OUT-OF-POCKET SPENDING ON TB AND HIV INFECTIONS IN MIDDLE-BELT, NIGERIA

OUT-OF-POCKET SPENDING ON TB AND HIV INFECTIONS IN MIDDLE-

BELT, NIGERIABY

(1)UMEH, E.U., (2)UMEH, J.C. and (1)UDEH, L.(1)Dept. of Biological Sciences

(2)Department of Agricultural EconomicsUniversity of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State,

Nigeria

Outline of presentation

• Background• Purpose of study• Materials and methods• Results & Discussion• Conclusion

Background

• TB and HIV are two of the world’s greatest public threats.

• Each constitutes a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa

• Nigeria is ranked the 4th country having the highest TB burden: and the disease in combination with HIV presents very devastating effects.

Purpose of Study:

• Literature on the cost implication of the HIV/TB on rural communities in Middle-Belt, Nigeria appears to be limited.

• Consequently, this study was aimed at investigating

• The status of the diseases and their cost implications

Materials and Methods

• The study was conducted in a semi-urban area; and the study population consisted of patients seeking medical attention in public health facilities in the local government area.

• Microscopic examination of early morning sputum

• HIV testing – blood samples were collected from patients.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• Almost two in five (37.2%, n = 186) persons out of the 500 patients examined were infected with AFB+, HIV+, or both AFB and HIV positive.

– 133 of these (71.5%) were positive for AFB, and 79 (42.5%) positive for HIV.

• The incidence of TB was higher in HIV + than in HIV – ones• About one-third of HIV+ patients had TB; a lower figure was found in non-

HIV infected persons.

Table 1: Socio-economics of HIV and TB in patients infected patients (N=186)

Variables Coinfected HIV TB

SEX

Males 12 (12.6) 35 (36.8) 72 (75.8)

Females 14 (15.4) 44 (48.4) 61 (67.0)

Total 26 (14.0) 79 (42.5) 133 (71.5)

AGE

0-10 0 (0) 3 (15.0) 17 (85.0)

< 20 13 (20.0) 25 (38.5) 53 (81.5)

<30 5 (13.5) 21 (56.8) 21 (56.8)

<40 5 (12.8) 18 (46.2) 26 (66.7)

<50 2 (14.3) 8 (57.1) 8 (57.1)

<60 1 (9.1) 4 (36.4) 8 (72.7)

Total 26 (14.0) 79 (42.5) 133 (71.5)*

OCCUPATION

Farmers 14 (20.9) 31 (46.3) 50 (74.6)

Carpenters 6 (11.8) 29 (49.0) 32 (62.7)

Civil servant 1 (6.7) 8 (53.3) 8 (53.3)

student 5 (10.6) 12 (25.5 40 (85.1)

Others 0 (0) 3 (50.0) 3 (50.0)

Total 26 (14.0) P>0.05 P>0.05

Table 1: Socio-economics of HIV and TB in patients infected patients (N=186)

Variables Coinfected HIV TB

SPENDING

N 2500= 1 (11.10 5 (55.6) 5 (55.6)

N 3000-10000= 25 (14.1) 74 (41.8) 128 (72.3)

26 (14.0) 79 (42.5) 133 (71.5)

EFFECT ON WORK

Stopped work 6 (20.7) 12 (41.4) 23 (79.3)

Did not stop work 0 (0) 3 (50.0) 3 (50.0)

total 6 (17.1) 15 (42.9) 26 (74.3)

TREATMENT SOUGHT

Native 11 (22.4) 26 (53.1) 34 (69.4)

Orthodox 15 (10.9) 53 (38.7) 99 (72.3)

Total 26 (14.0)* 79 (42.5) 133 (71.5)

DISTANCE

Near 7 (17.9) 22 (56.4) 24 (61.5)

Far 19 (12.9) 57 (38.8) 109 (74.1)

Total 26 (14.0) 79 (42.5)* 133 (71.5)

Receive care 20 (12.7) 60 (38.0) 118 (74.7)

Does not receive 6 (21.4) 19 (67.9) 15 (53.6)

Total 26 (14.0) 79 (42.5)* 133 (71.5)*

CARE-GIVERS

Nobody 6 (21.4) 19 (67.9) 15 (53.6)

Wife 6 (11.5) 22 (42.3) 36 (69.2)

Children 1 (11.1) 4 (44.4) 6 (66.7)

Husband 8 (21.6) 16 (43.2) 29 (78.4)

Parents 5 (8.3) 18 (30.0) 47 (78.3)

Total 26 (14.0) 79 (42.5)* 133 (71.5)*

Table 2: Socio-economic variables on the HIV, TB, and Coinfection (n = 186)

1. x 1

.787** 1

.664** .062 1

.007 .050 -.049 1

.184** .200** .056 -.036 1

-.055 -.088 .017 -.050 -.644** 1

-.300** -.265** -.164** -.010 .005 .036 1

-.016 -.029 .010 .041 -.171** .165** .075 1

.227** .229** .110 -.055 -.110 .095 -.316** .009 1

.027 .066 -.037 -.134** -.082 .086 -.213** .083 .225** 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).•hiv/tb coinf•Tb status•HIV status•Sex•age•occupation•amount_spent•treatment•stop_work•receives_care

Table 3: Correlation coefficients of Socio-economic variables on HIV/TB coinfection, TB, and HIV,

CONCLUSION

Interventions to boost the economic base of rural inhabitants will go a long way to alleviate the sufferings of HIV and tuberculosis patients in Nigeria.

THANK YOU!