1 EEB531 Microprocessor Systems 微處理機系統 吳俊興 高雄大學 資訊工程學系 March 2005 2 Outline 1-1 Historical Background 1-2 Microprocessor-Based Personal Computer System 1-3 Number Systems 1-4 Computer Data Formats 3 Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Converse by using appropriate computer terminology such as bit, byte, data, real memory system, expanded memory system (EMS), extended memory system (XMS), DOS, BIOS, I/O, and so forth. 2. Briefly detail the history of the computer and list applications performed by computer systems. 3. Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium – Pentium 4 family members. 4. Draw the block diagram of a computer system and explain the purpose of each block. 5. Describe the function of the microprocessor and detail its basic operation. 6. Define the contents of the memory system in the personal computer. 7. Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers. 8. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers, floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data. 4 1-1 Historical Background • The Mechanical Age • The Electrical Age • The Microprocessor Age • The Intel Age – The Modern Microprocessor – 1970s – 1980s – 1990s – 2000s
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
EEB531 Microprocessor Systems微處理機系統
吳俊興高雄大學 資訊工程學系
March 2005
2
Outline
1-1 Historical Background
1-2 Microprocessor-Based Personal Computer System
1-3 Number Systems
1-4 Computer Data Formats
3
Chapter ObjectivesUpon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:1. Converse by using appropriate computer terminology such as bit, byte,
data, real memory system, expanded memory system (EMS), extendedmemory system (XMS), DOS, BIOS, I/O, and so forth.
2. Briefly detail the history of the computer and list applications performed by computer systems.
3. Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium – Pentium 4 family members.
4. Draw the block diagram of a computer system and explain the purpose of each block.
5. Describe the function of the microprocessor and detail its basic operation.6. Define the contents of the memory system in the personal computer.7. Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers.8. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers,
floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data.
4
1-1 Historical Background
• The Mechanical Age• The Electrical Age• The Microprocessor Age• The Intel Age – The Modern Microprocessor
– 1970s– 1980s– 1990s– 2000s
5
Dream: calculating with a machine• The Mechanical Age
Figure 1-4 Conceptual views of 80486 and Pentium microprocessors
15
1-2 The Microprocessor-based Personal Computer System
• The Memory and I/O System• The DOS Operating System• The Microprocessor
16
Bus Architecture
Processor Memory
I/O Devices
Backplane Bus
MemoryProcessor Memory Bus
BusAdaptor
BusAdaptor
I/O Bus
Backplane Bus
I/O Bus
“backsidecache”
Processor
Director
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)EISA (Extended ISA)PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) / PCI ExpressVESA (Video Electronic Standards Association) or VL local busAGP (Advanced Graphics Port)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)1394IDE / E-IDESCSIParallel PortRS-232 / RS-422 / …
17
Figure 1-6 The memory map of the PC
• Extended memory (XMS)– PC/AT ≥286
• TPA (transient program area)– real mode– hold DOS OS and applications– 640KB (0x00000-0x9FFFF)
18
Figure 1-7/1-8 (1MB) real memory mapTPA: 640K (0x00000-9FFFF)
System: 384K (0xA0000-FFFFF)
19
0x00000-9FFFF: Transient Program Area (TPA)• TPA: DOS, drivers, control
programs, TSR (terminate and stay resident) programs, and applications (AP)
• MS-DOS/PC-DOS: two area– control the PC and I/O devices– provide functions to AP– Three parts:
• IO.SYS: contains BIOS and SYSINITSYSINIT– relocate itself to high memory– move MSDOS.SYS to final location– call init code in MSDOS.SYS– open CONFIG.SYS and load files– load default shell, COMMAND.COM
• MSDOS.SYS• COMMAND.COM
• Interrupt vectors– access DOS, BIOS, and applications
20
0xA0000-FFFFF: System Area• contains programs on either ROM or
flash memory, and areas of read/write (RAM) memory for data storage
• A0000H-C7FFFH: Video RAM– CGA, EGA, VGA, etc.
• A0000H-AFFFFH: bit-mapped data• B0000H-BFFFFH: text data• C0000H-C7FFFH: programs
• E0000H-EFFFFH: BASIC or upper memory blocks (4KB block)
• BIOS– set up the computer: may be relocated– basic I/O functions
21
Figure 1-9 EMS showing a page frame
• available to AP as 16 KB pages• up to 32 MB in EMS4.0
• 80286+ can address 16MB• APs in earlier MS-DOS are
crowded in 640KB.
22
I/O (Input/Output) Space: I/O port addresses• Addresses an I/O device
F000:420A E461 IN AL, 61HF000:420C E620 OUT 20H, AL
• Two major sections– below 0400H: system devices
specified by original IBM PC (ISA bus)• 0000H-00FFH: components on mainboard• 0100H-03FFH: plug-in cards
– remaining area: available in newer systems• 0000H - FFFFH• 00000000H - FFFFFFFFH
• I/O port vs. BIOS ROM– I/O port: control operations of devices– BIOS ROM: provide functions or access
data
23
Memory/IRQ/IO Resource Management
控制台→系統→硬體→裝置管理員→檢視→資源(依類型)
24
The DOS Operating System• OS: the program that operates the computer
– stored on a disk or on a ROM– Three parts:
• IO.SYS: contains BIOS and SYSINIT. SYSINIT will– relocate itself to high memory and move MSDOS.SYS to final location– call init code in MSDOS.SYS– open CONFIG.SYS and load files– load default shell, COMMAND.COM
– execute AUTOEXEC.BAT (automatic execution batch)• Function calls
– DOS• INT 21H: files, memory, programs, etc
– BIOS• INT 10H: video BIOS• INT 13H: diskettes or hard disk drives• INT 14H: COM port• INT 17H: parallel LPT port
See Appendix A. pp. 808 – 875
25
Examples of CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT
26
The Microprocessor• The heart of microprocessor-based computer system
– three main tasks• data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems• simple arithmetic and logic operations
– basic instructions capable to solve complex problems– million instructions per seconds– variable data widths
» 8086-80286: directly manipulate 8- and 16-bit numbers» 80386 or higher: 32-bit numbers» 80486 or higher: floating-point arithmetic
• program flow via simple decisions– determine numerical conditions– branch on the conditions
– control memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses• select an I/O or memory device• transfer data between an I/O device or memory and the microprocessor• control the I/O and memory system
27
Operations and Decisions
28
Bus Structure
Four basic control bus connections• MRDC (Memory ReaD Control)• MWTC (Memory WriTe Control)