation of the trust receipts lawb. Surrender of the goods to
the entrusterc. Non-delivery of the goods to the entrusteed.
Compromise agreement before the filing of the criminal information
for violation of the trust receipts lawe. Cancellation of the trust
and taking of possession by the entrusterf. Loss of the goods due
to force majuere
Payment/delivery of the proceeds of the sale or disposition of
goods, documents or instruments
1. Full payment of the loan or delivery of the sale proceeds
equivalent to the full amount of the obligation extinguishes both
criminal and civil liabilities of the entrustee
Return of goods, documents or instruments in case of
non-sale
1. The return of the goods, documents or instruments in case of
non-sale extinguishes only the criminal liability of the entrustee
unless he pays in full his loan obligation2. The return of the
goods and the consequent acquittal of the entrustee in the criminal
case does not bar the filing of a separate civil action to enforce
the civil liability of the entrustee
Liability for loss of goods, documents or instruments
1. The risk of loss shall be borne by the entrustee. Loss of the
goods under trust receipt , pending their disposition, irrespective
of whether or not it was due to the fault or negligence of the
entrustee, shall not extinguish his obligation to the entruster for
the value thereof. 2. The principle of res perit domino will not
apply against the entruster
Penal sanction if the offender is a corporation
1. If the violation or offense is committed by a corporation,
the criminal liability shall be imposed upon the directors,
officers, employees or other officials or persons therein
responsible for the offense without prejudice to civil liabilities
arising from the criminal offense.2. What is sought to be penalized
under the trust receipts law is not the payment of debt but the
dishonesty and abuse of confidence in handling of money or goods to
the prejudice of another.3. The director or officer of the
corporation or an agent who signed the trust receipt in behalf of
the corporation shall be criminally liable but not civilly liable
unless he assumes personal liability.4. The director or officer of
the corporation responsible for the violation can not hide behind
the cloak of the corporations separate legal personality. Neither
is lack of possession or the non-delivery of the goods to him
relieves him from criminal liability
Remedies available
The remedies available to the entruster are :
1. File a criminal action for estafa in case of failure of the
entrustee to deliver the proceeds of the sale of the goods under
trust receipt up to the extent of his obligation to the entruster.
The civil action may be instituted in the criminal action or
separately filed independently of the criminal action. The criminal
action is based on ex-delictu for violation of the law while the
civil action is based on ex-contractu for violation of the trust
receipt agreement.2. Cancel the trust and take possession of the
goods at any time upon default of the entrustee.3. After
repossession, the entruster may sell the goods upon at least five
day notice to the entrustee and apply the proceeds in payment of
the obligation. The entrustee is liable for deficiency or entitled
to excess, if any.4. If a surety secures the obligation of the
entrustee in addition to the trust receipt, the law does not
obligate the entruster to cancel the trust or take possession of
the goods. He can proceed against the surety. The options belong to
the entruster
BANKING LAWS
THE NEW CENTRAL BANK ACT
State policiesCreation of the BangkoSentralngPilipinas( BSP
)
1. The BSP is the central monetary authority. While it is a
government owned corporation, it enjoys fiscal and administrative
autonomy.
Responsibility and primary objective of the Monetary Board
1. It shall provide policy directions in the areas of money,
banking and credit.2. It shall have supervision over banks and
exercise regulatory powers over finance companies and non-bank
financial institutions performing quasi-banking functions3. It is
mandated to maintain price stability conducive to a balance and
sustainable growth of the economy.4. It shall promote and maintain
monetary stability and the convertibility of the peso
However, if the issue is whether or not the act of a bank or a
non-bank financial intermediary is ultra vires, the same falls
within the jurisdiction of the SEC and not the BSP.
Powers and functions
1. It shall have the sole power and authority to issue currency
within the territory of the Philippines.2. It shall function as the
banker and financial advisor of the government.3. It has the power
to sue and be sued. This power should be construed in the context
of civil cases only. Mandamus will not lie to compel BSP to
actually prosecute for violation of banking laws, rules and
regulations. It can only refer the matter to the Department of
Justice.
How the BSP handles banks in distress
a. Conservatorship
1. Whenever on the basis of the report of the appropriate
supervising and examining department, the MB finds that a bank or
quasi-bank is in a state of continuing inability or unwillingness
to maintain a condition of liquidity deemed adequate to protect its
depositors and creditors, the MB may appoint a conservator to take
charge of the assets, liabilities and management thereof.
b. Receivership
The MB may appoint a receiver if the MB finds that a bank or
quasi bank :
1. is unable to pay its liabilities as they become due in the
ordinary course of business provided that this shall not include
inability to pay caused by extraordinary demands induced by
financial panic in the banking community;2. has insufficient
realizable assets, as determined by the BSP, to meet its
liabilities; or3. can not continue in business without involving
probable losses to its depositors and creditors; or4. has willfully
violated a cease and desist order that has become final involving
transactions which amount to fraud or dissipation of bank assets,
the MB may summarily and without need for prior hearing forbid the
institution from doing business in the Philippines and designate
the PDIC as the receiver of the bank.
Both conservator and receiver can only perform acts of
administration and not acts of dominion. While they have the power
to revoke the actions of the previous management and the Board of
directors, they can not revoke a valid contract. Neither can they
approve an option to purchase real property.
Once the bank is placed under receivership, its officers are no
longer authorized to transact business in connection with the banks
assets and property.
Court has no authority to appoint a receiver for a bank if the
latter will function as such under the BSP law. The power to
appoint belongs to BSP.
c. Closure
1. Close now hear later is the rule regarding order of closure.
BSP may order the closure of the bank even without prior hearing.
BSP may rely on the report of either the conservator, receiver or
the head of the supervising and examining department. It is not
required to conduct a thorough audit of the bank before ordering
its closure.2. The authority of BSP to place a bank under
conservatorship, receivership or order its closure is a valid
exercise of police power. It is final and executory and not subject
to injunction. However, such orders are subject to judicial
scrutiny. They may be set aside if they were arbitrary and appear
to have been issued with grave abuse of discretion 3. The order of
conservatorship ( receivership or closure ) may be assailed : a )
by the stockholders representing at least majority of the
outstanding capital stock; b ) within ten days from receipt by the
board of directors of the order; c ) thru a petition for certiorari
on the ground that the action taken by BSP was in excess of
jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion as to amount to lack
of jurisdiction4. As a general rule, the bank is not liable to pay
interest on deposit once it closed and ceased operations
d. Liquidation
1. If the Bank can not be restored to its financial health upon
recommendation of the conservator or receiver or head of the
supervising and examining department, BSP shall file the petition
with the RTC for assistance in liquidation. 2. Once liquidation
proceedings have been initiated, the majority stockholders of the
bank can no longer file a separate action/petition to assail the
order of closure. Instead, issues on validity of closure should be
raised as affirmative defenses in the liquidation proceeding. This
is necessary to prevent multiplicity of suits or conflicting
resolutions.3. The liquidation of a bank may be carried out despite
lack of tax clearance unlike in a voluntary dissolution of a
corporation under the Corporation Code.4. All claims against the
insolvent bank should be filed in the liquidation proceeding. This
rule, however, does not apply to petition for issuance of a writ of
possession for foreclosed property filed by the bank because such
petition is not in the nature of a disputed claim against the
bank.5. Bank deposits are not preferred credits except when the
deposits are covered by a cashiers check purchased from the bank
when the bank officers knew or ought to have known that the bank is
insolvent6. Any final judgment against the bank which has been
ordered closed should be stayed as to execute the judgment would
unduly deplete the assets of the bank to the prejudice of other
creditors.
How the BSP handles exchange crisis
a. legal tender power
1. All notes and coins issued by BSP shall be fully guaranteed
by the government and shall be legal tender for all debts, both
public and private. However, with respect to coins, they have legal
tender power only for the following amounts :
A. one peso coins and coins of higher peso value are legal
tender for obligations not exceeding P 1,000.B. Twenty five cents
and coins of lower value are legal tender for obligations not
exceeding P 1007. Notes, regardless of denomination, are legal
tender for any amount.8. Coins which show signs of filing, clipping
or perforation and notes which have lost more than 2/5s of their
surface or all of the signatures inscribed therein shall be
withdrawn from circulation and demonetized without compensation to
the bearer.9. Notes and coins called in for replacement shall
remain legal tender for a period of one year from date of call.
After this period, they shall cease to be legal tender but during
the following year or such longer period as the MB may determine,
they may be exchanged at par. After expiration of this latter
period, the notes and coins which have not been exchanged shall
cease to be the liability of the BSP
LAW ON SECRECY OF BANK DEPOSITS
Purpose
To give encouragement to the people to deposit their money in
banks and to discourage private hoarding so that the same may be
properly utilized by banks in authorized loans to assist in the
economic development of the country
Prohibited acts
1. It shall be unlawful for any official or employee of a bank
to disclose to any person other than those excepted by law any
information concerning deposit.2. Non-bank official or employee is
not covered by the prohibition.3. Disclosure by a bank official or
employee of information about bank deposit in favor of a
co-employee in the course of the performance of his duties is not
covered by the prohibition
Deposits covered
1. All Philippine currency bank deposits of whatever nature with
banks, including investment in bonds issued by the government of
the Philippines, its political subdivisions and
instrumentalities.2. Trust funds and any sum of money invested in
the bank which the bank may use for loans and similar transaction
are now included in the term deposits .3. Deposits are thus no
longer limited to those governed by the law on loans giving rise to
creditor-debtor relationship
Exceptions
Deposits may be disclosed, examined or looked into in the
following cases :
1. written permission of the depositor2. in case of
impeachment3. in case of order of a competent court in any of the
following cases :
i. in case of bribery or dereliction of duty of public
officialsii. where the subject matter of litigation is the money
depositediii. prosecution for unexplained wealth ( plunder is akin
to unexplained wealth )iv. prosecution for violation of the
anti-graft and corrupt practices actv. in case of prima facie
violation of the anti-money laundering law NOTE : Disclosure can
only be made to the anti-money laundering council. Bank inquiry
order is not necessary if the predicate crime is kidnapping,
hijacking, arson, murder and violation of the dangerous drugs law
or terrorismvi. garnishment of bank deposits4. The BIR may inquire
into bank deposits for the purpose of computing the tax due on the
estate of the deceased depositor.NOTE : The bank can not disclose
to the heirs of the deceased depositor but only to the BIR5. The
BIR may also inquire into bank deposits if there is an offer of
compromise of tax liability on account of financial incapacity to
verify such representation of the taxpayer6. Under the Unclaimed
Balances law, the bank may disclose to the National Treasurer
information concerning dormant deposits for the purpose of
initiating escheat proceedings.7. In case the law is repealed,
superseded or modified by any law to the contrary.
Garnishment of deposits, including foreign currency deposits
1. The Bank may disclose information about Philippine currency
bank deposits pursuant to a writ of garnishment. The disclosure in
this case is only incidental to the execution process.2. Foreign
currency deposits, however, are exempt from garnishment or any
court or administrative process. However, the exemption of foreign
currency deposits from court order and administrative processes can
not be invoked in case of violation of the anti-money laundering
law, or if property or funds are related to financing of terrorism
or acts of terrorism or by a person who is not the owner of the
FCDU account or against a co-owner of the account or by a transient
for any purpose contrary to that intended by law, which is to
encourage foreign currency deposits to beef up our international
reserves.
Penalties for violation
Imprisonment of not more than five years or a fine not more than
20,000 or both at the discretion of the court.
GENERAL BANKING ACT
Definition and classification of banks
A bank is an entity engaged in the lending of funds obtained
from the public in the form of deposits.
A transaction involving not a loan but purchase of receivables
at a discount within the purview of investing, reinvesting, or
trading in securities which an investment company may perform is
not banking. What is prohibited is for investment company to lend
funds obtained from the public through receipts of deposit which is
a banking function.
Banks may be classified into :
a. universal bank or expanded commercial bank ( capital of 4.950
billion )b. commercial bank ( capital of 2.4 billion )c. thrift
banks which is composed of savings and mortgage bank, stock savings
and loan association and private development bankd. rural banke.
cooperative bankf. Islamic bankg. Other banks as may be classified
by the BSP
Distinction of banks from quasi-banks and trust entities
A bank obtains funds from the public in the form of deposit
while quasi-banks refer to entities engaged in the borrowing of
funds through the issuance, endorsement or assignment with recourse
or acceptance of deposit substitutes for purposes of relending or
purchasing of receivables. Only deposits are insured with PDIC.
Funds obtained by quasi-bank and trust entities are not insured
with PDIC. Unlike deposits or funds obtained thru quasi-banking,
there is no creditor and debtor relationship in trust.
Bank power and liabilities
1. A commercial bank shall have, in addition to the general
powers incident to a corporation , all such powers as may be
necessary to carry on the business of commercial banking such as
accepting drafts and issuing letters of credit; discounting and
negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange and other
evidence of indebtedness; accepting or creating demand deposits;
receiving other types of deposit and deposit substitute; buying and
selling foreign exchange and gold or silver bullion; acquiring
marketable bonds and other debt securities and extending credit.2.
A universal bank shall have the authority to exercise in addition
to the powers of a commercial bank the power of an investment house
and the power to invest in the equities of allied and non-allied
enterprises3. A commercial bank can not perform the function of an
investment house and can only invest in the equity of allied
enterprises
Corporate powers
1. Being a stock corporation, a bank shall have the general
powers of a corporation2. It can only acquire real property when it
is needed for business, in settlement of debt incurred in the
course of its business, property as may be mortgaged to it to
secure a debt in good faith and property it may acquire during
execution sale to satisfy a judgment. Bank can not acquire real
property in settlement of a civil liability arising from a crime.3.
A universal and commercial bank can both invest in equity but only
universal bank allowed to invest in equity of non-allied
enterprises
Banking and incidental powers
Banks may also perform the following services :
Receive in custody funds, documents and other valuable objects;
act as financial agent and buy and sell for the account securities;
make collections and payments for the account of others and perform
such other services not incompatible with banking business ad upon
prior approval of BSP, acts as manager.adviser of investment
management accounts and rent out safety deposit box.
Diligence required of banks
The diligence required of banks is more than that of a good
father of a family where the fiduciary nature of their relationship
with their depositors is concerned. The highest degree of diligence
is based on the General Banking Law which requires of banks the
highest standards of integrity and performance.
But the same degree of diligence is not expected to be exerted
by banks in commercial transactions that do not involve their
fiduciary relationship with depositors, such as sale and issuance
of demand draft.
Nature of bank funds and bank deposits
Bank deposits are governed by the law on loans. Creditor and
debtor relationship is created between the Bank and its depositors.
The fiduciary nature of a bank-depositor relationship does not
convert the contract between the bank and its depositors from a
loan to trust agreement. Failure by the bank to pay the depositor
is failure to pay a simple loan and not a breach of trust.
Stipulation on interest
CB Circular 905 ( 1982 ) lifted the ceiling on interest rate.
The Bank and its depositors are therefore free to stipulate on the
rate of interest for loans. Nevertheless, if the interest rate is
unconscionable, it may be nullified on grounds of equity.
Grant of loan and security requirements
1. Except as the Monetary Board may otherwise prescribe, loans
and credit accommodations against real estate shall not exceed 75%
of the appraised value of the respective real estate security plus
60% of the appraised value of the insured improvements while loans
on the security of chattels and intangible properties shall not
exceed 75% of the appraised value of the security.
2. Unless otherwise prescribed by the MB, the total amount of
loans, credit accommodations and guarantees that may be extended by
a bank to a single borrower shall not exceed 25% of the net worth
of such bank. The amount may be increased by an additional 10% of
the banks net worth provided that the additional liabilities are
adequately secured by documents of title covering readily
marketable and non-perishable goods.
3. No director or officer of any bank shall, directly or
indirectly, for himself or as the representative or agent of
others, borrow from such bank nor shall become a guarantor,
indorser or surety for loans from such bank to others, or in any be
an obligor or incur any contractual liability to the bank except
with the written approval of at least majority of all the directors
of the bank excluding the director concerned. The required approval
shall be entered upon the records of the bank and a copy of such
entry shall be transmitted forthwith to the appropriate supervising
and examining department of BSP.
The outstanding loans, credit accommodations and guarantees
which a bank may extend to the DOSRI shall be limited to an amount
equivalent to their respective unencumbered deposits and book value
of their paid-in capital contribution to the Bank.
Loans which are considered non-risk, as well as loans in the
form of fringe benefits under a fringe benefit program duly
approved by BSP are excluded from the limits.
4. The amortization schedule of bank loans shall be adopted to
the nature of the operations financed. In case of loans with
maturities of more than five years, there should be periodic
amortization payments but such payments must be made at least
annually. However, if the borrowed funds are to be used for
purposes which do not initially produce revenues adequate for
regular amortization payments, the bank may permit deferred
amortization payment but in no case shall the initial amortization
payment be later than five years from loan approval.
Penalties for violations
Whenever applicable, the MB may impose the following
sanctions
1 fines in amounts as the MB may determine but not to exceed P
30,000 a day for each violation;2. suspension of rediscounting
privileges, lending or foreign exchange operations or authority to
accept new deposits or make new investment, interbank clearing
privileges and/or revocation of quasi-banking license3. dissolution
of the bank through a quo warranto proceeding4. If the offender is
a director or officer, the MB may also remove or suspend such
director or officer. 5. Penal sanction
PHILIPPINE DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION
Basic policy
Promote and safeguard the interest of the depositing public by
way of providing permanent and continuing insurance coverage on all
insure deposits.
Concept of insured deposits
The term Insured deposits means the amount due to any bona fide
depositor for legitimate deposits in an insured bank net of any
obligation of the depositor to the insured bank as of the date of
the closure but not to exceed P 500,000.
Liability to depositors
PDIC can only be liable if the insured bank actually receives
deposit and the bank is ordered closed by BSP.
Deposit liabilities required to be insured with PDIC
The term deposit means the unpaid balance of money or its
equivalent received by a bank in the usual course of business and
for which it has given or is obliged to give credit to a
commercial, checking, savings time or thrift account.
The deposit must give rise to creditor-debtor relationship
between the bank and the depositor.
Deposits in a branch of domestic bank outside the Philippines
shall not be covered unless the insured bank elects to include the
same for insurance subject to approval of the PDIC.
Commencement of liability
PDIC shall commence the determination of insured deposits due to
the depositors of the closed bank upon its actual take-over of the
closed bank.
Deposit accounts not entitled to payment
PDIC shall not pay deposit insurance for the following accounts
or transactions whether denominated, documented, recorded or booked
as deposit by the bank;
1. investment products such as bonds and securities, trust
accounts, and other similar instruments;2. deposit accounts or
transactions which are unfunded, or that are fictitious or
fraudulent3. deposit accounts or transactions constituting unsafe
and unsound banking practices as determined by PDIC, in
consultation with BSP, after due notice and hearing, and
publication of a cease and desist order issued by the PDIC against
such deposit accounts or transactions; and4. deposits that are
determined to be the proceeds of an unlawful activity as defined
under the Anti-Money Laundering law
Extent of liabilityDetermination of insured depositsCalculation
of liability
b. per depositor, per capacity rulec. joint accounts
1. Deduct any loan of the depositor from the deposit with the
insured bank to determine net insured deposit2. Individually owned
deposit account is insured separately from joint accounts
regardless of whether the conjunction and , or , and/or is issued.
In determining such amount due to the depositor, there shall be
added together all deposits in the bank maintained in the same
right and capacity for his benefit either in his own name or in the
name of others.3. if the account is held jointly by two or more
natural persons or two or more juridical entities, the maximum
insured deposit shall be divided into as many equal shares as there
are many individuals or juridical entities, unless a different
sharing is stipulated in the deposit document.4. If the account is
held by a juridical person jointly with a natural person, the
maximum insured deposit shall be presumed to belong entirely to the
juridical person.5. The aggregate of the interests of each co-owner
over several joint accounts, whether owned by the same or different
combination of individuals, juridical persons or entities shall
likewise be subject to the maximum insured deposit of P 500,000d.
mode of payment
Whenever an insured bank shall have been closed by the MB,
payment of the insured deposits shall be made by PDIC as soon as
possible either by 1 ) cash or 2 ) making available to each
depositor a transferred deposit in another insured bank in an
amount equal to insured deposit of such depositor, subject to
submission of proof of claims.
e. effect of payment of insured deposits
PDIC, upon the payment of any depositor, shall be subrogated to
all the rights of the depositor against the closed bank to the
extent of such payment. Subrogation shall include the right on the
part of PDIC to receive the same dividends from the proceeds of the
assets of such closed bank and recoveries on account of
stockholders equity as would have been payable to the depositor on
a claim for the insured deposit but such depositor shall retain his
claim for any uninsured portion of his deposit.
Failure to settle claim of insured depositor
The failure to settle the claim within six months from date of
filing of the claim for insured deposit whether such failure was
due to grave abuse of discretion , gross negligence, bad faith or
malice shall, upon conviction, subject the directors, officers or
employees of PDIC responsible for the delay, to imprisonment from
six months to one year; provided that the period shall not apply if
the validity of the claim requires the resolution of issues of
facts and/or law by PDIC or another office, subject further to the
remedy of PDIC to require final determination of a court of
competent jurisdiction if PDIC is no satisfied as to the viability
of the claim for insured deposit.
Failure of depositor to claim insured deposits
Unless otherwise waived by PDIC, if the depositor in the closed
bank shall fail to claim his insured deposit with PDIC within two
years from actual take over of the closed bank by the receiver or
does not enforce his claim filed with PDIC within two years after
the two year period to file a claim, all rights of the depositor
against the PDIC with respect to the insured deposit shall be
barred; however, all rights of the depositor against the closed
bank and its shareholders or the receivership estate to which the
PDIC may have become subrogated shall thereupon revert to the
depositor.
Examination of banks and deposit accounts
PDIC may conduct examination of banks with prior approval of the
MB provided that no examination can be conducted within 12 months
from the last examination date; provided however that PDIC may, in
coordination with BSP conduct a special examination if there is a
threatened or impending closure of a bank.
Notwithstanding RA 1405, RA 8791, RA 6426 and other laws, PDIC
and/or BSP may inquire into or examine deposit accounts and all
information related thereto in case there is a finding of unsafe
and unsound banking practice
Prohibition against splitting of deposits
Splitting of deposits occurs whenever a deposit account with an
outstanding balance of more than the statutory maximum amount of
insured deposit maintained under the name of natural or juridical
persons is broken down and transferred into two or more accounts in
the name/s of natural or juridical persons or entities who have no
beneficial ownership on transferred deposits in their names within
120 days immediately preceding or during a bank declared holiday or
immediately preceding a closure order by the BSP for the purpose of
availing of the maximum deposit insurance coverage. Such splitting
of deposit is punishable by imprisonment and/or fine.
Prohibition against issuance of TRO
No court, except the Court of Appeals, shall issue any temporary
restraining order, preliminary injunction or preliminary mandatory
injunction against PDIC for any action on its part under the PDIC
charter. The Supreme Court may issue a temporary restraining order
or injunction when the matter is of extreme urgency involving a
constitutional issues such that unless a TRO is issued, grave
injustice or irreparable injury will arise.
The actions of PDIC with respect to determination of insured
deposit accounts shall be final and executory and may not be set
aside or restrained by the court except on petition for certiorari
on the ground that the action was taken in excess of jurisdiction
or with grave abuse of discretion as to amount to lack or excess of
jurisdiction. The petition for certiorari may only be filed within
30 days from notice of denial of claim for deposit insurance.
CHATTEL MORTGAGE LAW
Essential requisites
A chattel mortgage is an accessory contract by virtue of which
personal property is recorded with the Chattel Mortgage Register to
secure the performance of a principal obligation.
Registration of the CHM is not a requisite for its validity. A
non-registered mortgage is valid between the contracting parties.
Registration is only for the purpose of binding third persons.
The CHM should also include an affidavit of good faith which the
mortgagee and mortgagor shall jointly execute in which they shall
state that the CHM secures a valid, just and existing debt and not
for the purpose of fraud. The absence of good faith does not
invalidate the CHM between the parties but renders the same
unenforceable as to third persons.
Registration, when and where
The chattel mortgage should be registered with the Registry of
Deeds of the City where the property is situated and where the
mortgagor resides unless they are the same or if the amount of the
loan secured by the chattel mortgage exceeds P 500,000, one
registration is enough, that is, the Registry of Deeds where the
property is situated.
Chattel mortgage over private motor vehicles and public motor
vehicles should be registered with the Land Transportation Office
and the Land Transportation and Franchise Regulatory Board,
respectively and the Registry of Deeds of the city where mortgagor
resides otherwise the CHM does not bind third persons.
Chattel mortgage over vessels should be registered with the
Maritime Industry Authority ( MARINA ) while CHM over aircraft with
the Civil Aeuronautics Authority.
After acquired property
Property acquired after the execution of the CHM does not form
part of the mortgage because under the Chattel Mortgage Law CHM
shall be deemed to cover only the property described therein and
not the like or substituted property unless the CHM is subsequently
amended to include such after acquired property.
Where the object of the CHM refers to stocks in trade, their
substitution or replenishment as the stocks are disposed of, form
part of the chattel mortgage if so stipulated.
After incurred obligation
While a pledge, real estate mortgage or antichresis may secure
after incurred obligations so long as these future debts are
accurately described, a chattel mortgage, however, can only cover
obligations existing at the time the mortgage is constituted.
Although the promise expressed in chattel mortgage to include debts
that are yet to be contracted can be binding commitment that can be
compelled upon, the security itself, however, does not come into
existence or arise until after a chattel mortgage agreement
covering the newly contracted debt is executed either by concluding
a fresh mortgage or by amending the old contract. In either case,
there must be affidavit of good faith in order to bind third
persons.
Right of junior mortgagee
A registered chattel mortgage lien attaches to the property
wherever it may be. A subsequent attaching creditor acquired the
properties in question subject to the creditors mortgage lien as it
existed thereon at the time of the attachment. What may be attached
in this case is only the equity of redemption.
Foreclosure procedure
1. The foreclosure is done thru a public sale of the mortgaged
property.
2. Private sale is allowed if stipulated by the parties.
3. The two bidder rule does not apply. Such rule applies only to
foreclosure of pledge. The winning bidder is the one who offers the
highest amount for the mortgaged property.
4.There is no publication requirement in foreclosure of CHM but
the mortgagor should be given ten day notice before the sale.
5. Extra-judicial foreclosure of CHM presupposes that the
mortgagee is in possession of the CHM. If the mortgagor refuses to
give up possession , the mortgagee may file an action for replevin
preparatory to the foreclosure or institute judicial
foreclosure,
Redemption
There is no right of redemption after foreclosure of the CHM.
The mortgagor instead has equity of redemption, that is, the right
to prevent the foreclosure sale by paying the mortgage debt within
30 days from default.
Claim for deficiency
General rule- A CHM is only a security and not a mode of
payment. The mortgagor should therefore be made to pay the
deficiency between the proceeds realized from the sale of the
security and the obligation that the CHM secures. Besides, if the
intention of the law is to prevent the creditor from recovery of
deficiency in CHM, the law would have so stated, like in pledge and
the Recto law.
Exceptions
1. Contrary stipulation2. Accommodation mortgage3. Extra-
judicial foreclosure of the chattel mortgage due to the death of
the mortgagor.4. Foreclosure of the chattel mortgage of the
property sold on installments under the Recto law.
Article 1484( Recto Law )
1. If the following requisites are present, the mortgagee is not
liable for any unpaid claim notwithstanding stipulation to the
contrary.
1. Personal property sold on installments2. Chattel mortgage was
constituted on the same personal property sold on installments3.
Default by the buyer/mortgagor of at least two installment
payments4. Of all the remedies available to the unpaid
seller/mortgagee, he opted to foreclose the CHM
2. It is only when the unpaid seller opted to foreclose the
chattel mortgage that he is not liable to pay deficiency. If he
files an action for specific performance and obtains judgment, the
proceeds from the execution sale of the personal property sold on
installments or other property does not preclude him from levying
other properties of the debtor until the judgment is fully
satisfied. The action for specific performance however is
tantamount to a waiver of the right to foreclose the CHM.
3. The foreclosure of the chattel mortgage on the property sold
on installments completely extinguishes the obligation of the
mortgagor. Thus, the mortgagee can not enforce any additional
security that the mortgagor may have put up to secure the principal
obligation, like a mortgage or surety. The prohibition against
recovery of unpaid claim extends to the assignee of the unpaid
seller/mortgagee.4. In the event that the seller-mortgagee first
seeks, instead, the enforcement of additional mortgage, guarantee
or other security arrangements, he shall be considered to have
waived his mortgage lien on the property sold by and mortgaged back
to him, although similar to an action for specific performance, he
may still levy it.5. Replevin is akin to foreclosure. Thus, the
mortgagee can no longer file an action for specific performance if
he seized the property by way of writ of replevin.6. The
prohibition against recovery of deficiency only applies if the
seller of the personal property is also the mortgagee.
REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE LAW
Remedies available to mortgagee upon default of the
mortgagor
1. He may file an action for collection to enforce payment of
the loan secured by the REM. The filing of an action for
collection, regardless of venue, precludes the remedy of
foreclosure. 2. As an alternative remedy, the mortgagee may
foreclose the mortgage. The foreclosure may be done judicially or
extra-judicially. Foreclosure bars action for collection unless it
is done to recover deficiency after the foreclosure sale. The only
exception is when the complaint for judicial foreclosure is filed
but the court dismissed because the REM did not have the written
conformity of the spouse but the court ordered the mortgagee to
file an action for collection. The action for collection may be
sustained to prevent unjust enrichment.3. If the loan is secured by
the real estate and chattel mortgages and the mortgagee elects to
foreclose the chattel mortgage, he can not file an action to
recover any deficiency unless he has foreclosed too the REM and the
proceeds thereof are still insufficient to satisfy the debt.4. The
filing of criminal case for violation of BP 22 by the
mortgagee-creditor against the mortgagor will bar the former from
exercising remedy of foreclosure because under the Rules of
Criminal Procedure, he is deemed to have already availed himself of
the remedy of collection suit.
Need for special power of attorney
The loan or mortgage agreement should contain a special power of
attorney authorizing the mortgagee to foreclose extra-judicially (
to take possession of the property and sell it in case of default
). This SPA is the basis of the right of the mortgagee to foreclose
the mortgage extra-judicially.
Procedure
Where
The petition for sale is not an ordinary action and is therefore
not governed by the rules on venue. The petition/s for sale must be
filed with the Office of the Clerk of Court of the city where the
real property/ies is/are situated
Posting requirement
The notice of sale must be posted in a conspicuous place where
the sale shall be conducted. The posting requirement is
jurisdictional and as such, can not be waived. The certificate of
posting may be waived but not the actual posting itself.
Publication requirement
In addition to posting, the notice of sale should also be
published in a newspaper of general circulation once a week for
three consecutive weeks. To determine sufficiency of newspaper of
general circulation, the newspaper should cater to the general
community and not to specific group or interest only.
Need for republication in case of postponement
In case of postponement, the notice of sale must be republished
once a week for three consecutive weeks unless the notice of sale
contains an alternative date and the sale is subsequently conducted
on such date.
Personal notice to the mortgagor when and when not needed
Personal notice to the mortgagor of the date, time and place of
the sale is not necessary because publication amounts to notice to
the whole world unless personal notice is required by stipulation,
in which case, it must be complied with in addition to publication,
otherwise, the foreclosure is void
Possession by purchaser of foreclosed property
During the period of redemption, the mortgagee is not entitled
to possession as a matter of right. It is discretionary to the
court and subject to bond requirement. But if the petition for writ
of possession is prayed for after expiration of the redemption
period and consolidation of title in favor of the mortgagee, the
issuance of such writ is the ministerial duty on the part of the
court and bond is not required
Redemption
1. The redemption period is one year from registration of the
sale and not from actual sale. 2. However, if the following
requisites are present, the redemption period is three months from
date of the sale or registration, whichever comes earlier.
a. the mortgagor is a juridical personb. the mortgagee is a
bank, quasi-bank or trust entityc. the mode of foreclosure is
extrajudicial
3. The one year redemption period rule still applies if the
mortgagor is a natural person and/or the mortgagee is not a bank,
quasi-bank or trust entity and/or the mode of foreclosure is
judicial ( but in the latter case, only if the mortgagee is a bank
or a credit institution because if the mortgagee is different,
there is no right of redemption in judicial foreclosure but only
equity of redemption.
4. The redemption period is not interrupted by the filing of an
action to nullify the sale. What will toll the running of the
redemption period is the action to compute the redemption
price.
Who may redeem
The mortgagor, his successors and assign, as well as junior
encumbrancer
Amount of Redemption price
1. If the mortgagee is a bank, quasi-bank or trust entity, the
bid price is the outstanding obligation plus the interest
stipulated in the mortgage agreement plus cost and expenses
incurred during the foreclosure less any income derived from the
property. However, if the mortgagor is an accommodation mortgagor,
the redemption price is the amount of the bid price plus 12%
interest per annum.2. If the mortgagee is not a bank, quasi-bank or
trust entity, the redemption price is the amount of the bid price
plus 12% per annum
Effect of pendency of action for annulment of sale
If the foreclosure is irregular, the mortgagor may file an
action to nullify the sale. Such action however does not suspend
the running of the redemption period or the issuance of the writ of
possession if such writ is prayed for after expiration of the
redemption period.
Writ of possession
The issuance of the writ of possession after expiration of
redemption period and consolidation of title is the ministerial
duty of the court. It can be granted ex parte and not subject to a
bond requirement.
The writ of possession, however, can only be enforced against
the mortgagor, his successors in interest and assigns but not
against third persons whose title is adverse to the mortgagor, in
which case, an action to recover possession is the appropriate
remedy.
Truth in Lending Act (RA 3765)
Purpose
To complement the then Usury law and to protect the public from
lack of awareness of the true cost of credit by assuring a full
disclosure of such cost with a view of preventing the uninformed
use of the credit to the detriment of the national economy.
Obligation of creditors to person to whom credit is extended
To disclose to the borrower in writing prior to the consummation
of the transaction the following information; a ) the cash price or
delivered price of the property or service to be acquired; b ) the
amounts, if any, to be credited as down payment and/or trade in, c
) the difference between the two items, d ) the charges,
individually itemized, which are to be paid in connection with the
transaction but which are not incident to the extension of credit;
e ) the total amount to be financed; f ) the finance charges
expressed in terms of pesos and centavos; g ) the percentage that
the finance charges bear to the total amount to be financed
expressed as a simple annual rate on the outstanding unpaid balance
of the obligation.
Covered and excluded transactions
The law does not apply to transaction on cash basis but only
where there is a credit component. It is also applicable only to a
creditor as defined by law, that is, a person engaged in the
business of extending credit.
Consequences of non-compliance with obligation
1. The transaction is not rendered void or unenforceable.
Charges not properly disclosed need not paid and if paid, can be
recovered.2. The offender is liable to pay a penalty for an amount
equal to twice the finance charge required by such creditor but not
to exceed P 2,000 on any credit transaction. The action to recover
the penalty should be brought within one years from the date of the
occurrence of the violation.3. In case of wilfull violation of the
law, the offender shall be liable to pay a fine or imprisonment or
both at the option of the court.
Anti-Money Laundering Law (RA 9160, as amended
Policy of the law
To protect and preserve the integrity and confidentiality of
bank accounts and to ensure that the Philippines shall not be used
as a money laundering site for the proceeds of any unlawful
activity.
Covered institutions
1. Institutions supervised or regulated by BSP;2. Institutions
supervised and regulated by the Insurance Commission; and,3.
Entities dealing in currency, commodities or financial derivatives
based thereon valuable objects, cash substitutes and other similar
monetary instruments or property supervised and regulated by the
Securities and Exchange Commission
Obligations of covered institutions
1. Customer identification2. Record keeping ( records should be
kept and safely stored for five years from date of the transaction
)3. Reporting of covered and suspicious transactions
Covered transaction
Transaction in cash or other equivalent monetary instrument
involving the total amount in excess of P 500,000 within one
banking day.
Suspicious transactions
Transactions with covered institution, regardless of the amounts
involved, where any of the following circumstances exist :
1. there is no underlying legal or trade obligation, purpose or
economic justification2. the client is not properly identified3.
the amount involved is not commensurate with the business or
financial capacity of the client;4. the clients transaction is so
structured in order to avoid being the subject of reporting
requirements;5. any circumstance relating to the transaction which
is observed to deviate from the profile of the client and/or his
past transaction with the covered institution;6. transaction is in
any way related to an unlawful activity or offense that is about to
be, being, or has been committed;7. any transaction analogous to
the foregoing
When is money laundering committed
Money laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful
activity are transacted thereby making them appear to have
originated from legitimate sources. It is committed by the
following :
1. Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property
represents, involves or relates to the proceeds of any unlawful
activity, transacts or attempts to transact said monetary
instrument or property, or performs or fails to perform an act as a
result of which he facilitates the offense of money laundering2.
Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property is
required under under the law to be disclosed and filed with the
Anti-Money Laundering Council fails to do so.
Anti-Money Laundering Council
The government body tasked to carry out the implementation of
the Anti-Money Laundering law is the Anti-Money Laundering Council.
It is authorized to impose administrative sanctions for the
violation of the law, rules and regulations issued pursuant to the
Anti-money laundering law.
It may freeze monetary instrument or property alleged to be the
proceeds of unlawful activity. The AMLC shall apply for a freeze
order with the Court of Appeals. Such order may be issued ex
parte.
It is also authorized to inquire into bank funds, deposits or
investments, regardless of currency but it needs a bank inquiry
order. The AMLC shall apply for a bank inquiry order with any
competent court. Such competent court is the RTC.The bank inquiry
order can not be issued ex parte. ( NB. Under a recent law dated
June 2012, bank inquiry order can now be issued ex-parte )
Amendments under RA 10365
2013 Dean Nilo T. Divina, All Rights Reserved2013 Dean Nilo T.
Divina, All Rights Reserved